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href="#Physical-geographic_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Physical-geographic characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical-geographic_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy,_agriculture_and_natural_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy,_agriculture_and_natural_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economy, agriculture and natural resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy,_agriculture_and_natural_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button 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id="toc-Under_Pontus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Pontus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Under Pontus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Pontus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Roman_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Roman_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Under Roman rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Roman_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numismatics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numismatics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Numismatics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numismatics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Colchis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolchis" title="Kolchis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kolchis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="كولخيس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كولخيس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolxida" title="Kolxida – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kolxida" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="کولخیس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کولخیس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Колхида – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Колхида" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Калхіда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калхіда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Калхіда – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Калхіда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Колхида – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Колхида" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkida" title="Kolkida – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kolkida" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2lquida" title="Còlquida – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Còlquida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolchida" title="Kolchida – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kolchida" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolchis" title="Kolchis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kolchis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolchis" title="Kolchis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kolchis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolhethi" title="Kolhethi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kolhethi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Κολχίδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κολχίδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3lquida" title="Cólquida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cólquida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol%C4%A5ido_(lando)" title="Kolĥido (lando) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kolĥido (lando)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkida" title="Kolkida – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kolkida" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="کولخیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کولخیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchide" title="Colchide – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colchide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colcas" title="Colcas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Colcas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3lquida" title="Cólquida – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cólquida" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%9C%ED%82%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="콜키스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콜키스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B2%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Կողքիս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կողքիս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolhida" title="Kolhida – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kolhida" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkhis" title="Kolkhis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kolkhis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkis" title="Kolkis – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kolkis" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchide" title="Colchide – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colchide" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A1" title="קולכיס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולכיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="კოლხეთის სამეფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოლხეთის სამეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83%D2%A3%D1%83" title="Колхида ойдуңу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Колхида ойдуңу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Colchis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolh%C4%ABda" title="Kolhīda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kolhīda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolchid%C4%97" title="Kolchidė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kolchidė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkhisz" title="Kolkhisz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kolkhisz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="കോൽച്ചിസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോൽച്ചിസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94" title="კოლხეთიშ ომაფე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კოლხეთიშ ომაფე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkhis" title="Kolkhis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kolkhis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Colchis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B9" title="コルキス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コルキス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolchis" title="Kolchis – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kolchis" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolchis" title="Kolchis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kolchis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolchis" title="Kolchis – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kolchis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolxida_podsholigi" title="Kolxida podsholigi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kolxida podsholigi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolchida" title="Kolchida – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kolchida" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3lquida" title="Cólquida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cólquida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchida" title="Colchida – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Colchida" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Колхида – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колхида" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolchida" title="Kolchida – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kolchida" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolhida" title="Kolhida – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kolhida" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Колхида – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Колхида" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolhida" title="Kolhida – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kolhida" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkhis" title="Kolkhis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kolkhis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolchis" title="Kolchis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kolchis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkis" title="Kolkis – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kolkis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolhis" title="Kolhis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kolhis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Колхіда – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Колхіда" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Colchis" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%88%BE%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF" title="科爾基斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科爾基斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q183150#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Colchis&params=42_N_42_E_dim:300km"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°N</span> <span class="longitude">42°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42°N 42°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42; 42</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical region of Georgia</div> <style 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Colchis%22">"Colchis"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Colchis%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Colchis%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Colchis%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Colchis%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Colchis%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span 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country-name">Colchis</div><div class="ib-country-names">ეგრისი<br /><i>Egrisi</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">13th century BC<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–131 AD<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgian_States_Colchis_and_Iberia_(600-150BC)-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colchis and Iberia"><img alt="Colchis and Iberia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Georgian_States_Colchis_and_Iberia_%28600-150BC%29-en.svg/250px-Georgian_States_Colchis_and_Iberia_%28600-150BC%29-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Georgian_States_Colchis_and_Iberia_%28600-150BC%29-en.svg/375px-Georgian_States_Colchis_and_Iberia_%28600-150BC%29-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Georgian_States_Colchis_and_Iberia_%28600-150BC%29-en.svg/500px-Georgian_States_Colchis_and_Iberia_%28600-150BC%29-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="696" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Colchis and Iberia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Aea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>–<a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> (language of governance, numismatics and culture),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsetskhladze1993235,_240_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsetskhladze1993235,_240-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><a href="/wiki/Karto-Zan_languages" title="Karto-Zan languages">Karto-Zan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language"> Svan</a> (native languages),<sup id="cite_ref-Javakhishvili-44-47_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Javakhishvili-44-47-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />many others<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield201214_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield201214-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Consolidation of Colchian tribes </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13th century BC<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Conquest of <a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">750 BC<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Two invasions of <a href="/wiki/Sardur_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardur II">Sardur II</a> of Urartu </div></th><td class="infobox-data">744/743 BC<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley_Arthur_Cook_p._350_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley_Arthur_Cook_p._350-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield201217_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield201217-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian</a> invasions </div></th><td class="infobox-data">720 BC<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Conquest of <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_Eupator" title="Mithridates VI Eupator">Mithridates VI</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">After 70 BC<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">131 AD<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian culture</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russia" 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:History of Georgia (country)">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">History of Georgia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_(Georgia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg/250px-Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg/375px-Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg/500px-Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="428" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">Prehistoric Georgia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kartlos" title="Kartlos">Legend of Kartlos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_culture" title="Trialeti culture">Trialeti culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient history of Georgia">Ancient history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colchis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Kartli" title="Aryan Kartli">Aryan Kartli</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Kingdom of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pharnavazid_dynasty" title="Pharnavazid dynasty">Pharnavazid dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_Roman_era" title="Georgia in the Roman era">Georgia in the Roman era</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty_of_Iberia" title="Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia">Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_campaign_of_Pompey" title="Caucasian campaign of Pompey">Campaign of Pompey</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iberian%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Iberian–Armenian War">Iberian–Armenian War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Iberia" title="Arsacid dynasty of Iberia">Arsacid dynasty of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Sasanian Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chosroid_dynasty" title="Chosroid dynasty">Chosroid dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Iberia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Georgia">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_War" title="Iberian War">Iberian War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lazic_War" title="Lazic War">Lazic War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Umayyad invasion of Georgia">Umayyad invasion of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Arab rule in Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tao_(historical_region)" title="Tao (historical region)">Duchy of Tao</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Klarjeti" title="Klarjeti">Duchy of Klarjeti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hereti" title="Kingdom of Hereti">Kingdom of Hereti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Iberians" title="Kingdom of the Iberians">Kingdom of the Iberians</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iberia_(theme)" title="Iberia (theme)">Theme of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Kldekari" title="Duchy of Kldekari">Duchy of Kldekari</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Unification of the Georgian realm">Unification of the Georgian realm</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Racha" title="Duchy of Racha">Duchy of Racha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti-Hereti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti">Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Byzantine–Georgian