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href="#Imperial_China_era_(221_BC_–_1841_AD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Imperial China era (221 BC – 1841 AD)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_China_era_(221_BC_–_1841_AD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_Hong_Kong_era_(1841–1930s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_Hong_Kong_era_(1841–1930s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Colonial Hong Kong era (1841–1930s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_Hong_Kong_era_(1841–1930s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_lease_of_Kowloon_and_the_New_Territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_lease_of_Kowloon_and_the_New_Territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>British lease of Kowloon and the New Territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_lease_of_Kowloon_and_the_New_Territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_occupation_era_(1940s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_occupation_era_(1940s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Japanese occupation era (1940s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_occupation_era_(1940s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_Japanese_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_Japanese_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Post Japanese occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_Japanese_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Modern Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_Hong_Kong-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern Hong Kong subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_Hong_Kong_under_British_rule_(1950s–1997)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Hong_Kong_under_British_rule_(1950s–1997)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Modern Hong Kong under British rule (1950s–1997)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Hong_Kong_under_British_rule_(1950s–1997)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>1950s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>1960s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.4</span> <span>1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990_to_1997" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990_to_1997"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.5</span> <span>1990 to 1997</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990_to_1997-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_special_administrative_region_(1997–ongoing)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_special_administrative_region_(1997–ongoing)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Chinese special administrative region (1997–ongoing)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_special_administrative_region_(1997–ongoing)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Hong Kong</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA" title="تاريخ هونغ كونغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ هونغ كونغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="হংকং-এর ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হংকং-এর ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_Hongkongu" title="Dějiny Hongkongu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Hongkongu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Hongkongs" title="Geschichte Hongkongs – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte Hongkongs" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Hong_Kong" title="Historia de Hong Kong – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF" title="تاریخ هنگ کنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ هنگ کنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_Hong_Kong" title="Histoire de Hong Kong – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Hong_Kong" title="Historia de Hong Kong – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Historia de Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%8D%EC%BD%A9%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="홍콩의 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="홍콩의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="היסטוריה של הונג קונג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של הונג קונג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelme" title="Hongkong történelme – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hongkong történelme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Hong_Kong" title="Sejarah Hong Kong – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejarah Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="香港の歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="香港の歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkongin_historia" title="Hongkongin historia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hongkongin historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="ஹொங்கொங் வரலாறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹொங்கொங் வரலாறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_tarihi" title="Hong Kong tarihi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hong Kong tarihi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_H%E1%BB%93ng_K%C3%B4ng" title="Lịch sử Hồng Kông – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lịch sử Hồng Kông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;background:#EFEFEF;"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hong_Kong_history" title="Timeline of Hong Kong history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;padding:0.3em;;text-align: left; padding-left:0;"> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Hong_Kong" title="Prehistoric Hong Kong">Prehistoric</a></b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong_under_Imperial_China" title="History of Hong Kong under Imperial China"><b>Imperial</b>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(221 BC – 1800s)</span></a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bao%27an_County" title="Bao'an County">Bao'an County and Xin'an County</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British Hong Kong</a></b> (1841–1941, 1945–1997) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong_(1800s%E2%80%931930s)" title="History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)">Colonial  <span style="font-size:85%;">(1800s–1930s)</span></a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Chuenpi" title="Convention of Chuenpi">Convention of Chuenpi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Peking" title="Convention of Peking">Convention of Peking</a></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Extension_of_Hong_Kong_Territory" title="Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory">Convention for the Extension of <br /> Hong Kong Territory</a></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Japanese occupation (1941–1945)   <span style="font-size:85%;">(1940s)</span></a></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1950s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1950s in Hong Kong">1950s</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1960s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1960s in Hong Kong">1960s</a> (<a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 riots</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1970s in Hong Kong">1970s</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1980s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1980s in Hong Kong">1980s</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1990s in Hong Kong">1990s</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Retrocession to China</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China">Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China</a> (since 1997)</b> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2000s in Hong Kong">2000s</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2010s in Hong Kong">2010s</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2020s in Hong Kong">2020s</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 Hong Kong protests">2019–20 protests</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li><li>National security law (<a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law">2020</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safeguarding_National_Security_Ordinance" title="Safeguarding National Security Ordinance">2024</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Hong Kong electoral reform">2021 electoral reform</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;background:#EFEFEF;"> By topic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;padding:0.3em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_history_of_Hong_Kong" title="Aviation history of Hong Kong">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bus_transport_in_Hong_Kong" title="History of bus transport in Hong Kong">Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Culture of Hong Kong">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Education in Hong Kong">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hong_Kong" title="Geography of Hong Kong">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_standards_in_Hong_Kong" title="Technical standards in Hong Kong">Technical standards</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;padding-top:0.15em; font-weight: normal"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History of China</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hong_Kong" title="Portal:Hong Kong">Hong Kong portal</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Hong_Kong" title="Template:History of Hong Kong"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Hong_Kong" title="Template talk:History of Hong Kong"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Hong_Kong" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Hong Kong"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The region of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> has been inhabited since the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Old Stone Age</a>, later becoming part of the Chinese Empire with its loose incorporation into the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> (221–206 BC). Starting out as a <a href="/wiki/Walled_villages_of_Hong_Kong" title="Walled villages of Hong Kong">farming</a> fishing <a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of villages in Hong Kong">village</a> and salt production site, it became an important free port and eventually a major international <a href="/wiki/Financial_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial center">financial center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> ceded Hong Kong to the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in 1842 through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Nanjing">Treaty of Nanjing</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a>. Hong Kong then became a British <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">crown colony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain also won the <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a>, forcing the Qing Empire to cede <a href="/wiki/Kowloon" title="Kowloon">Kowloon</a> in 1860, while leasing the <a href="/wiki/New_Territories" title="New Territories">New Territories</a> for 99 years from 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japan occupied Hong Kong from 1941 to 1945 during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the war in 1945, Hong Kong had been liberated by joint British and Chinese troops and returned to British rule.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hong Kong greatly increased its population from refugees from mainland China, particularly during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>. In the 1950s, Hong Kong transformed from a territory of <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt trade</a> to one of industry and manufacturing.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a> prompted manufacturers to relocate to China, leading Hong Kong to develop its commercial and financial industry. </p><p>In 1984, the British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a>, which incited a wave of emigration from Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">handover of Hong Kong</a> on 1 July 1997, returned Hong Kong to Chinese rule, and it adopted the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Hong Kong Basic Law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, Hong Kong has continued to enjoy success as a financial centre. However, civil unrest, dissatisfaction with the government and Chinese influence, in general, has been a central issue.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The planned implementation of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Article_23" title="Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23">Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23</a> caused great controversy and a <a href="/wiki/2003_July_1_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 July 1 protest">massive demonstration on 1 July 2003</a>, causing the bill to be shelved.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citizens expressed displeasure at their electoral system, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">2014 Hong Kong protests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the proposed <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Offenders_and_Mutual_Legal_Assistance_in_Criminal_Matters_Legislation_(Amendment)_Bill_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019">Hong Kong extradition bill</a> was seen as another step taken by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Chinese Communist Party</a> to undermine Hong Kong's Rule of Law, instigating a new wave of <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 Hong Kong protests">protests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law">Hong Kong national security law</a> to restore stability in the territory. The new law was highly scrutinized by the pro-democracy faction and provoked further political pessimism among the city's populace.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistoric_era">Prehistoric era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistoric era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Hong_Kong" title="Prehistoric Hong Kong">Prehistoric Hong Kong</a></div> <p>Archaeological findings suggesting human activity in Hong Kong date back over 30,000 years. Stone tools from the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Old Stone Age</a> have been excavated in <a href="/wiki/Sai_Kung_District" title="Sai Kung District">Sai Kung</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wong_Tei_Tung" title="Wong Tei Tung">Wong Tei Tung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stone tools found in Sai Kung were perhaps from a stone tool making ground from perhaps the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic period">Late Neolithic period</a> or <a href="/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence of an <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> settlement in Hong Kong was found at <a href="/wiki/Wong_Tei_Tung" title="Wong Tei Tung">Wong Tei Tung</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sham_Chung" title="Sham Chung">Sham Chung</a> beside the <a href="/wiki/Three_Fathoms_Cove" title="Three Fathoms Cove">Three Fathoms Cove</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sai_Kung_Peninsula" title="Sai Kung Peninsula">Sai Kung Peninsula</a>. There were 6000 <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artefacts</a> found in a slope in the area and jointly confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Archaeological_Society" title="Hong Kong Archaeological Society">Hong Kong Archaeological Society</a> and Centre for Lingnan Archaeology of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen_University" title="Sun Yat-sen University">Sun Yat-sen University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Neolithic era began approximately 7,000 years ago in Hong Kong. The settlers in this area during that time were the <a href="/wiki/Che_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Che people">Che people</a>, who also settled on the coast of southern China. Excavations were mostly found on the western shores of Hong Kong. This location was most likely chosen to avoid strong winds from the southeast and to collect food from the nearby shores. Settlement can be found in <a href="/wiki/Cheung_Chau" title="Cheung Chau">Cheung Chau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lantau_Island" title="Lantau Island">Lantau Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lamma_Island" title="Lamma Island">Lamma Island</a>. </p><p>The coming of the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> brought an influx of <a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Yuet people</a> from the north into the area. They probably might have avoided the instabilities at the north and went south. <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a> fishing, combat, and ritual tools were excavated on Lantau Island and Lamma Island. <a href="/wiki/Ma_Wan" title="Ma Wan">Ma Wan</a> was the earliest settlement with direct evidence in Hong Kong. The Yuet people competed and assimilated with the indigenous Che people.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hong Kong's prehistoric period ended roughly around the duration of the Qin and Han dynasties, when the territory became part of <a href="/wiki/Panyu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Panyu District">Panyu County</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (October 2023)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imperial_China_era_(221_BC_–_1841_AD)"><span id="Imperial_China_era_.28221_BC_.E2.80.93_1841_AD.29"></span>Imperial China era (221 BC – 1841 AD)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Imperial China era (221 BC – 1841 AD)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_San_On_in_Kwangtung_1866.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Map_of_San_On_in_Kwangtung_1866.jpg/220px-Map_of_San_On_in_Kwangtung_1866.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Map_of_San_On_in_Kwangtung_1866.jpg/330px-Map_of_San_On_in_Kwangtung_1866.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Map_of_San_On_in_Kwangtung_1866.jpg/440px-Map_of_San_On_in_Kwangtung_1866.