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aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eating_chocolate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eating_chocolate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Eating chocolate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eating_chocolate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Other types </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cacao" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cacao"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Cacao </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cacao-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cacao subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cacao-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Genome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Varieties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Processing </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Processing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Processing subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fermentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fermentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Fermentation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fermentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grinding_and_blending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grinding_and_blending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Grinding and blending </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grinding_and_blending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conching_and_refining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conching_and_refining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Conching and refining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conching_and_refining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tempering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tempering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Tempering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tempering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shaping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Shaping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Storage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Health effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Health effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Nutrition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phytochemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phytochemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Phytochemicals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phytochemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heavy_metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heavy_metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Heavy metals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heavy_metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caffeine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caffeine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Caffeine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caffeine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theobromine_and_oxalate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theobromine_and_oxalate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Theobromine and oxalate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theobromine_and_oxalate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-human_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-human_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1 Non-human animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-human_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Labeling </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Labeling-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Labeling subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Labeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Legal definitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Industry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Industry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Industry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manufacturers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Manufacturers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_labor_in_cocoa_harvesting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_labor_in_cocoa_harvesting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Child labor in cocoa harvesting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_labor_in_cocoa_harvesting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fair_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fair_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Fair trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fair_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_and_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_and_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Usage and consumption </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage_and_consumption-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Usage and consumption subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Usage_and_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Bars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coating_and_filling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coating_and_filling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Coating and filling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coating_and_filling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beverages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beverages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Beverages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beverages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Popular culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Popular culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_and_cultural_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_and_cultural_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Religious and cultural links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_and_cultural_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_and_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_and_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Books and film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_and_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Journal articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Webpages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Webpages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Webpages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Webpages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Chocolate: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 153 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-153" aria-hidden="true" > 153 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjokolade" title="Sjokolade – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sjokolade" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schokolade" title="Schokolade – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schokolade" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B8%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%8B%E1%89%B3" title="ቸኮላታ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቸኮላታ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceocolate" title="Ceocolate – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ceocolate" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A9" title="شوكولاتة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شوكولاتة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicolate" title="Chicolate – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chicolate" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B4" title="Տուրմ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Տուրմ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciuculat%C3%A2" title="Ciuculatâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ciuculatâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F" title="চকলেট – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চকলেট" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicolate" title="Chicolate – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chicolate" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chokora" title="Chokora – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Chokora" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eokolad" title="Şokolad – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şokolad" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شوکولات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شوکولات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F" title="চকলেট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চকলেট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suklat" title="Suklat – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Suklat" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi-ku-la%CC%8Dt" title="Chi-ku-la̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chi-ku-la̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coklat_(panganan)" title="Coklat (panganan) – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Coklat (panganan)" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Шоколад – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шоколад" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Шакалад – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шакалад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Шакаляд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шакаляд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsokolate" title="Tsokolate – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tsokolate" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Шоколад – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шоколад" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schogglad" title="Schogglad – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schogglad" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cokolada" title="Čokolada – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čokolada" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chokolad" title="Chokolad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Chokolad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xocolata" title="Xocolata – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xocolata" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%C4%83%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Шăккалат – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шăккалат" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cokol%C3%A1da" title="Čokoláda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čokoláda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siocled" title="Siocled – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Siocled" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chokolade" title="Chokolade – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Chokolade" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="شكلاط – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="شكلاط" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schokolade" title="Schokolade – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schokolade" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0okolaad" title="Šokolaad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Šokolaad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Σοκολάτα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σοκολάτα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chocolate" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88okolado" title="Ĉokolado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉokolado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolati" title="Chocolati – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Chocolati" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txokolate" title="Txokolate – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txokolate" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شکلات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شکلات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chocolate" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolat" title="Chocolat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chocolat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cjocolate" title="Cjocolate – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cjocolate" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seacl%C3%A1id" title="Seacláid – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Seacláid" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C3%B2claid" title="Teòclaid – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Teòclaid" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chocolate" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%BD%9C%EB%A6%BF" title="초콜릿 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초콜릿" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A4" title="Շոկոլադ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շոկոլադ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="चॉकलेट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चॉकलेट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cokolada" title="Čokolada – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čokolada" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chokolado" title="Chokolado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chokolado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsokolate" title="Tsokolate – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tsokolate" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cokelat" title="Cokelat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cokelat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Chocolate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Шоколад – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Шоколад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAkkula%C3%B0i" title="Súkkulaði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Súkkulaði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cioccolato" title="Cioccolato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cioccolato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93" title="שוקולד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שוקולד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soklat" title="Soklat – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Soklat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಚಾಕೋಲೆಟ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಾಕೋಲೆಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="შოკოლადი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შოკოლადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="چاکلیٹ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="چاکلیٹ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Шоколад – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шоколад" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choklet" title="Choklet – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Choklet" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chokoleti" title="Chokoleti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chokoleti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87oklata" title="Çoklata – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çoklata" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Шоколад – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шоколад" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikolata" title="Chikolata – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Chikolata" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socolata" title="Socolata – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Socolata" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0okol%C4%81de" title="Šokolāde – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šokolāde" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schockela" title="Schockela – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schockela" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0okoladas" title="Šokoladas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šokoladas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjoekelaat" title="Sjoekelaat – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjoekelaat" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokol%C3%A1_(p%C9%94t%C9%94p%C9%94%CC%81t%C9%94)" title="Sokolá (pɔtɔpɔ́tɔ) – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Sokolá (pɔtɔpɔ́tɔ)" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xocolada" title="Xocolada – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Xocolada" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0okoluadu" title="Šokoluadu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Šokoluadu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicolat" title="Cicolat – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cicolat" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csokol%C3%A1d%C3%A9" title="Csokoládé – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csokoládé" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Чоколадо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чоколадо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4k%C3%B4la" title="Sôkôla – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sôkôla" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ചോക്കലേറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചോക്കലേറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiakarete" title="Tiakarete – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tiakarete" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="चॉकलेट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चॉकलेट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87" title="شوكولاته – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شوكولاته" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="شکولاد – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شکولاد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coklat" title="Coklat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Coklat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cokelat" title="Cokelat – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Cokelat" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Шоколад – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шоколад" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ချောကလက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချောကလက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xocolatl" title="Xocolatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Xocolatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolade" title="Chocolade – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chocolade" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokkeloa" title="Sokkeloa – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Sokkeloa" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4" title="चकलेत – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चकलेत" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="チョコレート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チョコレート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Шоколад – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Шоколад" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakelaad" title="Sakelaad – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sakelaad" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjokolade" title="Sjokolade – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sjokolade" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjokolade" title="Sjokolade – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjokolade" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolat" title="Chocolat – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Chocolat" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolat" title="Chocolat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chocolat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shokolad" title="Shokolad – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shokolad" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F" title="ਚੌਕਲੇਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੌਕਲੇਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="چاکلیٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چاکلیٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B6" title="សូកូឡា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សូកូឡា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicolata" title="Cicolata – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cicolata" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schokolaad" title="Schokolaad – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Schokolaad" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czekolada" title="Czekolada – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czekolada" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chocolate" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shokolad" title="Shokolad – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Shokolad" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eokolad" title="Şokolad – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Şokolad" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciocolat%C4%83" title="Ciocolată – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ciocolată" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukulati" title="Chukulati – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chukulati" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Чоколада – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чоколада" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Шоколад – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шоколад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сакалаат – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сакалаат" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chocolate" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87okollata" title="Çokollata – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çokollata" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cioccolatti" title="Cioccolatti – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cioccolatti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A" title="චොකලට් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චොකලට්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chocolate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%AA%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%BD" title="چاڪليٽ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چاڪليٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cokol%C3%A1da" title="Čokoláda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čokoláda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cokolada" title="Čokolada – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čokolada" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szekulada" title="Szekulada – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Szekulada" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukulaato" title="Shukulaato – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shukulaato" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%86%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8E%D8%AA" title="چۆکلێت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چۆکلێت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Чоколада – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чоколада" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cokolada" title="Čokolada – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čokolada" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coklat" title="Coklat – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Coklat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suklaa" title="Suklaa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suklaa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choklad" title="Choklad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Choklad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsokolate" title="Tsokolate – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tsokolate" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="சாக்கலேட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாக்கலேட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ccakula" title="Ccakula – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ccakula" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Шоколад – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шоколад" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="చాకొలెట్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చాకొలెట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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colspan="2" class="diff-otitle diff-side-deleted"><div id="mw-diff-otitle1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chocolate&oldid=1276377325" title="Chocolate">Revision as of 14:23, 18 February 2025</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chocolate&action=edit&oldid=1276377325" title="Chocolate">view source</a></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Citation_bot" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Citation bot" data-mw-revid="1276377325"><bdi>Citation bot</bdi></a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Citation_bot" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Citation bot">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Citation_bot" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Citation bot">contribs</a>)<div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bots" title="Wikipedia:Bots">Bots</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount">5,508,940 edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"> Add: doi, authors 1-1. 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Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UCB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UCB">Use this bot</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DBUG" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DBUG">Report bugs</a>. | Suggested by Eastmain | #UCB_webform 1/108</div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chocolate&diff=prev&oldid=1276377325" title="Chocolate" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chocolate&oldid=1276795417" title="Chocolate">Revision as of 20:20, 20 February 2025</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chocolate&action=edit&oldid=1276795417" title="Chocolate">view source</a> </div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Libcub" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Libcub" data-mw-revid="1276795417"><bdi>Libcub</bdi></a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Libcub" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Libcub">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Libcub" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Libcub">contribs</a>)<div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount">4,996 edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"><abbr class="minoredit" title="This is a minor edit">m</abbr> <a href="#Nutrition">→<bdi dir="ltr">Nutrition</bdi></a>: Spelling/grammar/punctuation/typographical correction</div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tag</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor">Visual edit</a></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chocolate&diff=next&oldid=1276795417" title="Chocolate" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 177:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 177:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>One hundred grams of milk chocolate supplies 540 [[calories]]. It is 59% [[carbohydrates]] (52% as [[sugar]] and 3% as [[dietary fiber]]), 30% fat and 8% [[protein]] (table). Approximately 65% of the fat in milk chocolate is [[saturated fat|saturated]], mainly [[palmitic acid]] and [[stearic acid]], while the predominant [[unsaturated fat]] is [[oleic acid]] (table).</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>One hundred grams of milk chocolate supplies 540 [[calories]]. It is 59% [[carbohydrates]] (52% as [[sugar]] and 3% as [[dietary fiber]]), 30% fat and 8% [[protein]] (table). Approximately 65% of the fat in milk chocolate is [[saturated fat|saturated]], mainly [[palmitic acid]] and [[stearic acid]], while the predominant [[unsaturated fat]] is [[oleic acid]] (table).</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>One hundred grams of milk chocolate is an ''excellent source'' (over 19% of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of [[riboflavin]], [[vitamin B12]] and the [[dietary minerals]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> [[manganese]], [[phosphorus]] and [[zinc]]. Chocolate is a ''good source'' (10–19% DV) of [[calcium]], [[magnesium]] and [[iron]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>One hundred grams of milk chocolate is an ''excellent source'' (over 19% of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of [[riboflavin]], [[vitamin B12]] and the [[dietary minerals]] [[manganese]], [[phosphorus]] and [[zinc]]. Chocolate is a ''good source'' (10–19% DV) of [[calcium]], [[magnesium]] and [[iron]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Phytochemicals===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Phytochemicals===</div></td> </tr>  </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 20:20, 20 February 2025</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Food produced from cacao seeds</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chocolate (disambiguation)">Chocolate (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe adr"><caption class="infobox-title fn">Chocolate</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Bars_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Three_Bars_%281%29.jpg/200px-Three_Bars_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Three_Bars_%281%29.jpg/300px-Three_Bars_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Three_Bars_%281%29.jpg/400px-Three_Bars_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7216" data-file-height="5412" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Chocolate bars in its most common dark, milk, and white varieties.</div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Region or state</th><td class="infobox-data region"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Main ingredients</th><td class="infobox-data ingredient"><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_liquor" title="Chocolate liquor">Chocolate liquor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">cocoa butter</a> for white chocolate, often with added <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.25em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Chocolate" class="extiw" title="b:Cookbook:Chocolate">Cookbook: Chocolate</a></li><li> <a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chocolate" class="extiw" title="commons:Chocolate">Media: Chocolate</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Chocolate is a food made from roasted and ground <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa beans</a> that can be a liquid, solid, or paste, either on its own or as a <a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">flavoring</a> in other foods. The cacao tree has been used as a source of food for at least 5,300 years, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Mayo-Chinchipe" title="Mayo-Chinchipe">Mayo-Chinchipe</a> culture in what is present-day Ecuador. Later, <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> civilizations consumed cacao beverages, of which one, chocolate, was introduced to Europe in the 16th century. The seeds of the cacao tree (<a href="/wiki/Theobroma_cacao" title="Theobroma cacao">Theobroma cacao</a>) have an intense bitter taste and must be fermented to develop the flavor. After <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermentation</a>, the seeds are dried, cleaned, and roasted. The shell is removed to produce nibs, which are then ground to <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocoa mass">cocoa mass</a>, unadulterated chocolate in rough form. Once the cocoa mass is liquefied by heating, it is called <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_liquor" title="Chocolate liquor">chocolate liquor</a>. The liquor may also be cooled and processed into its two components: <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_solids" title="Cocoa solids">cocoa solids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">cocoa butter</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baking_chocolate" title="Baking chocolate">Baking chocolate</a>, also called bitter chocolate, contains cocoa solids and cocoa butter in varying proportions without any <a href="/wiki/Added_sugar" title="Added sugar">added sugar</a>. Powdered baking cocoa, which contains more fiber than cocoa butter, can be processed with <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Dutch_process_chocolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch process chocolate">Dutch cocoa</a>. Much of the chocolate consumed today is in the form of sweet chocolate, a combination of cocoa solids, cocoa butter, and added vegetable oils and sugar. <a href="/wiki/Milk_chocolate" title="Milk chocolate">Milk chocolate</a> is sweet chocolate that additionally contains <a href="/wiki/Milk_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk powder">milk powder</a>. <a href="/wiki/White_chocolate" title="White chocolate">White chocolate</a> contains cocoa butter, sugar, and milk, but no cocoa solids. Chocolate is one of the most popular food types and flavors in the world, and many foodstuffs involving chocolate exist, particularly <a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">desserts</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_cake" title="Chocolate cake">cakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_pudding" title="Chocolate pudding">pudding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mousse" title="Mousse">mousse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_brownie" title="Chocolate brownie">brownies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_chip_cookie" title="Chocolate chip cookie">chocolate chip cookies</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Candy" title="Candy">candies</a> are filled with or coated with sweetened chocolate. <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_bar" title="Chocolate bar">Chocolate bars</a>, either made of solid chocolate or other ingredients coated in chocolate, are eaten as snacks. Gifts of chocolate molded into different shapes (such as eggs, hearts, and coins) are traditional on certain Western holidays, including Christmas, <a href="/wiki/Easter_egg#Chocolate" title="Easter egg">Easter</a>, Valentine's Day, and <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_gelt" title="Hanukkah gelt">Hanukkah</a>. Chocolate is also used in cold and hot beverages, such as <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_milk" title="Chocolate milk">chocolate milk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hot_chocolate" title="Hot chocolate">hot chocolate</a>, and in some alcoholic drinks, such as <a href="/wiki/Creme_de_cacao" class="mw-redirect" title="Creme de cacao">crème de cacao</a>. Although cocoa originated in the Americas, West African countries, particularly <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_production_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Cocoa production in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_production_in_Ghana" title="Cocoa production in Ghana">Ghana</a>, are the leading producers of cocoa in the 21st century, accounting for some 60% of the world cocoa supply. A 2020 report estimated that more than 1.5 million <a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_cocoa_production" title="Child labour in cocoa production">children are involved in the farming of cocoa</a> in Ivory Coast and Ghana.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Child slavery and trafficking associated with the cocoa trade remain major concerns. A 2018 report argued that international attempts to improve conditions for children were doomed to failure because of persistent poverty, the absence of schools, increasing world cocoa demand, more <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">intensive farming</a> of cocoa, and continued exploitation of child labor. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kakaw_(Mayan_word).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kakaw_%28Mayan_word%29.png/220px-Kakaw_%28Mayan_word%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kakaw_%28Mayan_word%29.png/330px-Kakaw_%28Mayan_word%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Kakaw_%28Mayan_word%29.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya glyph</a> for cacao</figcaption></figure> Cocoa is a variant of cacao, likely arising from a confusion with the word <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Swanton-2024-2">[2]</a> Through cacao, it is ultimately derived from kakaw(a), but whether that word originates in <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe-Zoquean</a> language is the subject of substantial linguistic debate.<a href="#cite_note-Swanton-2024-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakinWichmann200056-3">[3]</a> Chocolate is a Spanish loanword, first recorded in English in 1604,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and first recorded in Spanish in 1579.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The word for chocolate drink in early Nahuatl texts is cacahuatl meaning "cacao water", which chocolate does not immediately derive from.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoeCoe2013117-6">[6]</a> Despite theories that chocolate is derived from xocoatl meaning "bitter drink" or chocolatl meaning "hot water"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmanJusteson2007226-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoeCoe2013118-8">[8]</a> and uncertainty around the Nahuatl origin, there is a consensus that it likely derives from chicolatl.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmanJusteson2007193-9">[9]</a> Whether chicolatl means "cacao beater", however, is contested, due to difficulty knowing what chico means.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmanJusteson2007218-10">[10]</a> The term "<a href="/wiki/Chocolatier" title="Chocolatier">chocolatier</a>", for a chocolate confection maker, is recorded from 1859.