wars">Byzantine–Georgian wars</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_Invasion" title="Great Turkish Invasion">Great Turkish Invasion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Georgian–Seljuk wars">Georgian–Seljuk wars</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">Georgian Golden Age</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Eastern_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Eastern Georgia">Kingdom of Eastern Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Western_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Western Georgia">Kingdom of Western Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Armenia within the Kingdom of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Timurid invasions of Georgia">Timurid invasions of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Turkoman invasions of Georgia">Turkoman invasions of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aragvi" title="Duchy of Aragvi">Duchy of Aragvi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Collapse of the Georgian realm">Collapse of the Georgian realm</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern Georgia">Early modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ksani" title="Duchy of Ksani">Duchy of Ksani</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Saatabago" title="Samtskhe-Saatabago">Samtskhe-Saatabago</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kingdom of Kartli</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kingdom of Kakheti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Guria" title="Principality of Guria">Principality of Guria</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Svaneti" title="Principality of Svaneti">Principality of Svaneti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Mingrelia" title="Principality of Mingrelia">Principality of Mingrelia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia" title="Principality of Abkhazia">Principality of Abkhazia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Georgia" title="Safavid Georgia">Safavid Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Childir_Eyalet" title="Childir Eyalet">Childir Eyalet</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history of Georgia">Modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Georgia within the Russian Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1832_Georgian_plot" title="1832 Georgian plot">1832 Georgian plot</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gurian_Republic" title="Gurian Republic">Gurian Republic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)_since_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Georgia (country) since 1991">Georgia since 1991</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History by topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Georgia" title="Names of Georgia">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Georgian_monarchs" title="Lists of Georgian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_states_of_Georgia" title="List of historical states of Georgia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tbilisi" title="History of Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Georgia" title="Military history of Georgia">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of wars involving Georgia (country)">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Georgian_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Georgian battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Georgian_history" title="Timeline of Georgian history">Chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman geography">Greco-Roman geography</a>, <b>Colchis</b><sup id="ref_a_1" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Κολχίς</span>) was an <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> for the Georgian <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a><sup id="ref_b_1" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_b">[b]</a></sup> of <b>Egrisi</b><sup id="ref_c_1" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_c">[c]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">ეგრისი</span></span>) located on the eastern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, centered in present-day western <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. </p><p>Its population, the <b>Colchians</b>, are generally thought to have been mainly an early <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian-speaking</a> tribe ancestral to contemporary western <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Svans" title="Svans">Svans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zans" title="Zans">Zans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Javakhishvili-44-47_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Javakhishvili-44-47-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/David_Marshall_Lang" title="David Marshall Lang">David Marshall Lang</a>: "one of the most important elements in the modern Georgian nation, the Colchians were probably established in the Caucasus by the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Bronze Age">Middle Bronze Age</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been described in modern scholarship as "the earliest Georgian formation", which, along with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Kingdom of Iberia</a>, would later contribute significantly to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgian nation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CToumanoff_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CToumanoff-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Christopher_Haas_2014_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christopher_Haas_2014-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Charles_Burney_p._194-94_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charles_Burney_p._194-94-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Svante_E._Cornell_p._130_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svante_E._Cornell_p._130-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colchis is known in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> as the destination of the <a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a>, as well as the home to <a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleece" title="Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also described as a land rich with gold, iron, timber and honey that would export its resources mostly to ancient Hellenic city-states.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colchis likely had a diverse population. According to Greek and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> sources, between 70 and 300 languages were spoken in <a href="/wiki/Sokhumi#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokhumi">Dioscourias (modern Sokhumi)</a> alone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield201214_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield201214-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Rayfield, the first mention of Colchis is during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a> (1245–1209 BC) when he mentions "40 kings by the Upper [Black] Sea".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield201215_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield201215-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colchis territory is mostly assigned to what is now the western part of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and encompasses the present-day Georgian provinces of <a href="/wiki/Samegrelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Samegrelo">Samegrelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imereti" title="Imereti">Imereti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guria" title="Guria">Guria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adjara" title="Adjara">Adjara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svaneti" title="Svaneti">Svaneti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racha" title="Racha">Racha</a>; <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>; modern <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuapse" title="Tuapse">Tuapse</a> districts; and present-day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Artvin_Province" title="Artvin Province">Artvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rize_Province" title="Rize Province">Rize</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Province" title="Trabzon Province">Trabzon</a> provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_toponyms">Geography and toponyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colchis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography and toponyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Colchis, Kolkha, Qulḫa, or Kilkhi,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which existed from the <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 13th</span><sup id="cite_ref-morritt_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morritt-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the 1st centuries BC, is regarded as an early <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">ethnically Georgian</a> polity; the name of the Colchians was used as the collective term for early <a href="/wiki/Kartvelians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartvelians">Kartvelian tribes</a> which populated the eastern coast of the Black Sea in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Roman_ethnography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greco-Roman ethnography (page does not exist)">Greco-Roman ethnography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Christopher_Haas_2014_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christopher_Haas_2014-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Charles_Burney_p._194-94_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charles_Burney_p._194-94-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Cambridge_Ancient_History_p._255_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Cambridge_Ancient_History_p._255-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Ronald Grigor Suny</a> identifies Colchis as an early Georgian state formation. Suny emphasizes that the Colchians were among the early Kartvelian-speaking tribes, the linguistic ancestors of modern Georgians. He highlights the cultural and political continuity between Colchis and later Georgian states, noting that Colchis, along with the eastern Georgian kingdom of Iberia, played a significant role in the ethnogenesis of the Georgian people.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rayfield" title="Donald Rayfield">Donald Rayfield</a>, the ethnic makeup of Colchis is "obscure" and Kartvelian names "are conspicuously absent from the few anthronyms found in Colchian burials."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield201215_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield201215-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a> names are present.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield201215_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield201215-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name Colchis is thought to have derived from the <a href="/wiki/Urartian_language" title="Urartian language">Urartian</a> <i>Qulḫa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-eighth century BC, <a href="/wiki/Sarduri_II" title="Sarduri II">Sarduri II</a>, the King of <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a>, inscribed his victory over <i>Qulḫa</i> on a stele; however, the exact location of <i>Qulḫa</i> is disputed. Some scholars argue the name <i>Qulḫa</i> (Colchís) originally referred to a land to the west of Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others argue <i>Qulḫa</i> may have been located in the south, near modern <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6le" title="Göle">Göle, Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Levan Gordeziani, while the Greek <i>Colchis</i> etymologically descends from Urartian <i>Qulḫa</i>, the Greeks may have applied the name to a different region (and/or cultures) than the preceding Urartians had. Further confusion rests in possible differences in the Greeks' own usage of the name Colchis in political and mythological contexts (i.e. the relationship between "Aia-Colchis" and "the land of Colchis").<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the scholar of Caucasian studies <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Toumanoff" title="Cyril Toumanoff">Cyril Toumanoff</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Colchis appears as the first Caucasian State to have achieved the coalescence of the newcomer. Colchis can be justly regarded as not a proto-Georgian, but a Georgian (West Georgian) kingdom. ... It would seem natural to seek the beginnings of Georgian social history in Colchis, the earliest Georgian formation.<sup id="cite_ref-CToumanoff_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CToumanoff-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to most <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical-era</a> sources, Colchis was bordered on the south-west by <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a>, on the west by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, as far as the river Corax. To its north was the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Greater Caucasus</a>, beyond which was <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatia</a>. On its east it bordered the Kingdom of Iberia and <a href="/wiki/Moschia" title="Moschia">Montes Moschici</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Lesser Caucasus</a>). The south of Colchis bordered <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>. The westward extent of the country is considered differently by different authors: <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> makes Colchis begin at <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, on the other hand, extends <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Rioni_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioni River">Rioni River</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although some ancient authors consider <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a> to be the extreme northern settlement point of Colchians (in an ethnic sense), nevertheless "they consider it as a point located on the territory of non-Colchian tribes (<a href="/wiki/Heniochi" title="Heniochi">Heniochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanigs" title="Sanigs">Sanigs</a>)". Since in a later era the name "Colchians" was organically connected with the name "<a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Lazi</a>", it should be remembered that Byzantine sources saw the northern limit of the spread of Laz people somewhere between the <a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a> (modern. <a href="/wiki/Poti" title="Poti">Poti</a>) and Dioscurias".