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1708" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Bao%27an_County" title="Bao'an County">Bao'an (Po On) County</a> in 1866. It shows that Hong Kong and Shenzhen used to be a part of Bao'an County in the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong_under_Imperial_China" title="History of Hong Kong under Imperial China">History of Hong Kong under Imperial China</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nam_Viet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nam Viet">Nam Viet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bao%27an_County" title="Bao'an County">Bao'an County</a></div> <p>The territory that now comprises Hong Kong was loosely part of China during the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> (221–206 BC), and the area was part of the ancient kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Nam_Viet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nam Viet">Nam Viet</a> (203–111 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Qin dynasty, the territory was governed by <a href="/wiki/Panyu_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Panyu County">Panyu County</a> until the time of the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty (265–420)">Jin dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological evidence indicates that the population increased during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (206 BC – AD 220). In the 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Lei_Cheng_Uk_Han_Tomb_Museum" title="Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb Museum">tomb at Lei Cheng Uk</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a> (25–220  AD) was excavated and archaeologists began to investigate the possibility that salt production flourished in Hong Kong around 2000 years ago, although conclusive evidence has not been found. <a href="/wiki/Tai_Po_Hoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Po Hoi">Tai Po Hoi</a>, the sea of Tai Po, was a major <a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">pearl hunting</a> harbour in China from the Han dynasty through to the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (1368–1644), with activities peaking during the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Han" title="Southern Han">Southern Han</a> (917–971). </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty (265–420)">Jin dynasty</a> until the early <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, Hong Kong was governed by <a href="/wiki/Bao%27an_County" title="Bao'an County">Bao'an County</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> region flourished as an international trading centre. The <a href="/wiki/Tuen_Mun" title="Tuen Mun">Tuen Mun</a> region in what is now Hong Kong's <a href="/wiki/New_Territories" title="New Territories">New Territories</a> served as a port, naval base, salt production centre and later as a base for the exploitation of pearls. <a href="/wiki/Lantau_Island" title="Lantau Island">Lantau Island</a> was also a salt production centre, where riots by salt smugglers against the government broke out. From the middle of the Tang dynasty until the Ming dynasty, Hong Kong was governed by <a href="/wiki/Dongguan_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongguan County">Dongguan County</a>. </p><p>On 10 May 1278, Child <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Bing" title="Zhao Bing">Zhao Bing</a>, the last Song dynasty emperor, was enthroned at <a href="/wiki/Mui_Wo" title="Mui Wo">Mui Wo</a> on Lantau Island; this event is commemorated by the <a href="/wiki/Sung_Wong_Toi" title="Sung Wong Toi">Sung Wong Toi</a> memorial in Kowloon.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamen" title="Battle of Yamen">Battle of Yamen</a> on 19 March 1279, the child emperor committed suicide by drowning with his officials at Mount Ya (modern <a href="/wiki/Yamen_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamen (town)">Yamen Town</a> in Guangdong).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Mongol period, Hong Kong saw its first population boom as Chinese refugees entered the area. Most of these refugees were Chinese Song dynasty loyalists fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Song_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Song China">Mongol conquest of Song China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the immigration and sparse development of agriculture, the area was hilly and relatively barren. People had to rely on salt, pearl and fishery trades to produce income. Some clans built <a href="/wiki/Walled_villages_of_Hong_Kong" title="Walled villages of Hong Kong">walled villages</a> to protect themselves from the threat of bandits, rival clans and wild animals. The Qing-dynasty Chinese pirate <a href="/wiki/Cheung_Po_Tsai" title="Cheung Po Tsai">Cheung Po Tsai</a> became a legend in Hong Kong. </p><p>In the mid-17th century, after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Clearance" title="Great Clearance">Great Clearance</a> policy which purged most of the region's population, under the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> order, many <a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka people</a> migrated from inland China to Xin'an County, which included modern Hong Kong. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> dynasties, Hong Kong remained under the governance of Xin'an County (renamed from Bao'an County), before it was colonised by <a href="/wiki/British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="British government">the British</a>. As a military outpost and trading port, Hong Kong's territory gained the attention of the world. </p><p>Before the British government colonised the <a href="/wiki/New_Territories" title="New Territories">New Territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Kowloon" title="New Kowloon">New Kowloon</a> in 1898, <a href="/wiki/Punti" title="Punti">Punti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanka_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanka (ethnic group)">Tanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hoklo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoklo">Hoklo</a> people had migrated to and stayed in Hong Kong for many years. They are the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_inhabitants_of_the_New_Territories_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous inhabitants of the New Territories (Hong Kong)">indigenous inhabitants</a> of Hong Kong. The Punti and Hoklo lived in the New Territories while the Tanka and Hakka lived both in the New Territories and Hong Kong Island. British reports on Hong Kong described the Tanka and <a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hoklo</a> living in Hong Kong "since time unknown".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Americana" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Americana">Encyclopaedia Americana</a></i> described Hoklo and Tanka as living in Hong Kong "since prehistoric times".<sup id="cite_ref-google474_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google474-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google2006_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2006-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google1981_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google1981-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a> was raised over <a href="/wiki/Possession_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Possession Point">Possession Point</a> on 26 January 1841, the population of Hong Kong island was about 7,450, mostly <a href="/wiki/Tanka_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanka (ethnic group)">Tanka</a> fishermen and <a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a> <a href="/wiki/Charcoal_maker" class="mw-redirect" title="Charcoal maker">charcoal burners</a> living in several coastal villages.<sup id="cite_ref-thomson_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomson-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1850s large numbers of Chinese would emigrate from China to Hong Kong due to the <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a>. Other events such as floods, typhoons and famine in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> would also play a role in establishing Hong Kong as a place to escape the mayhem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonial_Hong_Kong_era_(1841–1930s)"><span id="Colonial_Hong_Kong_era_.281841.E2.80.931930s.29"></span>Colonial Hong Kong era (1841–1930s)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Colonial Hong Kong era (1841–1930s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong_(1800s%E2%80%931930s)" title="History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)">History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British Hong Kong</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:70%; text-align=left; margin:1em auto 1em auto;"> <caption>Treaties and conventions between Britain and China related to Hong Kong </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="10%"><b>Date</b> </th> <th width="20%"><b>Treaty</b> </th> <th width="25%"><b>Outcome</b> </th> <th width="50%"><b>Notes</b> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td>20 January 1841</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Chuenpi" title="Convention of Chuenpi">Convention of Chuenpi</a></td> <td>Preliminary cession of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island" title="Hong Kong Island">Hong Kong Island</a> to the United Kingdom </td> <td rowspan="2">Included <a href="/wiki/Green_Island,_Hong_Kong" title="Green Island, Hong Kong">Green Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ap_Lei_Chau" title="Ap Lei Chau">Ap Lei Chau</a>.<br />Before the cession of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island" title="Hong Kong Island">Hong Kong Island</a>, this territory was governed by <a href="/wiki/Bao%27an_County" title="Bao'an County">Xin'an County</a> . </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td>29 August 1842</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a></td> <td>Cession of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island" title="Hong Kong Island">Hong Kong Island</a>, founded as a crown colony of the United Kingdom </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td>18 October 1860</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention of Beijing">Convention of Beijing</a></td> <td>Cession of <a href="/wiki/Kowloon" title="Kowloon">Kowloon</a></td> <td>South of <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Street" title="Boundary Street">Boundary Street</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Ngong_Shuen_Chau" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngong Shuen Chau">Ngong Shuen Chau</a>.<br />Before the cession of <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Peninsula" title="Kowloon Peninsula">Kowloon Peninsula</a>, this territory was governed by <a href="/wiki/Bao%27an_County" title="Bao'an County">Xin'an County</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td>1 July 1898</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Extension_of_Hong_Kong_Territory" title="Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory">Second Convention of Beijing</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Extension_of_Hong_Kong_Territory" title="Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory">Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory</a></i>)</span></td> <td>Lease of the <a href="/wiki/New_Territories" title="New Territories">New Territories</a></td> <td>South of the <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenzhen River">Shenzhen River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bao%27an_County" title="Bao'an County">Xin'an County</a>, including <a href="/wiki/New_Kowloon" title="New Kowloon">New Kowloon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lantau" class="mw-redirect" title="Lantau">Lantau</a> and outlying islands. </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Situationsk%C3%A4rtchen_von_Kanton,_Makao,_Hongkong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Situationsk%C3%A4rtchen_von_Kanton%2C_Makao%2C_Hongkong.jpg/140px-Situationsk%C3%A4rtchen_von_Kanton%2C_Makao%2C_Hongkong.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Situationsk%C3%A4rtchen_von_Kanton%2C_Makao%2C_Hongkong.jpg/210px-Situationsk%C3%A4rtchen_von_Kanton%2C_Makao%2C_Hongkong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Situationsk%C3%A4rtchen_von_Kanton%2C_Makao%2C_Hongkong.jpg/280px-Situationsk%C3%A4rtchen_von_Kanton%2C_Makao%2C_Hongkong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="1233" /></a><figcaption>1888 German map of Hong Kong, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton (Guangzhou)</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Peking1887.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Treaty_of_Peking1887.jpg/140px-Treaty_of_Peking1887.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Treaty_of_Peking1887.jpg/210px-Treaty_of_Peking1887.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Treaty_of_Peking1887.jpg/280px-Treaty_of_Peking1887.jpg 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peking" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Peking">Treaty of Peking</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By the early 19th century, the British Empire trade was heavily dependent upon the importation of tea, silk, and porcelain from China.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the British exported to China luxury items such as clocks and watches, there remained an overwhelming imbalance in trade. China developed a strong demand for silver, which was a difficult commodity for the British to come by in large quantities. The counterbalance of trade came with exports to China of opium grown in India. By the late 19th century China grew most of the opium it used.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Chinese commissioner, <a href="/wiki/Lin_Zexu" title="Lin Zexu">Lin Zexu</a>, voiced to <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> the Qing state's opposition to the opium trade. The <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> which ensued lasted from 1839 to 1842. Britain occupied the island of Hong Kong on 25 January 1841 and used it as a military staging point. China was defeated and was forced to cede Hong Kong in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a> signed on 29 August 1842. The island became a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">crown colony</a> of the British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christian missionaries founded many schools and churches in Hong Kong. St Stephen's Anglican Church located in West Point was founded by the <a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Mission Society</a> in 1865. <a href="/wiki/Ying_Wa_Girls%27_School" title="Ying Wa Girls' School">Ying Wa Girls' School</a> located in Mid-levels was founded by the <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a> in 1900. The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_College_of_Medicine_for_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese">Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese</a> was founded by the London Missionary Society in 1887, and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> was one of its first two graduates in 1892. The college was the forerunner of the School of Medicine of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong" title="University of Hong Kong">University of Hong Kong</a>, which was established in 1911. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_Victoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/City_of_Victoria.jpg/220px-City_of_Victoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/City_of_Victoria.jpg/330px-City_of_Victoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/City_of_Victoria.jpg/440px-City_of_Victoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Victoria Harbour and Hong Kong Island in the 1860s</figcaption></figure> <p>Along with fellow students <a href="/wiki/Yeung_Hok-ling" title="Yeung Hok-ling">Yeung Hok-ling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chan_Siu-bak" title="Chan Siu-bak">Chan Siu-bak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yau_Lit" title="Yau Lit">Yau Lit</a>, Sun Yat-sen started to promote the thought of overthrowing the Qing empire while he studied in the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese. The four students were known by the Qing as the <a href="/wiki/Four_Bandits" title="Four Bandits">Four Bandits</a>. Sun attended To Tsai Church (道濟會堂, founded by the London Missionary Society in 1888) while he studied in this college. Sun led the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Revolution_of_1911" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Revolution of 1911">Chinese Revolution of 1911</a>, which changed China from an empire to a republic. </p><p>In April 1899, the residents of <a href="/wiki/Kam_Tin" title="Kam Tin">Kam Tin</a> rebelled against the colonial government. They defended themselves in <a href="/wiki/Kat_Hing_Wai" title="Kat Hing Wai">Kat Hing Wai</a>, a walled village. After several unsuccessful attacks by the British troops, the iron gate was blasted open. The gate was then shipped to London for exhibition. Under the demand of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang clan">Tang clan</a> in 1924, the gate was eventually returned in 1925 by the 16th governor, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Edward_Stubbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginald Edward Stubbs">Sir Reginald Stubbs</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_China_Gas_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong and China Gas Company">The first gas company</a> opened in 1862. In 1890 came the <a href="/wiki/Hongkong_Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongkong Electric">first electric company</a>. For local travel rickshaws gave way to <a href="/wiki/History_of_bus_transport_in_Hong_Kong" title="History of bus transport in Hong Kong">buses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hongkong_and_Yaumati_Ferry" title="Hongkong and Yaumati Ferry">ferries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peak_Tram" title="Peak Tram">trams</a>. <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Airways" title="Imperial Airways">Imperial Airways</a> set up a base in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every industry went through major transformation and growth. Western-style education made advances through the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Stewart_(colonial_administrator)" title="Frederick Stewart (colonial administrator)">Frederick Stewart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a crucial step in separating Hong Kong from mainland China during the political turmoil associated with the falling Qing dynasty. The base of the future financial center was formed with the opening of <a href="/wiki/The_Hongkong_and_Shanghai_Banking_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation">The Hongkong and Shanghai Bank</a> in 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Third_plague_pandemic" title="Third plague pandemic">Third Pandemic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_Plague" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubonic Plague">Bubonic Plague</a> attacked Hong Kong in the <a href="/wiki/1894_Hong_Kong_plague" title="1894 Hong Kong plague">1894 Hong Kong plague</a>. It provided the pretext for <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial zoning</a> with the creation of <a href="/wiki/Peak_Reservation_Ordinance" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak Reservation Ordinance">Peak Reservation Ordinance</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and recognising the importance of the <a href="/wiki/Tung_Wah_Hospital" title="Tung Wah Hospital">first hospital</a>. </p><p>On the outbreak of World War I in 1914, fear of a possible attack on the colony led to an exodus of 60,000 Chinese. However, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_during_World_War_I" title="Hong Kong during World War I">Hong Kong during World War I</a> saw no direct military action, and Hong Kong's population continued to boom in the following decades from 530,000 in 1916 to 725,000 in 1925. Nonetheless, the crisis in mainland China in the 1920s and 1930s left Hong Kong vulnerable to a strategic invasion from <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a>. </p><p>In 1937, Hong Kong was <a href="/wiki/1937_Great_Hong_Kong_typhoon" class="mw-redirect" title="1937 Great Hong Kong typhoon">struck by a major typhoon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_lease_of_Kowloon_and_the_New_Territories">British lease of Kowloon and the New Territories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: British lease of Kowloon and the New Territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg/220px-Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg/330px-Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg/440px-Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1942" data-file-height="1466" /></a><figcaption>By 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Walled_City" title="Kowloon Walled City">Kowloon Walled City</a> contained 50,000 residents within its 2.6-hectare (6.4-acre) borders.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1860, at the end of the Second Opium War, the United Kingdom gained a perpetual lease over the Kowloon Peninsula, which is the mainland Chinese area just across the strait from Hong Kong Island. This agreement was part of the Convention of Beijing that ended that conflict.