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_chocolate" title="History of chocolate">History of chocolate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aztec._Man_Carrying_a_Cacao_Pod,_1440-1521.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Aztec._Man_Carrying_a_Cacao_Pod%2C_1440-1521.jpg/170px-Aztec._Man_Carrying_a_Cacao_Pod%2C_1440-1521.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Aztec._Man_Carrying_a_Cacao_Pod%2C_1440-1521.jpg/255px-Aztec._Man_Carrying_a_Cacao_Pod%2C_1440-1521.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Aztec._Man_Carrying_a_Cacao_Pod%2C_1440-1521.jpg/340px-Aztec._Man_Carrying_a_Cacao_Pod%2C_1440-1521.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Mexica. Man Carrying a Cacao Pod, 1440–1521</figcaption></figure> Evidence for the domestication of the <a href="/wiki/Theobroma_cacao" title="Theobroma cacao">cacao tree</a> exists as early as 5300 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, in present-day southeast <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Mayo-Chinchipe" title="Mayo-Chinchipe">Mayo-Chinchipe</a> culture, before it was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> It is unknown when chocolate was first consumed as opposed to other cacao-based drinks, and there is evidence the <a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a>, the earliest known major Mesoamerican civilization, fermented the sweet pulp surrounding the cacao beans into an <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoeCoe2013The_Tree_of_the_Food_of_the_Gods-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2022301–302-14">[14]</a> Chocolate was extremely important to several Mesoamerican societies,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLeod2000636-15">[15]</a> and cacao was considered a gift from the gods by the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Mayans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztecs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVail200810-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2022160–162-17">[17]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa bean</a> was used as a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocoa_bean_(currency)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cocoa bean (currency) (page does not exist)">currency</a> across civilizations and was used in ceremonies, as a tribute to leaders and gods and as a medicine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoeCoe2013The_Maya_on_the_Eve_of_the_Conquest-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeissle201834-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoeCoe201395-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPresilla200912,_16,_22-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAguilar-Moreno2006274-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrivetti2008b68-23">[23]</a> Chocolate in Mesoamerica was a bitter drink, flavored with additives such as <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cymbopetalum_penduliflorum" title="Cymbopetalum penduliflorum">earflower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili</a>, and was capped with a dark brown foam created by pouring the liquid from a height between containers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoeCoe2013Flavorings,_Spices,_and_Other_Additions-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoeCoe2013Cacao_Preparation_among_the_Late_Maya-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoeCoe2013Lords_of_the_Forest:_The_Classic_Maya-26">[26]</a> While Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a> <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> may have been the first European to encounter chocolate when he observed it in the court of <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a> in 1520,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrivetti2008a100-28">[28]</a> it proved to be an acquired taste,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2022285–288-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton200415-30">[30]</a> and it took until 1585 for the first official recording of a shipment of cocoa beans to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoeCoe2013Cacao_in_Spain:_"Chocolate_Brought_to_Perfection"-31">[31]</a> Chocolate was believed to be an <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">aphrodisiac</a> and medicine, and spread across Europe in the 17th century, sweetened, served warm and flavored with familiar spices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoeCoe2013Chocolate_and_the_English-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoeCoe2013New_Spain_and_Central_America-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoeCoe2013Crossing_the_Taste_Barrier-34">[34]</a> It was initially primarily consumed by the elite, with expensive cocoa supplied by colonial plantations in the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoeCoe2013Chocolate_and_the_English-32">[32]</a> In the 18th century, it was considered southern European, <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> and was still produced in a similar way to the way it had been produced by the Aztecs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoeCoe2013Chapter_7-35">[35]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fry%27s_Chocolate_Cream_split.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Fry%27s_Chocolate_Cream_split.jpg/220px-Fry%27s_Chocolate_Cream_split.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Fry%27s_Chocolate_Cream_split.jpg/330px-Fry%27s_Chocolate_Cream_split.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Fry%27s_Chocolate_Cream_split.jpg/440px-Fry%27s_Chocolate_Cream_split.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="998" /></a><figcaption>One of the first mass-produced chocolate bars, <a href="/wiki/Fry%27s_Chocolate_Cream" title="Fry's Chocolate Cream">Fry's Chocolate Cream</a>, was produced by <a href="/wiki/J._S._Fry_%26_Sons" title="J. S. Fry & Sons">Fry's</a> in 1866.<a href="#cite_note-Chocolates-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></figcaption></figure>Starting in the 18th century, chocolate production was improved. In the 19th century, engine-powered <a href="/wiki/Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">milling</a> was developed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyderOlsenBrindle2008612-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoeCoe2013Quaker_Capitalists-39">[39]</a> and in 1828, <a href="/wiki/Coenraad_Johannes_van_Houten" title="Coenraad Johannes van Houten">Coenraad Johannes van Houten</a> received a patent for a process making <a href="/wiki/Dutch_process_cocoa" title="Dutch process cocoa">Dutch cocoa</a>. This removed cocoa butter from <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_liquor" title="Chocolate liquor">chocolate liquor</a> (the product of milling), and permitted large scale production of chocolate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoeCoe2013A_Break_with_the_Past:_Van_Houten's_Inventions-40">[40]</a> Other developments in the 19th century, including the <a href="/wiki/Melanger" title="Melanger">melanger</a> (a mixing machine), modern <a href="/wiki/Milk_chocolate" title="Milk chocolate">milk chocolate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Conching" title="Conching">conching</a> process to make chocolate smoother and change the flavor meant a worker in 1890 could produce fifty times more chocolate with the same labor than they could before the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, and chocolate became a food to be eaten rather than drunk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoeCoe2013Switzerland:_Land_of_Cows_and_Chocolate-41">[41]</a> As production moved from the Americas to Asia and Africa, mass markets in Western nations for chocolate opened up.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith200048-42">[42]</a> In the early 20th century, British chocolate producers including <a href="/wiki/Cadbury" title="Cadbury">Cadbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._S._Fry_%26_Sons" title="J. S. Fry & Sons">Fry's</a> faced controversy over the labor conditions in the Portuguese cacao industry in Africa. A 1908 report by a Cadbury agent described conditions as "de facto slavery."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2008553-43">[43]</a> While conditions somewhat improved with a boycott by chocolate makers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoeCoe2013Quaker_Capitalists-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeissle201841-44">[44]</a> slave labor among African cacao growers again gained public attention in the early 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeissle201828-45">[45]</a> During the 20th century, chocolate production further developed, with development of the <a href="/wiki/Tempered_chocolate" title="Tempered chocolate">tempering technique</a> to improve the snap and gloss of chocolate and the addition of <a href="/wiki/Lecithin" title="Lecithin">lecithin</a> to improve texture and consistency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyderOlsenBrindle2008620-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossBadenoch200963-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/White_chocolate" title="White chocolate">White</a> and <a href="/wiki/Couverture_chocolate" title="Couverture chocolate">couverture chocolate</a> were developed in the 20th century and the <a href="/wiki/Bean-to-bar" title="Bean-to-bar">bean-to-bar</a> trade model began.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett201910-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarronePietersSwinnen201691-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeissle201839-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Types_of_chocolate" title="Types of chocolate">Types of chocolate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%A4derach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/L%C3%A4derach.jpg/220px-L%C3%A4derach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/L%C3%A4derach.jpg/330px-L%C3%A4derach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/L%C3%A4derach.jpg/440px-L%C3%A4derach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="1848" /></a><figcaption>Barks made of different varieties of chocolate</figcaption></figure> Several types of chocolate can be distinguished. Pure, unsweetened chocolate, often called "baking chocolate", contains primarily <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_solids" title="Cocoa solids">cocoa solids</a> and cocoa butter in varying proportions. Much of the chocolate consumed today is in the form of sweet chocolate, which combines chocolate with <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eating_chocolate">Eating chocolate</h3></div> The traditional types of chocolate are <a href="/wiki/Dark_chocolate" title="Dark chocolate">dark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milk_chocolate" title="Milk chocolate">milk</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_chocolate" title="White chocolate">white</a>. All of them contain <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">cocoa butter</a>, which is the ingredient defining the physical properties of chocolate (consistency and melting temperature). Plain (or dark) chocolate, as it name suggests, is a form of chocolate that is similar to pure <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_liquor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocoa liquor">cocoa liquor</a>, although is usually made with a slightly higher proportion of cocoa butter.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> It is simply defined by its cocoa percentage. In milk chocolate, the non-fat cocoa solids are partly or mostly replaced by <a href="/wiki/Milk_solid" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk solid">milk solids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In white chocolate, they are all replaced by milk solids, hence its ivory color.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Other forms of eating chocolate exist, these include <a href="/wiki/Raw_chocolate" title="Raw chocolate">raw chocolate</a> (made with unroasted beans) and <a href="/wiki/Ruby_chocolate" title="Ruby chocolate">ruby chocolate</a>. An additional popular form of eating chocolate, <a href="/wiki/Gianduja_(chocolate)" title="Gianduja (chocolate)">gianduja</a>, is made by incorporating <a href="/wiki/Hazelnut_butter" title="Hazelnut butter">nut paste</a> (typically hazelnut) to the chocolate paste.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_types">Other types</h3></div> Other types of chocolate are used in baking and confectionery. These include <a href="/wiki/Baking_chocolate" title="Baking chocolate">baking chocolate</a> (often unsweetened), <a href="/wiki/Couverture_chocolate" title="Couverture chocolate">couverture chocolate</a> (used for coating), <a href="/wiki/Compound_chocolate" title="Compound chocolate">compound chocolate</a> (a lower-cost alternative) and <a href="/wiki/Modeling_chocolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Modeling chocolate">modeling chocolate</a>. Modeling chocolate is a chocolate paste made by melting chocolate and combining it with <a href="/wiki/Corn_syrup" title="Corn syrup">corn syrup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucose_syrup" title="Glucose syrup">glucose syrup</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Golden_syrup" title="Golden syrup">golden syrup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cacao">Cacao</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cocoa_Pods.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cocoa_Pods.JPG/170px-Cocoa_Pods.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cocoa_Pods.JPG/255px-Cocoa_Pods.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cocoa_Pods.JPG/340px-Cocoa_Pods.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Chocolate is created from the cocoa bean. A cacao tree with fruit pods in various stages of ripening.</figcaption></figure>Chocolate is made from cocoa beans, the dried and fermented seeds of the cacao tree (<a href="/wiki/Theobroma_cacao" title="Theobroma cacao">Theobroma cacao</a>), a small, 4–8 m tall (15–26 ft tall) <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> tree native to the deep tropical region of the Americas. Recent genetic studies suggest the most common <a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">genotype</a> of the plant originated in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a> and was gradually transported by humans throughout South and Central America. Early forms of another genotype have also been found in what is now Venezuela. The scientific name, <a href="/wiki/Theobroma" title="Theobroma">Theobroma</a>, means "food of the gods".<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The fruit, called a cocoa pod, is ovoid, 15–30 cm (6–12 in) long and 8–10 cm (3–4 in) wide, ripening yellow to orange, and weighing about 500 g (1.1 lb) when ripe. Cacao trees are small, understory trees that need rich, well-drained soils. They naturally grow within 20° of either side of the equator because they need about 2000 mm of rainfall a year, and temperatures in the range of 21 to 32 °C (70 to 90 °F). Cacao trees cannot tolerate a temperature lower than 15 °C (59 °F).<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genome">Genome</h3></div> The sequencing in 2010 of the genome of the cacao tree may allow yields to be improved.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Due to concerns about <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> effects on lowland climate in the narrow band of latitudes where cocoa is grown (20 degrees north and south of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>), the commercial company <a href="/wiki/Mars,_Incorporated" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars, Incorporated">Mars, Incorporated</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, are conducting genomic research in 2017–18 to improve the survivability of cacao plants in hot climates.<a href="#cite_note-mars-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varieties">Varieties</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean#Varieties" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean § Varieties</a></div> The three main varieties of cocoa beans used in chocolate are <a href="/wiki/Criollo_(cocoa_bean)" class="mw-redirect" title="Criollo (cocoa bean)">criollo</a>, forastero, and trinitario. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processing">Processing </h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dancing_The_Cocoa,_McBride%27s_estate,_El_Cidros,_Trinidad_c._1957.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dancing_The_Cocoa%2C_McBride%27s_estate%2C_El_Cidros%2C_Trinidad_c._1957.jpg/170px-Dancing_The_Cocoa%2C_McBride%27s_estate%2C_El_Cidros%2C_Trinidad_c._1957.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dancing_The_Cocoa%2C_McBride%27s_estate%2C_El_Cidros%2C_Trinidad_c._1957.jpg/255px-Dancing_The_Cocoa%2C_McBride%27s_estate%2C_El_Cidros%2C_Trinidad_c._1957.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dancing_The_Cocoa%2C_McBride%27s_estate%2C_El_Cidros%2C_Trinidad_c._1957.jpg/340px-Dancing_The_Cocoa%2C_McBride%27s_estate%2C_El_Cidros%2C_Trinidad_c._1957.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2203" data-file-height="3158" /></a><figcaption>"Dancing the cocoa", <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, c. 1957</figcaption></figure> Cocoa pods are harvested by cutting them from the tree using a <a href="/wiki/Machete" title="Machete">machete</a>, or by knocking them off the tree using a stick. It is important to harvest the pods when they are fully ripe, because if the pod is unripe, the beans will have a low cocoa butter content, or low sugar content, reducing the ultimate flavor. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fermentation">Fermentation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean_fermentation" title="Cocoa bean fermentation">Cocoa bean fermentation</a></div> The beans (which are <a href="/wiki/Asepsis" title="Asepsis">sterile</a> within their pods) and their surrounding pulp are removed from the pods and placed in piles or bins to ferment. <a href="/wiki/Micro-organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-organisms">Micro-organisms</a>, present naturally in the environment, ferment the <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectin</a>-containing material. <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">Yeasts</a> produce <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_bacteria" title="Lactic acid bacteria">lactic acid bacteria</a> produce <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid_bacteria" title="Acetic acid bacteria">acetic acid bacteria</a> produce <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a>. In some cocoa-producing regions an association between <a href="/wiki/Filamentous_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Filamentous fungi">filamentous fungi</a> and bacteria (called "cocobiota") acts to produce <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolites</a> beneficial to human health when consumed.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The fermentation process, which takes up to seven days, also produces several flavor precursors, that eventually provide the chocolate taste.