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Greek name <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">Kolchís</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Κολχίς</span></span>) is first used to describe a geographic area in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>. Earlier writers speak of the "Kolchian" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Κολχίδα</span></span>) people and their mythical king <a href="/wiki/Ae%C3%ABtes" title="Aeëtes">Aeëtes</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Αἰήτης</span></span>), as well as his <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponymous</a> city <i>Aea</i> or <i>Aia (</i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Αἶα</span></span><i>)</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but don't make explicit references to a Kolchis nation or region. The main river was known as the <a href="/wiki/Phasis_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phasis (river)">Phasis</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Rioni_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioni River">Rioni</a>) and was, according to some writers the southern boundary of Colchis, but more probably flowed through the middle of that country from the Caucasus west into the <a href="/wiki/Euxine" class="mw-redirect" title="Euxine">Euxine</a>, and the Anticites or Atticitus (now <a href="/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban">Kuban</a>). <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a> mentions many others by name, but they would seem to have been little more than mountain torrents: the most important of them were Charieis, Chobus or Cobus, Singames, Tarsuras, Hippus, Astelephus, Chrysorrhoas, several of which are also noticed by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>. The chief towns were <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a> or Dioscuris (under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> called Sebastopolis, now <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a>) on the seaboard of the Euxine, Sarapana (now <a href="/wiki/Shorapani" title="Shorapani">Shorapani</a>), <a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Poti" title="Poti">Poti</a>), Pityus (now <a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pitsunda</a>), <a href="/wiki/Apsaros" class="mw-redirect" title="Apsaros">Apsaros</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Gonio_(settlement)" title="Gonio (settlement)">Gonio</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vani" title="Vani">Surium</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Vani" title="Vani">Vani</a>), Archaeopolis (now <a href="/wiki/Nokalakevi" title="Nokalakevi">Nokalakevi</a>), Macheiresis, and Cyta or Cutatisium or Aia (now <a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a>), the traditional birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scylax_of_Caryanda" title="Scylax of Caryanda">Scylax</a> mentions also Mala or Male, which he, in contradiction to other writers, makes the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical-geographic_characteristics">Physical-geographic characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colchis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical-geographic characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgian_States_Colchis_and_Iberia_(600-150BC)-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Georgian_States_Colchis_and_Iberia_%28600-150BC%29-en.svg/220px-Georgian_States_Colchis_and_Iberia_%28600-150BC%29-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Georgian_States_Colchis_and_Iberia_%28600-150BC%29-en.svg/330px-Georgian_States_Colchis_and_Iberia_%28600-150BC%29-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Georgian_States_Colchis_and_Iberia_%28600-150BC%29-en.svg/440px-Georgian_States_Colchis_and_Iberia_%28600-150BC%29-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>Colchis and its eastern neighbor Iberia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colchis_and_Iberia,_1706.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Colchis_and_Iberia%2C_1706.jpg/220px-Colchis_and_Iberia%2C_1706.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Colchis_and_Iberia%2C_1706.jpg/330px-Colchis_and_Iberia%2C_1706.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Colchis_and_Iberia%2C_1706.jpg/440px-Colchis_and_Iberia%2C_1706.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Map of Colchis and Iberia by <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Cellarius" title="Christoph Cellarius">Christoph Cellarius</a> printed in Leipzig in 1706</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical geography</a>, Colchis is usually defined as the area east of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast, restricted from the north by the southwestern slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a>, from the south by the northern slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a> in Georgia and Eastern Black Sea (Karadeniz) Mountains in Turkey, and from the east by <a href="/wiki/Likhi_Range" title="Likhi Range">Likhi Range</a>, connecting the Greater and the Lesser Caucasus. The central part of the region is Colchis Plain, stretching between <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kobuleti" title="Kobuleti">Kobuleti</a>; most of that lies on the elevation below 20 m (66 ft) above sea level. Marginal parts of the region are mountains of the Great and the Lesser Caucasus and Likhi Range.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Its territory mostly corresponds to what is now the western part of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and encompasses the present-day Georgian provinces of <a href="/wiki/Samegrelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Samegrelo">Samegrelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imereti" title="Imereti">Imereti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guria" title="Guria">Guria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adjara" title="Adjara">Adjara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svaneti" title="Svaneti">Svaneti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racha" title="Racha">Racha</a>; the modern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artvin" title="Artvin">Artvin</a> provinces (<a href="/wiki/Lazistan" title="Lazistan">Lazistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tao-Klarjeti" title="Tao-Klarjeti">Tao-Klarjeti</a>); and the modern <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuapse" title="Tuapse">Tuapse</a> districts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The climate is mild humid; near <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a>, annual rainfall level reaches 4,000 mm (160 in), which is the absolute maximum for continental western Eurasia. The dominating natural landscapes of Colchis are <a href="/wiki/Temperate_rainforest" title="Temperate rainforest">temperate rainforests</a>, yet degraded in the plain part of the region; wetlands (along the coastal parts of Colchis Plain); subalpine and <a href="/wiki/Alpine_meadows" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine meadows">alpine meadows</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Colchis has a high proportion of <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palaeogene" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeogene">Palaeogene</a> <a href="/wiki/Relict_(biology)" title="Relict (biology)">relict</a> plants and animals, with the closest relatives in distant parts of the world: five species of <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron" title="Rhododendron">Rhododendrons</a> and other evergreen shrubs, <a href="/wiki/Wingnut_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wingnut (plant)">wingnuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_salamander" title="Caucasian salamander">Caucasian salamander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_parsley_frog" title="Caucasian parsley frog">Caucasian parsley frog</a>, eight endemic species of lizards from the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Darevskia" title="Darevskia">Darevskia</a></i>, the Caucasus adder (<i><a href="/wiki/Vipera_kaznakovi" title="Vipera kaznakovi">Vipera kaznakovi</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Robert%27s_snow_vole" title="Robert's snow vole">Robert's snow vole</a>, and endemic <a href="/wiki/Troglocaris" title="Troglocaris">cave shrimp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy,_agriculture_and_natural_resources"><span id="Economy.2C_agriculture_and_natural_resources"></span>Economy, agriculture and natural resources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colchis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economy, agriculture and natural resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">Millet</a> was the main staple crop in Colchis. Wheat grew in certain regions and was also imported by sea. Similarly, local wines were produced and some wines were brought from overseas. The Colchian plain provided ample grazing land for cattle and horses, with the name of Phasis associated with fine horses. The wetlands were a home for waterfowl, while Colchian <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasants</a> were exported to Rome and became a symbol of excess condemned by Roman moralists. The Colchian hinterland lacked salt and demand was satisfied partially by local production on the coast and partially by imports from the northern coast of the Black Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-braund-economy_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-braund-economy-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colchis provided slaves as a tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> and Colchian slaves are also attested in Ancient Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-braund-slaves_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-braund-slaves-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colchis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_earliest_references">Prehistory and earliest references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colchis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prehistory and earliest references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eastern Black Sea region in antiquity was home to the well-developed <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> culture known as the <a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian culture</a>, related to the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Koban_culture" title="Koban culture">Koban culture</a>, that emerged toward the Middle <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. In at least some parts of Colchis, the process of urbanization seems to have been well advanced by the end of the second millennium BC. The Colchian Late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> (fifteenth to eighth century BC) saw the development of significant skill in the smelting and casting of metals.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sophisticated farming implements were made, and fertile, well-watered lowlands and a mild climate promoted the growth of progressive agricultural techniques.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The earliest attestations of the name of Colchis can be found in the 8th century Greek poet <a href="/wiki/Eumelus_of_Corinth" title="Eumelus of Corinth">Eumelus of Corinth</a> as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Κολχίδα</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and earlier, in <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartian</a> records as <span title="Urartian-language text"><i lang="xur-Latn">Qulḫa</i></span> mentioned by the <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartian</a> kings, who conquered it in 744 or 743 BC before the Urartians and their territories were themselves conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley_Arthur_Cook_p._350_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley_Arthur_Cook_p._350-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Svante_Cornell" title="Svante Cornell">Svante Cornell</a>, "What could be conceived as the proto Georgian statehood emerged mainly in the Western parts of today's Georgia, with the kingdom of Colchis (<i>Kolkheti</i>) in the sixth century BC."<sup id="cite_ref-Svante_E._Cornell_p._130_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svante_E._Cornell_p._130-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colchis was inhabited by a number of tribes whose settlements lay along the shore of the Black Sea. Chief among those were the <a href="/wiki/Machelones" title="Machelones">Machelones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heniochi" title="Heniochi">Heniochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zydretae" title="Zydretae">Zydretae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egrisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Egrisi">Lazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalybes" title="Chalybes">Chalybes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibareni" title="Tibareni">Tibareni</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tubal" title="Tubal">Tubal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mossynoeci" title="Mossynoeci">Mossynoeci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macrones" title="Macrones">Macrones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meskheti" title="Meskheti">Moschi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marres" class="mw-redirect" title="Marres">Marres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apsilae" title="Apsilae">Apsilae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Abasci</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sanigs" title="Sanigs">Sanigae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coraxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Coraxi">Coraxi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coli_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coli (tribe) (page does not exist)">Coli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanchlaeni" title="Melanchlaeni">Melanchlaeni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gelonians" title="Gelonians">Geloni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Svaneti" title="Svaneti">Soani (Suani)</a>. The ancients assigned various origins to the tribes that inhabited Colchis. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> regarded the Colchians as "dark-skinned (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μελάγχροες</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and woolly-haired" and calls them Egyptians.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> states that the Colchians, with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopians</a>, were the first to practice <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a>, a custom which he claims that the Colchians inherited from remnants of the army of <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Sesostris" title="Sesostris">Sesostris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a>). Herodotus writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For it is plain to see that the Colchians are Egyptians; and what I say, I myself noted before I heard it from others. When it occurred to me, I inquired of both peoples; and the Colchians remembered the Egyptians better than the Egyptians remembered the Colchians; the Egyptians said that they considered the Colchians part of Sesostris' army. I myself guessed it, partly because they are dark-skinned and woolly-haired; though that indeed counts for nothing, since other peoples are, too; but my better proof was that the Colchians and Egyptians and Ethiopians are the only nations that have from the first practised circumcision.</p></blockquote> <p>These claims have been widely rejected by modern historians. It is in doubt if Herodotus had ever been to Colchis or Egypt, and no Egyptian army ever set foot in the Caucasus, a region shielded by states to the south of the Caucasus too powerful for any Egyptian army to pass through, such as <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFehling199413Marincola200134_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFehling199413Marincola200134-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Colchians were governed by their own kings in the earliest ages, that Sesostris king of Egypt was overcome in <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and put to fight, by the king of Colchis, which if true, that the Colchians not only had kings in those times, but were a very powerful people.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Many modern theories suggest that the ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Laz</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mingrelians" title="Mingrelians">Mingrelians</a> constituted the dominant ethnic and cultural presence in the region in antiquity, and hence played a significant role in the ethnogenesis of the modern <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, a 1st-century BC Greek geographer, citing the poet Eumelos, assigned <a href="/wiki/Ae%C3%ABtes" title="Aeëtes">Aeëtes</a>, the mythological first king of Colchis, a Greek origin.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_rule">Persian rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colchis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Persian rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tribes living in the southern Colchis (<a href="/wiki/Macrones" title="Macrones">Macrones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meskheti" title="Meskheti">Moschi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marres" class="mw-redirect" title="Marres">Marres</a>) were incorporated into Persia and formed the <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of the Achaemenid Empire">19th satrapy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield201218-19_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield201218-19-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the northern tribes submitted "voluntarily" and had to send to the Persian court 100 girls and 100 boys every five years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield201219_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield201219-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 400 BC, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Thousand" title="Ten Thousand">Ten Thousand</a> reached <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezus</a>, a battle was fought between them and the Colchis in which the latter were decisively defeated. The influence exerted on Colchis by the vast Achaemenid Empire with its thriving commerce and wide economic and commercial ties with other regions accelerated the socio-economic development of the Colchian land. </p><p>Subsequently, the Colchis people appear to have overthrown the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian</a> Authority, and to have formed an independent state.