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the second half of the 19th century, the British became increasingly wary of the Chinese-controlled islands surrounding their newly bought port. After the <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a> (1898, <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Extension_of_Hong_Kong_Territory" title="Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory">Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory</a>) the British negotiated a lease of the "New Territories" in which the British would receive newer outlying islands for 99 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Szczepanski_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szczepanski-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 December 1984, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration, in which Britain agreed to return not only the New Territories but also Kowloon and Hong Kong itself when the lease term expired. China promised to implement a "One Country, Two Systems" regime, under which for fifty years Hong Kong citizens could continue to practice capitalism and political freedoms forbidden on the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 July 1997<span class="noprint"> (27 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1997-07-01</span>)</span>, the lease ended, and the United Kingdom transferred control of Hong Kong and surrounding territories to the People's Republic of China.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japanese_occupation_era_(1940s)"><span id="Japanese_occupation_era_.281940s.29"></span>Japanese occupation era (1940s)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Japanese occupation era (1940s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Occupation_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Occupation of Hong Kong">Japanese Occupation of Hong Kong</a></div> <p>Hong Kong was occupied by Japan from 23 December 1941 to 15 August 1945. The period, called '3 years and 8 months' halted the economy. The British, Canadians, Indians and the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Forces resisted the Japanese invasion commanded by <a href="/wiki/Sakai_Takashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakai Takashi">Sakai Takashi</a> which started on 8 December 1941, eight hours after the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>. Japan achieved air superiority on the first day of battle and the defensive forces were outnumbered. The British and the Indians retreated from the <a href="/wiki/Gin_Drinker%27s_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Gin Drinker's Line">Gin Drinker's Line</a> and consequently from <a href="/wiki/Kowloon" title="Kowloon">Kowloon</a> under heavy aerial bombardment and artillery barrage. Fierce fighting continued on <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island" title="Hong Kong Island">Hong Kong Island</a>; the only <a href="/wiki/Reservoirs_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Reservoirs in Hong Kong">reservoir</a> was lost. Canadian <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Grenadiers" title="Winnipeg Grenadiers">Winnipeg Grenadiers</a> fought at the crucial <a href="/wiki/Wong_Nai_Chong_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Wong Nai Chong Gap">Wong Nai Chong Gap</a>, which was the passage between the north and the secluded southern parts of the island.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 25 December 1941, referred to as <i>Black Christmas</i> by locals, British colonial officials headed by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong" title="Governor of Hong Kong">governor of Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Aitchison_Young" title="Mark Aitchison Young">Mark Aitchison Young</a>, surrendered in person at the Japanese headquarters on the third floor of the <a href="/wiki/The_Peninsula_Hong_Kong" title="The Peninsula Hong Kong">Peninsula Hotel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Isogai_Rensuke" class="mw-redirect" title="Isogai Rensuke">Isogai Rensuke</a> became the first Japanese governor of Hong Kong. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JapaneseWarCriminalsHK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/JapaneseWarCriminalsHK.jpg/220px-JapaneseWarCriminalsHK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/JapaneseWarCriminalsHK.jpg/330px-JapaneseWarCriminalsHK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/JapaneseWarCriminalsHK.jpg/440px-JapaneseWarCriminalsHK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>Japanese war criminals prepare for their transfer to <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Prison" title="Stanley Prison">Stanley Prison</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the Japanese occupation, <a href="/wiki/Hyper-inflation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyper-inflation">hyper-inflation</a> and food rationing became the norm of daily lives. It became unlawful to own <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Hong Kong dollars</a>, which were replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_military_currency_(1937%E2%80%931945)" title="Japanese military currency (1937–1945)">Japanese military yen</a>, a currency without reserves issued by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> administration. During the three and half years of occupation by the Japanese, an estimated 10,000 Hong Kong civilians were executed, while many others were tortured, raped, or mutilated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2007123_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007123-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip Snow, a prominent historian of the period, said that the Japanese cut rations for civilians to conserve food for soldiers, usually to starvation levels and deported many to famine- and disease-ridden areas of the <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland</a>. Most of the repatriated had come to Hong Kong just a few years earlier to flee the terror of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> in mainland China. </p><p>By the end of the war in 1945, Hong Kong had been liberated by joint British and Chinese troops. The population of Hong Kong had shrunk to 600,000; less than half of the pre-war population of 1.6 million due to scarcity of food and emigration. The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Revolution_(1949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Revolution (1949)">communist revolution in China</a> in 1949 led to another population boom in Hong Kong. Thousands of <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> emigrated from mainland China to Hong Kong, and made it an important <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a> until the United Nations ordered a <a href="/wiki/Trade_embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade embargo">trade embargo</a> on mainland China due to the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. More refugees came during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post_Japanese_occupation">Post Japanese occupation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post Japanese occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Second World War, the trend of decolonization swept across the world. Still, Britain chose to keep Hong Kong for strategic reasons. To consolidate its rule, constitutional changes, the <a href="/wiki/Young_Plan_(Hong_Kong)" title="Young Plan (Hong Kong)">Young Plan</a>, were proposed in response to the trend of decolonization so as to meet the needs of the people. The political and institutional system made only minimal changes due to the political instability in mainland China at that time (aforementioned) which caused an influx of mainland residents to Hong Kong. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Hong_Kong">Modern Hong Kong</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Hong_Kong_under_British_rule_(1950s–1997)"><span id="Modern_Hong_Kong_under_British_rule_.281950s.E2.80.931997.29"></span>Modern Hong Kong under British rule (1950s–1997)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern Hong Kong under British rule (1950s–1997)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1950s">1950s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hk1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Hk1950.jpg/300px-Hk1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Hk1950.jpg/450px-Hk1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Hk1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Hong_Kong" title="Victoria, Hong Kong">Victoria, Hong Kong</a>, 1950s</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1950s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1950s in Hong Kong">1950s in Hong Kong</a></div> <p>Skills and capital brought by refugees of mainland China, especially from Shanghai, along with a vast pool of cheap labour helped revive the economy. At the same time, many foreign firms relocated their offices from Shanghai to Hong Kong. Enjoying unprecedented growth, Hong Kong transformed from a territory of <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt trade</a> to one of industry and manufacturing. The early industrial centres, where many of the workers spent the majority of their days, turned out anything that could be produced with small space from <a href="/wiki/Buttons" class="mw-redirect" title="Buttons">buttons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_flowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial flowers">artificial flowers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbrellas" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrellas">umbrellas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enamelware" class="mw-redirect" title="Enamelware">enamelware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Footwear" title="Footwear">footwear</a> to <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a>. </p><p>Large squatter camps developed throughout the territory providing homes for the massive and growing number of immigrants. The camps, however, posed a fire and health hazard, leading to disasters like the <a href="/wiki/Shek_Kip_Mei_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Shek Kip Mei Fire">Shek Kip Mei Fire</a>. Governor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Grantham" title="Alexander Grantham">Alexander Grantham</a> responded with a "multi-storey buildings" plan as a standard. It was the beginning of the high-rise buildings. Conditions in public housing were very basic with several families sharing communal cooking facilities. Other aspects of life changed as traditional <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_opera" title="Cantonese opera">Cantonese opera</a> gave way to <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">big screen cinemas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Tourism in Hong Kong">The tourism industry</a> began to formalise. <a href="/wiki/North_Point" title="North Point">North Point</a> was known as <i>"<a href="/wiki/Little_Shanghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Shanghai">Little Shanghai</a>"</i> (小上海), since in the minds of many, it had already become the replacement for the surrendered Shanghai in China.<sup id="cite_ref-Wordie_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wordie-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1960s">1960s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queueing_for_water_in_Hong_Kong_July_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A queue of people with water containers outside a building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Queueing_for_water_in_Hong_Kong_July_1963.jpg/300px-Queueing_for_water_in_Hong_Kong_July_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Queueing_for_water_in_Hong_Kong_July_1963.jpg/450px-Queueing_for_water_in_Hong_Kong_July_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Queueing_for_water_in_Hong_Kong_July_1963.jpg/600px-Queueing_for_water_in_Hong_Kong_July_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4917" data-file-height="3253" /></a><figcaption>Queueing for water in Hong Kong, July 1963</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1960s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1960s in Hong Kong">1960s in Hong Kong</a></div> <p>The manufacturing industry opened a new decade employing large sections of the population. The period is considered a turning point for Hong Kong's economy. The construction business was also revamped with new detailed guidelines for the first time since World War II. While Hong Kong started out with a low <a href="/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Domestic Product">GDP</a>, it used the textile industry as the foundation to boost the economy. China's <a href="/wiki/Cultural_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural revolution">cultural revolution</a> put Hong Kong on a new political stage. Events like the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_1967_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong 1967 riots">1967 riot</a> filled the streets with <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">home-made bombs</a> and chaos. Bomb disposal experts from the police and the <a href="/wiki/British_military" class="mw-redirect" title="British military">British military</a> defused as many as 8,000 home-made bombs. One in every eight bombs was genuine.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Family values and Chinese tradition were challenged as people spent more time in the factories than at home. Other features of the period included water shortages, long working hours coupled with extremely low wages. The <a href="/wiki/H3N2" class="mw-redirect" title="H3N2">Hong Kong Flu</a> of 1968 infected 15% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-Starling_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starling-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amidst all the struggle, "Made in Hong Kong" went from a label that marked cheap low-grade products to a label that marked high-quality products.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2014)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1970s">1970s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hong_Kong_1978.jpg/300px-Hong_Kong_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hong_Kong_1978.jpg/450px-Hong_Kong_1978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hong_Kong_1978.jpg/600px-Hong_Kong_1978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kowloon_City" title="Kowloon City">Kowloon City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Hong_Kong" title="Victoria, Hong Kong">Victoria, Hong Kong</a>, 1970s</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1970s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1970s in Hong Kong">1970s in Hong Kong</a></div> <p>The 1970s saw the extension of <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Education in Hong Kong">government subsidised education</a> from six years to nine years and the setup of Hong Kong's <a href="/wiki/Country_parks_and_conservation_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Country parks and conservation in Hong Kong">country parks system</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The opening of the mainland Chinese market and rising salaries drove many manufacturers north. Hong Kong consolidated its position as a commercial and tourism centre in Asia. High <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>, literacy, per-capita income and other socio-economic measures attest to Hong Kong's achievements over the last four decades of the 20th century. Higher income also led to the introduction of the first high-rise, <a href="/wiki/Private_housing_estates" class="mw-redirect" title="Private housing estates">private housing estates</a> with <a href="/wiki/Taikoo_Shing" title="Taikoo Shing">Taikoo Shing</a>. From this time, people's homes became part of Hong Kong's skyline and scenery. </p><p>In 1974, <a href="/wiki/MacLehose_of_Beoch" class="mw-redirect" title="MacLehose of Beoch">Murray McLehose</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Commission Against Corruption of Hong Kong">ICAC</a>, the Independent Commission Against Corruption, to combat corruption within the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">police force</a>. The corruption was so widespread that a mass police petition took place resisting prosecutions. Despite early opposition to the ICAC by the police force, Hong Kong was successful in its anti-corruption efforts, eventually becoming one of the <a href="/wiki/Index_of_perception_of_corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of perception of corruption">least corrupt societies in the world</a>. </p><p>The early 1970s saw legislation requiring equal pay and benefits for equal work by men and women, including the right for married women to be permanent employees.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1980s">1980s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hk1989a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hk1989a.jpg/300px-Hk1989a.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Hk1989a.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Hong_Kong" title="Victoria, Hong Kong">Victoria, Hong Kong</a>, 1980s</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1980s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1980s in Hong Kong">1980s in Hong Kong</a></div> <p>In 1982, the British prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, hoped that the increasing openness of the PRC government and the <a href="/wiki/Economic_reform_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic reform in the People's Republic of China">economic reform</a> in the mainland would allow the continuation of British rule. The resulting meeting led to the signing of <a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a> and the proposal of the <a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a> concept by <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>. But this time, Hong Kong was recognised as one of the wealthiest representatives of the far east. Political news dominated the media; while <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">real estate</a> took a major upswing, the financial world was rattled by panics, resulting in waves of changes in policy and <a href="/wiki/Black_Saturday_(1983)" title="Black Saturday (1983)">Black Saturday</a>. Warnings of the coming <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">handover</a> raised <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigration</a> levels to historic highs. Many left Hong Kong for the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, Japan, and anywhere else in the world without any communist influence. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Hong Kong's Cinema</a> enjoyed one paramount run that put it on the international map. Some of the biggest names included <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chow_Yun-fat" title="Chow Yun-fat">Chow Yun-fat</a>. The music world also saw a new group of <a href="/wiki/Cantopop" title="Cantopop">cantopop</a> stars like <a href="/wiki/Anita_Mui" title="Anita Mui">Anita Mui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Cheung" title="Leslie Cheung">Leslie Cheung</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1990_to_1997">1990 to 1997</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1990 to 1997"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HK1996t.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/HK1996t.jpg/300px-HK1996t.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/HK1996t.jpg/450px-HK1996t.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/HK1996t.