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> After fermentation, the beans must be dried to prevent mold growth. Climate and weather permitting, this is done by spreading the beans out in the sun from five to seven days.<a href="#cite_note-beans-62">[62]</a> In some growing regions (for example, <a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a>), the dried beans are then polished for sale by "dancing the cocoa": spreading the beans onto a floor, adding oil or water, and shuffling the beans against each other using bare feet.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In an alternative process known as moist incubation, the beans are dried without fermentation. The nibs are then removed and hydrated in an acidic solution. They are heated for 72 hours and dried again. <a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">Gas chromatography</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mass_Spectrometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass Spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a> showed that the incubated chocolate had higher levels of Strecker <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">aldehydes</a>, and lower levels of <a href="/wiki/Pyrazine" title="Pyrazine">pyrazines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grinding_and_blending">Grinding and blending</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghirardelli_Chocolate_Square_9_2013-03-28.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ghirardelli_Chocolate_Square_9_2013-03-28.jpg/220px-Ghirardelli_Chocolate_Square_9_2013-03-28.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ghirardelli_Chocolate_Square_9_2013-03-28.jpg/330px-Ghirardelli_Chocolate_Square_9_2013-03-28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ghirardelli_Chocolate_Square_9_2013-03-28.jpg/440px-Ghirardelli_Chocolate_Square_9_2013-03-28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A chocolate mill (right) grinds and heats cocoa kernels into chocolate liquor. A <a href="/wiki/Melanger" title="Melanger">melanger</a> (left) mixes <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, and other ingredients into the liquor.</figcaption></figure> The dried beans are then transported to a chocolate manufacturing facility. The beans are cleaned (removing twigs, stones, and other debris), <a href="/wiki/Dry_roasting" title="Dry roasting">roasted</a>, and graded. Next, the shell of each bean is removed to extract the nib. The nibs are ground and liquefied, resulting in pure <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_liquor" title="Chocolate liquor">chocolate liquor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The liquor can be further processed into cocoa solids and cocoa butter.<a href="#cite_note-tree-67">[67]</a> Producers of high-quality, small-batch chocolate argue that mass production produces bad-quality chocolate.<a href="#cite_note-ww-68">[68]</a> Some mass-produced chocolate contains much less cocoa (as low as 7% in many cases), and fats other than cocoa butter. Vegetable oils and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_flavor" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial flavor">artificial</a> vanilla flavor are often used in cheaper chocolate to mask poorly fermented and/or roasted beans.<a href="#cite_note-ww-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conching_and_refining">Conching and refining</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conching" title="Conching">Conching</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Conche.jpg/220px-Conche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Conche.jpg/330px-Conche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Conche.jpg/440px-Conche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A longitudinal conche</figcaption></figure> The penultimate process is called conching. A conche is a container filled with metal beads, which act as grinders. The refined and blended chocolate mass is kept in a liquid state by frictional heat. Chocolate before conching has an uneven and gritty texture. The conching process produces cocoa and sugar particles smaller than the tongue can detect (typically around 20 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a>) and reduces rough edges, hence the smooth feel in the mouth. The length of the conching process determines the final smoothness and quality of the chocolate. High-quality chocolate is conched for about 72 hours, and lesser grades about four to six hours. After the process is complete, the chocolate mass is stored in tanks heated to about 45 to 50 °C (113 to 122 °F) until final processing.<a href="#cite_note-conch-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tempering">Tempering</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tempering_chocolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempering chocolate">Tempering chocolate</a></div> After conching, chocolate is tempered. This process aims to create a crystallize a small amount of fat in a particularly stable formation. Around this small amount of crystals, the rest of the fats crystallize, creating a glossy chocolate, with a crisp break.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett201995-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett201981-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shaping">Shaping</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Various_chocolate_types.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Various_chocolate_types.jpg/220px-Various_chocolate_types.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Various_chocolate_types.jpg/330px-Various_chocolate_types.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Various_chocolate_types.jpg/440px-Various_chocolate_types.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Chocolate cubes, <a href="/wiki/Pistole" title="Pistole">pistoles</a> and callets</figcaption></figure>Chocolate is molded in different shapes for different uses:<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_bar" title="Chocolate bar">Chocolate bars</a> (tablets) are rectangular blocks of chocolate meant to be broken down to cubes (or other predefined shapes), which can then be used for consumption, cooking and baking. The term is also used for <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_bar#Combination_bars" title="Chocolate bar">combination bars</a>, which are a type of <a href="/wiki/Candy_bar" title="Candy bar">candy bars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_chip" title="Chocolate chip">Chocolate chips</a> are small pieces of chocolate, usually drop-like, which are meant for decoration and baking</li> <li>Pistoles, callets and fèves are small, coin-like or bean-like pieces of chocolate meant for baking and patisserie applications <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" />(see also: <a href="/wiki/Pistole" title="Pistole">Pistole</a> and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8ve" title="Fève">Fève</a>)</li> <li>Chocolate blocks are large, <a href="/wiki/Cuboid" title="Cuboid">cuboid</a> chunks of chocolate meant for professional use and further processing</li> <li>Other, more specialized shapes for chocolate include sticks, curls and hollow semi-spheres</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage">Storage</h3></div> Chocolate is very sensitive to temperature and humidity. Ideal storage temperatures are between 15 and 17 °C (59 and 63 °F), with a relative humidity of less than 50%. If refrigerated or frozen without containment, chocolate can absorb enough moisture to cause a whitish discoloration, the result of fat or sugar crystals rising to the surface. Various types of "blooming" effects can occur if chocolate is stored or served improperly.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_bloom" title="Chocolate bloom">Chocolate bloom</a> is caused by storage temperature fluctuating or exceeding 24 °C (75 °F), while sugar bloom is caused by temperature below 15 °C (59 °F) or excess humidity. To distinguish between different types of bloom, one can rub the surface of the chocolate lightly, and if the bloom disappears, it is fat bloom. Moving chocolate between temperature extremes, can result in an oily texture. Although visually unappealing, chocolate suffering from bloom is safe for consumption and taste is unaffected.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Bloom can be reversed by retempering the chocolate or using it for any use that requires melting the chocolate.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Chocolate is generally stored away from other foods, as it can absorb different aromas. Ideally, chocolates are packed or wrapped, and placed in proper storage with the correct humidity and temperature. Additionally, chocolate is frequently stored in a dark place or protected from light by wrapping paper. The glossy shine, snap, aroma, texture, and taste of the chocolate can show the quality and whether it was stored well.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Medical_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs more <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">reliable medical references</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a> or relies too heavily on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Primary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Primary sources">primary sources</a>, specifically: Outdated research, i.e. lead citing 2005 research. Please review the contents of the article and <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chocolate&action=edit">add the appropriate references</a> if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chocolate%22">"Chocolate"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chocolate%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chocolate%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chocolate%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chocolate%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chocolate%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2024)</div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/52px-Star_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/77px-Star_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/103px-Star_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="192" /></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Candies, milk chocolate</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,240 kJ (540 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">59.4</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">51.5 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">3.4 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">29.7</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">7.6 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">195 IU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B1)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">8%</div> 0.1 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B2)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">23%</div> 0.3 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B3)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.4 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B5)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">10%</div> 0.5 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0.0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B9)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 11 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B12</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">29%</div> 0.7 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">8%</div> 46.1 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.5 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 5.7 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">15%</div> 189 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">13%</div> 2.4 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">15%</div> 63 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">22%</div> 0.5 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">17%</div> 208 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">12%</div> 372 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium_in_biology" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">8%</div> 4.5 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 79 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">21%</div> 2.3 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Other constituents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.5 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">20 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">23 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">205 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/167587/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em">†Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-79">[79]</a> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-80">[80]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3></div> One hundred grams of milk chocolate supplies 540 <a href="/wiki/Calories" class="mw-redirect" title="Calories">calories</a>. It is 59% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrates">carbohydrates</a> (52% as <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> and 3% as <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>), 30% fat and 8% <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> (table). Approximately 65% of the fat in milk chocolate is <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid">palmitic acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stearic_acid" title="Stearic acid">stearic acid</a>, while the predominant <a href="/wiki/Unsaturated_fat" title="Unsaturated fat">unsaturated fat</a> is <a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">oleic acid</a> (table). One hundred grams of milk chocolate is an excellent source (over 19% of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>, DV) of <a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">riboflavin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B12</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dietary_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary minerals">dietary minerals</a> <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>. Chocolate is a good source (10–19% DV) of <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phytochemicals">Phytochemicals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol#Research" title="Polyphenol">Polyphenol § Research</a></div> Chocolate contains <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenols</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Flavan-3-ol" title="Flavan-3-ol">flavan-3-ols</a> (catechins) and smaller amounts of other <a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">flavonoids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30620683-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> It also contains <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">theobromine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">phenethylamine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>, <a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> which are under study for their potential effects in the body.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heavy_metals">Heavy metals</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chocolate02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Chocolate02.jpg/220px-Chocolate02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Chocolate02.jpg/330px-Chocolate02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Chocolate02.jpg/440px-Chocolate02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Chocolate bar in a bowl of chocolate</figcaption></figure> It is unlikely that chocolate consumption in small amounts causes <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead poisoning</a>. Some studies have shown that lead may bind to cocoa shells, and contamination may occur during the manufacturing process.<a href="#cite_note-Rankin-85">[85]</a> One study showed the mean lead level in milk chocolate candy bars was 0.027 μg lead per gram of candy;<a href="#cite_note-Rankin-85">[85]</a> another study found that some chocolate purchased at U.S. <a href="/wiki/Supermarket" title="Supermarket">supermarkets</a> contained up to 0.965 μg per gram, close to the international (voluntary) standard limit for lead in cocoa powder or beans, which is 1 μg of lead per gram.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In 2006, the U.S. FDA lowered by one-fifth the amount of lead permissible in candy, but compliance is only voluntary.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Studies concluded that "children, who are big consumers of chocolates, may be at risk of exceeding the daily limit of lead, [as] one 10 g cube of dark chocolate may contain as much as 20% of the daily lead oral limit. Moreover chocolate may not be the only source of lead in their nutrition"<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> and "chocolate might be a significant source of <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> and lead ingestion, particularly for children."<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> According to a 2005 study, the average <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> concentration of cocoa beans is ≤ 0.5 ng/g, which is one of the lowest reported values for a natural food.<a href="#cite_note-Rankin-85">[85]</a> However, during cultivation and production, chocolate may absorb lead from the environment (such as in atmospheric emissions of now unused leaded gasoline).<a href="#cite_note-Rankin-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a> recommended a tolerable weekly intake for cadmium of 2.5 <a href="/wiki/Microgram" title="Microgram">micrograms</a> per kg of body weight for Europeans, indicating that consuming chocolate products caused exposure of about 4% among all foods eaten.<a href="#cite_note-foodsafetynews/2021/lowers-cadmium-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Maximum levels for baby foods and chocolate/cocoa products were established under Commission Regulation (EU) No 488/2014.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/1986_California_Proposition_65" title="1986 California Proposition 65">1986 California Proposition 65</a> requires a warning label on chocolate products having more than 4.1 mg of cadmium per daily serving of a single product.<a href="#cite_note-confectionerynews/cadmium-lead-chocolate-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-consumerreports/a8480295550-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-19393210.2017.1420700-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caffeine">Caffeine</h3></div> One tablespoonful (5 grams) of dry unsweetened <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocoa powder">cocoa powder</a> has 12.1 mg of caffeine<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> and a 25-g single serving of dark chocolate has 22.4 mg of caffeine.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Although a single 7 oz. (200 ml) serving of coffee may contain 80–175 mg,<a href="#cite_note-Bunker-99">[99]</a> studies have shown psychoactive effects in caffeine doses as low as 9 mg, and a dose as low as 12.5 mg was shown to have effects on cognitive performance.