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class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ontstaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontstaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Literatuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave 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href="/wiki/Bestand:Forms_of_government_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Forms_of_government_2021.svg/450px-Forms_of_government_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Forms_of_government_2021.svg/675px-Forms_of_government_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Forms_of_government_2021.svg/900px-Forms_of_government_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Land naar politiek-systeem. <table> <tbody><tr> <td><b><span style="color:#FFA000">Oranje</span></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parlementaire_republiek" title="Parlementaire republiek">parlementaire republiek</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span style="color:#6B6">Groen</span></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidenti%C3%ABle_republiek" title="Presidentiële republiek">presidentiële republiek</a> - president gekoppeld aan een parlement </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span style="color:#ff0">Geel</span></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidenti%C3%ABle_republiek" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidentiële republiek">semi-presidentiële republiek</a> (gedeelde macht president/premier) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span style="color:#00f">Blauw</span></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidenti%C3%ABle_republiek" title="Presidentiële republiek">presidentiële republiek</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span style="color:#f00">Rood</span></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constitutionele_monarchie" title="Constitutionele monarchie">constitutionele monarchie</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span style="color:#B0F">Magenta</span></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monarchie" title="Monarchie">monarchie</a> met een parlement </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span style="color:#609">Paars</span></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchie" title="Absolute monarchie">absolute monarchie</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span style="color:#964B00">Bruin</span></b></td> <td>republiek met een dominerende partij in de <a href="/wiki/Grondwet" title="Grondwet">grondwet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span style="color:#C96">Beige</span></b></td> <td>landen waar de politieke rechten in de grondwet zijn opgeschort </td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> <p>Een <b>parlementaire democratie</b> is een <a href="/wiki/Representatieve_democratie" title="Representatieve democratie">representatieve democratie</a> waarbij de <a href="/wiki/Burger" title="Burger">burgers</a> via gekozen vertegenwoordigers in het <a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">parlement</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Wetgevende_macht" title="Wetgevende macht">wetgevende macht</a>, invloed hebben op het beleid. In het <a href="/wiki/Parlementair_systeem" title="Parlementair systeem">parlementair systeem</a> ontleent de <a href="/wiki/Uitvoerende_macht" title="Uitvoerende macht">uitvoerende macht</a>, de regering, haar mandaat aan het vertrouwen van het parlement. In sommige landen, waaronder België, wordt dit vertrouwen expliciet gevraagd aan het begin van een regeringstermijn en bij grote politieke spanningen. In andere landen, zoals Nederland, wordt het vertrouwen van het parlement verondersteld totdat het tegendeel blijkt, namelijk wanneer een <a href="/wiki/Motie_van_wantrouwen" title="Motie van wantrouwen">motie van wantrouwen</a> wordt aangenomen. </p><p>Meestal bestaat er een volledige scheiding tussen het staatshoofd (president of monarch) en de regeringsleider, die verantwoordelijkheid aflegt tegenover het parlement. </p><p>Voor een goed werkende parlementaire democratie is het van belang dat de burgers <a href="/wiki/Grondrechten" title="Grondrechten">grondrechten</a> hebben. <a href="/wiki/Vrijheid_van_meningsuiting" title="Vrijheid van meningsuiting">Vrijheid van meningsuiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vrijheid_van_vereniging" title="Vrijheid van vereniging">vrijheid van vereniging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persvrijheid" title="Persvrijheid">persvrijheid</a> en <a href="/wiki/Rechtsstaat" title="Rechtsstaat">onafhankelijke rechtspraak</a> werden al door <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a> gezien als middelen om al te grote staatsmacht te voorkomen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ontstaan">Ontstaan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parlementaire_democratie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Ontstaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parlementaire_democratie&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Ontstaan"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Er zijn verschillende verklaringen voor het ontstaan van parlementaire democratieën. Volgens <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Hintze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Hintze (de pagina bestaat niet)">Otto Hintze</a> had de politieke fragmentatie in de <a href="/wiki/Middeleeuwen" title="Middeleeuwen">Middeleeuwen</a> tot gevolg dat steden en <a href="/wiki/Feodalisme" title="Feodalisme">leenheren</a> hun <a href="/wiki/Privilege_(recht)" title="Privilege (recht)">privileges</a> gingen verdedigen in <a