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Hong_Kong" title="Victoria, Hong Kong">Victoria, Hong Kong</a>, 1990s</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1990s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1990s in Hong Kong">1990s in Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a></div> <p>On 4 April 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Hong Kong Basic Law</a> was officially accepted as the mini-constitution of the Hong Kong SAR after the handover. The pro-Beijing bloc welcomed the Basic Law, calling it the most democratic legal system to ever exist in the PRC. The pro-democratic bloc criticised it as not democratic enough. In July 1992, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Chris Patten</a> was appointed as the last British <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong" title="Governor of Hong Kong">governor of Hong Kong</a>. Patten had been the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> in the United Kingdom until he lost his parliamentary seat in the <a href="/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1992 United Kingdom general election">general election</a> earlier that year. Relations with the PRC government in Beijing became increasingly strained, as <a href="/wiki/1994_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" title="1994 Hong Kong electoral reform">Patten introduced democratic reforms</a> that increased the number of elected members in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a>. The PRC government viewed this as a breach of the Basic Law. On 1 July 1997, Hong Kong was handed over to Communist China by the United Kingdom. The old Legislative Council, elected under Chris Patten's reforms, was replaced by the Provisional Legislative Council elected by a selection committee whose members were appointed by the PRC government. <a href="/wiki/Tung_Chee_Hwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tung Chee Hwa">Tung Chee Hwa</a> assumed duty as the first <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief executive of Hong Kong">chief executive of Hong Kong</a>, elected in December by a selection committee with members appointed by the PRC government. He immediately reappointed the entire team of policy secretaries, guaranteeing significant continuity.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Airlines_B-165_damage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/China_Airlines_B-165_damage.jpg/220px-China_Airlines_B-165_damage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/China_Airlines_B-165_damage.jpg/330px-China_Airlines_B-165_damage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/China_Airlines_B-165_damage.jpg/440px-China_Airlines_B-165_damage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>China Airlines Boeing 747 crash landed and ended up in the harbour.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="50%">Unchanged after 1997 </th> <th width="50%">Changed after 1997 </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td> <ol><li>The long-held British practice of no general elections by HK citizens remains unchanged.</li> <li>English is still taught in all schools. However, many schools teach in <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> and English.</li> <li>The border with the mainland continues to be patrolled as before.</li> <li>Hong Kong remains an individual member of various international organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/IOC" class="mw-redirect" title="IOC">IOC</a>, <a href="/wiki/APEC" class="mw-redirect" title="APEC">APEC</a> and <a href="/wiki/WTO" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO">WTO</a>.</li> <li>Hong Kong continues to negotiate and maintain its own aviation bilateral treaties with foreign countries and territories. Flights between Hong Kong and Communist China are treated as international flights (although commonly known as inter-territorial flights in Communist China).</li> <li>Hong Kong SAR passport holders have easier access to countries in Europe and North America, while mainland citizens do not. Citizens in Communist China can apply for a visa to Hong Kong only from the PRC Government. Many former colonial citizens can still use <a href="/wiki/British_National_(Overseas)" title="British National (Overseas)">British National (Overseas)</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="British citizen">British citizen</a> passports after 1997. (See <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law_and_Hong_Kong" title="British nationality law and Hong Kong">British nationality law and Hong Kong</a>)</li> <li>It continues to have more political freedoms than Communist China, including <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>.</li> <li>Motor vehicles in Hong Kong, unlike those in Communist China, continue to <a href="/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Right- and left-hand traffic">drive on the left</a>. The last country or region to ever switch from left-hand traffic to right-hand traffic was Ghana (also a former British colony) in 1974.</li> <li>Electrical plugs (<a href="/wiki/BS_1363" class="mw-redirect" title="BS 1363">BS 1363</a>), TV transmissions (<a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL-I</a>) and many other technical standards from the United Kingdom are still used in Hong Kong. However, telephone companies ceased installing <a href="/wiki/British_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="British Standard">British Standard</a> <a href="/wiki/BS_6312" class="mw-redirect" title="BS 6312">BS 6312</a> telephone sockets in Hong Kong. See <a href="/wiki/Technical_standards_in_colonial_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical standards in colonial Hong Kong">Technical standards in colonial Hong Kong</a></li> <li>Hong Kong retains a separate <a href="/wiki/Country_calling_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Country calling code">international dialling code</a> (+852) and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_telephone_numbering_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong telephone numbering plan">telephone numbering plan</a> from that of the <a href="/wiki/China_telephone_numbering_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="China telephone numbering plan">mainland</a>. Calls between Hong Kong and the mainland still require international dialling.</li> <li>Hong Kong still uses the British date format.</li> <li>All statues of British monarchs like Queen Victoria and King George remain.</li> <li>Road names reflecting Britain's 156 years of control of the territory remain.</li></ol> </td> <td> <ol><li>The chief executive of Hong Kong is now <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hong_Kong" title="Elections in Hong Kong">chosen</a> by an <a href="/wiki/Election_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Election Committee">Election Committee</a> of 1200 members (it was initially 400, then 800), who are mainly elected from small professional sectors and pro-Chinese business groups in Hong Kong.</li> <li>All public offices now fly the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the People's Republic of China">flags of the PRC</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hong_Kong" title="Flag of Hong Kong">Hong Kong SAR</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a> now flies only outside the <a href="/wiki/British_Consulate-General,_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="British Consulate-General, Hong Kong">British Consulate-General</a> and other British premises.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>'s portrait disappeared from <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">banknotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Postage stamps">postage stamps</a> and public offices. As of 2023, some pre-1997 coins and banknotes are still legal tender and are in circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 'Royal' title was dropped from almost all organisations that had been granted it, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hong_Kong_Yacht_Club" title="Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club">Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club</a>.</li> <li>Legal references to the 'Crown' were replaced by references to the 'State', and barristers who had been appointed <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Counsel">Queen's Counsel</a> were now to be known as <a href="/wiki/Senior_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Counsel">Senior Counsel</a>.</li> <li>A local <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Hong_Kong" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Hong Kong">honours system</a> was introduced to replace the <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom">British honours system</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Bauhinia_Medal" title="Grand Bauhinia Medal">Grand Bauhinia Medal</a> being the highest medal in the honour system and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bauhinia_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Bauhinia Star">Order of the Bauhina Star</a> replacing the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Hong_Kong" title="Public holidays in Hong Kong">Public holidays</a> changed, with the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Birthday" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Birthday">Queen's Official Birthday</a> and other British-related occasions being replaced by PRC National Day and Hong Kong SAR Establishment Day.</li> <li>Many of the red British style <a href="/wiki/Pillar_box" title="Pillar box">pillar boxes</a> were removed from the streets of Hong Kong and replaced by green <a href="/wiki/Hongkong_Post" title="Hongkong Post">Hongkong Post</a> boxes in the Singapore style. A few examples remain but have been repainted.</li> <li>British citizens (without the right of abode) are no longer able to work in Hong Kong for one year without a visa; the policy was changed on 1 April 1997.</li> <li>The regional anthem of Hong Kong was changed from "<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen" class="mw-redirect" title="God Save the Queen">God Save the Queen</a>" (the national anthem of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) to "<a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">March of the Volunteers</a>" (the national anthem of Communist China).</li> <li>Secondary schools must teach in Cantonese unless approved by the Education Bureau. Such schools are international schools, which teach in English.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secondary education will move away from the English model of five years secondary schooling plus two years of university matriculation to the Chinese model of three years of junior secondary plus another three years of senior secondary. University education extends from three years to four.</li></ol> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_special_administrative_region_(1997–ongoing)"><span id="Chinese_special_administrative_region_.281997.E2.80.93ongoing.29"></span>Chinese special administrative region (1997–ongoing)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chinese special administrative region (1997–ongoing)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2000s in Hong Kong">2000s in Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2010s in Hong Kong">2010s in Hong Kong</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hongkong_Evening_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hongkong_Evening_Skyline.jpg/320px-Hongkong_Evening_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hongkong_Evening_Skyline.jpg/480px-Hongkong_Evening_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hongkong_Evening_Skyline.jpg/640px-Hongkong_Evening_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3136" data-file-height="2352" /></a><figcaption>Southern <a href="/wiki/Kowloon" title="Kowloon">Kowloon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Hong_Kong" title="Victoria, Hong Kong">Victoria, Hong Kong</a>, 2000s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_Skyscrapers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hong_Kong_Skyscrapers.jpg/320px-Hong_Kong_Skyscrapers.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hong_Kong_Skyscrapers.jpg/480px-Hong_Kong_Skyscrapers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hong_Kong_Skyscrapers.jpg/640px-Hong_Kong_Skyscrapers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2737" data-file-height="1825" /></a><figcaption>Southern <a href="/wiki/Kowloon" title="Kowloon">Kowloon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Hong_Kong" title="Victoria, Hong Kong">Victoria, Hong Kong</a>, 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>Chinese communists portrayed the return of Hong Kong as key moment in the PRC's rise to <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a> status.<sup id="cite_ref-:172_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:172-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 51">: 51 </span></sup> </p><p>The new millennium signalled a series of events. A sizeable portion of the population that was previously against the handover found itself living with the adjustments. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Article_23" title="Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23">Article 23</a> became a controversy, and led to marches in different parts of Hong Kong with as many as 750,000 people out of a population of approximately 6,800,000 at the time. The government also dealt with the <a href="/wiki/Severe_Acute_Respiratory_Syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome">SARS outbreak</a> in 2003. A further health crisis, the <a href="/wiki/Global_spread_of_H5N1" title="Global spread of H5N1">Bird Flu Pandemic</a> (H5N1) gained momentum from the late 1990s, and led to the disposal of millions of chickens and other poultry. The slaughter put Hong Kong at the centre of global attention. At the same time, the economy tried to adjust fiscally. Within a short time, the political climate heated up and the chief executive position was challenged culturally, politically and managerially. </p><p>Hong Kong's skylines have continued to evolve, with three new skyscrapers dominating, each in <a href="/wiki/Kowloon" title="Kowloon">Kowloon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsuen_Wan" title="Tsuen Wan">Tsuen Wan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Hong_Kong" title="Victoria, Hong Kong">Victoria, Hong Kong</a>. The 415-metre-tall (1,362 ft) 88-storey <a href="/wiki/Two_International_Finance_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Two International Finance Centre">Two International Finance Centre</a>, completed in 2003, previously Hong Kong's tallest building, has been eclipsed by the 484-metre-tall (1,588 ft), 118-storey <a href="/wiki/International_Commerce_Centre" title="International Commerce Centre">International Commerce Centre</a> in West Kowloon, which was topped-out in 2010 and remains the tallest skyscraper in Hong Kong. Also worth mentioning is the 320-metre-tall (1,051 ft) <a href="/wiki/Nina_Tower" title="Nina Tower">Nina Tower</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Tsuen_Wan" title="Tsuen Wan">Tsuen Wan</a>. Eight additional skyscrapers over 250 meters (825 feet) have also been completed during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Occupy Central with Love and Peace (OCLP; 讓愛與和平佔領中環 or 和平佔中) was a single-purpose Hong Kong civil disobedience campaign convened by Reverend Chu Yiu-ming, Dr Benny Tai Yiu-ting, and Chan Kin-man on 27 March 2013. Its aim was to pressure the PRC Government into reforming the systems for election of the Hong Kong chief executive and Legislative Council so as to satisfy "international standards in relation to universal suffrage" as promised in the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration and Article 45 of the 1997 Hong Kong Basic Law. Its manifesto called for occupation of the region's central business district if such reforms were not made. Upstaged by the Hong Kong Federation of Students (HKFS) and Scholarism in September 2014, its leaders joined in the <a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">Occupy Central protests</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_747-467,_Cathay_Pacific_Airways_JP10362.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Boeing_747-467%2C_Cathay_Pacific_Airways_JP10362.jpg/220px-Boeing_747-467%2C_Cathay_Pacific_Airways_JP10362.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Boeing_747-467%2C_Cathay_Pacific_Airways_JP10362.jpg/330px-Boeing_747-467%2C_Cathay_Pacific_Airways_JP10362.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Boeing_747-467%2C_Cathay_Pacific_Airways_JP10362.jpg/440px-Boeing_747-467%2C_Cathay_Pacific_Airways_JP10362.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Hong Kong international airport was moved from Kai Tak to Chep Lap Kok. Photograph of Kai Tak taken the day after it closed.</figcaption></figure> <p>The number of impoverished Hongkongers hit a record high in 2016 with one in five people living below the poverty line.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with housing issues was growing sentiment over the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Chinese Communist Party</a> and Chinese culture. The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Hong_Kong_Express_Rail_Link_movement" title="Anti-Hong Kong Express Rail Link movement">anti-Hong Kong Express Rail Link movement</a> protested at the proposed Hong Kong section of the <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou%E2%80%93Shenzhen%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_Express_Rail_Link" title="Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link">Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link</a>; the link was nevertheless completed in 2018. The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_818_incident" title="Hong Kong 818 incident">Hong Kong 818 incident</a>, inhibited by the visit of <a href="/wiki/Li_Keqiang" title="Li Keqiang">Li Keqiang</a>, caused controversy regarding civil rights violations. The <a href="/wiki/Moral_and_National_Education_controversy" title="Moral and National Education controversy">Moral and National Education controversy</a> exemplified the conflict between <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> positions of China's government with democratic sentiments expressed by Hong Kong citizens. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2016_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="2016 Hong Kong legislative election">2016 Legislative council election</a> saw the localists emerging as a new political force behind the <a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)">pro-Beijing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)">pan-democracy</a> camps by winning six seats in Hong Kong's <a href="/wiki/Geographical_constituencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical constituencies">geographical constituencies</a>. However, six candidates were <a href="/wiki/2016_Hong_Kong_LegCo_candidates%27_disqualification_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Hong Kong LegCo candidates' disqualification controversy">barred from contesting</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Affairs_Commission" title="Electoral Affairs Commission">Electoral Affairs Commission</a>, due to their association with the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence" title="Hong Kong independence">Hong Kong independence</a> movement. Another six localist members who were elected were disqualified in the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Legislative_Council_oath-taking_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Legislative Council oath-taking controversy">Hong Kong Legislative Council oath-taking controversy</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/2017_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election" title="2017 Hong Kong Chief Executive election">5th Hong Kong Chief Executive election</a>, Carrie Lam became the first female chief executive of Hong Kong. However, her proposal of the <a href="/wiki/2019_Hong_Kong_extradition_bill" title="2019 Hong Kong extradition bill">Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019</a> has led to <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 Hong Kong protests">mass demonstrations</a> against its implementation. The bill would make it legal for China to extradite criminals from Hong Kong, potentially including <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a>. It is feared that the bill would cause the city to open itself up to the reach of <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">mainland Chinese law</a> and that people from Hong Kong <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Hong_Kong" title="Law of Hong Kong">could become subject</a> to a different legal system. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jordan,_Hong_Kong_healthcare_workers_testing_residents_for_COVID-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Jordan%2C_Hong_Kong_healthcare_workers_testing_residents_for_COVID-19.jpg/220px-Jordan%2C_Hong_Kong_healthcare_workers_testing_residents_for_COVID-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Jordan%2C_Hong_Kong_healthcare_workers_testing_residents_for_COVID-19.jpg/330px-Jordan%2C_Hong_Kong_healthcare_workers_testing_residents_for_COVID-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Jordan%2C_Hong_Kong_healthcare_workers_testing_residents_for_COVID-19.jpg/440px-Jordan%2C_Hong_Kong_healthcare_workers_testing_residents_for_COVID-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5995" data-file-height="3997" /></a><figcaption>Healthcare workers conducting mass COVID-19 testing in <a href="/wiki/Jordan,_Hong_Kong" title="Jordan, Hong Kong">Jordan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong</b> is part of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">worldwide pandemic</a> of coronavirus disease 2019 (<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a></span>) caused by <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2">severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</a> (<span class="nowrap">SARS-CoV-2</span>). The virus was first confirmed to have spread to Hong Kong on 23 January 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-scmp3047193_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmp3047193-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confirmed cases were generally transferred to <a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Hospital_(Hong_Kong)" title="Princess Margaret Hospital (Hong Kong)">Princess Margaret Hospital</a>'s Infectious Disease Centre for isolation and centralised treatment. On 5 February, after a five-day strike by front-line medical workers, the Hong Kong government closed all but three border control points including <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_Bay_Port" title="Shenzhen Bay Port">Shenzhen Bay Control Point</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Zhuhai%E2%80%93Macau_Bridge" title="Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge">Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge</a> Control Point remaining open. </p><p>Hong Kong was relatively unscathed by the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak and had a flatter epidemic curve than most other places, which observers consider remarkable given its status as an international transport hub. Furthermore, its proximity to China and its millions of mainland visitors annually would make it vulnerable.<sup id="cite_ref-scmp3078437_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmp3078437-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some experts now believe the habit of <a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic">wearing masks</a> in public since the SARS epidemic of 2003 may have helped keep its confirmed infections at 845, with four deaths, by the beginning of April.<sup id="cite_ref-scmp3078437_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmp3078437-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a study published in April 2020 in the <i>Lancet</i>, the authors expressed their belief that border restrictions, quarantine and isolation, social distancing, and behavioural changes such as wearing masks likely all played a part in the containment of the disease up to the end of March.<sup id="cite_ref-lancet-cowling-et-al_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lancet-cowling-et-al-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others attributed the success to critical thinking of citizens who have become accustomed to distrusting the competence and political motivations of the government, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-atlantic_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a much smaller second wave in late March and April 2020 caused by overseas returnees rushing to beat mandatory quarantine,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hong Kong saw a substantial uptick in COVID cases in July, with more than a hundred cases being reported several days in a row until early August. Experts attributed this third wave to imported cases – sea crew, aircrew members, and domestic helpers made up the majority of 3rd wave infections.<sup id="cite_ref-scmp_3093978_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmp_3093978-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late November 2020 the city entered a fourth wave, called "severe" by Chief Executive <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Lam" title="Carrie Lam">Carrie Lam</a>. The initial driver behind the fourth wave was a group of dance clubs in which wealthy, predominantly female Hong Kongers danced together and had dance lessons with mostly younger male dance instructors.<sup id="cite_ref-scmp_20201126_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmp_20201126-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Measures taken in response included a suspension of school classroom teaching until the end of the year, and an order for restaurants to seat only two persons per table and close at 10:00 p.m. taking effect on 2 December;<sup id="cite_ref-hkfp_20201130_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hkfp_20201130-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a further tightening of restrictions saw, among other measures, a 6 pm closing time of restaurants starting from 10 December, and a mandate for authorities to order partial lockdowns in locations with multiple cases of COVID-19 until all residents were tested.<sup id="cite_ref-Chau_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chau-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From late January 2021, the government pursued repeatedly locked down residential buildings to conduct mass testing. A free mass vaccination program with the <a href="/wiki/CoronaVac" title="CoronaVac">Sinovac vaccine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine">Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine</a> was launched on 26 February. The government sought to counter the <a href="/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy" title="Vaccine hesitancy">vaccine hesitancy</a> by material incentives, which led to an acceleration of vaccinations in June.<sup id="cite_ref-apnews_20210617_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apnews_20210617-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hong Kong was one of few countries and territories to pursue a "<a href="/wiki/Zero-COVID" title="Zero-COVID">zero-COVID</a>" elimination strategy, by essentially closing all its borders and, until February 2022, subjecting even mild and asymptomatic cases to hospitalisation, and sometimes isolation extending over several weeks. The fifth, <a href="/wiki/Omicron_variant" class="mw-redirect" title="Omicron variant">Omicron variant</a> driven wave of the pandemic emerging in late December 2021<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> caused the health system to be stretched to its limits, the mandatory hospitalization to be abandoned,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and led several experts to question the zero-COVID strategy. Some even considered it counterproductive, due to it having nourished hopes that the city would eventually become free of the virus, and thus having led to a low COVID-19 vaccination rate in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the deaths in the fifth wave were among the unvaccinated elderly.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_20220313_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters_20220313-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a> established the <a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law">Hong Kong national security law</a> which came into effect on 1 July 2020. In November 2020 the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> authorised the dismissal of any Legco members who are perceived to ask for help from foreign countries and who "refuse to recognise China's sovereignty over Hong Kong." After multiple pro-Democracy members of Legco resigned, the Government of the United Kingdom stated that the PRC was not upholding the Sino-British treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 January 2021, <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP general secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> said that Hong Kong could only maintain its long-term stability and security by ensuring "patriots governing Hong Kong" when he heard a work report delivered by Carrie Lam.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 March, HKMAO director <a href="/wiki/Xia_Baolong" title="Xia Baolong">Xia Baolong</a> in the seminar of "patriots governing Hong Kong" stated that Hong Kong must establish a "democratic electoral system with Hong Kong characteristics."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A "<a href="/wiki/2021_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Hong Kong electoral reform">decision on improving the electoral system of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region</a>" was passed by the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> (NPC) on 11 March 2021 to rewrite the <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hong_Kong" title="Elections in Hong Kong">election rules</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> to ensure a system of "patriots governing Hong Kong."<sup id="cite_ref-france2420210311_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-france2420210311-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By amending the Annex I and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Annex_Two" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Basic Law Annex Two">Annex II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Law of Hong Kong">Basic Law of Hong Kong</a>, the composition of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a> (LegCo) and the <a href="/wiki/Election_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Election Committee">Election Committee</a> (EC). All electoral candidates of Chief Executive, Legislative Council Member, and Election Committee Member requires prior approval from the <a href="/wiki/Candidate_Eligibility_Review_Committee" title="Candidate Eligibility Review Committee">Candidate Eligibility Review Committee</a>. </p><p>On 23 June 2021, the pro-<a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> tabloid <i><a href="/wiki/Apple_Daily" title="Apple Daily">Apple Daily</a></i> announced that its final edition would be released on Thursday and that it would later cease activities after five top executives were arrested under the national security law and the tabloid's assets were frozen. <i>Apple Daily</i> founder <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Lai" title="Jimmy Lai">Jimmy Lai</a> is already imprisoned and awaits trial, along with 46 others, on subversion charges. In 2021, it was announced that the library named "Ocean Sea Public Library," the largest library in Asia, would open in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 2022, it was announced that the <a href="/wiki/Romer%27s_tree_frog" title="Romer's tree frog">Romer's tree frog</a> would be reintroduced to Hong Kong, furthermore known as rewilding. The forest on Hong Kong contains the air that is just thick with the buzzing of insects, singing of birds, chattering monkeys, and especially myriad other animals. This forest in Hong Kong is almost completely silent. That has argued that it surprises people to finally discover the considered verdant landscape being a contemporary addition in over the history, since of its started removal in industrial scale to create space for agriculture and to advance the fuel of those ceramics industry. Despite the growth, there were fewer animals to fill the emerging forests. The 200 kilometers of urban land between here and there have created an insurmountable barrier to wildlife migration. Similar to this city, <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> has successful reintroductions of species, such as Pere David's deer that became extinct in start of 20th century. It has been proposed that supporting the natural regeneration of forests offers a benefit, such as simplest tools in climate catastrophe. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">government of Hong Kong</a> is committed to promoting local biodiversity and helping to mitigate climate emergencies, as outlined in the Strategic Biodiversity Action Plan each time.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong_(1959%E2%80%931997).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg/225px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Hong Kong under British rule</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/150px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/225px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/300px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_SAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Hong Kong SAR">Flag of Hong Kong</a> under current Chinese rule</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Commonwealth_Affairs" title="Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs">Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs</a> (1966–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs</a> (since 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong" title="Governor of Hong Kong">Governor of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declared_monuments_of_Hong_Kong" title="Declared monuments of Hong Kong">Declared monuments of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_conservation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Heritage conservation in Hong Kong">Heritage conservation in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of museums in Hong Kong">List of museums in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Macau" title="History of Macau">History of Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong_(1800s%E2%80%931930s)" title="History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)">Timeline of Hong Kong History</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CIA.gov. " the population was 2000000.675 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004710/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html">CIA</a>." <i>HK GDP 2004.</i> Retrieved on 6 March 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Nanjing">"Treaty of Nanjing | Definition, Terms, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 10 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Nanjing+%7C+Definition%2C+Terms%2C+%26+Facts&rft.date=2009-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FTreaty-of-Nanjing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzczepanski2020" class="citation web cs1">Szczepanski, Kallie (9 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/china-lease-hong-kong-to-britain-195153">"Why Did Hong Kong Belong to Britain?"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover+Hong+Kong&rft.atitle=Sung+Wong+Toi+%7C+Hong+Kong+Tourism+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverhongkong.com%2Feng%2Finteractive-map%2Fsung-wong-toi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan1966" class="citation journal cs1">Chan, Hok-Lam (September 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0217781100001502">"Chinese Refugees in Annam and Champa at the end of the Sung Dynasty"</a>. <i>Journal of Southeast Asian History</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0217781100001502">10.1017/s0217781100001502</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0217-7811">0217-7811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+History&rft.atitle=Chinese+Refugees+in+Annam+and+Champa+at+the+end+of+the+Sung+Dynasty&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=1966-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0217781100001502&rft.issn=0217-7811&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Hok-Lam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fs0217781100001502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office,_Hong_Kong._Government_Information_Services1970" class="citation book cs1">Great Britain. Colonial Office, Hong Kong. Government Information Services (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LCcfAQAAMAAJ"><i>Hong Kong</i></a>. Govt. Press. p. 219. <q>The Hoklo people, like the Tanka, have been in the area since time unknown. They too are boat-dwellers but are less numerous than the Tanka and are mostly found in eastern waters. In some places, they have lived ashore for several</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Govt.+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.au=Great+Britain.+Colonial+Office%2C+Hong+Kong.+Government+Information+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLCcfAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I-JHAAAAYAAJ"><i>Hong Kong: report for the year ...</i></a> Government Press. 1970. p. 219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong%3A+report+for+the+year+...&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Government+Press&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI-JHAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google474-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google474_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrolier_Incorporated1999" class="citation book cs1">Grolier Incorporated (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lAxZAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 14</i></a>. Grolier Incorporated. p. 474. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7172-0131-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7172-0131-7"><bdi>0-7172-0131-7</bdi></a>. <q>In Hong Kong, the Tanka and Hoklo peoples have dwelt in houseboats since prehistoric times. These houseboaters seldom marry shore dwellers. The Hong Kong government estimated that in December 1962 46459 people were living on houseboats there, although a typhoon had wrecked hundreds of boats a few months earlier.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+Americana%2C+Volume+14&rft.pages=474&rft.pub=Grolier+Incorporated&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7172-0131-7&rft.au=Grolier+Incorporated&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlAxZAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google2006-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google2006_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholastic_Library_Publishing2006" class="citation book cs1">Scholastic Library Publishing (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=igzYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1</i></a>. Scholastic Library Pub. p. 474. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7172-0139-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7172-0139-2"><bdi>0-7172-0139-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=474&rft.pub=Scholastic+Library+Pub.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7172-0139-2&rft.au=Scholastic+Library+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DigzYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google1981-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google1981_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DOUZAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 14</i></a>. Grolier. 1981. p. 474. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7172-0112-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7172-0112-0"><bdi>0-7172-0112-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+Americana%2C+Volume+14&rft.pages=474&rft.pub=Grolier&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-7172-0112-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDOUZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thomson-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thomson_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Thomson 1837–1921, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irc.aa.tufs.ac.jp/thomson/vol_1/mother/102.html">Chap on Hong Kong</a>, Illustrations of China and Its People (London,1873–1874)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Info Gov HK. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.info.gov.hk/police/hkp-text/english/history/history_01.htm">Hong Kong Gov Info</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070418054929/http://www.info.gov.hk/police/hkp-text/english/history/history_01.htm">Archived</a> 18 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i>History of Hong Kong.</i> Retrieved on 16 February 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchard1957" class="citation journal cs1">Pritchard, Earl H. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3596041">"Private Trade between England and China in the Eighteenth Century (1680–1833)"</a>. <i>Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 108–137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3596041">10.2307/3596041</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4995">0022-4995</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3596041">3596041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Orient&rft.atitle=Private+Trade+between+England+and+China+in+the+Eighteenth+Century+%281680%E2%80%931833%29&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=108-137&rft.date=1957&rft.issn=0022-4995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3596041%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3596041&rft.aulast=Pritchard&rft.aufirst=Earl+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3596041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/opium-trade">"opium trade | History & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 17 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=opium+trade+%7C+History+%26+Facts&rft.date=2015-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fopium-trade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl A. Trocki, <i>Opium, Empire and the global political economy: a study of the Asian opium trade, 1750–1950</i> (Psychology Press, 1999) pp 111–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Derek Wood, "The Treaty of Nanking: Form and the foreign office, 1842–43." <i>Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History</i> 24.2 (1996): 181–196 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.midley.co.uk/midley_pdfs/Nanking_Wood1996.pdf">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiltshire, Trea. [First published 1987] (republished & reduced 2003). Old Hong Kong – Volume One. Central, Hong Kong: Text Form Asia books Ltd. ISBN Volume One 962-7283-59-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bickley, Gillian. [1997](1997). The Golden Needle: The Biography of Frederick Stewart (1836–1889). Hong Kong. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-8027-08-5" title="Special:BookSources/962-8027-08-5">962-8027-08-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Lim, Patricia. [2002] (2002). Discovering Hong Hong's Cultural Heritage. Central, Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. ISBN Volume One 0-19-592723-0</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWordie2002" class="citation book cs1">Wordie, Jason (2002). <i>Streets: Exploring Hong Kong Island</i>. Hong Kong: <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. pp. 74–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-209-563-1" title="Special:BookSources/962-209-563-1"><bdi>962-209-563-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Streets%3A+Exploring+Hong+Kong+Island&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=74-75&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=962-209-563-1&rft.aulast=Wordie&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNosowitz2013" class="citation web cs1">Nosowitz, Dan (18 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2013-04/life-inside-most-densely-populated-place-earth-infographic#page-2">"Life Inside The Most Densely Populated Place on Earth [Infographic]"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2018</span>. <q>1990 50,000 inhabitants</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=Life+Inside+The+Most+Densely+Populated+Place+on+Earth+%5BInfographic%5D&rft.date=2013-04-18&rft.aulast=Nosowitz&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popsci.com%2Ftechnology%2Farticle%2F2013-04%2Flife-inside-most-densely-populated-place-earth-infographic%23page-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Szczepanski-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Szczepanski_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzczepanski" class="citation web cs1">Szczepanski, Kallie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/china-lease-hong-kong-to-britain-195153">"Why Did Hong Kong Belong to Britain?"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=Why+Did+Hong+Kong+Belong+to+Britain%3F&rft.aulast=Szczepanski&rft.aufirst=Kallie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fchina-lease-hong-kong-to-britain-195153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1997" class="citation report cs1">Cook, Robin (July 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/500937/1997_Jan-Jun.pdf">Six-Monthly Report on the Implementation of the Joint Declaration on Hong Kong</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign and Commonwealth Office</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government of the United Kingdom</a></i> (Report).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Six-Monthly+Report+on+the+Implementation+of+the+Joint+Declaration+on+Hong+Kong&rft.date=1997-07&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F500937%2F1997_Jan-Jun.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitlock2019" class="citation journal cs1">Whitlock, Abby S. 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Hong Kong: <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-209-563-1" title="Special:BookSources/962-209-563-1"><bdi>962-209-563-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Streets%3A+Exploring+Hong+Kong+Island&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=962-209-563-1&rft.aulast=Wordie&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiltshire, Trea. [First published 1987] (republished & reduced 2003). Old Hong Kong – Volume Three. 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Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-46979-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-46979-1">0-521-46979-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.torontosun.com/2012/04/06/celebrating-two-lives-well-lived">Toronto SUN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120716175556/http://m.torontosun.com/2012/04/06/celebrating-two-lives-well-lived">Archived</a> 16 July 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150704133812/http://www.ottawasun.com/videos/celebrating-two-lives-well-lived/1550780688001">"Celebrating two lives well lived : Featured OTT : Videos"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celebrating+two+lives+well+lived+%3A+Featured+OTT+%3A+Videos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ottawasun.com%2Fvideos%2Fcelebrating-two-lives-well-lived%2F1550780688001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torontosun.com/2012/04/07/life-love-and-service-recalled/wcm/a26742dc-a92a-4197-9e07-f3cb876e0578">"Life, love and service"</a>. <i>Toronto Sun</i>. 7 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Sun&rft.atitle=Life%2C+love+and+service&rft.date=2012-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorontosun.com%2F2012%2F04%2F07%2Flife-love-and-service-recalled%2Fwcm%2Fa26742dc-a92a-4197-9e07-f3cb876e0578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Hook, "British views of the legacy of the colonial administration of Hong Kong: A preliminary assessment," <i><a href="/wiki/China_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="China Quarterly">China Quarterly</a></i> (1997) Issue 151, pp. 553–66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuthority" class="citation web cs1">Authority, Hong Kong Monetary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hkma.gov.hk/eng/key-functions/money/hong-kong-currency/coins/">"Hong Kong Monetary Authority – Coins"</a>. <i>Hong Kong Monetary Authority</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Marshall Cavendish Editions. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-5482-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-5482-3"><bdi>978-0-7614-5482-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+Shock%21+Hong+Kong&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+Editions&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-5482-3&rft.aulast=Wei&rft.aufirst=Betty&rft.au=Li%2C+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:172-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:172_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrean2024" class="citation book cs1">Crean, Jeffrey (2024). <i>The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History</i>. 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href="https://news.tvb.com/local/603cc97234b0315356025d76/%E5%A4%8F%E5%AF%B6%E9%BE%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%97%A5%E5%87%BA%E5%B8%AD%E6%84%9B%E5%9C%8B%E8%80%85%E6%B2%BB%E6%B8%AF%E5%BA%A7%E8%AB%87%E6%9C%83-%E7%A8%B1%E8%A6%81%E4%BE%9D%E6%B3%95%E5%9A%B4%E6%87%B2%E5%8F%8D%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%82%E6%B8%AF%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90">"夏寶龍指反中亂港分子極端惡劣者需依法嚴懲"</a>. <i>TVB</i>. 1 March 2021.</cite><span 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href="#cite_ref-france2420210311_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210311-china-approves-plan-to-veto-hong-kong-election-candidates">"China approves plan to veto Hong Kong election candidates"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 11 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=China+approves+plan+to+veto+Hong+Kong+election+candidates&rft.date=2021-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20210311-china-approves-plan-to-veto-hong-kong-election-candidates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/ctenglish/2018/zdtj/202103/t20210307_800238930.html">"Improving Hong Kong's electoral system important for developing high-quality democracy"</a>. <i>China Today</i>. 7 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Today&rft.atitle=Improving+Hong+Kong%27s+electoral+system+important+for+developing+high-quality+democracy&rft.date=2021-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinatoday.com.cn%2Fctenglish%2F2018%2Fzdtj%2F202103%2Ft20210307_800238930.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenni_Marsh2021" class="citation news cs1">Jenni Marsh (23 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/23/media/apple-daily-closure-intl-hnk-dst/index.html">"Hong Kong's biggest pro-democracy newspaper to close as Beijing tightens its grip"</a>. CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong%27s+biggest+pro-democracy+newspaper+to+close+as+Beijing+tightens+its+grip&rft.date=2021-06-23&rft.au=Jenni+Marsh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2021%2F06%2F23%2Fmedia%2Fapple-daily-closure-intl-hnk-dst%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGüçlü2022" class="citation web cs1">Güçlü, Michael Boyle and Coşkun (8 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hongkongfp.com/2022/11/08/rewilding-hong-kong-how-reintroducing-species-could-help-heal-our-forests-and-fight-climate-change/">"Rewilding Hong Kong: How reintroducing species could help heal our forests and fight climate change"</a>. <i>Hong Kong Free Press HKFP</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hong+Kong+Free+Press+HKFP&rft.atitle=Rewilding+Hong+Kong%3A+How+reintroducing+species+could+help+heal+our+forests+and+fight+climate+change&rft.date=2022-11-08&rft.aulast=G%C3%BC%C3%A7l%C3%BC&rft.aufirst=Michael+Boyle+and+Co%C5%9Fkun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhongkongfp.com%2F2022%2F11%2F08%2Frewilding-hong-kong-how-reintroducing-species-could-help-heal-our-forests-and-fight-climate-change%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Butenhoff, Linda. <i>Social movements and political reform in Hong Kong</i>, Westport: Praeger 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96293-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-96293-8">0-275-96293-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2007" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, John M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hkupress.hku.hk/a_concise_history_of_hong_kong"><i>A Concise History of Hong Kong</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhkupress.hku.hk%2Fa_concise_history_of_hong_kong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chan, Ming K. "The legacy of the British administration of Hong Kong: a view from Hong Kong." <i>The China Quarterly</i> 151 (1997): 567–582. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.archive.org/work/iaggi43aorh7dbmqqrq374tamu/access/wayback/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/FD941A3D3003D8EA05ACE2C5A9C00110/S0305741000046828a.pdf/div-class-title-the-legacy-of-the-british-administration-of-hong-kong-a-view-from-hong-kong-div.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Clayton, Adam. <i>Hong Kong since 1945: An Economic and Social History</i> (2003)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEitel1895" class="citation cs1">Eitel, Ernest John (1895). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Europe in China"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Europe_in_China"><i>Europe in China: The History of Hongkong from the Beginning to the Year 1882</i> </a></span>. London and Hong Kong: Luzac & Co.; Kelly & Walsh – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+in+China%3A+The+History+of+Hongkong+from+the+Beginning+to+the+Year+1882&rft.place=London+and+Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Luzac+%26+Co.%3B+Kelly+%26+Walsh&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Eitel&rft.aufirst=Ernest+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span> [<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Index:Europe_in_China.djvu" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Index:Europe in China.djvu">scan</a></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wikisource link" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span>]</li> <li>Garver, John W. <i>China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic</i> (2nd ed. 2016) pp 578–606. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Chinas-Quest-History-Relations-Republic/dp/0190884355/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Hayes, James (1984). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/3f6abacdcda4a0d8e373e6dc95529868.pdf">Hong Kong Island Before 1841</a>". <i>Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</i> <b>24</b>: 105–142.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim2022" class="citation book cs1">Lim, Louisa (2022). <i><a href="/wiki/Indelible_City:_Dispossession_and_Defiance_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Indelible City: Dispossession and Defiance in Hong Kong">Indelible City: Dispossession and Defiance in Hong Kong</a></i>. Riverhead Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0593191811" title="Special:BookSources/978-0593191811"><bdi>978-0593191811</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indelible+City%3A+Dispossession+and+Defiance+in+Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Riverhead+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0593191811&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Louisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLui1990" class="citation book cs1">Lui, Adam Yuen-chung (1990). <i>Forts and Pirates – A History of Hong Kong</i>. Hong Kong History Society. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-7489-01-8" title="Special:BookSources/962-7489-01-8"><bdi>962-7489-01-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forts+and+Pirates+%E2%80%93+A+History+of+Hong+Kong&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+History+Society&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=962-7489-01-8&rft.aulast=Lui&rft.aufirst=Adam+Yuen-chung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuWangChang1997" class="citation book cs1">Liu, Shuyong; Wang, Wenjiong; Chang, Mingyu (1997). <i>An Outline History of Hong Kong</i>. Foreign Languages Press. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-119-01946-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-119-01946-8"><bdi>978-7-119-01946-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Outline+History+of+Hong+Kong&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-7-119-01946-8&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Shuyong&rft.au=Wang%2C+Wenjiong&rft.au=Chang%2C+Mingyu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgo1999" class="citation book cs1">Ngo, Tak-Wing (1 August 1999). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hongkongshistory00ngot"><i>Hong Kong's History: State and Society Under Colonial Rule</i></a></span>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hongkongshistory00ngot/page/n217">205</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20868-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20868-0"><bdi>978-0-415-20868-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong%27s+History%3A+State+and+Society+Under+Colonial+Rule&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-415-20868-0&rft.aulast=Ngo&rft.aufirst=Tak-Wing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhongkongshistory00ngot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Siu-Kai, Lau. "The Hong Kong Policy of the People's Republic of China, 1949-1997." <i>Journal of Contemporary China</i> 9.23 (2000): 77–93.</li> <li>Snow, Philip. <i>The Fall of Hong Kong: Britain, China, and the Japanese Occupation</i> (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Fall-Hong-Kong-Japanese-Occupation/dp/0300103735/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsang2007" class="citation book cs1">Tsang, Steve (2007). <i>A Modern History of Hong Kong</i>. I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-419-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-419-0"><bdi>978-1-84511-419-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+Hong+Kong&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-419-0&rft.aulast=Tsang&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Modern-History-Hong-Kong/dp/1845114191/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelsh1993" class="citation book cs1">Welsh, Frank (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/borrowedplacehi00wels/page/624"><i>A Borrowed place: the history of Hong Kong</i></a></span>. Kodansha International. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/borrowedplacehi00wels/page/624">624</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56836-002-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56836-002-7"><bdi>978-1-56836-002-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Borrowed+place%3A+the+history+of+Hong+Kong&rft.pages=624&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-56836-002-7&rft.aulast=Welsh&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fborrowedplacehi00wels%2Fpage%2F624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wong, Kam C. <i>Policing in Hong Kong: History and Reform</i> (CRC: Taylor and Francis, 2015)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndacott1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Beer_Endacott" title="George Beer Endacott">Endacott, G. B.</a> (1964). <i>An Eastern Entrepot: A Collection of Documents Illustrating the History of Hong Kong</i>. <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Stationery_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Stationery Office">Her Majesty's Stationery Office</a>. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007J07G6">B0007J07G6</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/632495979">632495979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Eastern+Entrepot%3A+A+Collection+of+Documents+Illustrating+the+History+of+Hong+Kong&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F632495979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0007J07G6%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Endacott&rft.aufirst=G.