CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ee1a43f3-f0a0-4b82-b823-7968c9650eb7","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence","wgTitle":"John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence","wgCurRevisionId":1274242711,"wgRevisionId":1274242711,"wgArticleId":609555,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from January 2020","Use British English from January 2020","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB","Pages using cite ODNB with id parameter","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","1811 births","1879 deaths", "Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath","Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India","Barons Lawrence","Lawrence baronets","Lawrence family (England)","Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom","Viceroys of India","Members of the London School Board","People educated at Foyle College","People from Richmond, North Yorkshire","Governors of Punjab (British India)","Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria","Members of the Council of India"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence","wgRelevantArticleId":609555,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{ "pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q336449","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/John_Lawrence_by_Maull_and_Polyblank.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1595"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/John_Lawrence_by_Maull_and_Polyblank.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1063"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="850"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-John_Lawrence_1st_Baron_Lawrence rootpage-John_Lawrence_1st_Baron_Lawrence skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=John+Lawrence%2C+1st+Baron+Lawrence" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=John+Lawrence%2C+1st+Baron+Lawrence" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=John+Lawrence%2C+1st+Baron+Lawrence" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=John+Lawrence%2C+1st+Baron+Lawrence" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passage_to_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passage_to_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Passage to India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passage_to_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punjab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punjab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Punjab</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Punjab-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Punjab subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Punjab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jullundur_and_the_Hill_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jullundur_and_the_Hill_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Jullundur and the Hill States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jullundur_and_the_Hill_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Board_of_Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Board_of_Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Board of Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Board_of_Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chief_Commissioner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chief_Commissioner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Chief Commissioner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chief_Commissioner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_Mutiny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Mutiny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Indian Mutiny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Mutiny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_of_Rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_of_Rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aftermath of Rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_of_Rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viceroy_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viceroy_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Viceroy of India</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Viceroy_of_India-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Viceroy of India subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Viceroy_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Domestic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Return to England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lawrence,_1._Baron_Lawrence" title="John Lawrence, 1. Baron Lawrence – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Lawrence, 1. Baron Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Laird_Mair_Lawrence" title="John Laird Mair Lawrence – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Laird Mair Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3" title="جان لارنس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان لارنس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lawrence" title="John Lawrence – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="जॉन लॉरेंस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉन लॉरेंस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lawrence,_I_barone_Lawrence" title="John Lawrence, I barone Lawrence – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Lawrence, I barone Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ജോൺ ലോറൻസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോൺ ലോറൻസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9_(%E5%88%9D%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5)" title="ジョン・ローレンス (初代ローレンス男爵) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・ローレンス (初代ローレンス男爵)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3" title="جان لارنس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جان لارنس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD,_1-%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Лоуренс, Джон, 1-й барон Лоуренс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лоуренс, Джон, 1-й барон Лоуренс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lawrence" title="John Lawrence – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lawrence,_1:e_baron_Lawrence" title="John Lawrence, 1:e baron Lawrence – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Lawrence, 1:e baron Lawrence" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3" title="جان لارنس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جان لارنس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lawrence,_Nam_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Lawrence_th%E1%BB%A9_nh%E1%BA%A5t" title="John Lawrence, Nam tước Lawrence thứ nhất – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="John Lawrence, Nam tước Lawrence thứ nhất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q336449#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&oldid=1274242711" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=John_Lawrence%2C_1st_Baron_Lawrence&id=1274242711&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJohn_Lawrence%2C_1st_Baron_Lawrence"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJohn_Lawrence%2C_1st_Baron_Lawrence"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=John_Lawrence%2C_1st_Baron_Lawrence&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q336449" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English British Imperial statesman from 1864 to 1869</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named John Lawrence, see <a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="John Lawrence (disambiguation)">John Lawrence (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Lord Lawrence</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">Bt</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath">GCB</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India">GCSI</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Lawrence_by_Maull_and_Polyblank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/John_Lawrence_by_Maull_and_Polyblank.jpg/220px-John_Lawrence_by_Maull_and_Polyblank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/John_Lawrence_by_Maull_and_Polyblank.jpg/330px-John_Lawrence_by_Maull_and_Polyblank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/John_Lawrence_by_Maull_and_Polyblank.jpg/440px-John_Lawrence_by_Maull_and_Polyblank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">The then Sir John Lawrence photographed by Maull & Polybank, c. 1850s</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Viceroy and Governor-General of India</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 January 1864 – 12 January 1869</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">The Viscount Palmerston</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">The Earl Russell</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">The Earl of Derby</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Denison" title="William Denison">Sir William Denison</a><br /><small>As Acting Viceroy and Governor-General</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo" title="Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo">The Earl of Mayo</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Punjab_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of governors of Punjab (British India)">Lieutenant