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theobromine_and_oxalate">Theobromine and oxalate</h3></div> Chocolate may be a factor for <a href="/wiki/Heartburn" title="Heartburn">heartburn</a> in some people because one of its constituents, theobromine, may affect the <a href="/wiki/Lower_esophageal_sphincter" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower esophageal sphincter">esophageal sphincter</a> muscle in a way that permits stomach acids to enter the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Latif-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theobromine_poisoning" title="Theobromine poisoning">Theobromine poisoning</a> is an overdosage reaction to the bitter alkaloid, which happens more frequently in <a href="/wiki/Domestic_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic animals">domestic animals</a> than humans. However, daily intake of 50–100 g cocoa (0.8–1.5 g theobromine) by humans has been associated with sweating, trembling, and severe headache.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Chocolate and cocoa contain moderate to high amounts of <a href="/wiki/Oxalate" title="Oxalate">oxalate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> which may increase the risk of <a href="/wiki/Kidney_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney stone">kidney stones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-human_animals">Non-human animals</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theobromine_poisoning" title="Theobromine poisoning">Theobromine poisoning</a></div> In sufficient amounts, the theobromine found in chocolate is <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a> to animals such as cats, dogs, horses, parrots, and small rodents because they are unable to <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolize</a> the chemical effectively.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> If animals are fed chocolate, the theobromine may remain in the circulation for up to 20 hours, possibly causing <a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizure">epileptic seizures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internal_bleeding" title="Internal bleeding">internal bleeding</a>, and eventually death. Medical treatment performed by a <a href="/wiki/Veterinarian" title="Veterinarian">veterinarian</a> involves inducing <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a> within two hours of ingestion and administration of <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a> or <a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturates</a> for seizures, <a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiarrhythmic agents">antiarrhythmics</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac arrhythmia">heart arrhythmias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Forced_diuresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced diuresis">fluid diuresis</a>. A typical 20-kilogram (44 lb) dog will normally experience great intestinal distress after eating less than 240 grams (8.5 oz) of dark chocolate, but will not necessarily experience <a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">bradycardia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a> unless it eats at least a half a kilogram (1.1 lb) of milk chocolate. Dark chocolate has 2 to 5 times more theobromine and thus is more dangerous to dogs. According to the <a href="/wiki/Merck_Veterinary_Manual" title="Merck Veterinary Manual">Merck Veterinary Manual</a>, approximately 1.3 grams of baker's chocolate per kilogram of a dog's body weight (0.02 oz/lb) is sufficient to cause symptoms of toxicity. For example, a typical 25-gram (0.88 oz) baker's chocolate bar would be enough to bring about symptoms in a 20-kilogram (44 lb) dog. In the 20th century, there were reports that <a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">mulch</a> made from cocoa bean shells is dangerous to dogs and livestock.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3></div> Commonly consumed chocolate is high in <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, which are associated with an increased risk for <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> when chocolate is consumed in excess.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Overall evidence is insufficient to determine the relationship between chocolate consumption and <a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">acne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bhate2013-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Diet2010-111">[111]</a> Various studies point not to chocolate, but to the high <a href="/wiki/Glycemic" title="Glycemic">glycemic</a> nature of certain foods, like sugar, corn syrup, and other simple carbohydrates, as potential causes of acne,<a href="#cite_note-bhate2013-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Diet2010-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Acta2013-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mahmood2014-113">[113]</a> along with other possible dietary factors.<a href="#cite_note-bhate2013-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Food, including chocolate, is not typically viewed as <a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">addictive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rogers2000-115">[115]</a> Some people, however, may want or crave chocolate,<a href="#cite_note-Rogers2000-115">[115]</a> leading to a self-described term, chocoholic.<a href="#cite_note-Rogers2000-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> By some <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">popular myths</a>, chocolate is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood enhancer</a>, such as by increasing <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">sex drive</a> or stimulating <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>, but there is little scientific evidence that such effects are consistent among all chocolate consumers.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scholey-118">[118]</a> If mood improvement from eating chocolate occurs, there is not enough research to indicate whether it results from the favorable flavor or from the <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulant</a> effects of its constituents, such as caffeine, theobromine, or their parent molecule, <a href="/wiki/Xanthine" title="Xanthine">methylxanthine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scholey-118">[118]</a> A 2019 review reported that chocolate consumption does not improve <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depressive mood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Veronese2019-119">[119]</a> Reviews support a short-term effect of lowering blood pressure by consuming cocoa products, but there is no evidence of long-term cardiovascular health benefit.<a href="#cite_note-milliron-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Chocolate and cocoa are under preliminary research to determine if consumption affects the risk of certain <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular diseases">cardiovascular diseases</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> or enhances <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_abilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive abilities">cognitive abilities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> While daily consumption of cocoa flavanols (minimum dose of 200 mg) appears to benefit <a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">platelet</a> and vascular function,<a href="#cite_note-arranz-124">[124]</a> there is no good evidence to indicate an effect on <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attacks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">strokes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-arranz-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-sudano-125">[125]</a> Research has also shown that consuming dark chocolate does not substantially affect <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reid-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Labeling">Labeling</h2></div> Some manufacturers provide the percentage of chocolate in a finished chocolate confection as a label quoting percentage of "cocoa" or "cacao". This refers to the combined percentage of both cocoa solids and cocoa butter in the bar, not just the percentage of cocoa solids.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The Belgian <a href="/wiki/AMBAO" title="AMBAO">AMBAO</a> certification mark indicates that no non-cocoa vegetable fats have been used in making the chocolate.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-just-food-129">[129]</a> A long-standing dispute between Britain on the one hand and Belgium and France over British use of vegetable fats in chocolate ended in 2000 with the adoption of new standards which permitted the use of up to five percent vegetable fats in clearly labelled products.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_news-130">[130]</a> This British style of chocolate has sometimes been pejoratively referred to as "vegelate".<a href="#cite_note-BBC_news-130">[130]</a> Chocolates that are <a href="/wiki/Organic_food" title="Organic food">organic</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fairtrade_certification" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairtrade certification">fair trade certified</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> carry labels accordingly. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_definitions">Legal definitions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legal_definitions_of_chocolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal definitions of chocolate">Legal definitions of chocolate</a></div> In 2007, the Chocolate Manufacturers Association in the United States, whose members include <a href="/wiki/The_Hershey_Company" title="The Hershey Company">Hershey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Archer_Daniels_Midland" title="Archer Daniels Midland">Archer Daniels Midland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbied</a> the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) to change the legal definition of chocolate to let them substitute <a href="/wiki/Partially_hydrogenated_vegetable_oils" class="mw-redirect" title="Partially hydrogenated vegetable oils">partially hydrogenated vegetable oils</a> for cocoa butter, in addition to using artificial sweeteners and milk substitutes.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Currently, the FDA does not allow a product to be referred to as "chocolate" if the product contains any of these ingredients.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In the United States, some large chocolate manufacturers lobbied the federal government to permit confections containing cheaper <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenated_vegetable_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogenated vegetable oil">hydrogenated vegetable oil</a> in place of cocoa butter to be sold as "chocolate". In June 2007, in response to consumer concern about the proposal, the FDA reiterated "Cacao fat, as one of the signature characteristics of the product, will remain a principal component of standardized chocolate."<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In the EU a product can be sold as chocolate if it contains up to 5% vegetable oil, and must be labeled as "family milk chocolate" rather than "milk chocolate" if it contains 20% milk.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> According to Canadian Food and Drug Regulations, a "chocolate product" is a food product that is sourced from at least one "cocoa product" and contains at least one of the following: "chocolate, bittersweet chocolate, semi-sweet chocolate, dark chocolate, sweet chocolate, milk chocolate, or white chocolate". A "cocoa product" is defined as a food product that is sourced from cocoa beans and contains "cocoa nibs, cocoa liquor, cocoa mass, unsweetened chocolate, bitter chocolate, chocolate liquor, cocoa, low-fat cocoa, cocoa powder, or low-fat cocoa powder".<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry">Industry</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghirardelli_Chocolate_Shop_Inside,_SF,_CA,_jjron_25.03.2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ghirardelli_Chocolate_Shop_Inside%2C_SF%2C_CA%2C_jjron_25.03.2012.jpg/220px-Ghirardelli_Chocolate_Shop_Inside%2C_SF%2C_CA%2C_jjron_25.03.2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ghirardelli_Chocolate_Shop_Inside%2C_SF%2C_CA%2C_jjron_25.03.2012.jpg/330px-Ghirardelli_Chocolate_Shop_Inside%2C_SF%2C_CA%2C_jjron_25.03.2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ghirardelli_Chocolate_Shop_Inside%2C_SF%2C_CA%2C_jjron_25.03.2012.jpg/440px-Ghirardelli_Chocolate_Shop_Inside%2C_SF%2C_CA%2C_jjron_25.03.2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="1094" /></a><figcaption>Packaged chocolate in the <a href="/wiki/Ghirardelli_Chocolate_Company" title="Ghirardelli Chocolate Company">Ghirardelli Chocolate Company</a></figcaption></figure> Chocolate, prevalent throughout the world, is a steadily growing, <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>50 billion-a-year worldwide business as of 2009.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> As of 2006, Europe accounted for 45% of the world's chocolate revenue,<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> and the US spent $20 billion in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Big_Chocolate" title="Big Chocolate">Big Chocolate</a> is a grouping of major international chocolate companies in Europe and the US. In 2004, Mars and Hershey's alone accounted for two-thirds of US production.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> As of 2007, roughly two-thirds of the world's cocoa was produced in West Africa, with 43% sourced from Ivory Coast,<a href="#cite_note-AriyoshiRarestAloha-143">[143]</a> which commonly used child labor.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> That year some 50 million people around the world depended on cocoa as a source of livelihood.<a href="#cite_note-pantograph-146">[146]</a> As of 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chocolate&action=edit">[update]</a> in the UK, most chocolatiers purchase their chocolate from them, to melt, mold and package to their own design.<a href="#cite_note-BBCR4-147">[147]</a> As of 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> is the largest producer of cocoa in the world.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> The two main jobs associated with creating chocolate candy are chocolate makers and chocolatiers. Chocolate makers use harvested cocoa beans and other ingredients to produce <a href="/wiki/Couverture_chocolate" title="Couverture chocolate">couverture chocolate</a> (covering). Chocolatiers use the finished couverture to make chocolate candies (bars, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_truffle" title="Chocolate truffle">truffles</a>, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Production costs can be decreased by reducing cocoa solids content or by substituting cocoa butter with another fat. Cocoa growers object to allowing the resulting food to be called "chocolate", due to the risk of lower demand for their crops.<a href="#cite_note-pantograph-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturers">Manufacturers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_bean-to-bar_chocolate_manufacturers" title="List of bean-to-bar chocolate manufacturers">List of bean-to-bar chocolate manufacturers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FD_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/FD_3.jpg/220px-FD_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/FD_3.jpg/330px-FD_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/FD_3.jpg/440px-FD_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Chocolate with various fillings</figcaption></figure> Chocolate manufacturers produce a range of products from chocolate bars to <a href="/wiki/Fudge" title="Fudge">fudge</a>. Large manufacturers of chocolate products include <a href="/wiki/Cadbury" title="Cadbury">Cadbury</a> (the world's largest confectionery manufacturer), <a href="/wiki/Ferrero_SpA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrero SpA">Ferrero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guylian" title="Guylian">Guylian</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hershey_Company" title="The Hershey Company">The Hershey Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lindt_%26_Spr%C3%BCngli" class="mw-redirect" title="Lindt & Sprüngli">Lindt & Sprüngli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars,_Incorporated" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars, Incorporated">Mars, Incorporated</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milka" title="Milka">Milka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuhaus_(chocolatier)" title="Neuhaus (chocolatier)">Neuhaus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Suchard" title="Philippe Suchard">Suchard</a>. Guylian is best known for its chocolate sea shells; Cadbury for its <a href="/wiki/Cadbury_Dairy_Milk" title="Cadbury Dairy Milk">Dairy Milk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cadbury_Creme_Egg" title="Cadbury Creme Egg">Creme Egg</a>. The Hershey Company, the largest chocolate manufacturer in North America, produces the <a href="/wiki/Hershey_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hershey Bar">Hershey Bar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hershey%27s_Kisses" title="Hershey's Kisses">Hershey's Kisses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-paul-150">[150]</a> Mars Incorporated, a large privately owned U.S. corporation, produces <a href="/wiki/Mars_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Bar">Mars Bar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Milky Way bar">Milky Way</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%26M%27s" title="M&M's">M&M's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twix" title="Twix">Twix</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Snickers" title="Snickers">Snickers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lindt_%26_Spr%C3%BCngli" class="mw-redirect" title="Lindt & Sprüngli">Lindt</a> is known for its <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_truffles" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocolate truffles">truffle balls</a> and gold foil-wrapped Easter bunnies. Food conglomerates <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a> SA and <a href="/wiki/Kraft_Foods" title="Kraft Foods">Kraft Foods</a> both have chocolate brands. Nestlé acquired <a href="/wiki/Rowntree%27s" title="Rowntree's">Rowntree's</a> in 1988 and now markets chocolates under their brand, including <a href="/wiki/Smarties" title="Smarties">Smarties</a> (a chocolate candy) and <a href="/wiki/Kit_Kat" title="Kit Kat">Kit Kat</a> (a chocolate bar); Kraft Foods through its 1990 acquisition of Jacobs Suchard, now owns Milka and Suchard. In February 2010, Kraft also acquired British-based Cadbury;<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Fry's, Trebor Basset and the <a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">fair trade</a> brand <a href="/wiki/Green_%26_Black%27s" title="Green & Black's">Green & Black's</a> also belongs to the group. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_labor_in_cocoa_harvesting">Child labor in cocoa harvesting</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_cocoa_production" title="Child labour in cocoa production">Child labour in cocoa production</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_production_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Cocoa production in Ivory Coast">Cocoa production in Ivory Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_production_in_Ghana" title="Cocoa production in Ghana">Cocoa production in Ghana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chuao_003.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chuao_003.JPG/220px-Chuao_003.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chuao_003.JPG/330px-Chuao_003.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chuao_003.JPG/440px-Chuao_003.JPG 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Child drying cacao in <a href="/wiki/Chuao" title="Chuao">Chuao</a>, Venezuela</figcaption></figure> The widespread use of children in cocoa production is controversial, not only for the concerns about <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">child labor</a> and exploitation, but also because according to a 2002 estimate, up to 12,000 of the 200,000 children then working in the <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> cocoa industry<a href="#cite_note-accuses_companies-152">[152]</a> may have been victims of <a href="/wiki/Trafficking_of_children" title="Trafficking of children">trafficking</a> or <a href="/wiki/Child_slavery" title="Child slavery">slavery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fortune2018-153">[153]</a> Most attention on this subject has focused on <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, which collectively supplies 69 percent of the world's cocoa,<a href="#cite_note-WCF_2010_update-154">[154]</a> and the Ivory Coast in particular, which supplies 35 percent of the world's cocoa.<a href="#cite_note-WCF_2010_update-154">[154]</a> Thirty percent of children under age 15 in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> are child laborers, mostly in agricultural activities including cocoa farming.<a href="#cite_note-rooting-155">[155]</a> Major chocolate producers, such as <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a>, buy cocoa at <a href="/wiki/Commodities_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodities exchange">commodities exchanges</a> where Ivorian cocoa is mixed with other cocoa.<a href="#cite_note-oxfam-156">[156]</a> As of 2017, approximately 2.1 million children in Ghana and Ivory Coast were involved in farming cocoa, carrying heavy loads, clearing forests, and being exposed to pesticides.<a href="#cite_note-reuters2017-157">[157]</a> According to the former secretary-general of the Alliance of Cocoa Producing Countries: "I think child labor cannot be just the responsibility of industry to solve. I think it's the proverbial all-hands-on-deck: government, civil society, the private sector. And there, you need leadership."<a href="#cite_note-fortune2018-153">[153]</a> Reported in 2018, a 3-year <a href="/wiki/Pilot_experiment" title="Pilot experiment">pilot program</a> – conducted by Nestlé with 26,000 farmers mostly located in Ivory Coast – observed a 51% decrease in the number of children doing hazardous jobs in cocoa farming.<a href="#cite_note-balch-158">[158]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">US Department of Labor</a> formed the Child Labor Cocoa Coordinating Group as a public-private partnership with the governments of Ghana and Ivory Coast to address child labor practices in the cocoa industry.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The International Cocoa Initiative involving major cocoa manufacturers established the Child Labor Monitoring and Remediation System intended to monitor thousands of farms in Ghana and Ivory Coast for child labor conditions,<a href="#cite_note-balch-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters2017-157">[157]</a> but the program reached less than 20% of the child laborers.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Despite these efforts, goals to reduce child labor in West Africa by 70% before 2020 are frustrated by persistent poverty, absence of schools, expansion of cocoa farmland, and increased demand for cocoa.<a href="#cite_note-balch-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-cb2018-161">[161]</a> In April 2018, the Cocoa Barometer report stated: "Not a single company or government is anywhere near reaching the sector-wide objective of the elimination of child labor, and not even near their commitments of a 70% reduction of child labor by 2020". They cited persistent poverty, the absence of schools, increasing world cocoa demand, more <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">intensive farming</a> of cocoa, and continued exploitation of child labor.<a href="#cite_note-balch-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-cb2018-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fair_trade">Fair trade</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fair_trade_cocoa" title="Fair trade cocoa">Fair trade cocoa</a></div> In the 2000s, some chocolate producers began to engage in <a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">fair trade</a> initiatives, to address concerns about the marginalization of cocoa laborers in developing countries. Traditionally, Africa and other developing countries received low prices for their exported commodities such as cocoa, which caused poverty to abound. Fairtrade seeks to establish a system of direct trade from developing countries to counteract this system.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> One solution for fair labor practices is for farmers to become part of an <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural cooperative</a>. Cooperatives pay farmers a fair price for their cocoa so farmers have enough money for food, clothes, and school fees.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> One of the main tenets of fair trade is that farmers receive a fair price, but this does not mean that the larger amount of money paid for fair trade cocoa goes directly to the farmers. The effectiveness of fair trade has been questioned. In a 2014 article, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> stated that workers on fair trade farms have a lower standard of living than on similar farms outside the fair trade system<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> based on a study of tea and coffee farmers in Uganda and Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_and_consumption">Usage and consumption</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cadbury-Dairy-Milk-Caramel-Bar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cadbury-Dairy-Milk-Caramel-Bar.jpg/240px-Cadbury-Dairy-Milk-Caramel-Bar.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cadbury-Dairy-Milk-Caramel-Bar.jpg/360px-Cadbury-Dairy-Milk-Caramel-Bar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cadbury-Dairy-Milk-Caramel-Bar.jpg/480px-Cadbury-Dairy-Milk-Caramel-Bar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3180" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption>A chocolate bar</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bars">Bars</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_bar" title="Chocolate bar">Chocolate bar</a></div>Chocolate is sold in chocolate bars, which come in <a href="/wiki/Dark_chocolate" title="Dark chocolate">dark chocolate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milk_chocolate" title="Milk chocolate">milk chocolate</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_chocolate" title="White chocolate">white chocolate</a> varieties. Some bars that are mostly chocolate have other ingredients blended into the chocolate, such as nuts, raisins, or crisped rice. Chocolate is used as an ingredient in a huge variety of bars, which typically contain various confectionary ingredients (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nougat" title="Nougat">nougat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wafer" title="Wafer">wafers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caramel" title="Caramel">caramel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a>, etc.) which are coated in chocolate. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coating_and_filling">Coating and filling</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackout_cake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Blackout_cake.jpg/170px-Blackout_cake.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Blackout_cake.jpg/255px-Blackout_cake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Blackout_cake.jpg/340px-Blackout_cake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Chocolate cake with chocolate frosting</figcaption></figure> Chocolate is used as a flavoring product in many <a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">desserts</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_cake" title="Chocolate cake">chocolate cakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_brownie" title="Chocolate brownie">chocolate brownies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_mousse" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocolate mousse">chocolate mousse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_chip_cookie" title="Chocolate chip cookie">chocolate chip cookies</a>. Numerous types of <a href="/wiki/Candy" title="Candy">candy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snack" title="Snack">snacks</a> contain chocolate, either as a filling (e.g., <a href="/wiki/M%26M%27s" title="M&M's">M&M's</a>) or as a coating (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chocolate-coated_raisins" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocolate-coated raisins">chocolate-coated raisins</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chocolate-coated_peanuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocolate-coated peanuts">chocolate-coated peanuts</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beverages">Beverages</h3></div> Some non-alcoholic beverages contain chocolate, such as <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_milk" title="Chocolate milk">chocolate milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hot_chocolate" title="Hot chocolate">hot chocolate</a>, chocolate <a href="/wiki/Milkshakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Milkshakes">milkshakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tejate" title="Tejate">tejate</a>. Some alcoholic liqueurs are flavored with chocolate, such as <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_liqueur" title="Chocolate liqueur">chocolate liqueur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creme_de_cacao" class="mw-redirect" title="Creme de cacao">crème de cacao</a>. Chocolate is a popular flavor of <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_pudding" title="Chocolate pudding">pudding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_sauce" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocolate sauce">chocolate sauce</a> is a commonly added as a topping on ice cream <a href="/wiki/Sundae" title="Sundae">sundaes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_mocha" title="Caffè mocha">caffè mocha</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso">espresso</a> beverage containing chocolate. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2></div> Chocolate is perceived to be different things at different times, including a sweet treat, a luxury product, a consumer good and a mood enhancer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackenesch201718-166">[166]</a> Its reputation as a mood enhancer is driven in part by marketing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinSampeck2021-167">[167]</a> Chocolate is a popular metaphor for the black racial category,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackenesch201710-168">[168]</a> and has connotations of transgression and sexuality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackenesch201715-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarpellini2016125-170">[170]</a> It is gendered as feminine<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathias2022530-171">[171]</a> and in the US there is a cultural practice of women consuming chocolate in secret; alone and with other women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCabede_Waal_Malefyt202028-172">[172]</a> Among children, chocolate is used as a euphemism for feces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore200553-173">[173]</a> Chocolate is popularly understood to have "exotic" origins,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinSampeck202148–49-174">[174]</a> In China, chocolate is considered "<a href="/wiki/Shanghuo" title="Shanghuo">heaty</a>", and avoided in hot weather.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201024-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_and_cultural_links">Religious and cultural links</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elmer_Valentine_boxed_chocolates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Elmer_Valentine_boxed_chocolates.jpg/170px-Elmer_Valentine_boxed_chocolates.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Elmer_Valentine_boxed_chocolates.jpg/255px-Elmer_Valentine_boxed_chocolates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Elmer_Valentine_boxed_chocolates.jpg/340px-Elmer_Valentine_boxed_chocolates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>A gift box of chocolates, which is a common gift for <a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a></figcaption></figure> Chocolate is associated with festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Easter_customs" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter customs">Easter</a>, when molded chocolate rabbits and eggs are traditionally given in Christian communities, and <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a>, when chocolate coins are given in Jewish communities. Chocolate <a href="/wiki/Heart_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart (symbol)">hearts</a> and chocolate in heart-shaped boxes are popular on <a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a> and are often presented along with flowers and a <a href="/wiki/Greeting_card" title="Greeting card">greeting card</a>. In 1868, <a href="/wiki/Cadbury" title="Cadbury">Cadbury</a> created a decorated box of chocolates in the shape of a heart for Valentine's Day.<a href="#cite_note-Chocolates-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Boxes of filled chocolates quickly became associated with the holiday.<a href="#cite_note-Chocolates-36">[36]</a> Chocolate is an acceptable gift on other holidays and on occasions such as birthdays. Many confectioners make holiday-specific chocolate candies. Chocolate <a href="/wiki/Easter_eggs" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter eggs">Easter eggs</a> or rabbits and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a> figures are two examples. Such confections can be solid, hollow, or filled with sweets or fondant. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_and_film">Books and film</h3></div> Chocolate has been the center of several successful book and film adaptations. In 1964, <a href="/wiki/Roald_Dahl" title="Roald Dahl">Roald Dahl</a> published a children's novel titled <a href="/wiki/Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory" title="Charlie and the Chocolate Factory">Charlie and the Chocolate Factory</a>. The novel centers on a poor boy named Charlie Bucket who takes a tour through the greatest chocolate factory in the world, owned by the eccentric <a href="/wiki/Willy_Wonka" title="Willy Wonka">Willy Wonka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Two film adaptations of the novel were produced: <a href="/wiki/Willy_Wonka_%26_the_Chocolate_Factory" title="Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory">Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory</a> (1971) and <a href="/wiki/Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory_(film)" title="Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)">Charlie and the Chocolate Factory</a> (2005). A third adaptation, an origin prequel film titled <a href="/wiki/Wonka_(film)" title="Wonka (film)">Wonka</a>, was released in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chocolat_(novel)" title="Chocolat (novel)">Chocolat</a>, a 1999 novel by <a href="/wiki/Joanne_Harris" title="Joanne Harris">Joanne Harris</a>, was adapted for film in <a href="/wiki/Chocolat_(2000_film)" title="Chocolat (2000 film)">Chocolat</a> which was released a year later.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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title="Outline of chocolate">Outline of chocolate</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candy_making" title="Candy making">Candy making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chocolate-covered_foods" title="List of chocolate-covered foods">List of chocolate-covered foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chocolate_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of chocolate beverages">List of chocolate beverages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chocolate_companies" title="Category:Chocolate companies">List of chocolate companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_chocolate" class="mw-redirect" title="United States military chocolate">United States military chocolate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=chocolate&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F4410701122&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F4410701122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChocolate" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwantonde_Ávilavan_Doesburg2010" class="citation journal cs1">Swanton M, de Ávila A, van Doesburg B (2010). "Comments on Kaufman and Justeson: "The History of the Word for Cacao in Ancient Mesoamerica"". 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Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=chocolatier&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F2267654095&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F2267654095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChocolate" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLanaud_et_al.2024">Lanaud et al. 2024</a>, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoeCoe2013The_Tree_of_the_Food_of_the_Gods-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoeCoe2013The_Tree_of_the_Food_of_the_Gods_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoeCoe2013">Coe & Coe (2013)</a>, The Tree of the Food of the Gods. </li> <li 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newfoodeconomy.org/chocolate-farmers-ivory-coast-ghana/">the original</a> on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cocoa+has+a+poverty+problem.