href="/wiki/Staten" title="Staten">statenvergaderingen</a>, wat de basis was voor het <a href="/wiki/Parlementair_systeem" title="Parlementair systeem">parlementair stelsel</a>. Volgens <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> was de <a href="/wiki/Verstedelijking" title="Verstedelijking">verstedelijking</a> met haar groeiende invloed van de <a href="/wiki/Burger" title="Burger">burgerij</a> belangrijk in de <a href="/wiki/Democratisering" title="Democratisering">democratisering</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrington_Moore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barrington Moore (de pagina bestaat niet)">Barrington Moore</a> stelde daarop dat de <a href="/wiki/Commercialisering" title="Commercialisering">commercialisering</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Landbouw" title="Landbouw">landbouw</a> het mogelijk maakte om verhoudingen aan te gaan die niet op <a href="/wiki/Land_(economie)" title="Land (economie)">land</a>, maar op <a href="/wiki/Kapitaal_(economie)" title="Kapitaal (economie)">kapitaal</a> gebaseerd waren. Dit verklaart tevens waarom landen waar de feodale verhoudingen langer domineerden, zoals Duitsland en Japan, achterbleven in de democratisering. </p><p>Alexis de Tocqueville zag de <a href="/wiki/Centralisme" title="Centralisme">centralisering</a> van de staatsmacht als belangrijke factor in het democratiseringsproces. <a href="/wiki/Stand_(maatschappelijk)" title="Stand (maatschappelijk)">Stand</a> werd daarmee ook minder belangrijk. <a href="/wiki/Egalitarisme" title="Egalitarisme">Egalisering</a> zou optreden in complexere samenleving met meer <a href="/wiki/Arbeidsdeling" title="Arbeidsdeling">arbeidsdeling</a>. De invloed van de lagere klassen zou daarin toenemen. Ook <a href="/wiki/Industrialisatie" title="Industrialisatie">industrialisatie</a> en alle daarmee samenhangende veranderingen zouden volgens <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Lenski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Lenski (de pagina bestaat niet)">Gerhard Lenski</a> en <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dahl" title="Robert Dahl">Robert Dahl</a> een belangrijke rol spelen in het proces. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seymour_Martin_Lipset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seymour Martin Lipset (de pagina bestaat niet)">Seymour Martin Lipset</a> stelde dat de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Welvaartsgroei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Welvaartsgroei (de pagina bestaat niet)">welvaartsgroei</a> de klassentegenstellingen temperde en daarmee een belangrijke voorwaarde was. Volgens <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stein_Rokkan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stein Rokkan (de pagina bestaat niet)">Stein Rokkan</a> was politieke verdeeldheid binnen de elite dan weer juist een voorwaarde. </p><p>Daarnaast speelde de concurrentie tussen de westerse staten een belangrijke rol. Om de economische, industriële en militaire macht te laten groeien, moest een steeds groter beroep gedaan worden op de bevolking. Democratisering fungeerde daarbij als <a href="/wiki/Legitimiteit_(politiek)" title="Legitimiteit (politiek)">legitimatie</a> om burgers via <a href="/wiki/Juridisering" title="Juridisering">juridisering</a> steeds meer verplichtingen op te leggen, zoals <a href="/wiki/Dienstplicht" title="Dienstplicht">dienstplicht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belastingplicht" class="mw-redirect" title="Belastingplicht">belastingplicht</a> en <a href="/wiki/Leerplicht" title="Leerplicht">leerplicht</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatuur">Literatuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parlementaire_democratie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Literatuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parlementaire_democratie&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Literatuur"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hoof, J.J.B.M. van; Ruysseveldt, J. van (red.)</span> (1996): <i>Sociologie en de moderne samenleving: maatschappelijke veranderingen van de industriële omwenteling tot in de 21ste eeuw</i>, Boom.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud p:first-child{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background-color"],.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background"]{color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}</style> <div class="navigatie" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Staats-_en_regeringsvormen"> <div class="navigatie-afb-links noviewer"><div class="navigatie-bewerken show-autoconfirmed nomobile"><span class="nowrap skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navigatie_staatsvormen&action=edit" title="Sjabloon bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Staats-_en_regeringsvormen" class="navigatie-titel"><a href="/wiki/Staatsvorm" title="Staatsvorm">Staats-</a> en <a href="/wiki/Regeringsvorm" title="Regeringsvorm">regeringsvormen</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67785531">.