Governor of Punjab</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 January 1859 – 25 February 1859</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor General</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">The Earl Canning</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Office created</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Montgomery_(colonial_administrator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Montgomery (colonial administrator)">Sir Robert Montgomery</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Punjab_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of governors of Punjab (British India)">Chief Commissioner of Punjab</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />18 January 1853 – 31 December 1858</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governors General</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">The Marquess of Dalhousie</a><br />The Earl Canning</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Office created</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Office abolished</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">4 March 1811<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1811-03-04</span>)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_North_Yorkshire" title="Richmond, North Yorkshire">Richmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="North Riding of Yorkshire">North Riding of Yorkshire</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 June 1879<span style="display:none">(1879-06-27)</span> (aged 68)<br />London, United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Harriette Hamilton<br /></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1841)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company_College" title="East India Company College">East India Company College</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Laird Mair Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath">GCB</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India">GCSI</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span></span> (4 March 1811 – 27 June 1879), known as <b>Sir John Lawrence, Bt.</b>, between 1858 and 1869, was a prominent British Imperial statesman and served as the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a> from 1864 to 1869. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lawrence was born in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_North_Yorkshire" title="Richmond, North Yorkshire">Richmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="North Riding of Yorkshire">North Riding of Yorkshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the youngest son born into an <a href="/wiki/Ulster-Scots_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster-Scots people">Ulster-Scots</a> family, his mother, Letitia Knox, being from <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a> while his father was from <a href="/wiki/Coleraine" title="Coleraine">Coleraine</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Londonderry" title="County Londonderry">County Londonderry</a>. Lawrence spent his early years in <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a>, a city in the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> in the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, and was educated at <a href="/wiki/Foyle_College" title="Foyle College">Foyle College</a> and Wraxhall School in <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Venn-2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venn-2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father had served in India as a soldier in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> and his elder brothers included <a href="/wiki/George_St_Patrick_Lawrence" title="George St Patrick Lawrence">Sir George Lawrence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Montgomery_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Montgomery Lawrence">Sir Henry Lawrence</a>. </p><p>At the age of sixteen, despite wishing for a military career like his brothers, his father enrolled him at the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company_College" title="East India Company College">East India Company College</a>, Haileybury, believing a career as a civil servant offered better prospects.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended Haileybury for two years, where by his own admission he was neither very idle nor very industrious, yet he won prizes in history, political economy and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Passage_to_India">Passage to India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Passage to India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lawrence entered the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Civil_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal Civil Service">Bengal Civil Service</a> and in September 1829 he set sail for India with his brother Henry. On arrival he settled at <a href="/wiki/Fort_William,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort William, India">Fort William</a> where he was expected to pass examinations in local vernacular.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having successfully mastered <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, Lawrence's first job was as a <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrate</a> and tax collector in Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-Harlow_&_Carter-2015_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harlow_&_Carter-2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After four years in Delhi he was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Panipat" title="Panipat">Panipat</a> and two years hence was placed in charge of <a href="/wiki/Gurgaon_district" title="Gurgaon district">Gurgaon district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1837, Lawrence was made a settlement officer at <a href="/wiki/Etawah" title="Etawah">Etawah</a>. Whilst doing the role he caught jungle fever and was close to death. He spent three months in <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> to convalesce but having failed to recover he returned to England in 1840. The following year, whilst in County Donegal he met and married his wife Harriette in August 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-Venn-2011_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venn-2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple then spent six months travelling Europe until news from the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a> led to them returning to England, and back to India in the autumn of 1842.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On his return to India, Lawrence was appointed a Civil and Sessions Judge in Delhi, and given responsibility over <a href="/wiki/Karnal" title="Karnal">Karnal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a> between 1845 and 1846, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hardinge,_1st_Viscount_Hardinge" title="Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge">Sir Henry Hardinge</a> sent orders for Lawrence to assist the armed forces. He played a key role ahead of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sobraon" title="Battle of Sobraon">Battle of Sobraon</a>, ensuring supplies and guns were collected and transferred to the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Punjab">Punjab</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Punjab"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jullundur_and_the_Hill_States">Jullundur and the Hill States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jullundur and the Hill States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the conclusion of the First Anglo-Sikh War, Hardinge appointed Lawrence to govern the newly-annexed <a href="/wiki/Jullundur" class="mw-redirect" title="Jullundur">Jullundur</a> district and <a href="/wiki/Hill_States_of_India" title="Hill States of India">Hill States</a> regions of the Punjab.<sup id="cite_ref-Harlow_&_Carter-2015_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harlow_&_Carter-2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that role, Lawrence was known for his administrative reforms, his subduing the hill tribes and his attempts to end the custom of <a href="/wiki/Suttee" class="mw-redirect" title="Suttee">suttee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attempted to tackle the issue of <a href="/wiki/Female_infanticide" title="Female infanticide">female infanticide</a> by successfully threatening the Bedis with confiscation of their lands unless they gave up the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His assistant <a href="/wiki/Robert_Needham_Cust" title="Robert Needham Cust">Robert Cust</a> described Lawrence's interviews with native land-holders as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"John Lawrence was full of energy – his coat off, his sleeves turned up above his elbows and impressing upon his subjects his principles of a just state demand...thou shall not burn thy widow, thou shall not kill thy daughters; thou shall not bury alive thy lepers."</p></blockquote> <p>Another assistant, <a href="/wiki/Lewin_Bentham_Bowring" title="Lewin Bentham Bowring">Lewin Bowring</a>, described how he had a rough tongue with the local chiefs, who had a wholesome dread of him. He was described as far abler than his brother at details but was not held in as much affection by the chiefs.