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to Ronald Suny this western Georgian state was federated to Kartli-Iberia, and its kings ruled through <i>skeptoukhi</i> (royal governors) who received a staff from the king.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to David Braund's reading of <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>'s account, the native Colchian dynasty continued ruling the country in spite of its fragmentation into <i>skeptoukhies</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-braund_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-braund-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gocha R. Tsetskhladze explains that although Colchis and neighboring Iberia were once viewed as not having been under Achaemenid rule, "ever more evidence is emerging to show that they were, forming a lesser part of the <a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Armenian satrapy</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsetskhladze2021665_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsetskhladze2021665-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Exhibition-_Georgia_-_(6)_A_Story_of_Encounters,_2023-2024,_Art_%26_History_Museum,_Brussels.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Second century BC Greek bronze torso from Colchis, Cinquantenaire Museum"><img alt="Second century BC Greek bronze torso from Colchis, Cinquantenaire Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Exhibition-_Georgia_-_%286%29_A_Story_of_Encounters%2C_2023-2024%2C_Art_%26_History_Museum%2C_Brussels.jpg/200px-Exhibition-_Georgia_-_%286%29_A_Story_of_Encounters%2C_2023-2024%2C_Art_%26_History_Museum%2C_Brussels.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Exhibition-_Georgia_-_%286%29_A_Story_of_Encounters%2C_2023-2024%2C_Art_%26_History_Museum%2C_Brussels.jpg/300px-Exhibition-_Georgia_-_%286%29_A_Story_of_Encounters%2C_2023-2024%2C_Art_%26_History_Museum%2C_Brussels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Exhibition-_Georgia_-_%286%29_A_Story_of_Encounters%2C_2023-2024%2C_Art_%26_History_Museum%2C_Brussels.jpg/400px-Exhibition-_Georgia_-_%286%29_A_Story_of_Encounters%2C_2023-2024%2C_Art_%26_History_Museum%2C_Brussels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Second century BC Greek bronze torso from Colchis, <a href="/wiki/Cinquantenaire_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinquantenaire Museum">Cinquantenaire Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colchis_riders_pendants_-_pair.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Colchian pendants, riders and horses on wheeled platforms, Georgian National Museum"><img alt="Colchian pendants, riders and horses on wheeled platforms, Georgian National Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Colchis_riders_pendants_-_pair.JPG/199px-Colchis_riders_pendants_-_pair.JPG" decoding="async" width="199" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Colchis_riders_pendants_-_pair.JPG/299px-Colchis_riders_pendants_-_pair.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Colchis_riders_pendants_-_pair.JPG/398px-Colchis_riders_pendants_-_pair.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2382" data-file-height="2393" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Colchian pendants, riders and horses on wheeled platforms, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_National_Museum" title="Georgian National Museum">Georgian National Museum</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Pontus">Under Pontus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colchis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Under Pontus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mithridates VI quelled an uprising in the region in 83 BC and gave Colchis to his son <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_of_Colchis" title="Mithridates of Colchis">Mithridates</a>, who, soon being suspected in having plotted against his father, was executed. During the <a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a>, Mithridates VI made another of his sons, <a href="/wiki/Machares" title="Machares">Machares</a>, king of Bosporus and Colchis, who held his power, but only for a short period. On the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates VI of Pontus">Mithridates VI of Pontus</a> in 65 BC, Colchis was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who captured one of the local chiefs (sceptuchus) Olthaces, and installed <a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Colchis" title="Aristarchus of Colchis">Aristarchus</a> as a <i><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynast</a></i> (63–47 BC). On the fall of Pompey, <a href="/wiki/Pharnaces_II_of_Pontus" title="Pharnaces II of Pontus">Pharnaces II</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates VI of Pontus">Mithridates</a>, took advantage of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> being occupied in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>, and reduced Colchis, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, and some part of <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>, defeating <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Calvinus" title="Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus">Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus</a>, whom Caesar subsequently sent against him. His triumph was, however, short-lived. Under <a href="/wiki/Polemon_I_of_Pontus" title="Polemon I of Pontus">Polemon I</a>, the son and heir of Zenon, Colchis was part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a>. After the death of Polemon (8 BC), his second wife <a href="/wiki/Pythodorida_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythodorida of Pontus">Pythodorida of Pontus</a> retained possession of Colchis as well as of Pontus, although the kingdom of Bosporus was wrested from her power. Her son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Polemon_II_of_Pontus" title="Polemon II of Pontus">Polemon II of Pontus</a>, was induced by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> to abdicate the throne, and both Pontus and Colchis were incorporated in the Province of <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a> (63) and later, in <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a> (81). <a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a> and other Greek settlements of the coast did not fully recover after the wars of 60-40 BC and Trebizond became the economical and political centre of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield201228_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield201228-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Roman_rule">Under Roman rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colchis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Under Roman rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_Roman_era" title="Georgia in the Roman era">Georgia in the Roman era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_campaign_of_Pompey" title="Caucasian campaign of Pompey">Caucasian campaign of Pompey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a></div> <p>Despite the fact that all major fortresses along the sea coast were occupied by the Romans, their rule was relatively loose. In 69, the people of Pontus and Colchis under <a href="/wiki/Anicetus_(pirate)" title="Anicetus (pirate)">Anicetus</a> staged a major uprising against the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, which ended unsuccessfully. The lowlands and coastal area were frequently raided by fierce mountain tribes, with the <a href="/wiki/Svaneti" title="Svaneti">Svaneti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heniochi" title="Heniochi">Heniochi</a> being the most powerful of them. Paying a nominal homage to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, they created their own kingdoms and enjoyed significant independence. </p><p>Under Hadrian, the Romans established relations with Colchian tribes. Hadrian sent his advisor, <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, to tour Colchis and Iberia. Arrian depicted a turbulent fluctuation of tribal powers and boundaries, with various hostile and anarchic tribes in the area. The Laz controlled most of coastal Colchis, while other tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Sanigs" title="Sanigs">Sanigs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abasgoi" title="Abasgoi">Abasgoi</a> escaped Roman jurisdiction. Other tribes, like the <a href="/wiki/Apsilae" title="Apsilae">Apsilae</a>, were becoming powerful and their king with the Romanised name Julianus was recognized by Trajan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield201233_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield201233-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arrian listed the following peoples in his <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Euxine_Sea" title="Periplus of the Euxine Sea">Periplus of the Euxine Sea</a> written in 130-131 (from south to north): Sanni, <a href="/wiki/Machelones" title="Machelones">Machelones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heniochi" title="Heniochi">Heniochi</a>, Zudreitae, <a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Lazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apsilae" title="Apsilae">Apsilae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abasgoi" title="Abasgoi">Abasgoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanigs" title="Sanigs">Sanigs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zygii" title="Zygii">Zilchi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ArrianFalconer1805_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArrianFalconer1805-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to traditional accounts <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> began to spread in the early first century by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew the Apostle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon the Zealot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Matthias" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Matthias">Saint Matthias</a>. A change in burial patterns in the 3rd century was possibly due to Christian influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield201233_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield201233-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic civilization</a>, local <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mithraic_Mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithraic Mysteries">Mithraic Mysteries</a> would, however, remain widespread until the fourth century. <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, dwelling in the <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> and looking for new homes, raided Colchis in 253, but were repulsed with the help of the Roman garrison of <a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pitsunda</a>. By the first century BC, the Lazica (or the Laz) kingdom was established in the region. Lazica became known as Egrisi in 66 BC when Egrisi became a vassal of the Roman Empire after the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_campaign_of_Pompey" title="Caucasian campaign of Pompey">Caucasian campaign of Pompey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numismatics">Numismatics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colchis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Numismatics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Colchian coins, the oldest of which were dated to the middle of the 6th century BC, served as the primary source of evidence for the Colchian state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsetskhladze2022534_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsetskhladze2022534-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reassessment of the coins, however, has revealed that these early "Colchian" coins actually represent the production of a <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> satrapy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsetskhladze2022534_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsetskhladze2022534-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rulers">Rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colchis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little is known of the rulers of Colchis. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ruler </th> <th>Reign </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1. Akes (<i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Basileus</a> Aku</i>) </td> <td>end of the 4th c. BC </td> <td>his name is found on a coin issued by him. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td>2. <a href="/wiki/Kuji_of_Colchis" title="Kuji of Colchis">Kuji</a> </td> <td>325–280 BC </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td>3. <a href="/wiki/Saulaces_of_Colchis" title="Saulaces of Colchis">Saulaces</a> </td> <td>2nd c. BC </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4. <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_of_Colchis" title="Mithridates of Colchis">Mithridates</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">fl.</a> 80 BC </td> <td>under the authority of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td>5. <a href="/wiki/Machares" title="Machares">Machares</a> </td> <td>fl. 65 BC </td> <td>under the authority of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>6. <a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Colchis" title="Aristarchus of Colchis">Aristarchus</a> </td> <td>63–47 BC </td> <td>appointed by <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_mythology">In mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colchis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles,_salon_de_Diane,_Jason_et_les_Argonautes_d%C3%A9barquant_en_Colchide,_Charles_de_La_Fosse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_salon_de_Diane%2C_Jason_et_les_Argonautes_d%C3%A9barquant_en_Colchide%2C_Charles_de_La_Fosse.jpg/400px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_salon_de_Diane%2C_Jason_et_les_Argonautes_d%C3%A9barquant_en_Colchide%2C_Charles_de_La_Fosse.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_salon_de_Diane%2C_Jason_et_les_Argonautes_d%C3%A9barquant_en_Colchide%2C_Charles_de_La_Fosse.jpg/600px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_salon_de_Diane%2C_Jason_et_les_Argonautes_d%C3%A9barquant_en_Colchide%2C_Charles_de_La_Fosse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_salon_de_Diane%2C_Jason_et_les_Argonautes_d%C3%A9barquant_en_Colchide%2C_Charles_de_La_Fosse.jpg/800px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles%2C_salon_de_Diane%2C_Jason_et_les_Argonautes_d%C3%A9barquant_en_Colchide%2C_Charles_de_La_Fosse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3213" data-file-height="2025" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a> arriving at Colchis. The <a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a> tells the myth of their voyage to retrieve the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleece" title="Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a>. This painting is located in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>From the fifth century B.C.E. onwards, Colchis was identified as Aea, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">mythical</a> home of <a href="/wiki/Ae%C3%ABtes" title="Aeëtes">Aeëtes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleece" title="Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a>, and the fire-breathing <a href="/wiki/Khalkotauroi" title="Khalkotauroi">Colchis bulls</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the destination of the <a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colchis also is thought to be a possible homeland of the <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a> also were said to be of <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythian</a> origin from Colchis.