+You+can+help+by+eating+more+dark+chocolate&rft.pub=New+Food+Economy&rft.date=2018-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewfoodeconomy.org%2Fchocolate-farmers-ivory-coast-ghana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChocolate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cb2018-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cb2018_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cb2018_161-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cocoabarometer.org/Cocoa_Barometer/News/Entries/2018/4/19_2018_Cocoa_Barometer_Released.html">"2018 Cocoa Barometer Report"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Agriculture+in+Ethiopia+and+Uganda%3A+Not+so+fair+trade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Fbaobab%2F2014%2F05%2Fagriculture-ethiopia-and-uganda%3Ffsrc%3Dscn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Fbl%2Fnotsofairtrade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChocolate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrameraJohnstonbOyaaSenderb2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cramera C, Johnstonb D, Oyaa C, Senderb J (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24858301">"Fairtrade cooperatives in Ethiopia and Uganda: Uncensored"</a>. Review of African Political Economy. 41 (143): S115 – S127. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24858301">24858301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+African+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Fairtrade+cooperatives+in+Ethiopia+and+Uganda%3A+Uncensored&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=143&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES115+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES127%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24858301%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cramera&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Johnstonb%2C+D&rft.au=Oyaa%2C+C&rft.au=Senderb%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24858301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChocolate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackenesch201718-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackenesch201718_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHackenesch2017">Hackenesch (2017)</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinSampeck2021-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinSampeck2021_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartinSampeck2021">Martin & Sampeck (2021)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackenesch201710-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackenesch201710_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHackenesch2017">Hackenesch (2017)</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackenesch201715-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHackenesch201715_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHackenesch2017">Hackenesch (2017)</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarpellini2016125-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScarpellini2016125_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScarpellini2016">Scarpellini (2016)</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathias2022530-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathias2022530_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathias2022">Mathias (2022)</a>, p. 530. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCabede_Waal_Malefyt202028-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCabede_Waal_Malefyt202028_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCabede_Waal_Malefyt2020">McCabe & de Waal Malefyt (2020)</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore200553-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore200553_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2005">Moore (2005)</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinSampeck202148–49-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinSampeck202148–49_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartinSampeck2021">Martin & Sampeck (2021)</a>, pp. 48–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201024-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201024_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2010">Allen (2010)</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hxAyDQAAQBAJ&dq=cadbury+chocolate+boxes+1868&pg=PA90">Guinness World Records 2017</a>. Guinness World Records. 8 September 2016. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910561-34-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910561-34-8"><bdi>978-1-910561-34-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230110231442/https://books.google.com/books?id=hxAyDQAAQBAJ&dq=cadbury+chocolate+boxes+1868&pg=PA90">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2022. <q><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cadbury" title="Richard Cadbury">Richard Cadbury</a>, eldest son of John Cadbury who founded the now iconic brand, was the first chocolate-maker to commercialize the association between confectionery and romance, producing a heart-shaped box of chocolates for Valentine's Day in 1868</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guinness+World+Records+2017&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Guinness+World+Records&rft.date=2016-09-08&rft.isbn=978-1-910561-34-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhxAyDQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcadbury%2Bchocolate%2Bboxes%2B1868%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChocolate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Charlie-and-the-Chocolate-Factory-by-Dahl">"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211011082110/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Charlie-and-the-Chocolate-Factory-by-Dahl">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021. <q>The five children are greeted outside the factory by the eccentric visionary Willy Wonka.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Charlie+and+the+Chocolate+Factory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FCharlie-and-the-Chocolate-Factory-by-Dahl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChocolate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2021/film/news/timothee-chalamet-willy-wonka-movie-1234980218/">"Timothée Chalamet to Play Young Willy Wonka in Warner Bros. Movie"</a>. Variety. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210524151500/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/timothee-chalamet-willy-wonka-movie-1234980218/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Timoth%C3%A9e+Chalamet+to+Play+Young+Willy+Wonka+in+Warner+Bros.+Movie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2021%2Ffilm%2Fnews%2Ftimothee-chalamet-willy-wonka-movie-1234980218%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChocolate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/chocolat-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zmtyxntg">"Chocolat (2000)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBFC" class="mw-redirect" title="BBFC">BBFC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718073245/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/chocolat-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zmtyxntg">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBFC&rft.atitle=Chocolat+%282000%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbfc.co.uk%2Frelease%2Fchocolat-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zmtyxntg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChocolate" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAguilar-Moreno2006" class="citation book cs1">Aguilar-Moreno M (2006). "The Good and Evil of Chocolate in Colonial Mexico". In McNeil CL (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chocolateinmesoa0000unse">Chocolate in Mesoamerica: A Cultural History of Cacao</a>. Maya studies. Gainesville: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Florida" title="University Press of Florida">University Press of Florida</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-2953-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-2953-5"><bdi>978-0-8130-2953-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/940651076">940651076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Good+and+Evil+of+Chocolate+in+Colonial+Mexico&rft.btitle=Chocolate+in+Mesoamerica%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+Cacao&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.series=Maya+studies&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F940651076&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-2953-5&rft.aulast=Aguilar-Moreno&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchocolateinmesoa0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChocolate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllen2010" class="citation book cs1">Allen LL (2010). 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London: <a href="/wiki/Reaktion_Books" title="Reaktion Books">Reaktion Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-524-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-524-0"><bdi>978-1-86189-524-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chocolate%3A+A+Global+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-524-0&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Badenoch%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchocolateglobalh0000moss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChocolate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPresilla2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maricel_Presilla" title="Maricel Presilla">Presilla ME</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newtasteofchocol0000pres">The New Taste of Chocolate, Revised: A Cultural and Natural History of Cacao with Recipes</a>. New York: Ten Speed Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1580089500" title="Special:BookSources/978-1580089500"><bdi>978-1580089500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Taste+of+Chocolate%2C+Revised%3A+A+Cultural+and+Natural+History+of+Cacao+with+Recipes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ten+Speed+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1580089500&rft.aulast=Presilla&rft.aufirst=Maricel+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewtasteofchocol0000pres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChocolate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScarpellini2016" class="citation book cs1">Scarpellini E (2016). Food and Foodways in Italy from 1861 to the Present. Translated by Mazhar NG. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-56098-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-56098-1"><bdi>978-1-349-56098-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+and+Foodways+in+Italy+from+1861+to+the+Present&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-56098-1&rft.aulast=Scarpellini&rft.aufirst=Emanuela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChocolate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSnyderOlsenBrindle2008" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Olsen BF, Brindle LP (2008). "From Stone Metates to Steel Mills: The Evolution of Chocolate Manufacturing". In Grivetti LE, Shapiro HY (eds.). Chocolate: History, Culture, and Heritage. New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-41131-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-41131-5"><bdi>978-0-470-41131-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Stone+Metates+to+Steel+Mills%3A+The+Evolution+of+Chocolate+Manufacturing&rft.btitle=Chocolate%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Heritage&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-41131-5&rft.au=Snyder&rft.au=Olsen%2C+Bradley+Foliart&rft.au=Brindle%2C+Laura+Pallas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChocolate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVail2008" class="citation book cs1">Vail G (2008). "Cacao Use in Yucatán Among the Pre-Hispanic Maya". In Grivetti LE, Shapiro HY (eds.). Chocolate: History, Culture, and Heritage. New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-41131-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-41131-5"><bdi>978-0-470-41131-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cacao+Use+in+Yucat%C3%A1n+Among+the+Pre-Hispanic+Maya&rft.btitle=Chocolate%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Heritage&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-41131-5&rft.aulast=Vail&rft.aufirst=Gabrielle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChocolate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalker2008" class="citation book cs1">Walker T (2008). "Establishing Cacao Plantation Culture in the Atlantic World". In Grivetti LE, Shapiro HY (eds.). Chocolate: History, Culture, and Heritage. New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-41131-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-41131-5"><bdi>978-0-470-41131-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Establishing+Cacao+Plantation+Culture+in+the+Atlantic+World&rft.btitle=Chocolate%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Heritage&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-41131-5&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChocolate" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDakinWichmann2000" class="citation journal cs1">Dakin K, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Wichmann" title="Søren Wichmann">Wichmann S</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231965433">"Cacao and Chocolate: A Uto-Aztecan perspective"</a>. Ancient Mesoamerica. 11 (1): 55–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0956536100111058">10.1017/S0956536100111058</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-5361">0956-5361</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162616811">162616811</a>. Retrieved 10 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Mesoamerica&rft.atitle=Cacao+and+Chocolate%3A+A+Uto-Aztecan+perspective&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162616811%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0956-5361&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0956536100111058&rft.aulast=Dakin&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Wichmann%2C+S%C3%B8ren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F231965433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChocolate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDillinger_et_al.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Dillinger TL, Barriga P, Escárcega S, Jimenez M, Lowe DS, Grivetti LE (1 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F130.8.2057S">"Food of the Gods: Cure for Humanity? A Cultural History of the Medicinal and Ritual Use of Chocolate"</a>. The Journal of Nutrition. 130 (8): 2057S – 2072S. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F130.8.2057S">10.1093/jn/130.8.2057S</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3166">0022-3166</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10917925">10917925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Food+of+the+Gods%3A+Cure+for+Humanity%3F+A+Cultural+History+of+the+Medicinal+and+Ritual+Use+of+Chocolate&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2057S+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2072S%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2000-08-01&rft.issn=0022-3166&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10917925&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjn%2F130.8.2057S&rft.aulast=Dillinger&rft.aufirst=Teresa+L.&rft.au=Barriga%2C+Patricia&rft.au=Esc%C3%A1rcega%2C+Sylvia&rft.au=Jimenez%2C+Martha&rft.au=Lowe%2C+Diana+Salazar&rft.au=Grivetti%2C+Louis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjn%252F130.8.2057S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChocolate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaufmanJusteson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kaufman T, Justeson J (2007). "The history of the word for cacao in Ancient Mesoamerica". Ancient Mesoamerica. 18 (2): 193–237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0956536107000211">10.1017/S0956536107000211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Mesoamerica&rft.atitle=The+history+of+the+word+for+cacao+in+Ancient+Mesoamerica&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E237&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0956536107000211&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Terrence&rft.au=Justeson%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChocolate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLanaud_et_al.2024" class="citation journal cs1">Lanaud C, Vignes H, Utge J, Valette G, Rhoné B, Garcia Caputi M, et al. (7 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10920634">"A revisited history of cacao domestication in pre-Columbian times revealed by archaeogenomic approaches"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a>. 14 (1): 2972. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024NatSR..14.2972L">2024NatSR..14.2972L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-024-53010-6">10.1038/s41598-024-53010-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10920634">10920634</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38453955">38453955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=A+revisited+history+of+cacao+domestication+in+pre-Columbian+times+revealed+by+archaeogenomic+approaches&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2972&rft.date=2024-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10920634%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024NatSR..14.2972L&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38453955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-024-53010-6&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Lanaud&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft.au=Vignes%2C+H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rft.au=Utge%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Valette%2C+Gilles&rft.au=Rhon%C3%A9%2C+B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dicte&rft.au=Garcia+Caputi%2C+Mariella&rft.au=Angarita+Nieto%2C+Natalia+Sof%C3%ADa&rft.au=Fouet%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Gaikwad%2C+Nilesh&rft.au=Zarrillo%2C+Sonia&rft.au=Powis%2C+Terry+G.&rft.au=Cyphers%2C+Ann&rft.au=Valdez%2C+Francisco&rft.au=Olivera+Nunez%2C+S.+Quirino&rft.au=Speller%2C+Camilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10920634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChocolate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMathias2022" class="citation journal cs1">Mathias M (1 December 2022). "Chocolate and the French novel: modernity, language, nature". Modern & Contemporary France. 31 (4): 529–544. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09639489.2022.2134324">10.1080/09639489.2022.2134324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+%26+Contemporary+France&rft.atitle=Chocolate+and+the+French+novel%3A+modernity%2C+language%2C+nature&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E529-%3C%2Fspan%3E544&rft.date=2022-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09639489.2022.2134324&rft.aulast=Mathias&rft.aufirst=Manon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChocolate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorton2004" class="citation journal cs1">Norton M (April 2004). "Conquests of Chocolate". OAH Magazine of History. 