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Board_of_Administration">Board of Administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Board of Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Victory in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> established East India Company dominance in the Punjab, and on 30 March 1849, the Punjab was proclaimed a province of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>. Lawrence was appointed to a three-man Board of Administration to govern the province, headed by his elder brother Henry. He was responsible for numerous reforms, including the abolition of internal duties and the establishment of a common currency and postal system.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawrence championed improvements to local infrastructure and raising money for public works, including an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road" title="Grand Trunk Road">Grand Trunk Road</a> from Delhi to Peshawar, the construction of a highway from Lahore to <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, and construction on the Bari Doab Canal which provided a boon to cultivators in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also known for being financially astute, overseeing a fifty percent increase in revenue and ensuring the Punjab was delivering a surplus of over one million pounds sterling within three years of the Board being instituted.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lawrence disagreed with his brother Henry's policy of retaining the support of the local aristocracy, arguing it was too extravagant and hurting finances.<sup id="cite_ref-Harlow_&_Carter-2015_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harlow_&_Carter-2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1852, having overseen a highly productive period of governance, the Lawrence brothers offered their resignations.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Lord Dalhousie</a> also feeling the necessity of a Board of Administration had ceased, sought to replace it with the new role of Chief Commissioner. Dalhousie rejected Lawrence's resignation, instead making him the first Chief Commissioner, meanwhile Henry went on to become <a href="/wiki/Rajputana_Agency" title="Rajputana Agency">Agent in Rajputana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harlow_&_Carter-2015_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harlow_&_Carter-2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chief_Commissioner">Chief Commissioner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chief Commissioner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Chief Commissioner, Lawrence carried on the policies from before - public works were extended, industry and education encouraged and surveying completed. He granted greater authority to villages, and upheld the decisions of village headsmen.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Lawrence now also had responsibility for managing the mercurial group of assistants recruited by his brother known as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawrence%27s_%22Young_Men%22" title="Henry Lawrence's "Young Men"">Henry Lawrence's "Young Men"</a>. </p><p>In February 1856, Lawrence returned to Calcutta to wish farewell to the departing Lord Dalhousie who was retiring to England. As a parting gift, Dalhouse recommended Lawrence for the honour of <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath">Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Venn-2011_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venn-2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst in Calcutta, Lawrence spent three days with Henry, in what would be the last time the brothers were together.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_Mutiny">Indian Mutiny</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Indian Mutiny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John-Laird-Mair-Lawrence-1st-Baron-Lawrence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/John-Laird-Mair-Lawrence-1st-Baron-Lawrence.jpg/220px-John-Laird-Mair-Lawrence-1st-Baron-Lawrence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/John-Laird-Mair-Lawrence-1st-Baron-Lawrence.jpg/330px-John-Laird-Mair-Lawrence-1st-Baron-Lawrence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/John-Laird-Mair-Lawrence-1st-Baron-Lawrence.jpg/440px-John-Laird-Mair-Lawrence-1st-Baron-Lawrence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>John Laird Mair Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence in 1860s</figcaption></figure> <p>Lawrence was in <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a> when he received news of a sepoy uprising in <a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Punjab garrison in May 1857 was 60,000 strong, consisting of 10,000 Europeans, 36,000 Hindustani sepoys and 14,000 Punjabi irregulars.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first step was to disarm potentially disaffected sepoys by splitting them into detachments and dispatching them to the Afghan frontier where they were less likely to rebel.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His next steps were to send the <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Guides_(India)" title="Corps of Guides (India)">Corps of Guides</a>, <a href="/wiki/55th_Coke%27s_Rifles_(Frontier_Force)" title="55th Coke's Rifles (Frontier Force)">1st Punjabi's (Coke's Afridis)</a>, <a href="/wiki/54th_Sikhs_(Frontier_Force)" title="54th Sikhs (Frontier Force)">4th Sikhs</a> and <a href="/wiki/4th_Punjab_Infantry_Regiment" title="4th Punjab Infantry Regiment">4th Punjab Infantry</a> seven hundred miles to Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To patrol the now militarily depleted Punjab, Lawrence then at the suggestion of <a href="/wiki/John_Nicholson_(East_India_Company_officer)" title="John Nicholson (East India Company officer)">John Nicholson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Benjamin_Edwardes" title="Herbert Benjamin Edwardes">Herbert Edwardes</a> deployed a movable column of lightly equipped European and Punjabi troops, and chose <a href="/wiki/Neville_Bowles_Chamberlain" title="Neville Bowles Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> to lead it.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To guarantee the loyalty of the Punjab, he requested Sikh chiefs show gratitude for leniency following annexation, and <a href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhind" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhind">Jhind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabha" title="Nabha">Nabha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kapurthala" title="Kapurthala">Kapurthala</a> all offered troops and money in support of the British. This ensured the lines of communication between Delhi and Lahore remained open.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote to influential Sikhs who had previously rebelled during the Second Sikh War, and successfully secured their support by offering them a chance of redemption if they lent support against the mutiny. Lawrence was also able to gain the support of Muslims in the Punjab such as the Nawab of Karnal.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the fighting continued, Lawrence felt inclined to send the large contingent of European soldiers stationed at Peshawar to Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This raised the prospect of an attack by <a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammed_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dost Mohammed Khan">Dost Mohammed Khan</a> when the Peshawar garrison was left less secure. Lawrence's assistants, led by John Nicholson and even the Governor-General, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Lord Canning</a>, were insistent on the need to protect Peshawar.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawrence nonetheless placed greater importance on the fall of Delhi, and pressed ahead with the re-deployment of troops to Delhi. By 6 September, Lawrence wrote to Lord Canning that the Punjab had sent every man they could spare.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 September, Delhi had been recaptured and due to his actions Lawrence was acclaimed as the 'Saviour of India'.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath_of_Rebellion">Aftermath of Rebellion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aftermath of Rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the immediate aftermath of the rebellion, the British perpetrated acts of vengeance, including <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Metcalf_p._295_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metcalf_p._295-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1858 Delhi became part of the Punjab, and Lawrence took steps to check the acts of vengeance.<sup id="cite_ref-Metcalf_p._295_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metcalf_p._295-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same month he wrote to Lord Canning urging him to permit sepoys who had not taken part in the mutiny to return home, and to grant an amnesty for those who did not murder anyone and had given up their arms.