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Greek mythology, Colchis was a fabulously wealthy land situated on the mysterious periphery of the heroic world. Here in the sacred grove of the war god <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Ae%C3%ABtes" title="Aeëtes">Aeëtes</a> hung the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleece" title="Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a> until it was seized by <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a>. Colchis was also the land where the mythological <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a> was punished by being chained to a mountain while an eagle ate at his liver for revealing to humanity the secret of fire. </p><p>Apollonius of Rhodes named Aea as the main city (<i>Argonautica</i>, passim). The main mythical characters from Colchis are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absyrtus" title="Absyrtus">Absyrtus</a>, son of Aeëtes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ae%C3%ABtes" title="Aeëtes">Aeëtes</a>, King of Colchis, son of the sun-god <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oceanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanid">Oceanid</a> <a href="/wiki/Perse_(mythology)" title="Perse (mythology)">Perseis</a> (a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a>), brother of <a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pasiphae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasiphae">Pasiphae</a>, and father of <a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalciope" title="Chalciope">Chalciope</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Absyrtus" title="Absyrtus">Absyrtus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalciope" title="Chalciope">Chalciope</a>, daughter of King Aeëtes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a>, sister of King Aeëtes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idyia" title="Idyia">Idyia</a>, Queen of Colchis, mother of Medea, Chalciope, and Absyrtus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a>, daughter of King Aeëtes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a>, sister of Aeëtes</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colchis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Iberia">Caucasian Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Georgia">Roman Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygopolis" title="Zygopolis">Zygopolis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colchis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style=""><ol class="references" style="list-style-type:upper-alpha;"> <li id="cnote_a"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#ref_a_1">^</a></b></span> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text">or <b>Kolchis</b>; <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Κολχίς</span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kolkhís</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="grc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[kolkʰís]</a></span></div></li> <li id="cnote_b"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#ref_b_1">^</a></b></span> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text">Colchis was not an established and structurally institutionalized monarchy.</div></li> <li id="cnote_c"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#ref_c_1">^</a></b></span> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text">Also known as <b>Egri</b>, <b>Egr</b>, <b>Eguri</b> and <b>Egros</b> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Georgian_Chronicles" title="The Georgian Chronicles">The Georgian Chronicles</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Kartli" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion of Kartli">Conversion of Kartli</a></i> chronicles.<sup id="cite_ref-Casiday_2012_59_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casiday_2012_59-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rapp_2003_10_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rapp_2003_10-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Old Armenian geography <i><a href="/wiki/Ashkharhatsuyts" title="Ashkharhatsuyts">Ashkharhatsuyts</a></i>, it is referred to as <b><span title="Old Armenian-language text"><span lang="xcl-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">Kołk῾is</span></span></b> (<span title="Old Armenian-language text"><span lang="xcl">Կողքիս</span></span>) or <b><span title="Old Armenian-language text"><span lang="xcl-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">Eger</span></span></b> (<span title="Old Armenian-language text"><span lang="xcl">Եգեր</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-HewsenAS_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HewsenAS-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colchis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMorritt2010" class="citation book cs1">Morritt, R. D. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M1EaBwAAQBAJ&dq=Robert+D.+Morritt%2C+Stones+that+Speak%2C+colchis+13th&pg=PA99"><i>Stones that Speak</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443821766" title="Special:BookSources/9781443821766"><bdi>9781443821766</bdi></a>. <q>The tribes in Colchis consolidated during the 13th century BCE. This was at this period mentioned in Greek mythology as Colchis as the destination of the Argonauts and the home of Medea in her domain of sorcery. She was known to Urartians as Qulha (Kolkha or Kilkhi).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stones+that+Speak&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781443821766&rft.aulast=Morritt&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM1EaBwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DRobert%2BD.%2BMorritt%252C%2BStones%2Bthat%2BSpeak%252C%2Bcolchis%2B13th%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsatianiJanelidże2009" class="citation book cs1">Asatiani, Nodar; Janelidże, Otar (2009). <i>History of Georgia: From Ancient Times to the Present Day</i>. University of Michigan: Petite. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789941906367" title="Special:BookSources/9789941906367"><bdi>9789941906367</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Georgia%3A+From+Ancient+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=University+of+Michigan&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Petite&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789941906367&rft.aulast=Asatiani&rft.aufirst=Nodar&rft.au=Janelid%C5%BCe%2C+Otar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Braund. <i>Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 BC – AD 562</i>. pp. 5,180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraund2003" class="citation book cs1">Braund, David (2003). <i>Georgia in Antiquity A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 BC-AD 562</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">126–</span>127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgia+in+Antiquity+A+History+of+Colchis+and+Transcaucasian+Iberia%2C+550+BC-AD+562&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E126-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Braund&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsetskhladze1993235,_240-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsetskhladze1993235,_240_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsetskhladze1993">Tsetskhladze 1993</a>, p. 235, 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Javakhishvili-44-47-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Javakhishvili-44-47_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Javakhishvili-44-47_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJavakhishvili" class="citation book cs1">Javakhishvili, Ivane. <i>A History of the Georgian Nation</i>. Book I. pp. 44–47. <q>Colchis was mainly inhabited by Megrelian-Laz speaking tribes. Then Colchians conquered the land of the Svans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Georgian+Nation&rft.pages=Book+I.+pp.+44-47&rft.aulast=Javakhishvili&rft.aufirst=Ivane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield201214-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield201214_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield201214_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRayfield2012">Rayfield 2012</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorritt2010" class="citation book cs1">Morritt, R. D. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M1EaBwAAQBAJ&dq=Robert+D.+Morritt%2C+Stones+that+Speak%2C+colchis+13th&pg=PA99"><i>Stones that Speak</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443821766" title="Special:BookSources/9781443821766"><bdi>9781443821766</bdi></a>. <q>they [Colchis] absorbed part of Diaokh (c.750 BCE)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stones+that+Speak&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781443821766&rft.aulast=Morritt&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM1EaBwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DRobert%2BD.%2BMorritt%252C%2BStones%2Bthat%2BSpeak%252C%2Bcolchis%2B13th%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssatianiBendianachvili1997" class="citation book cs1">Assatiani, Nodar; Bendianachvili, Alexandre (1997). <i>Histoire de la Géorgie</i>. Paris: L'Harmattan. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7384-6186-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-7384-6186-7"><bdi>2-7384-6186-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+G%C3%A9orgie&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=2-7384-6186-7&rft.aulast=Assatiani&rft.aufirst=Nodar&rft.au=Bendianachvili%2C+Alexandre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsatianiJanelidże2009" class="citation book cs1">Asatiani, Nodar; Janelidże, Otar (2009). <i>History of Georgia</i>. Tbilisi: Petite. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Georgia&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Petite&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Asatiani&rft.aufirst=Nodar&rft.au=Janelid%C5%BCe%2C+Otar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristansen2019" class="citation book cs1">Christansen, Birgit (2019). "Granaries in Urartu and Neighboring States and the Monumentalization of Administrative Records". In Avetisyan, Pavel S.; Dan, Roberto; Grekyan, Yervand H. (eds.). <i>Over the Mountains and Far Away: Studies in Near Eastern History and Archaeology Presented to Mirjo Salvini on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday</i>. Archaeopress. p. 141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Granaries+in+Urartu+and+Neighboring+States+and+the+Monumentalization+of+Administrative+Records&rft.btitle=Over+the+Mountains+and+Far+Away%3A+Studies+in+Near+Eastern+History+and+Archaeology+Presented+to+Mirjo+Salvini+on+the+Occasion+of+His+80th+Birthday&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Christansen&rft.aufirst=Birgit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley_Arthur_Cook_p._350-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_Arthur_Cook_p._350_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_Arthur_Cook_p._350_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookCharlesworthBuryBury" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Arthur_Cook" title="Stanley Arthur Cook">Cook, Stanley Arthur</a>; Charlesworth, Martin Percival; <a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">Bury, John Bagnell</a>; Bury, John Bernard. <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Ancient_History" title="The Cambridge Ancient History"><i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 350.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Stanley+Arthur&rft.au=Charlesworth%2C+Martin+Percival&rft.au=Bury%2C+John+Bagnell&rft.au=Bury%2C+John+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. there are 12 volumes of this, which is it? and which chapter? 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(1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newcenturyclassi00aver/page/314/mode/2up"><i>New Century Classical Handbook</i></a>. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. p. 314-315.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Century+Classical+Handbook&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=314-315&rft.pub=Appleton-Century-Crofts&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewcenturyclassi00aver%2Fpage%2F314%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang1966" class="citation book cs1">Lang, David Marshall (1966). <i>The Georgians</i>. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. p. 59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Georgians&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Praeger&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=David+Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang1966" class="citation book cs1">Lang, David Marshall (1966). <i>The Georgians</i>. New York: Frederick A. 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"Chapter 3: Caucasus". <i>Early Christianity in Contexts: An Exploration Across Cultures and Continents</i>. Baker.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+Caucasus&rft.btitle=Early+Christianity+in+Contexts%3A+An+Exploration+Across+Cultures+and+Continents&rft.pub=Baker&rft.date=2014-11-18&rft.aulast=Haas&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charles_Burney_p._194-94-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charles_Burney_p._194-94_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charles_Burney_p._194-94_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurneyLang2001" class="citation book cs1">Burney, Charles; Lang, David Marshall (2001). <i>The Peoples of the Hills: Ancient Ararat and Caucasus</i>. 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(1932). <i>A history of the Georgian people</i>. p. 123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Georgian+people&rft.pages=123&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=W.+E.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wilson, Nigel. <i>Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece</i>. p. 149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece&rft.pages=149&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield201215-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield201215_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield201215_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield201215_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRayfield2012">Rayfield 2012</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorritt2017" class="citation book cs1">Morritt, Robert D. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M1EaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA140"><i>Stones that Speak</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443821766" title="Special:BookSources/9781443821766"><bdi>9781443821766</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stones+that+Speak&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publisher&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781443821766&rft.aulast=Morritt&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM1EaBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny" class="citation book cs1">Suny, Ronald G. <i>The Making of the Georgian Nation</i>. 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Cambridge Scholars Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443821766" title="Special:BookSources/9781443821766"><bdi>9781443821766</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stones+that+Speak&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publisher&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781443821766&rft.aulast=Morritt&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM1EaBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Pre-history of the Armenian People</i>, Igor Mikhailovich Diakonov, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, Volume 1, p. 1040</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Archaeology at the North-east Anatolian Frontier</i>, Claudia Sagona, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morritt-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-morritt_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert D. Morritt, <i>Stones that Speak</i>, p. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter L. Roudik, <i>Culture and Customs of the Caucasus</i>, p. 10, Greenwood, US (December 1, 2008), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313348853" title="Special:BookSources/9780313348853">9780313348853</a>; Zev Katz, <i>Handbook of Major Soviet Nationalities</i>, p. 163, the University of Michigan Free Fress, US (1975), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0029170907" title="Special:BookSources/0029170907">0029170907</a>; Aleksandr Prokhorov. <i>Great Soviet Encyclopedia</i>, Volume 7, p.197, Macmillan, (1973); Ori Z. 