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel{margin:0 auto 0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding-left:0.5em}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;width:100%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding:unset}}</style><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="links" style=""><b><a href="/wiki/Staatshoofd" title="Staatshoofd">Staatshoofd</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Aristocratie" title="Aristocratie">aristocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Autocratie" title="Autocratie">autocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cesaropapie" title="Cesaropapie">cesaropapie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dictatuur" title="Dictatuur">dictatuur</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gerontocratie" title="Gerontocratie">gerontocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kakistocratie" title="Kakistocratie">kakistocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Monarchie" title="Monarchie">monarchie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchie" title="Absolute monarchie">absolute monarchie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Constitutionele_monarchie" title="Constitutionele monarchie">constitutionele monarchie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islamitische_monarchie" title="Islamitische monarchie">islamitische monarchie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kiesmonarchie" title="Kiesmonarchie">kiesmonarchie</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Oligarchie" title="Oligarchie">oligarchie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plutocratie" title="Plutocratie">plutocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Republiek_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republiek (hoofdbetekenis)">republiek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Directoriaal_systeem" title="Directoriaal systeem">directoriale republiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Parlementaire_republiek" title="Parlementaire republiek">parlementaire republiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Presidentieel_systeem" title="Presidentieel systeem">presidentiële republiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Semipresidentieel_systeem" title="Semipresidentieel systeem">semipresidentiële republiek</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Theocratie" title="Theocratie">theocratie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kalifaat" title="Kalifaat">kalifaat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pontificaat" title="Pontificaat">pontificaat</a>)</td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Ideologie" title="Ideologie">Ideologie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Bi-nationale_staat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bi-nationale staat">bi-nationale staat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Democratie" title="Democratie">democratie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Directe_democratie" title="Directe democratie">directe democratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ochlocratie" title="Ochlocratie">ochlocratie</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">parlementaire democratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Meerpartijenstelsel" title="Meerpartijenstelsel">meerpartijenstelsel</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Islamitische_republiek" title="Islamitische republiek">islamitische republiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Meritocratie" title="Meritocratie">meritocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eenpartijstelsel" title="Eenpartijstelsel">eenpartijstaat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plutocratie" title="Plutocratie">plutocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Technocratie" title="Technocratie">technocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek" title="Volksrepubliek">volksrepubliek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radenrepubliek" title="Radenrepubliek">radenrepubliek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Socialistische_sovjetrepubliek" title="Socialistische sovjetrepubliek">socialistische sovjetrepubliek</a>)</td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Regeringsvorm" title="Regeringsvorm">Regeringsvorm</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Centralisme" title="Centralisme">centralisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eenheidsstaat" title="Eenheidsstaat">eenheidsstaat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Federalisme" title="Federalisme">federalisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(staatsvorm)" title="Condominium (staatsvorm)">condominium</a> · <a href="/wiki/Confederatie" title="Confederatie">confederatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vazalstaat" title="Vazalstaat">vazalstaat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Natiestaat" title="Natiestaat">natiestaat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Beschavingsstaat" title="Beschavingsstaat">beschavingsstaat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Supranationalisme" title="Supranationalisme">supranationalisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Superstaat" title="Superstaat">superstaat</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Zie ook:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Diarchie" title="Diarchie">diarchie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Driemanschap" title="Driemanschap">driemanschap</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchie" title="Tetrarchie">tetrarchie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pseudocratie" title="Pseudocratie">pseudocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gerontocratie" title="Gerontocratie">gerontocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kleptocratie" title="Kleptocratie">kleptocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Personele_unie" title="Personele unie">personele unie</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parlementaire_democratie&oldid=68194755">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parlementaire_democratie&oldid=68194755</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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