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calls were made to raze Delhi to the ground, and dismantle the <a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid</a>, however Lawrence resisted such calls stating holy places should be spared.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular opinion within British society was shaped by partisan reports of atrocities committed by the rebels and demanded the most severe retribution on the alleged culprits, an opinion which was resisted by Lord Canning and Lawrence.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many as 800,000 Indians and possibly more, both in the rebellion (150,000 dead) and in famines and <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a> of disease (650,000 dead) in its wake, by comparison of 1857 population estimates with the Indian Census of 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeers201364_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers201364-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 6,000 British occupiers or family members were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeers201364_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers201364-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1858, the Punjab was made a Lieutenant Governorship which resulted in an increase in staff and other privileges. In February 1859, Lawrence handed over power to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Montgomery_(colonial_administrator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Montgomery (colonial administrator)">Robert Montgomery</a> and set sail for England. For his service in the mutiny he was created a <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">baronet</a>, granted a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">GCB</a>, made a <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Privy Councillor</a> and received an annual pension from the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">East India Company</a> of £2,000.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On arrival in England he was greeted with a lavish ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Guildhall" title="Guildhall">Guildhall</a> and afforded an audience with <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also took up a role with the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_India" title="Council of India">Council of India</a> based at <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally he received the freedoms of the cities of London (1858) and <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> (1860), the freedom of the <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Grocers" title="Worshipful Company of Grocers">Worshipful Company of Grocers</a> (1859) and honorary doctorates of civil law from the universities of <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge</a> (1859).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viceroy_of_India">Viceroy of India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Viceroy of India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Lawrence%27s_Executive_Council_1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/John_Lawrence%27s_Executive_Council_1864.jpg/220px-John_Lawrence%27s_Executive_Council_1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/John_Lawrence%27s_Executive_Council_1864.jpg/330px-John_Lawrence%27s_Executive_Council_1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/John_Lawrence%27s_Executive_Council_1864.jpg/440px-John_Lawrence%27s_Executive_Council_1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption>Sir John Lawrence as <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a>, sitting middle, with his Executive Council members and Secretaries</figcaption></figure> <p>On 12 January 1864, Lawrence returned to India, succeeding <a href="/wiki/James_Bruce,_8th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin">Lord Elgin</a> as <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a>. His stated ambitions as Viceroy were to consolidate British power and to improve the ‘condition of the people’.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace-2014_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his first acts was to ban the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> practice of throwing their dead into the <a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To enable Lawrence to claim both his annuity from the East India Company and his full salary as Viceroy, the <a href="/wiki/Salary_of_Sir_J._Lawrence_Act_1864" title="Salary of Sir J. Lawrence Act 1864">Salary of Sir J. Lawrence Act 1864</a> was passed in March 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Domestic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Domestically, Lawrence sought to increase tenant security and to reduce fiscal assessments imposed on Indians, believing that what had worked in the Punjab would work across British India.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace-2014_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He saw light taxation as a matter of fairness and pragmatism, arguing that for Indian yeomen to safeguard British rule it was essential that they should feel the benefits of a British administration. Lawrence resisted calls for increasing the taxation of salt that would have disproportionately affected poorer Indians. He calculated that the excise on salt increased its price as much as twelvefold in the Punjab, and perhaps by eight times in the North West Provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace-2014_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawrence abhorred the stance taken by many of his compatriots, who considered it their 'prerogative while in India to pay no taxation at all.' He characterised the non-official British community in India as 'birds of passage', rushing to amass wealth as quickly as possible with no care for what happened after their departure.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace-2014_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arguably the greatest failure of Lawrence's tenure was the <a href="/wiki/Orissa_famine_of_1866" title="Orissa famine of 1866">Orissa famine of 1866</a>, in which an estimated one million Indians died.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace-2014_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the criticism focused on his moving the government apparatus to the cooler hills of <a href="/wiki/Simla" class="mw-redirect" title="Simla">Simla</a> which was geographically remote from the centre of power in Calcutta.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace-2014_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Lawrence offered his resignation, but this was refused by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Viscount Cranborne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace-2014_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lawrence's fame and extensive regional knowledge afforded him considerable scope by Westminster in determining Indian foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace-2014_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1863, the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emir of Afghanistan</a>, Dost Muhammad Khan, died, resulting in civil war within Afghanistan at a time when the British government were concerned with <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> expansionism in central Asia. Lawrence adopted a strategy of strict non-intervention on Afghanistan, devising a policy that would be known as 'masterly inactivity.' The policy meant no British envoys or troops were sent to Afghanistan, and civilian explorers were prohibited from wandering beyond the frontier. It has been argued the policy was shaped by Lawrence's experience of the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a> where his brother George was held captive.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lawrence argued any attempt to restrain Russian advance in Afghanistan would lead to the eventual occupation of the country, as was the case in 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace-2014_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vocal criticism of Lawrence's policy of ‘masterly inactivity’ came from serving or former British army officers in India such as <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Rawlinson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet">Henry Rawlinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Cotton" title="Sydney Cotton">Sir Sydney Cotton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace-2014_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Criticism centred on the belief that Britain's apparent passivity would allow Russia to establish her influence at Kabul.