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(1991). <i>Archeology in Georgia</i>, Weinheim, 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Salvini, Geschichte und Kultur der Urartäer (Darmstadt, 1995) 70f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bremmer, J. N. (2007). "The Myth of the Golden Fleece". <i>Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions</i>, 6, 9–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kemalettin Köroğlu. "The Northward Expansion of the Kingdom of Urartu and the Historical Geography of the Land of Qulha." 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P. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anchabadze, Zurab Vianorovich. <i>History and culture of ancient Abkhazia</i>. Moscow -1964. P. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-grc1:1.2.2">"Herodotus, <i>The Histories</i>, book 1, chapter 2, section 2"</a>. <i>perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-07</span></span>. <q>They sailed in a long ship to Aea, a city of the Colchians, and to the river Phasis...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Herodotus%2C+The+Histories%2C+book+1%2C+chapter+2%2C+section+2&rft.au=Herodotus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0016.tlg001.perseus-grc1%3A1.2.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApollonius_of_Rhodes2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius of Rhodes</a> (2006). <i>Apollonius Rhodius: the Argonautica</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. II.417. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99001-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99001-3"><bdi>0-674-99001-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/249603642">249603642</a>. <q>Kolchian Aia lies at the furthest limits of sea and earth,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollonius+Rhodius%3A+the+Argonautica&rft.pages=II.417&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F249603642&rft.isbn=0-674-99001-3&rft.au=Apollonius+of+Rhodes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:alphabetic+letter=*a:entry+group=43">"Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Α α, αἶα, αἶα"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia 550 BC AD 562</i>. Calendon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">54–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198144733" title="Special:BookSources/0198144733"><bdi>0198144733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgia+in+Antiquity.+A+History+of+Colchis+and+Transcaucasian+Iberia+550+BC+AD+562&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=Calendon+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0198144733&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Braund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-braund-slaves-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-braund-slaves_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid1994" class="citation book cs1">David, Braund (1994). <i>Georgia in Antiquity. A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia 550 BC AD 562</i>. Calendon Press. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198144733" title="Special:BookSources/0198144733"><bdi>0198144733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgia+in+Antiquity.+A+History+of+Colchis+and+Transcaucasian+Iberia+550+BC+AD+562&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Calendon+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0198144733&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Braund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErb-SatulloGilmourKhakhutaishvili2014" class="citation journal cs1">Erb-Satullo, Nathaniel L.; Gilmour, Brian J. J.; Khakhutaishvili, Nana (2014-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030544031400123X">"Late Bronze and Early Iron Age copper smelting technologies in the South Caucasus: the view from ancient Colchis c. 1500–600BC"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>49</b>: <span class="nowrap">147–</span>159. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JArSc..49..147E">2014JArSc..49..147E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2014.03.034">10.1016/j.jas.2014.03.034</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-4403">0305-4403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Late+Bronze+and+Early+Iron+Age+copper+smelting+technologies+in+the+South+Caucasus%3A+the+view+from+ancient+Colchis+c.+1500%E2%80%93600BC&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E159&rft.date=2014-09-01&rft.issn=0305-4403&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2014.03.034&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014JArSc..49..147E&rft.aulast=Erb-Satullo&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel+L.&rft.au=Gilmour%2C+Brian+J.+J.&rft.au=Khakhutaishvili%2C+Nana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS030544031400123X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErb-SatulloGilmourKhakhutaishvili2017" class="citation journal cs1">Erb-Satullo, Nathaniel L.; Gilmour, Brian J. J.; Khakhutaishvili, Nana (2017-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:93fceda7-681d-4c1b-aca6-45fc1e2f5d20/files/m028f70ecc5d88483efe8d939f5eee96b">"Copper production landscapes of the South Caucasus"</a>. <i>Journal of Anthropological Archaeology</i>. <b>47</b>: <span class="nowrap">109–</span>126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaa.2017.03.003">10.1016/j.jaa.2017.03.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0278-4165">0278-4165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anthropological+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Copper+production+landscapes+of+the+South+Caucasus&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.date=2017-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jaa.2017.03.003&rft.issn=0278-4165&rft.aulast=Erb-Satullo&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel+L.&rft.au=Gilmour%2C+Brian+J.+J.&rft.au=Khakhutaishvili%2C+Nana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3A93fceda7-681d-4c1b-aca6-45fc1e2f5d20%2Ffiles%2Fm028f70ecc5d88483efe8d939f5eee96b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lordkipanidzé Otar, Mikéladzé Teimouraz. La Colchide aux VIIe-Ve siècles. Sources écrites antiques et archéologie. In: Le Pont-Euxin vu par les Grecs : sources écrites et archéologie. Symposium de Vani (Colchide), septembre-octobre 1987. Besançon : Université de Franche-Comté, 1990. pp. 167-187. (Annales littéraires de l'Université de Besançon, 427); <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/ista_0000-0000_1990_act_427_1_1252">https://www.persee.fr/doc/ista_0000-0000_1990_act_427_1_1252</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to some scholars, ancient tribes such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Absilae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Absilae (page does not exist)">Absilae</a> (mentioned by Pliny, 1st century CE) and <a href="/wiki/Abasgoi" title="Abasgoi">Abasgoi</a> (mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, 2nd century CE) correspond to the modern <a href="/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians">Abkhazians</a> (Chirikba, V., "On the etymology of the ethnonym apswa 'Abkhaz'", in <i>The Annual of the Society for the Study of Caucasia</i>, 3, 13-18, Chicago, 1991; Hewitt, B. G., "The valid and non-valid application of philology to history", in <i>Revue des Etudes Georgiennes et Caucasiennes</i>, 6-7, 1990-1991, 247-263; <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Dictionnaire_Encyclop%C3%A9dique_Larousse" title="Grand Dictionnaire Encyclopédique Larousse">Grand Dictionnaire Encyclopédique Larousse</a></i>, tome 1, 1985, p. 20). However, this claim is controversial and no academic consensus has yet been reached. Other scholars suggest that these ethnonyms instead reflect a common regional origin, rather than emphasizing a distinct and separate ethnic and cultural identity in antiquity. For example, Tariel Putkaradze, a Georgian scholar, suggests, "In the 3rd-2nd millennia BC the <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Kartvelian</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abhaz (page does not exist)">Abhaz</a>-<a href="/wiki/Abaza_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Abaza people">Abaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian-Adyghe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vainakhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Vainakhs">Vaynakh</a> tribes must have been part of a great <a href="/wiki/Ibero-Caucasian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibero-Caucasian">Ibero-Caucasian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnos</a>. Therefore, it is natural that several tribes or ethnoses descending from them have the names derived from a single stem. The Colchian Aphaz, Apsil, Apšil and north Caucasian Apsua, Abazaha, Abaza, existing in the 1st millennium, were the names denoting different tribes of a common origin. Some of these tribes (Apsils, Apshils) disappeared, others mingled with kindred tribes, and still others have survived to the present day." (Putkaradze, T. <i>The Kartvelians</i>, 2005, translated by Irene Kutsia)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lsj.gr/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B3%CF%87%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BF%CF%82">"Liddell, Scott, Jones Ancient Greek Lexicon"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liddell%2C+Scott%2C+Jones+Ancient+Greek+Lexicon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flsj.gr%2Fwiki%2F%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B5%25CE%25BB%25CE%25AC%25CE%25B3%25CF%2587%25CF%2581%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+2.104&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126">"Herodotus, the Histories, Book 2, chapter 104"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Herodotus%2C+the+Histories%2C+Book+2%2C+chapter+104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DHdt.%2B2.104%26fromdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFehling199413Marincola200134-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFehling199413Marincola200134_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFehling1994">Fehling 1994</a>, p. 13; <a href="#CITEREFMarincola2001">Marincola 2001</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Shrines and Sepulchres of the Old and New World: Records of Pilgrimages in Many Lands, and Researches Connected with the History of Places Remarkable for Memorials of the Dea, Or Monuments of a Sacred Character; Including Notices of the Funeral Customs of the Principal Nations, Ancient and Modern</i>, Volume 1, Richard Robert Madden, Newby, 1851, p. 293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>An Universal History, From the Earliest Account of Time</i>, Volume 10, George Sale, George Psalmanazar, Archibald Bower, George Shelvocke, John Campbell, John Swinton, p. 136 B.II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plin, I, xxxiii, c. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States</i>, James Minahan, p. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyril Toumanoff, <i>Studies in Christian Caucasian History</i>, p 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pausanias, <i>Description of Greece</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D2">http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D2</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield201218-19-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield201218-19_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRayfield2012">Rayfield 2012</a>, p. 18-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield201219-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield201219_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRayfield2012">Rayfield 2012</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Making of the Georgian Nation</i>, 2nd Ed., Ronald Grigor Suny, p 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-braund-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-braund_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid1994" class="citation book cs1">David, Braund (1994). <i>Georgia in Antiquity. A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia 550 BC AD 562</i>. Calendon Press. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198144733" title="Special:BookSources/0198144733"><bdi>0198144733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgia+in+Antiquity.+A+History+of+Colchis+and+Transcaucasian+Iberia+550+BC+AD+562&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Calendon+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0198144733&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Braund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsetskhladze2021665-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsetskhladze2021665_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsetskhladze2021">Tsetskhladze 2021</a>, p. 665.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pompey</i>, Nic Fields p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield201228-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield201228_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRayfield2012">Rayfield 2012</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield201233-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield201233_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield201233_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRayfield2012">Rayfield 2012</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArrianFalconer1805-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArrianFalconer1805_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrianFalconer1805" class="citation book cs1">Arrian; Falconer, Thomas (1805). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gri_33125009310745"><i>Arrian's Voyage Round the Euxine Sea: Translated and Accompanied with a Geographical Dissertation and Maps: to which are Added Three Discourses, I. On the Trade to the East Indies by Means of the Euxine Sea, II. On the Distance which the Ships of Antiquity Usually Sailed in Twenty-four Hours, III. On the Measure of the Olympic Stadium</i></a>. J. Cooke. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gri_33125009310745/page/n20">9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arrian%27s+Voyage+Round+the+Euxine+Sea%3A+Translated+and+Accompanied+with+a+Geographical+Dissertation+and+Maps%3A+to+which+are+Added+Three+Discourses%2C+I.+On+the+Trade+to+the+East+Indies+by+Means+of+the+Euxine+Sea%2C+II.+On+the+Distance+which+the+Ships+of+Antiquity+Usually+Sailed+in+Twenty-four+Hours%2C+III.+On+the+Measure+of+the+Olympic+Stadium&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=J.+Cooke&rft.date=1805&rft.au=Arrian&rft.au=Falconer%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgri_33125009310745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2009" class="citation book cs1">West, Barbara A. (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediapeop00west"><i>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Facts_on_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Facts on File">Facts on File</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediapeop00west/page/n483">461</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7109-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7109-8"><bdi>978-0-8160-7109-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=461&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7109-8&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediapeop00west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsetskhladze2022534-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsetskhladze2022534_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsetskhladze2022534_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsetskhladze2022">Tsetskhladze 2022</a>, p. 534.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a> <i>Pythian Odes</i> 4.11, 4.212; <a href="/wiki/Simonides" class="mw-redirect" title="Simonides">Simonides</a> PMG545 (Schol. Eur. Med. 19); <i>The Origin of Pagan Idolatry</i>, George Stanley Faber p. 409</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Facts on File Companion to Classical Drama</i>, John E. Thorburn "Colchian Bulls" p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire</i>, Trevor Bryce p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>World Mythology: An Anthology of Great Myths and Epics</i>, Donna Rosenberg p. 218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Celebrate the Divine Feminine: Reclaim Your Power with Ancient Goddess Wisdom</i>, Joy Reichard p. 169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Canzanella, <i>Innocence and Anarchy</i> p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret Meserve, <i>Empires of Islam in Renaissance Historical Thought</i>, p. 250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diane P. Thompson, <i>The Trojan War: Literature and Legends from the Bronze Age to the Present</i> p. 