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsang1995" class="citation book cs1">Tsang, Steve (1995). <i>Government and Politics: A Documentary History of Hong Kong</i>. Hong Kong University Press. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-209-392-2" title="Special:BookSources/962-209-392-2"><bdi>962-209-392-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+and+Politics%3A+A+Documentary+History+of+Hong+Kong&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=962-209-392-2&rft.aulast=Tsang&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:History of Hong Kong">History of Hong Kong</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051229035101/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/History/en/index.php">Hong Kong Museum of History website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991012045005/http://www.asiasociety.org/speeches/wong.html">A speech script on history of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060712071408/http://www.hku.hk/hkprehis/biblio2.htm">Bibliography of Hong Kong Archaeology on the University of Hong Kong website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanfordprojects.co.uk/index.html">"Story of the Stanford family and the effect of the fall of Hong Kong in 1941."</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/bldho/">Basic Law Drafting History Online</a> -University of Hong Kong Libraries, Digital Initiatives</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070628162957/http://xml.lib.hku.hk/gsdl/db/oelawhk/search.shtml">Historical Laws of Hong Kong Online</a> – University of Hong Kong Libraries, Digital Initiatives</li> <li>Sidney C. H. Cheung, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020112152850/http://www.asa2000.anthropology.ac.uk/cheung/cheung.html">Martyrs, Mystery and Memory Behind the Colonial Shift</a> – Anti-British resistance movement in 1899</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.howardscott.net/6/ImagesOf_HongKong_2002_2004/index.html">Dr Howard M Scott "Images of Hong Kong – Journal"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924071143832">Historical and statistical abstract of the colony of Hongkong (1907)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Hong_Kong_since_1997" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HKafter1997" title="Template:HKafter1997"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HKafter1997" title="Template talk:HKafter1997"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HKafter1997" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HKafter1997"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Hong_Kong_since_1997" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of Hong Kong</a> <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">since 1997</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1997</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Financial_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Financial Crisis">Asian Financial Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="1998 Hong Kong legislative election">1st Legislative Council elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Opening of the Hong Kong International Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_abode_in_Hong_Kong#The_debate_in_1999" title="Right of abode in Hong Kong">Right of abode debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Hong_Kong_local_elections" title="1999 Hong Kong local elections">1st District Council elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="2000 Hong Kong legislative election">2nd Legislative Council elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Immigration_v._Chong_Fung_Yuen" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of Immigration v. Chong Fung Yuen">Director of Immigration v. Chong Fung Yuen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election" title="2002 Hong Kong Chief Executive election">2nd Chief Executive election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Article_23" title="Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23">Article 23 legislation debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">SARS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">2002–2004 SARS outbreak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Cheung" title="Leslie Cheung">Death of Leslie Cheung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Hong_Kong_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">CEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_1_July_marches#2003_protest" title="Hong Kong 1 July marches">2003 July 1 march</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Hong_Kong_local_elections" title="2003 Hong Kong local elections">2nd District Council elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Mui" title="Anita Mui">Death of Anita Mui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Robert_Kissel" title="Murder of Robert Kissel">Murder of Robert Kissel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="2004 Hong Kong legislative election">3rd Legislative Council elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_term_of_Tung_Chee-hwa_as_Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Second term of Tung Chee-hwa as Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Resignation of Tung Chee-hwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election" title="2005 Hong Kong Chief Executive election">2005 Chief Executive election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Disneyland" title="Hong Kong Disneyland">Opening of Hong Kong Disneyland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" title="2005 Hong Kong electoral reform">2005 electoral reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2005" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005">WTO Ministerial Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngong_Ping_360" title="Ngong Ping 360">Opening of Ngong Ping 360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Place_Ferry_Pier" title="Edinburgh Place Ferry Pier">Demolition of Star Ferry Pier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election" title="2007 Hong Kong Chief Executive election">3rd Chief Executive election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTR%E2%80%93KCR_merger" title="MTR–KCR merger">MTR–KCR merger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Hong_Kong_local_elections" title="2007 Hong Kong local elections">3rd District Council elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Hong_Kong_Island_by-election" title="2007 Hong Kong Island by-election">Legislative Council by-election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Chen_photo_scandal" title="Edison Chen photo scandal">Edison Chen photo scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Olympics">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="2008 Hong Kong legislative election">4th Legislative Council elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_acid_attacks" title="Hong Kong acid attacks">Acid attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">Global Financial Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Sai_Kung_bus_crash" title="2008 Sai Kung bus crash">Sai Kung bus crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_East_Asian_Games" title="2009 East Asian Games">East Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong" title="2009 swine flu pandemic in Hong Kong">Flu pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hong_Kong_Express_Rail_Link_movement" title="Anti-Hong Kong Express Rail Link movement">Anti-Hong Kong Express Rail Link movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Hong_Kong_by-election" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Hong Kong by-election">Legislative Council by-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" title="2010 Hong Kong electoral reform">2010 electoral reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_hostage_crisis" title="Manila hostage crisis">Manila hostage crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_818_incident" title="Hong Kong 818 incident">818 incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vallejos_v._Commissioner_of_Registration" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallejos v. Commissioner of Registration">Vallejos v. Commissioner of Registration</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Hong_Kong_local_elections" title="2011 Hong Kong local elections">4th District Council elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Kong_Qingdong_incident" title="2012 Kong Qingdong incident">Protests against Kong Qingdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election" title="2012 Hong Kong Chief Executive election">4th Chief Executive election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_and_National_Education_controversy" title="Moral and National Education controversy">Moral and National Education controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_plastic_disaster" title="Hong Kong plastic disaster">Plastic disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="2012 Hong Kong legislative election">5th Legislative Council elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Lamma_Island_ferry_collision" title="2012 Lamma Island ferry collision">Lamma Island ferry collision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Television_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Television Network">Hong Kong Television Network controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Hong_Kong_dock_strike" title="2013 Hong Kong dock strike">Dock strike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knife_attack_on_Kevin_Lau" title="Knife attack on Kevin Lau">Knife attack on Kevin Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" title="2014–2015 Hong Kong electoral reform">2014 electoral reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">Umbrella Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beating_of_Ken_Tsang" title="Beating of Ken Tsang">Beating of Ken Tsang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causeway_Bay_Books_disappearances" title="Causeway Bay Books disappearances">Causeway Bay Books disappearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Hong_Kong_heavy_metal_in_drinking_water_incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Hong Kong heavy metal in drinking water incidents">Drinking water contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong_pro-vice-chancellor_selection_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hong Kong pro-vice-chancellor selection controversy">HKU pro-vice-chancellor selection controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Hong_Kong_local_elections" title="2015 Hong Kong local elections">5th District Council elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Mong_Kok_civil_unrest" title="2016 Mong Kok civil unrest">Mongkok civil unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_New_Territories_East_by-election" title="2016 New Territories East by-election">Legislative Council by-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Hong_Kong_Legislative_Council_candidates%27_disqualification_controversy" title="2016 Hong Kong Legislative Council candidates' disqualification controversy">LegCo candidates' disqualification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="2016 Hong Kong legislative election">6th Legislative Council elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Legislative_Council_oath-taking_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Legislative Council oath-taking controversy">LegCo oath-taking controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election" title="2017 Hong Kong Chief Executive election">5th Chief Executive election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_imprisonment_of_Hong_Kong_democracy_activists" title="2017 imprisonment of Hong Kong democracy activists">Imprisonment of democracy activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUHK_democracy_wall_standoff" class="mw-redirect" title="CUHK democracy wall standoff">CUHK democracy wall standoff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Hong_Kong_bus_accident" title="2018 Hong Kong bus accident">Tai Po Road bus accident</a></li> <li>LegCo by-elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Hong_Kong_by-election" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Hong Kong by-election">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2018_Kowloon_West_by-election" title="November 2018 Kowloon West by-election">November</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Zhuhai%E2%80%93Macau_Bridge" title="Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge">Opening of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Mallet_visa_controversy" title="Victor Mallet visa controversy">Victor Mallet visa controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Mangkhut" title="Typhoon Mangkhut">Typhoon Mangkhut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Yuen_Long_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Yuen Long violence">Yuen Long attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Prince_Edward_station_attack" title="2019 Prince Edward station attack">Prince Edward station attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Hong_Kong_local_elections" title="2019 Hong Kong local elections">6th District Council elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_Ordinance" title="National Anthem Ordinance">National Anthem Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress_decision_on_Hong_Kong_national_security_legislation" title="National People's Congress decision on Hong Kong national security legislation">NPC decision on national security legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_pro-democracy_primaries" title="2020 Hong Kong pro-democracy primaries">Pro-democracy primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_Legislative_Council_candidates%27_disqualification_controversy" title="2020 Hong Kong Legislative Council candidates' disqualification controversy">LegCo candidates' disqualification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Daily_raids_and_arrests" title="Apple Daily raids and arrests">Apple Daily raids and arrests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_Legislative_Council_mass_resignations" title="2020 Hong Kong Legislative Council mass resignations">LegCo mass resignations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_arrests_of_Hong_Kong_pro-democracy_primaries_participants" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 arrests of Hong Kong pro-democracy primaries participants">Mass arrests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Hong Kong electoral reform">2021 Hong Kong electoral reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Offices_(Candidacy_and_Taking_Up_Offices)_(Miscellaneous_Amendments)_Ordinance_2021" title="Public Offices (Candidacy and Taking Up Offices) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Ordinance 2021">Oath-taking rules law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Daily_raids_and_arrests" title="Apple Daily raids and arrests">Apple Daily raids and arrests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_July_police_stabbing" title="1 July police stabbing">Police stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="2021 Hong Kong legislative election">7th Legislative Council elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand_News_raids_and_arrests" title="Stand News raids and arrests">Stand News raids and arrests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witman_Hung_partygate" title="Witman Hung partygate">Witman Hung partygate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election" title="2022 Hong Kong Chief Executive election">6th Chief Executive election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Xi_Jinping_visit_to_Hong_Kong" title="2022 Xi Jinping visit to Hong Kong">2022 Xi Jinping visit to Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong">Removal of COVID-19 pandemic measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Abby_Choi" title="Murder of Abby Choi">Murder of Abby Choi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hong_Kong_electoral_changes" title="2023 Hong Kong electoral changes">2023 Hong Kong electoral changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Gay_Games" title="2023 Gay Games">2023 Gay Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safeguarding_National_Security_Ordinance" title="Safeguarding National Security Ordinance">Introduction of Safeguarding National Security Ordinance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ongoing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Mainland_China_conflict" title="Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict">Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_football_rivalry" title="China–Hong Kong football rivalry">football rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-parallel_trading_protests" title="Anti-parallel trading protests">anti-parallel trading protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leung_Chun-ying%E2%80%93UGL_agreement" title="Leung Chun-ying–UGL agreement">Leung Chun-ying–UGL agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li>National security law <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safeguarding_National_Security_Ordinance" title="Safeguarding National Security Ordinance">2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Hong Kong electoral reform">2021 Hong Kong electoral reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hong_Kong_electoral_changes" title="2023 Hong Kong electoral changes">2023 Hong Kong electoral changes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hong_Kong" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hong_Kong_topics" title="Template:Hong Kong topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hong_Kong_topics" title="Template talk:Hong Kong topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hong_Kong_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hong Kong topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hong_Kong" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hong_Kong" title="Outline of Hong Kong">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_Hong_Kong" title="Index of articles related to Hong Kong">Index of articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Hong_Kong" title="Prehistoric Hong Kong">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong_under_Imperial_China" title="History of Hong Kong under Imperial China">Imperial China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bao%27an_County" title="Bao'an County">Bao'an County and Xin'an County</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong_(1800s%E2%80%931930s)" title="History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)">1800s–1930s</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_during_World_War_I" title="Hong Kong during World War I">WWI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1950s in Hong Kong">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1960s in Hong Kong">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1970s in Hong Kong">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1980s in Hong Kong">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1990s in Hong Kong">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2000s in Hong Kong">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2010s in Hong Kong">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2020s in Hong Kong">2020s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hong_Kong" title="Geography of Hong Kong">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Hong_Kong" title="Districts of Hong Kong">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Hong_Kong" title="Air pollution in Hong Kong">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of places in Hong Kong">Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of bays in Hong Kong">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_of_Hong_Kong" title="Beaches of Hong Kong">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_and_structures_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of