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace-2014_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_England">Return to England</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Return to England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lawrence completed his five-year term as Viceroy and returned to England in January 1869. In April he was raised to the <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peerage</a> as <b>Baron Lawrence</b>, of the Punjaub and of <a href="/wiki/Grateley" title="Grateley">Grateley</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">County of Southampton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_John_Laird_Mair_Lawrence_in_Westminster_Abbey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bust_of_John_Laird_Mair_Lawrence_in_Westminster_Abbey.jpg/220px-Bust_of_John_Laird_Mair_Lawrence_in_Westminster_Abbey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bust_of_John_Laird_Mair_Lawrence_in_Westminster_Abbey.jpg/330px-Bust_of_John_Laird_Mair_Lawrence_in_Westminster_Abbey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bust_of_John_Laird_Mair_Lawrence_in_Westminster_Abbey.jpg/440px-Bust_of_John_Laird_Mair_Lawrence_in_Westminster_Abbey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="2961" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Lawrence in Westminster Abbey</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Munby" title="Arthur Munby">Arthur Munby</a>, as quoted in <i>Munby, Man of Two Worlds</i>, wrote: 'Thursday, 31st. May, 18??:... Passing through Kensington Tuesday, (29th.May) I saw a man of all others worth seeing-Sir John Lawrence. He was riding down the street alone—without even a groom:and no one knew or noticed him. A large, loosely made man: sitting grave and quiet on his horse; with sallow wrinkled face and grizzled moustache: riding along, an unappreciated king of men, with such keen eyes and such a solemn face! And he all unnoticed, and still a commoner, while <a href="/wiki/Robert_Vernon,_1st_Baron_Lyveden" title="Robert Vernon, 1st Baron Lyveden">Vernon Smith</a> is a peer! But idiots are proverbially the favourites of fortune.' </p><p>In 1870 he was elected to represent the Chelsea division of the <a href="/wiki/London_School_Board" title="London School Board">London School Board</a>, and was appointed chairman at the first board meeting. He resigned from the position in November 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lawrence briefly returned to the public sphere in 1878 as a critic of the Conservative government's Afghan policy in the months preceding the <a href="/wiki/Second_Afghan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Afghan War">Second Afghan War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace-2014_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was nominated chairman of an influential committee to oppose the policy of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lord Lytton</a> and the Indian government, and to oppose annexation and imperialism.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lawrence died in London on 27 June 1879, aged 68 and was buried at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Venn-2011_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venn-2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A memorial bust of Lawrence by the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Woolner" title="Thomas Woolner">Thomas Woolner</a> was later erected in the nave of the Abbey.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Lawrence_Statue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/John_Lawrence_Statue.JPG/220px-John_Lawrence_Statue.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/John_Lawrence_Statue.JPG/330px-John_Lawrence_Statue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/John_Lawrence_Statue.JPG/440px-John_Lawrence_Statue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="4856" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Lord Lawrence in Waterloo Place, London</figcaption></figure> <p>Lawrence married Harriette Catherine, daughter of <a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">The Reverend</a> Richard Hamilton, in 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-Venn-2011_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venn-2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had four sons and six daughters:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Catherine Letitia Lawrence (1843–1931), married Col. William Lowndes Randall</li> <li>Harriette Emily Lawrence (1844–1918), married <a href="/wiki/H._S._Cunningham" title="H. S. Cunningham">Sir Henry Stewart Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence,_2nd_Baron_Lawrence" title="John Lawrence, 2nd Baron Lawrence">John Hamilton Lawrence</a> (1845–1913), succeeded his father as the <a href="/wiki/Baron_Lawrence" title="Baron Lawrence">2nd Baron Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawrence_(rugby_union)" title="Henry Lawrence (rugby union)">Henry Lawrence</a> (1848–1902), a noted <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a> player who captained <a href="/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team" title="England national rugby union team">England</a> in two matches, including the first ever international against <a href="/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team" title="Ireland national rugby union team">Ireland</a>.</li> <li>Alice Margaret Lawrence (1850–1944), married Rev. Launcelot Charles Walford (1843–1936) on 14 July 1870. They had three daughters.</li> <li>Mary Emma Lawrence (1852–1939), married <a href="/wiki/Francis_Buxton" title="Francis Buxton">Francis William Buxton</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_North_Buxton,_2nd_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edward North Buxton, 2nd Baronet">Sir Edward North Buxton, 2nd Baronet</a> on 27 February 1872. They had three sons, and five daughters.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence_of_Kingsgate" title="Charles Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence of Kingsgate">Charles Napier Lawrence</a> (1854–1927), businessman and was created <a href="/wiki/Baron_Lawrence_of_Kingsgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Lawrence of Kingsgate">Baron Lawrence of Kingsgate</a> in 1923.</li> <li>Edith Hamilton Lawrence (7 June 1860 – 24 February 1861), died in infancy</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Lawrence" title="Herbert Lawrence">Herbert Alexander Lawrence</a> (1861–1943), a First World War general and a banker.</li> <li>Dame <a href="/wiki/Maude_Lawrence" title="Maude Lawrence">Maude Agnes Lawrence</a> (1865–1933), civil servant</li></ul> <p>Lady Lawrence died in 1917. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A boarding house at the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company_College" title="East India Company College">East India Company College</a> (today <a href="/wiki/Haileybury_and_Imperial_Service_College" title="Haileybury and Imperial Service College">Haileybury and Imperial Service College</a>) and a "house" at <a href="/wiki/Foyle_College" title="Foyle College">Foyle College</a> was subsequently named after him. Lawrence is also a Senior Wing House at <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School,_Darjeeling" class="mw-redirect" title="St Paul's School, Darjeeling">St Paul's School, Darjeeling</a>, in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, where all the Senior Wing Houses are named after colonial-era civil service and military figures. </p><p>A statue of him stands at Foyle and Londonderry College (having been, originally, erected in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>). The statue, by Sir <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Edgar_Boehm" title="Joseph Edgar Boehm">Joseph Edgar Boehm</a>, once showed Lawrence with a pen in one hand and a sword in the other, along with the caption "By which will you be governed?". The pen and sword were used to illustrate his versatility as an administrator and a soldier. Vandals have since damaged the sword. Another statue of Lawrence stands in <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Place" title="Waterloo Place">Waterloo Place</a> in central London. The inscription on the base of the statue originally reads "John First Lord Lawrence, ruler of the Punjaub during the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. Viceroy of India from 1864 to 1869. Erected by his fellow subjects, British and Indian, A.D. 1882.," but the word "Punjaub" (Punjab) has been defaced and rendered illegible by vandals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 220px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg/150px-Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg/225px-Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg/300px-Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="179" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lawrence_Escutcheon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lawrence_Escutcheon.png/200px-Lawrence_Escutcheon.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lawrence_Escutcheon.png/300px-Lawrence_Escutcheon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lawrence_Escutcheon.png/400px-Lawrence_Escutcheon.png 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Crest</dt> <dd>Out of an eastern crown Or a cubit arm entwined by a wreath of laurel and holding a dagger all Proper.</dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd>Ermine on a cross raguly Gules an eastern crown Or on a chief Azure two swords in saltire Proper pommels and hilts Gold between as many leopards’ faces Argent</dd> <dt>Supporters</dt> <dd>Dexter, an officer of the Guide Cavalry (Irregulars) of the Pathan tribe in the province of Peshawar habited and accoutred Proper. Sinister an officer of the Sikh Irregular cavalry also habited and accoutred Proper.</dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd>Be Ready<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/empire/episodes/episode_50.shtml">"BBC – Radio 4 Empire – the Sepoy Rebellion (I)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Radio+4+Empire+%E2%80%93+the+Sepoy+Rebellion+%28I%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fradio4%2Fhistory%2Fempire%2Fepisodes%2Fepisode_50.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lawrence%2C+1st+Baron+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Venn-2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Venn-2011_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Venn-2011_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Venn-2011_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Venn-2011_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Venn-2011_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenn2011" class="citation book cs1">Venn, John (15 September 2011). <i>Alumni Cantabrigienses: A Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume 2</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108036146" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108036146"><bdi>978-1108036146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alumni+Cantabrigienses%3A+A+Biographical+List+of+All+Known+Students%2C+Graduates+and+Holders+of+Office+at+the+University+of+Cambridge%2C+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+1900%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-09-15&rft.isbn=978-1108036146&rft.aulast=Venn&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lawrence%2C+1st+Baron+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbon-1915-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon-1915_3-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbon1908" class="citation book cs1">Gibbon, Frederick (1908). <i>The Lawrences of the Punjab</i>. London: JM Dent & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-331-55959-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-331-55959-7"><bdi>978-1-331-55959-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lawrences+of+the+Punjab&rft.place=London&rft.pub=JM+Dent+%26+Co&rft.date=1908&rft.isbn=978-1-331-55959-7&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lawrence%2C+1st+Baron+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harlow_&_Carter-2015-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harlow_&_Carter-2015_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harlow_&_Carter-2015_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harlow_&_Carter-2015_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harlow_&_Carter-2015_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarlow_&_Carter2003" class="citation book cs1">Harlow & Carter, Barbara & Mia (2003). <i>Archives of Empire: Volume I. From The East India Company to the Suez Canal Volume 1 of Archives of Empire</i>. New Delhi: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0822331640" title="Special:BookSources/0822331640"><bdi>0822331640</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archives+of+Empire%3A+Volume+I.+From+The+East+India+Company+to+the+Suez+Canal+Volume+1+of+Archives+of+Empire&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0822331640&rft.aulast=Harlow+%26+Carter&rft.aufirst=Barbara+%26+Mia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lawrence%2C+1st+Baron+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Times, 29 July 1858, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metcalf_p._295-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Metcalf_p._295_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Metcalf_p._295_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Metcalf, The Aftermath of Revolt, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers201364-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeers201364_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeers201364_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeers2013">Peers 2013</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette22171" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22171/page/3667">"No. 22171"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 6 August 1858. p. 3667.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+22171&rft.pages=3667&rft.date=1858-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F22171%2Fpage%2F3667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lawrence%2C+1st+Baron+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bosworth Smith, Life of Lord Lawrence, vol. II, chs. 8 & 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallace-2014-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace-2014_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace-2014_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace-2014_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace-2014_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace-2014_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace-2014_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace-2014_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace-2014_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace-2014_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace-2014_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace-2014_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace-2014_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace2014" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Christopher Julian (June 2014). <i><span></span>'Masterly inactivity': Lord Lawrence, Britain and Afghanistan, 1864–1879</i>. King's College London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Masterly+inactivity%27%3A+Lord+Lawrence%2C+Britain+and+Afghanistan%2C+1864%E2%80%931879&rft.pub=King%27s+College+London&rft.date=2014-06&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lawrence%2C+1st+Baron+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bosworth Smith, Life of Lord Lawrence, vol. II, p. 418</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A Collection of the Public General Statutes passed in the Twenty-seventh and Twenty-eighth Years of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria: Being the Sixth Session of the Eighteenth Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. George Edward Eyre and William Spottiswoode. 1864. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Collection+of+the+Public+General+Statutes+passed+in+the+Twenty-seventh+and+Twenty-eighth+Years+of+the+reign+of+Her+Majesty+Queen+Victoria%3A+Being+the+Sixth+Session+of+the+Eighteenth+Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=George+Edward+Eyre+and+William+Spottiswoode&rft.date=1864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lawrence%2C+1st+Baron+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.L. Duthie, ‘Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson and the Art of Great Gamesmanship’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, XI (1983), 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette23483" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23483/page/2006">"No. 23483"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 30 March 1869. p. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+23483&rft.pages=2006&rft.date=1869-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F23483%2Fpage%2F2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lawrence%2C+1st+Baron+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mosley, Charles, editor. Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes. Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43098727">"Death of Lord John Lawrence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Register" title="South Australian Register">South Australian Register</a></i>. Vol. XLIV, no. 10, 180. South Australia. 1 July 1879. p. 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2021</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Australian+Register&rft.atitle=Death+of+Lord+John+Lawrence.&rft.volume=XLIV&rft.issue=10%2C+180&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1879-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article43098727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lawrence%2C+1st+Baron+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/john-laird-mair-lawrence">"John Laird Mair Lawrence"</a>. <i>Westminster Abbey</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Westminster+Abbey&rft.atitle=John+Laird+Mair+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westminster-abbey.org%2Fabbey-commemorations%2Fcommemorations%2Fjohn-laird-mair-lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lawrence%2C+1st+Baron+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Death of Lord Lawrence". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. 28 June 1879. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Death+of+Lord+Lawrence&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1879-06-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lawrence%2C+1st+Baron+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UxJXAAAAYAAJ&dq=Maude+Agnes+Lawrence&pg=PA991"><i>Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire</i></a>. Burke's Peerage Limited. 1907. p. 991<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogical+and+Heraldic+Dictionary+of+the+Peerage+and+Baronetage+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=991&rft.pub=Burke%27s+Peerage+Limited.&rft.date=1907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUxJXAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3DMaude%2BAgnes%2BLawrence%26pg%3DPA991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lawrence%2C+1st+Baron+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Burke's Peerage</i>. 