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Brown, <i>A New Companion to Greek Tragedy</i> p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Amaru Pinkham, <i>The Return of the Serpents of Wisdom</i> "The Amazons, The Female Serpents"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William G. Thalmann, <i>Apollonius of Rhodes and the Spaces of Hellenism</i> "Apollonius of Rhodes", p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Casiday_2012_59-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Casiday_2012_59_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasiday2012" class="citation book cs1">Casiday, A. (2012). <i>The Orthodox Christian World: Routledge Worlds</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136314841" title="Special:BookSources/9781136314841"><bdi>9781136314841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Christian+World%3A+Routledge+Worlds&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781136314841&rft.aulast=Casiday&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rapp_2003_10-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rapp_2003_10_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapp2003" class="citation book cs1">Rapp, S.H. (2003). <i>Studies in Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts and Eurasian Contexts. Corpus scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium: Subsidia</i>. Peeters. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042913189" title="Special:BookSources/9789042913189"><bdi>9789042913189</bdi></a>. <q>Known in Old Georgian as Egrisi, this realm gained legendary repute with the Greek myth of Jason and the Argonauts whose adventure brought them to ;Colchis' (i.e., Egrisi) in pursuit of the Golden Fleece.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Medieval+Georgian+Historiography%3A+Early+Texts+and+Eurasian+Contexts.+Corpus+scriptorum+Christianorum+Orientalium%3A+Subsidia.&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9789042913189&rft.aulast=Rapp&rft.aufirst=S.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HewsenAS-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HewsenAS_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewsen1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Hewsen" title="Robert H. Hewsen">Hewsen, Robert H.</a> (1992). <i>The Geography of Ananias of Širak (Ašxarhac῾oyc῾): The Long and the Short Recensions</i>. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88226-485-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-88226-485-3"><bdi>3-88226-485-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geography+of+Ananias+of+%C5%A0irak+%28A%C5%A1xarhac%E1%BF%BEoyc%E1%BF%BE%29%3A+The+Long+and+the+Short+Recensions&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Dr.+Ludwig+Reichert+Verlag&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=3-88226-485-3&rft.aulast=Hewsen&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colchis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: General and cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Braund, David (1994). <i>Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia 550 BC–AD 562</i>. Clarendon Press, Oxford. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814473-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814473-3">0-19-814473-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFehling1994" class="citation book cs1">Fehling, Detlev (1994). "The art of Herodotus and the margins of the world". In von Martels, Z.R.W.M. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travelfacttravel0000unse/page/1"><i>Travel Fact and Travel Fiction: Studies on fiction, literary tradition, scholarly discovery, and observation in travel writing</i></a>. Brill's Studies in Intellectual History Volume 55. Leiden, NL: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travelfacttravel0000unse/page/1">1–15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10112-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10112-8"><bdi>978-90-04-10112-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+art+of+Herodotus+and+the+margins+of+the+world&rft.btitle=Travel+Fact+and+Travel+Fiction%3A+Studies+on+fiction%2C+literary+tradition%2C+scholarly+discovery%2C+and+observation+in+travel+writing&rft.place=Leiden%2C+NL&rft.series=Brill%27s+Studies+in+Intellectual+History+Volume+55&rft.pages=1-15&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10112-8&rft.aulast=Fehling&rft.aufirst=Detlev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftravelfacttravel0000unse%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otar_Lordkipanidze" title="Otar Lordkipanidze">Otar Lordkipanidze</a>. <i>Phasis: The River and City of Colchis</i>. Geographica Historica 15. Franz Steiner, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-07271-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-07271-3">3-515-07271-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarincola2001" class="citation book cs1">Marincola, John (2001). <i>Greek Historians</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922501-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922501-9"><bdi>978-0-19-922501-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Historians&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-922501-9&rft.aulast=Marincola&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelamid1993" class="citation journal cs1">Melamid, Alexander (January 1993). "Colchis Today". <i>The Geographical Review</i>. <b>83</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">79–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993GeoRv..83...79M">1993GeoRv..83...79M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F215382">10.2307/215382</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/215382">215382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Review&rft.atitle=Colchis+Today&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=1993-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F215382%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F215382&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993GeoRv..83...79M&rft.aulast=Melamid&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Colchis"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Colchis">"Colchis" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">662–</span>663.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colchis&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E662-%3C%2Fspan%3E663&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=John+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2012" class="citation book cs1">Rayfield, Donald (2012). <i>Edge of Empires : A History of Georgia</i>. Reaktion Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edge+of+Empires+%3A+A+History+of+Georgia&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThordarson1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thordarson, Fridrik (1993). "COLCHIS". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/colchis"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VI, Fasc. 1</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">41–</span>42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=COLCHIS&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+VI%2C+Fasc.+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Thordarson&rft.aufirst=Fridrik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcolchis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. "Pichvnari and Its Environs, 6th c BC–4th c A". <i>Annales Littéraires de l'Université de Franche-Comté</i>, 659, Editeurs: M. Clavel-Lévêque, E. Geny, P. Lévêque. Paris: Presses Universitaires Franc-Comtoises, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-913322-42-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-913322-42-5">2-913322-42-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsetskhladze2021" class="citation book cs1">Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. (2021). "The Northern Black Sea". In Jacobs, Bruno; Rollinger, Robert (eds.). <i>A companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire</i>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>, Inc. p. 665. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1119174288" title="Special:BookSources/978-1119174288"><bdi>978-1119174288</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Northern+Black+Sea&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+the+Achaemenid+Persian+Empire&rft.pages=665&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1119174288&rft.aulast=Tsetskhladze&rft.aufirst=Gocha+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsetskhladze1993" class="citation journal cs1">Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. (1993). "On the numismatics of Colchis: the classical archaeologist's perspective". <i>Dialogues d'histoire ancienne Année</i>. <b><span class="nowrap">19–</span>1</b>: 233–256 (235). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fdha.1993.2084">10.3406/dha.1993.2084</a>. <q>A small percentage of the Colchian Type В hemidrachms are complete with Greek letters. [page 240] The Greek language was widespread in Colchis and decrees were even issued in that language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogues+d%27histoire+ancienne+Ann%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=On+the+numismatics+of+Colchis%3A+the+classical+archaeologist%27s+perspective&rft.volume=19-1&rft.pages=233-256+%28235%29&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fdha.1993.2084&rft.aulast=Tsetskhladze&rft.aufirst=Gocha+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsetskhladze2022" class="citation book cs1">Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. (2022). "Classical Archeology of the Pontus in the Archaic Period: Some Current Problems and Prospective Solutions". In Colombi, Camilla; Parisi, Valeria; Dally, Ortwin; Guggisberg, Martin; Piras, Giorgio (eds.). <i>Comparing Greek Colonies: Mobility and Settlement Consolidation from</i>. Walter de Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Classical+Archeology+of+the+Pontus+in+the+Archaic+Period%3A+Some+Current+Problems+and+Prospective+Solutions&rft.btitle=Comparing+Greek+Colonies%3A+Mobility+and+Settlement+Consolidation+from&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Tsetskhladze&rft.aufirst=Gocha+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColchis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Akaki Urushadze. <i>The Country of the Enchantress Media</i>, Tbilisi, 1984 (in Russian and English).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colchis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Colchis" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Colchis">Colchis</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Colchis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Colchis">Colchis</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aid%3Dcolchis">"Colchis"</a> in the <i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography</i> (1854) (ed. William Smith, LLD)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203173219/http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/kolchis/t.html">Colchian coins</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050819043151/http://matiane.com/strabo_colchis.htm">Strabo on Colchis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt%2e+7%2e79">Herodotus on Colchis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/holland/pliny3.html">Pliny on Colchis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asia.si.edu/exhibitions/online/Gold/default.html">Golden graves, archeological evidences</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171006064435/http://www.asia.si.edu/exhibitions/online/Gold/default.html">Archived</a> 2017-10-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170919120140/http://colchis.de/">Colchis</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050415075230/http://www.amarcord.be/georgia/kolchis.html">Colchis</a> at the Piano (amarcord.be) <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgian</a> states throughout <a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">history</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)">Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Early<br />Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagratid Iberia">Bagratid Iberia</a> <ul><li>Principalities of <a href="/wiki/Tao_(historical_region)" title="Tao (historical region)">Tao</a> & <a href="/wiki/Klarjeti" title="Klarjeti">Klarjeti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hereti" title="Kingdom of Hereti">Kingdom of Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Kingdom_of_Kakheti" class="mw-redirect" title="First Kingdom of Kakheti">First Kingdom of Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a></li></ul> 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Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_Persia" title="Romans in Persia">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Nubian_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman–Nubian relations">Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_SPQR_banner.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/100px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/150px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/200px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="229" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contacts &<br />explorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands_in_pre-colonial_times#Historical_background" title="Canary Islands in pre-colonial times">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Roman_relations" title="Sino-Roman relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo%E2%80%93Roman_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo–Roman relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Roman_relations" title="Hiberno-Roman relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romans_in_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romans in Poland (page does not exist)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-Roman_contacts" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-Roman contacts">Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero%27s_exploration_of_the_Nile_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Nero's exploration of the Nile river">Equatorial Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders of the Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_kingdoms_of_Anatolia238" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_kingdoms_in_Anatolia" title="Template:Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_kingdoms_in_Anatolia" title="Template talk:Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_kingdoms_in_Anatolia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_kingdoms_of_Anatolia238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_kingdoms_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient kingdoms of Anatolia">Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bronze Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)#Hittite_documents" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Ahhiyawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assuwa" title="Assuwa">Assuwa League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapalla" title="Hapalla">Hapalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrian States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isuwa" title="Isuwa">Isuwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna">Kizzuwatna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala%C5%A1ma" title="Kalašma">Kalašma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaskians" title="Kaskians">Kaskia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kussara" title="Kussara">Kussara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukka_lands" title="Lukka lands">Lukka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwians" title="Luwians">Luwia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mira_(kingdom)" title="Mira (kingdom)">Mira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairi" title="Nairi">Nairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_(Anatolia)" title="Pala (Anatolia)">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sagalassos" title="Sagalassos">Sagalassos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushanda" title="Purushanda">Purushanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seha_River_Land" title="Seha River Land">Seha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shupria" title="Shupria">Shupria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urumeans" title="Urumeans">Urumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilusa" title="Wilusa">Wilusa</a>/<a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalpuwa" title="Zalpuwa">Zalpuwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iron Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiuni" title="Etiuni">Etiuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Neo-Hittites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tunna" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunna">Atuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurgum" title="Gurgum">Gurgum</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAilakku" title="Ḫilakku">Ḫilakku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kammanu" title="Kammanu">Kammanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quw%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Quwê">Quwê</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabal_(state)" title="Tabal (state)">Tabal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Armenia" title="Lesser Armenia">Armenia Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cilicia_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cilicia (ancient)">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordyene" title="Gordyene">Gordyene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/16px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/24px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kartvelians61" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kartvelians" title="Template:Kartvelians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kartvelians" title="Template talk:Kartvelians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kartvelians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kartvelians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kartvelians61" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Kartvelians</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svans" title="Svans">Svans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zans" title="Zans">Zans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelians" title="Mingrelians">Mingrelians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Laz people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Colchian_tribes" title="List of ancient Colchian tribes">Colchians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzeres" title="Byzeres">Byzeres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilae" title="Drilae">Drilae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machelones" title="Machelones">Machelones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrones" title="Macrones">Macrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marres" class="mw-redirect" title="Marres">Marres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossynoeci" title="Mossynoeci">Mossynoeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasians" title="Phasians">Phasians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanni" title="Sanni">Sanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibareni" title="Tibareni">Tibareni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zydretae" title="Zydretae">Zydretae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Iberians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gugars" title="Gugars">Gugars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saspeires" title="Saspeires">Saspeires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Taochi" title="Taochi">Taochoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misimians" title="Misimians">Misimians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Georgia_articles765" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#h999f2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Template:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Template talk:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Georgia_articles765" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles" title="Index of Georgia (country)-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">Prehistoric Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti%E2%80%93Vanadzor_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti–Vanadzor culture">Trialeti–Vanadzor culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Kingdom of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_Roman_era" title="Georgia in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Sasanian Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Iberia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Arab rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Iberians" title="Kingdom of the Iberians">Kingdom of the Iberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Unification of the Georgian realm">Unification of the Georgian realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hereti" title="Kingdom of Hereti">Kingdom of Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti-Hereti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti">Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Byzantine–Georgian wars">Byzantine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Georgian–Seljuk wars">Seljuk wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Didgori" title="Battle of Didgori">Battle of Didgori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Timurid invasions of Georgia">Timur's invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Saatabago" title="Samtskhe-Saatabago">Samtskhe-Saatabago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Turkoman invasions of Georgia">Turkmen incursions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia" title="Principality of Abkhazia">Principality of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Svaneti" title="Principality of Svaneti">Principality of Svaneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Guria" title="Principality of Guria">Principality of Guria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Mingrelia" title="Principality of Mingrelia">Principality of Mingrelia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kingdom of Kartli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kingdom of Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Georgia" title="Safavid Georgia">Safavid Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_I%27s_Kakhetian_and_Kartlian_campaigns" title="Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns">Shah Abbas I's invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krtsanisi" title="Battle of Krtsanisi">1795 Persian Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Absorption by the Russian Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">April 9 tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)#Independent_Georgia" title="History of Georgia (country)">Independent Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Georgia" title="Names of Georgia">Names of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Georgian_monarchs" title="Lists of Georgian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_states_of_Georgia" title="List of historical states of Georgia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Georgia" title="Military history of Georgia">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of wars involving Georgia (country)">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of battles involving Georgia (country)">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Georgian_history" title="Timeline of Georgian history">Timeline of Georgian history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:History of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/80px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/120px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/160px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Georgia" title="Template:Borders of Georgia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of birds of Georgia (country)">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)#Climate" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Georgia" title="List of earthquakes in Georgia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Environmental issues in Georgia (country)">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciers_of_Georgia" title="Glaciers of Georgia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of lakes of Georgia (country)">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of mammals of Georgia (country)">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Georgia" title="National parks of Georgia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of protected areas of Georgia (country)">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of rivers of Georgia (country)">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Georgia" title="List of volcanoes in Georgia">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Geography of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of cities and towns in Georgia (country)">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhare" title="Mkhare">Regions</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Subdivisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Subdivisions of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_in_Georgia" title="Russian-occupied territories in Georgia">Russian-occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Elections in Georgia (country)">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Georgia" title="Foreign relations of Georgia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Government of Georgia (country)">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Georgia" title="Human rights in Georgia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Georgia_(country)" title="LGBTQ rights in Georgia (country)">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Law enforcement in Georgia (country)">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Forces_of_Georgia" title="Defence Forces of Georgia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of political parties in Georgia (country)">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Agriculture in Georgia (country)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Georgia" title="National Bank of Georgia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of companies of Georgia (country)">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Energy in Georgia (country)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">Lari (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mining in Georgia (country)">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Stock_Exchange" title="Georgian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Tourism in Georgia (country)">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Transport in Georgia (country)">Transport</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Economy of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Georgia" title="Architecture of Georgia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_art" title="Georgian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokha" title="Chokha">Chokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia" title="Cinema of Georgia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dance" title="Georgian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Georgia" title="Gambling in Georgia">Gambling</a></li> <li>Languages <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mass media in Georgia (country)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Georgia" title="Public holidays in Georgia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Sport in Georgia (country)">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Georgia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Georgia">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Culture of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Demographics of Georgia (country)">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Ethnic minorities in Georgia (country)">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Georgians" title="List of Georgians">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_diaspora" title="Georgian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Healthcare in Georgia (country)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Women in Georgia (country)">Women</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Demographics of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tavisupleba" title="Tavisupleba">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolnisi_cross" title="Bolnisi cross">Bolnisi cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjgali" title="Borjgali">Borjgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Georgia" title="Coat of arms of Georgia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Flag of Georgia (country)">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzala_ertobashia" title="Dzala ertobashia">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Cross" title="Saint George's Cross">cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Saint Nino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grapevine_cross" title="Grapevine cross">cross</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#h999f2;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Outline of Georgia (country)">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles" title="Index of Georgia (country)-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Georgia (country)">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(country)" title="Portal:Georgia (country)">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183150#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1730" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183150#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1730" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183150#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/125597361">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/256154380961030291508">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1250995/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4104455-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88181236">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120008119">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120008119">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kolchida"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge601757&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/2832">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007564931705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/863770">Pleiades</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/874432">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028107918">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Colchis&params=42_N_42_E_dim:300km"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°N</span> <span class="longitude">42°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42°N 42°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42; 42</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colchis&oldid=1269834607">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colchis&oldid=1269834607</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Colchis" title="Category:Colchis">Colchis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_Europe" title="Category:Former countries in Europe">Former countries in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_West_Asia" title="Category:Former countries in West Asia">Former countries in West Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_monarchies_of_Europe" title="Category:Former monarchies of Europe">Former monarchies of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_monarchies_of_West_Asia" title="Category:Former monarchies of West Asia">Former monarchies of West Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_regions" title="Category:Historical regions">Historical regions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_the_2nd_century_BC" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in the 2nd century BC">States and territories disestablished in the 2nd century BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_the_13th_century_BC" title="Category:States and territories established in the 13th century BC">States and 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