18 (3): 16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmaghis%2F18.3.14">10.1093/maghis/18.3.14</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25163677">25163677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OAH+Magazine+of+History&rft.atitle=Conquests+of+Chocolate&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmaghis%2F18.3.14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25163677%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Marcy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChocolate" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Webpages">Webpages</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartinSampeck2021" class="citation web cs1">Martin CD, Sampeck K (8 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anthropology-news.org/articles/from-cocoa-farms-to-candy-chutes/">"From Cocoa Farms to Candy Chutes"</a>. Anthropology News. Retrieved 14 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anthropology+News&rft.atitle=From+Cocoa+Farms+to+Candy+Chutes&rft.date=2021-01-08&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Carla+D&rft.au=Sampeck%2C+Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anthropology-news.org%2Farticles%2Ffrom-cocoa-farms-to-candy-chutes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChocolate" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Norton, Marcy. Sacred Gifts, Profane Pleasures: A History of Tobacco and Chocolate in the Atlantic World (Cornell UP, 2008)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOff2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Off" title="Carol Off">Off C</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bitterchocolated00offc">Bitter Chocolate: The Dark Side of the World's Most Seductive Sweet</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Press" title="The New Press">The New Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-330-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-330-7"><bdi>978-1-59558-330-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bitter+Chocolate%3A+The+Dark+Side+of+the+World%27s+Most+Seductive+Sweet&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59558-330-7&rft.aulast=Off&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbitterchocolated00offc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChocolate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPresilla2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maricel_Presilla" title="Maricel Presilla">Presilla M</a> (2004). "Chocolate". In Smith AF (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_c7e6">The Oxford encyclopedia of food and drink in America, Volume 1</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517551-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517551-4"><bdi>0-19-517551-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chocolate&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+encyclopedia+of+food+and+drink+in+America%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-517551-4&rft.aulast=Presilla&rft.aufirst=Maricel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordencycloped0000unse_c7e6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChocolate" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ryan, Órla (2011). Chocolate Nations: Living and Dying for Cocoa in West Africa. Zed Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84813-005-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84813-005-0">978-1-84813-005-0</a></li> <li>Young, Allen M. (2007). The Chocolate Tree: A Natural History of Cacao (Rev. and expanded ed.). University Press of Florida. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-3044-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-3044-9">978-0-8130-3044-9</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chocolate" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chocolate">Chocolate</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chocolate" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Chocolate">Chocolate</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chocolate" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:chocolate">chocolate</a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Chocolate" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Chocolate">Cookbook:Chocolate</a> at Wikibooks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Chocolate" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Portal:Chocolate">Portal:Chocolate</a> at Wikisource</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Chocolate#Q195" class="extiw" title="voy:Chocolate">Chocolate</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chocolate604" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #7B3F00; color: white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chocolate" title="Template:Chocolate"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chocolate" title="Template talk:Chocolate"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chocolate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chocolate"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chocolate604" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chocolate</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #7B3F00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_liquor" title="Chocolate liquor">Chocolate liquor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_solids" title="Cocoa solids">Cocoa solids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_cacao" title="Theobroma cacao">Theobroma cacao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_cocoa_beans" title="Types of cocoa beans">Types</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #7B3F00; color: white;">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">Anandamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorphins" title="Endorphins">Endorphins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enkephalin" title="Enkephalin">Enkephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavan-3-ol" title="Flavan-3-ol">Flavan-3-ol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecithin" title="Lecithin">Lecithin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">Phenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsolinol" title="Salsolinol">Salsolinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramethylpyrazine" title="Tetramethylpyrazine">Tetramethylpyrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">Theophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptamine" title="Tryptamine">Tryptamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyramine" title="Tyramine">Tyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeric_acid" title="Valeric acid">Valeric acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #7B3F00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_chocolate" title="Types of chocolate">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baking_chocolate" title="Baking chocolate">Baking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_chocolate" title="Compound chocolate">Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_chocolate" title="Dark chocolate">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianduja_(chocolate)" title="Gianduja (chocolate)">Gianduja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_chocolate" title="Milk chocolate">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_chocolate" title="Organic chocolate">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_chocolate" title="Raw chocolate">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_chocolate" title="Ruby chocolate">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_chocolate" title="White chocolate">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #7B3F00; color: white;">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_mocha" title="Caffè mocha">Caffè mocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_bar" title="Chocolate bar">Chocolate bar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chocolate_bar_brands" title="List of chocolate bar brands">Brands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_biscuit" title="Chocolate biscuit">Chocolate biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_brownie" title="Chocolate brownie">Chocolate brownie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_cake" title="Chocolate cake">Chocolate cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_chip_cookie" title="Chocolate chip cookie">Chocolate chip cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_chip" title="Chocolate chip">Chocolate chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_coin" title="Chocolate coin">Chocolate coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_crackles" title="Chocolate crackles">Chocolate crackles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_gravy" title="Chocolate gravy">Chocolate gravy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_ice_cream" title="Chocolate ice cream">Chocolate ice cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_liqueur" title="Chocolate liqueur">Chocolate liqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_milk" title="Chocolate milk">Chocolate milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_pudding" title="Chocolate pudding">Chocolate pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_spread" title="Chocolate spread">Chocolate spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_syrup" title="Chocolate syrup">Chocolate syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_truffle" title="Chocolate truffle">Chocolate truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cioccolato_di_Modica" title="Cioccolato di Modica">Cioccolato di Modica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fudge" title="Fudge">Fudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganache" title="Ganache">Ganache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_chocolate" title="Hot chocolate">Hot chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chocolate_drinks" title="List of chocolate drinks">Other beverages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chocolate-covered_foods" title="List of chocolate-covered foods">Chocolate-covered foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mint_chocolate" title="Mint chocolate">Mint chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_(sauce)" title="Mole (sauce)">Mole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #7B3F00; color: white;">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerated_chocolate" title="Aerated chocolate">Aerated chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broma_process" title="Broma process">Broma process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conching" title="Conching">Conching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_process_cocoa" title="Dutch process cocoa">Dutch process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrober" title="Enrober">Enrober</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_crust" title="Sugar crust">Sugar crust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempered_chocolate" title="Tempered chocolate">Tempering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #7B3F00; color: white;">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bean-to-bar" title="Bean-to-bar">Bean-to-bar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bean-to-bar_chocolate_manufacturers" title="List of bean-to-bar chocolate manufacturers">Manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Chocolate" title="Big Chocolate">Big Chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolaterie" title="Chocolaterie">Chocolaterie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolatier" title="Chocolatier">Chocolatier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire%E2%80%93Ghana_Cocoa_Initiative" title="Côte d'Ivoire–Ghana Cocoa Initiative">Côte d'Ivoire–Ghana Cocoa Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_Chocolate" title="The Dark Side of Chocolate">The Dark Side of Chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cocoa_production" title="Environmental impact of cocoa production">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Cocoa_and_Chocolate_Directive" title="European Cocoa and Chocolate Directive">European Cocoa and Chocolate Directive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade_cocoa" title="Fair trade cocoa">Fair trade cocoa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_cocoa_production" title="Child labour in cocoa production">Child labour in cocoa production</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkin%E2%80%93Engel_Protocol" title="Harkin–Engel Protocol">Harkin–Engel Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cocoa_Organization" title="International Cocoa Organization">International Cocoa Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cocoa_Quarantine_Centre" title="International Cocoa Quarantine Centre">International Cocoa Quarantine Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Chocolate industry in the Philippines">Philippine chocolate industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_production_in_Ghana" title="Cocoa production in Ghana">Production in Ghana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Cocoa_Board" title="Ghana Cocoa Board">Ghana Cocoa Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_production_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Cocoa production in Ivory Coast">Production in Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_production_in_Nigeria" title="Cocoa production in Nigeria">Production in Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_production_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cocoa production in São Tomé and Príncipe">Production in São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Cocoa_Foundation" title="World Cocoa Foundation">World Cocoa Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #7B3F00; color: white;">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_chocolate" title="Belgian chocolate">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_chocolate" title="French chocolate">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_chocolate" title="Swiss chocolate">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #7B3F00; color: white;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_bloom" title="Chocolate bloom">Chocolate bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_fountain" title="Chocolate fountain">Chocolate fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chocolate_museums" title="List of chocolate museums">Chocolate museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chocolatiers" title="List of chocolatiers">Chocolatiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_smuggling" title="Cocoa smuggling">Cocoa smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_chocolate" title="History of chocolate">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_in_savory_cooking" title="Chocolate in savory cooking">In savory cooking</a></li> <li>Military chocolate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_chocolate_(Switzerland)" title="Military chocolate (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_chocolate_(United_States)" title="Military chocolate (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #7B3F00; color: white;"><div><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chocolate" title="Category:Chocolate">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" 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[\"CITEREFChinchilla_Mazariegos2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarence-Smith2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoeCoe2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoxworth2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrameraJohnstonbOyaaSenderb2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDakinWichmann2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeMarco2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDillinger_et_al.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDillon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDroletArendtStowe1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuncan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerdowsianLevin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarronePietersSwinnen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriswold2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrivetti2008a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrivetti2008b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuzmán-AlvarezG._Márquez-Ramos2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHackenesch2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawksley2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawksley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeller2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenemanZidenberg-Cherr2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufmanJusteson2007\"] = 1,\n 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[\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Donnell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Keefe2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOff2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliver_Balch2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkerParkerBrotchie2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters,_Colette2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell-WileyPoirierBurkeDesprés2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPresilla2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPresilla2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRankinNriaguAggarwalArowolo2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiedFaklerStocks2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiedStocksFakler2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogersSmit2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSadhuKysiaOnyangoZinnes2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScarpellini2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScholeyOwen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchroderVanhanenSavage2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwanWheals2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkarnulis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmitRogers2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmit_HJ2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyderOlsenBrindle2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpyropoulos,_Fotis2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevens\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSudanoFlammerRoasetal2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwanton2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwantonde_Ávilavan_Doesburg2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVail2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeroneseDemurtasCelottoCaruso2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVillaPeixotoCadore2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitworth2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYanusSelaBorojovichZakon2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiębaMakarewicz-WujecKozłowska-Wojciechowska2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZonis\"] = 1,\n [\"Chocolate_liquor\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvesting\"] = 1,\n [\"Processing\"] = 1,\n [\"Refining\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Also\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"CELEX\"] = 4,\n [\"Chocolate\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite OED\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 34,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 45,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 47,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 13,\n [\"Cs1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvsp\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 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