1949.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burke%27s+Peerage&rft.date=1949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lawrence%2C+1st+Baron+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Mundy, Man of Two Worlds.Derek Hudson.The Life and Diaries of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Munby" title="Arthur Munby">Arthur Munby</a>, 1828–1910.Abacus Edition, 1974, published by Sphere Books.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeers2013" class="citation cs2">Peers, Douglas M. (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dyQuAgAAQBAJ"><i>India Under Colonial Rule: 1700–1885</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-88286-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-88286-2"><bdi>978-1-317-88286-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Under+Colonial+Rule%3A+1700%E2%80%931885&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-317-88286-2&rft.aulast=Peers&rft.aufirst=Douglas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdyQuAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lawrence%2C+1st+Baron+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence">John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Lawrence, John Laird Mair". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F16182">10.1093/ref:odnb/16182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lawrence%2C+John+Laird+Mair&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F16182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lawrence%2C+1st+Baron+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lawrence, John Laird Mair Lawrence, 1st Baron"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lawrence,_John_Laird_Mair_Lawrence,_1st_Baron">"Lawrence, John Laird Mair Lawrence, 1st Baron" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">306–</span>308.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lawrence%2C+John+Laird+Mair+Lawrence%2C+1st+Baron&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E306-%3C%2Fspan%3E308&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lawrence%2C+1st+Baron+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Edwardes, Michael. <i>The Necessary Hell: John and Henry Lawrence and the Indian Empire</i> (Cassell, 1958)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Ford1887" class="citation book cs1">William Ford (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GAYPAAAAQAAJ"><i>John Laird Mair Lawrence, a viceroy of India</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Laird+Mair+Lawrence%2C+a+viceroy+of+India&rft.date=1887&rft.au=William+Ford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGAYPAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lawrence%2C+1st+Baron+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Bosworth_Smith" title="Reginald Bosworth Smith">Reginald Bosworth Smith</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001266587"><i>Life of Lord Lawrence,</i></a> in 2 vols., (London: Smith Elder & Co., 1883) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924065563904;view=1up;seq=303">"Review of <i>Life of Lord Lawrence</i> by R. Bosworth Smith"</a>. <i>The Quarterly Review</i>. <b>155</b>: <span class="nowrap">289–</span>326. April 1883.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of+Life+of+Lord+Lawrence+by+R.+Bosworth+Smith&rft.volume=155&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E289-%3C%2Fspan%3E326&rft.date=1883-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dcoo.31924065563904%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lawrence%2C+1st+Baron+Lawrence" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp02650">Portraits of John Laird Mair Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336449#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Denison" title="William Denison">Sir William Denison</a> (acting)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Viceroy of India</a> </b><br />1864–1869 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo" title="Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo">The Earl of Mayo</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/London_School_Board" title="London School Board">London School Board</a> </b><br />1870–1873 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Reed_(British_politician)" title="Charles Reed (British politician)">Sir Charles Reed</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">Peerage of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Lawrence" title="Baron Lawrence">Baron Lawrence</a> </b><br />1869–1879 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence,_2nd_Baron_Lawrence" title="John Lawrence, 2nd Baron Lawrence">John Hamilton Lawrence</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_baronetcies" title="List of extant baronetcies">Baronetage of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Lawrence" title="Baron Lawrence">Baronet</a><br /></b>(of the Army) <b><br /></b>1858–1879 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence,_2nd_Baron_Lawrence" title="John Lawrence, 2nd Baron Lawrence">John Hamilton Lawrence</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Viceroys_of_India896" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viceroys_of_India" title="Template:Viceroys of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viceroys_of_India" title="Template talk:Viceroys of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viceroys_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viceroys of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Viceroys_of_India896" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Viceroys of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India <br />Company</a><br /><span class="nobold">(1773–1858)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Warren Hastings</a> (1774–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">The Earl Cornwallis</a> (1786–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Shore,_1st_Baron_Teignmouth" title="John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth">The Lord Teignmouth</a> (1793–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">The Marquess Wellesley</a> (1798–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">The Marquess Cornwallis</a> (1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">The Earl of Minto</a> (1807–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Rawdon-Hastings,_1st_Marquess_of_Hastings" title="Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings">The Marquess of Hastings</a> (1813–23)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Amherst,_1st_Earl_Amherst" title="William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst">The Earl Amherst</a> (1823–28)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Lord William Bentinck</a> (1828–35)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eden,_1st_Earl_of_Auckland" title="George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland">The Earl of Auckland</a> (1836–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Law,_1st_Earl_of_Ellenborough" title="Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough">The Earl of Ellenborough</a> (1842–44)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hardinge,_1st_Viscount_Hardinge" title="Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge">The Viscount Hardinge</a> (1844–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">The Marquess of Dalhousie</a> (1848–56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">The Viscount Canning</a> (1856–58)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:5em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1801).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_(1885%E2%80%931947).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_(1947%E2%80%931950).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281947%E2%80%931950%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281947%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281947%E2%80%931950%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281947%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281947%E2%80%931950%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281947%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Government">British Government</a><sup><small>1</small></sup><br /><span class="nobold">(1858–1947)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">The Earl Canning</a> (1858–62)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bruce,_8th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin">The Earl of Elgin</a> (1862–63)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Lord Lawrence</a> (1864–69)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bourke,_6th_Earl_of_Mayo" title="Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo">The Earl of Mayo</a> (1869–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Baring,_1st_Earl_of_Northbrook" title="Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook">The Earl of Northbrook</a> (1872–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">The Earl of Lytton</a> (1876–80)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">The Marquess of Ripon</a> (1880–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_1st_Marquess_of_Dufferin_and_Ava" title="Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava">The Marquess of Dufferin and