buildings and structures in Hong Kong">Buildings and structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_channels_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of channels in Hong Kong">Channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of towns in Hong Kong">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservation in Hong Kong">Country parks and conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Hong_Kong" title="Environment of Hong Kong">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Land reclamation in Hong Kong">Land reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harbours_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of harbours in Hong Kong">Harbours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_and_peninsulas_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of islands and peninsulas of Hong Kong">Islands and peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes of Hong Kong">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_parks_in_Hong_Kong" title="Marine parks in Hong Kong">Marine parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains,_peaks_and_hills_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of mountains, peaks and hills in Hong Kong">Mountains and peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_public_parks_and_gardens_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of urban public parks and gardens in Hong Kong">Public parks and gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of reservoirs of Hong Kong">Reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_and_nullahs_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of rivers and nullahs in Hong Kong">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of villages in Hong Kong">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Hong_Kong" title="Districts of Hong Kong">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hong_Kong" title="Elections in Hong Kong">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Hong_Kong" title="Emblem of Hong Kong">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hong_Kong" title="Flag of Hong Kong">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hong_Kong" title="Foreign relations of Hong Kong">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence" title="Hong Kong independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong" title="Judiciary of Hong Kong">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Hong_Kong" title="Law of Hong Kong">Legal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hong_Kong" title="LGBT rights in Hong Kong">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Hong_Kong_Garrison" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of political parties in Hong Kong">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong protests">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Civil_Service" title="Hong Kong Civil Service">Public services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Education in Hong Kong">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Fire_Services_Department" title="Hong Kong Fire Services Department">Fire services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Health_Bureau" title="Food and Health Bureau">Food and Health Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Hong_Kong" title="Health in Hong Kong">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of banks in Hong Kong">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of companies of Hong Kong">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_in_Hong_Kong" title="Employment in Hong Kong">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawkers_in_Hong_Kong" title="Hawkers in Hong Kong">Hawkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hong_Kong" title="Port of Hong Kong">Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stock_Exchange" title="Hong Kong Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Hong_Kong" title="Communications in Hong Kong">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_(business)" title="Hong (business)">The Hongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Tourism in Hong Kong">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport of Hong Kong">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of airlines of Hong Kong">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_services_in_Hong_Kong" title="Bus services in Hong Kong">Buses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_Hong_Kong" title="Cycling in Hong Kong">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hong_Kong#Ferries" title="Transport in Hong Kong">Ferries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of streets and roads in Hong Kong">List of roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Hong_Kong" title="Rail transport in Hong Kong">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxicabs_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicabs of Hong Kong">Taxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Hong_Kong" title="Crime in Hong Kong">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Hong_Kong" title="Prostitution in Hong Kong">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Hong_Kong" title="Sex trafficking in Hong Kong">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Culture of Hong Kong">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Architecture of Hong Kong">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_comics" title="Hong Kong comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheung_Chau_Bun_Festival" title="Cheung Chau Bun Festival">Cheung Chau Bun Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Hong_Kong" title="Gambling in Hong Kong">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Hong_Kong" title="Graffiti in Hong Kong">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_conservation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Heritage conservation in Hong Kong">Heritage conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhinia_%C3%97_blakeana" title="Bauhinia × blakeana">Hong Kong orchid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Hong_Kong" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Hong Kong">Honours system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hong Kong nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hong_Kong" title="Languages of Hong Kong">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Hong Kong">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Rock_Spirit" title="Lion Rock Spirit">Lion Rock Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_literature" title="Hong Kong literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDull" title="McDull">McDull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Hong_Kong" title="Media of Hong Kong">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of museums in Hong Kong">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hong_Kong" title="Music of Hong Kong">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngai_jong" title="Ngai jong">Ngai jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Demographics of Hong Kong">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hong_Kong" title="Women in Hong Kong">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Hong_Kong" title="Youth in Hong Kong">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Hong_Kong" title="Public holidays in Hong Kong">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTHK" title="RTHK">RTHK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_in_Hong_Kong" title="Shopping in Hong Kong">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Hong_Kong" title="Sport in Hong Kong">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Hong_Kong" title="Television in Hong Kong">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visual art of Hong Kong">Visual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJKV" class="mw-redirect" title="CJKV">CJKV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_China_by_political_division" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:China_political_divisions_histories" title="Template:China political divisions histories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:China_political_divisions_histories" title="Template talk:China political divisions histories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:China_political_divisions_histories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:China political divisions histories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_China_by_political_division" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History of China</a> by political division</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anhui" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anhui">Anhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fujian" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Fujian">Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gansu" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Gansu">Gansu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guangdong" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Guangdong">Guangdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guizhou" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Guizhou">Guizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hainan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hainan">Hainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hebei" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hebei">Hebei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Heilongjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Henan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Henan">Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hubei" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hubei">Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hunan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hunan">Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jiangsu" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jiangxi" title="History of Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jilin" title="History of Jilin">Jilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liaoning" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Liaoning">Liaoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qinghai" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Qinghai">Qinghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shaanxi" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shandong" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Shandong">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shanxi" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Shanxi">Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sichuan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yunnan" title="History of Yunnan">Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zhejiang" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_blank_province_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/China_blank_province_map.svg/150px-China_blank_province_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/China_blank_province_map.svg/225px-China_blank_province_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/China_blank_province_map.svg/300px-China_blank_province_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guangxi" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Guangxi">Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Inner_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ningxia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ningxia">Ningxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Direct-administered_municipality" title="Direct-administered municipality">Direct-administered municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Beijing" title="History of Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chongqing" title="History of Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shanghai" title="History of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tianjin" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Macau" title="History of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Disputed province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">Taiwan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-size:80%;"><div><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Free area of the Republic of China">Taiwan</a> is <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">claimed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> but administered by the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">political status of Taiwan</a>).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Asia" title="Template:History of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Asia" title="Template talk:History of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asia" title="History of Asia">History of Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bahrain" title="History of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambodia" title="History of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Timor" title="History of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jordan" title="History of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea" title="History of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuwait" title="History of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos" title="History of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon" title="History of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maldives" title="History of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar" title="History of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oman" title="History of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qatar" title="History of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore" title="History of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tajikistan" title="History of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan" title="History of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uzbekistan" title="History of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yemen" title="History of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="History of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan" title="History of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Macau" title="History of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_and_American_trade_in_Qing_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_trade_in_Imperial_China" title="Template:Foreign trade in Imperial China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_trade_in_Imperial_China" title="Template talk:Foreign trade in Imperial China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_trade_in_Imperial_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign trade in Imperial China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_and_American_trade_in_Qing_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">European and American trade in <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canton_System" title="Canton System">Canton System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohong" title="Cohong">Cohong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Flint_(merchant)" title="James Flint (merchant)">James Flint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_China_Trade" title="Old China Trade">Old China Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Factories" title="Thirteen Factories">Thirteen Factories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese Hongs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ewo_(hong)" title="Ewo (hong)"> Ewo Hong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howqua" title="Howqua">Howqua</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hong_(business)" title="Hong (business)">Foreign Hongs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Heard_%26_Co." title="Augustine Heard & Co.">Augustine Heard & Co.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Heard" title="Augustine Heard">Augustine Heard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Heard" title="Albert Heard">Albert Heard</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dent_%26_Co." title="Dent & Co.">Dent & Co.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Dent" title="Lancelot Dent">Lancelot Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dent_(merchant)" title="John Dent (merchant)">John Dent</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dodwell_%26_Co." title="Dodwell & Co.">Dodwell & Co.</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibb,_Livingston_%26_Co." title="Gibb, Livingston & Co.">Gibb, Livingston & Co.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Bold_Gibb" title="Hugh Bold Gibb">Hugh Bold Gibb</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jardine_Matheson_%26_Co." title="History of Jardine Matheson & Co.">Jardine, Matheson & Co.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Jardine_(merchant)" title="William Jardine (merchant)">William Jardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Matheson" title="James Matheson">James Matheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Abel_Smith" title="John Abel Smith">John Abel Smith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Magniac & Co. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Beale" title="Daniel Beale">Daniel Beale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beale" title="Thomas Beale">Thomas Beale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chay_Beale" title="Thomas Chay Beale">Thomas Chay Beale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollingworth_Magniac" title="Hollingworth Magniac">Hollingworth Magniac</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olyphant_%26_Co." title="Olyphant & Co.">Olyphant & Co.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Olyphant" title="David Olyphant">David Olyphant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morrison_Olyphant" title="Robert Morrison Olyphant">Robert Morrison Olyphant</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_%26_Company" title="Russell & Company">Russell & Company</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bennet_Forbes" title="Robert Bennet Forbes">Robert Bennet Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cleve_Green" title="John Cleve Green">John Cleve Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiel_Abbot_Low" title="Abiel Abbot Low">Abiel Abbot Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Low" title="William Henry Low">William Henry Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Russell" title="Samuel Russell">Samuel Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Sturgis_(1805%E2%80%931887)" title="Russell Sturgis (1805–1887)">Russell Sturgis</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shewan,_Tomes_%26_Co." title="Shewan, Tomes & Co.">Shewan, Tomes & Co.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Shewan" title="Robert Shewan">Robert Shewan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Sassoon_%26_Co." title="David Sassoon & Co.">David Sassoon & Co.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Sassoon_(treasurer)" title="David Sassoon (treasurer)">David Sassoon</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E.D._Sassoon_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="E.D. Sassoon & Co.">E.D. Sassoon & Co.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elias_David_Sassoon" title="Elias David Sassoon">Elias David Sassoon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese Officials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Zexu" title="Lin Zexu">Lin Zexu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Amoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Imperial_China_era_(221_BC_–_1911_AD)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Macau" title="History of Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shanghai" title="History of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q733116#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh95002051">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007539667505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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