Ava</a> (1884–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">The Marquess of Lansdowne</a> (1888–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Bruce,_9th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin">The Earl of Elgin</a> (1894–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">The Lord Curzon of Kedleston</a> (1899–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_4th_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto">The Earl of Minto</a> (1905–10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hardinge,_1st_Baron_Hardinge_of_Penshurst" title="Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst">The Lord Hardinge of Penshurst</a> (1910–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">The Lord Chelmsford</a> (1916–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Isaacs,_1st_Marquess_of_Reading" title="Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading">The Earl of Reading</a> (1921–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">The Lord Irwin</a> (1926–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Freeman-Thomas,_1st_Marquess_of_Willingdon" title="Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon">The Earl of Willingdon</a> (1931–36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">The Marquess of Linlithgow</a> (1936–43)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">The Viscount Wavell</a> (1943–47)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma</a> (1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.2em;">Governors General after <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Indian <br />independence</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">The Earl Mountbatten of Burma</a> (1947–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari</a> (1948–50)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.2em;">Governors General after <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistani <br />independence</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> (1947–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin</a> (1948–51)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Ghulam_Muhammad" title="Malik Ghulam Muhammad">Ghulam Muhammad</a> (1951–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskander_Mirza" title="Iskander Mirza">Iskander Mirza</a> (1955–56)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding-top:0.3em; line-height:1.2em;"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 Sepoy Mutiny</a>. <sup><small>2</small></sup> As representatives of <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> in his role as King of India (1947–50). <sup><small>3</small></sup> As representatives of George VI and then <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> in their roles as King and Queen of Pakistan, respectively.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336449#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1538" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336449#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1538" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336449#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000061514102">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/20741885">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/476286/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcBW6rW9Qb3w9vddWrQbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/128669888">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2002030071">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15513468c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15513468c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p142880612">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/304915">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007292032605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/07542102X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bc48w6">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&oldid=1274242711">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&oldid=1274242711</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1811_births" title="Category:1811 births">1811 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1879_deaths" title="Category:1879 deaths">1879 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" title="Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath">Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_Grand_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_India" title="Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India">Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Barons_Lawrence" title="Category:Barons Lawrence">Barons Lawrence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lawrence_baronets" title="Category:Lawrence baronets">Lawrence baronets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lawrence_family_(England)" title="Category:Lawrence family (England)">Lawrence family (England)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Viceroys_of_India" title="Category:Viceroys of India">Viceroys of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_London_School_Board" title="Category:Members of the London School Board">Members of the London School Board</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Foyle_College" title="Category:People educated at Foyle College">People educated at Foyle College</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Richmond,_North_Yorkshire" title="Category:People from Richmond, North Yorkshire">People from Richmond, North Yorkshire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Governors_of_Punjab_(British_India)" title="Category:Governors of Punjab (British India)">Governors of Punjab (British India)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peers_of_the_United_Kingdom_created_by_Queen_Victoria" title="Category:Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria">Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Council_of_India" title="Category:Members of the Council of India">Members of the Council of India</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2020">Use dmy dates from January 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_January_2020" title="Category:Use British English from January 2020">Use British English from January 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_ODNB" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_cite_ODNB_with_id_parameter" title="Category:Pages using cite ODNB with id parameter">Pages using cite ODNB with id parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 February 2025, at 07:00<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>14 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-cb5wj","wgBackendResponseTime":156,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.773","walltime":"0.930","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15713,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":113748,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":19884,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":95137,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 836.014 1 -total"," 31.84% 266.220 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 17.45% 145.912 1 Template:Reflist"," 9.79% 81.856 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 8.74% 73.074 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.44% 70.548 1 Template:Viceroys_of_India"," 8.25% 68.945 1 Template:Navbox"," 7.64% 63.861 2 Template:Cite_web"," 6.07% 50.749 18 Template:Main_other"," 5.64% 47.137 1 Template:Commons_category"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.426","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11474039,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF1858\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF1869\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbon1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarlow_\u0026amp;_Carter2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeers2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVenn2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallace2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Ford1887\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date text\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Lawrence, John Lawrence, 1st Baron\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox COA wide\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"London Gazette\"] = 2,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"NPG name\"] = 1,\n [\"Other people\"] = 1,\n [\"Postnominals\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 4,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-gov\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 3,\n [\"S-reg\"] = 2,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 4,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Viceroys of India\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n \"Gazette%d+\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-57bccb6b4d-fjlnb","timestamp":"20250221205519","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q336449","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q336449","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-04-21T05:59:08Z","dateModified":"2025-02-06T07:00:15Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cc\/John_Lawrence_by_Maull_and_Polyblank.jpg","headline":"British Viceroy of India (1811-1879)"}</script> </body> </html>