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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frost_nails"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Frost nails</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frost_nails-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podkova" title="Podkova – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Podkova" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hestesko" title="Hestesko – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hestesko" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hufeisen" title="Hufeisen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hufeisen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herradura" title="Herradura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Herradura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hufumo" title="Hufumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hufumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perra" title="Perra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Perra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fer_%C3%A0_cheval" title="Fer à cheval – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fer à cheval" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferradura" title="Ferradura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ferradura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Подкова – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Подкова" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe" title="Horseshoe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Horseshoe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Blunt projection on a horseshoe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Calkin" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Calkin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Calkin (disambiguation)">Calkin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For sealing of cracks, see <a href="/wiki/Caulking" class="mw-redirect" title="Caulking">Caulking</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Caulkin" title="Special:EditPage/Caulkin">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Caulkin%22">"Caulkin"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Caulkin%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Caulkin%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Caulkin%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Caulkin%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Caulkin%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2heelcalks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2heelcalks.jpg/250px-2heelcalks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2heelcalks.jpg/330px-2heelcalks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2heelcalks.jpg/500px-2heelcalks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>Heel calks on a horseshoe</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shoe_studs.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Shoe_studs.JPG/220px-Shoe_studs.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Shoe_studs.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="191" /></a><figcaption>Screw-in-calks used on a show jumper.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calk_(PSF).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Calk_%28PSF%29.jpg/220px-Calk_%28PSF%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Calk_%28PSF%29.jpg/330px-Calk_%28PSF%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Calk_%28PSF%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Calks (identified by the letter "C" on diagram) consist of spur-point and a shank to form an antislipping device.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>caulkin</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a blunt projection on a <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe" title="Horseshoe">horseshoe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ox#Shoeing" title="Ox">oxshoe</a> that is often forged, welded or brazed onto the shoe.<sup id="cite_ref-KFKH_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KFKH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FaF_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FaF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term may also refer to traction devices screwed into the bottom of a horseshoe, also commonly called <b>shoe studs</b> or <b>screw-in calks</b>. These are usually a blunt spiked <a href="/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)" title="Cleat (shoe)">cleat</a>, usually placed at the sides of the shoe. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caulkin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caulkins or studs improve a horse's balance and grip over uneven or slippery terrain, allowing the animal to move better and jump more confidently in poor footing. Screw in calks are most often seen in speed sports, such as <a href="/wiki/Eventing" title="Eventing">eventing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">show jumping</a>, although they are sometimes used for <a href="/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">dressage</a>. Forged caulks of various styles are more often seen on <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">race horses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Working_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Working animals">working animals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">draft horses</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Packhorse" title="Packhorse">packhorses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trail_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Trail horse">trail horses</a>, though in some areas they are still seen on <a href="/wiki/Field_hunter" title="Field hunter">field hunters</a> and other riding horses that have to work in all weather and require extra traction, such as <a href="/wiki/Police_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Police horse">police horses</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Designs">Designs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caulkin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Designs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caulkins_on_a_horseshoe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Caulkins_on_a_horseshoe.jpg/220px-Caulkins_on_a_horseshoe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Caulkins_on_a_horseshoe.jpg/330px-Caulkins_on_a_horseshoe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Caulkins_on_a_horseshoe.jpg/440px-Caulkins_on_a_horseshoe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Permanent_designs">Permanent designs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caulkin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Permanent designs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prong" class="extiw" title="wikt:prong">prongs</a> of an elongated horseshoe (commonly not more than <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inches or 44 millimetres) have tips bent at an <a href="/wiki/Acute_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute angle">acute angle</a> opposite to the surface attached to the horses' <a href="/wiki/Hoof" title="Hoof">hoof</a>. Traditionally, a <a href="/wiki/Farrier" title="Farrier">farrier</a> employs a <a href="/wiki/Forge" title="Forge">forge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe" title="Horseshoe">hot-shoeing</a> to heat the two heel prongs to <a href="/wiki/Red_heat" title="Red heat">red hot</a> and bends them by hammering prongs over a <a href="/wiki/Right-angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-angle">right-angle</a> to bend into an <a href="/wiki/Acute_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute angle">acute angle</a>. Occasionally, another caulkin is on the toe of the shoe and integrally formed in the initial forging process.<sup id="cite_ref-FaF_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FaF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a horseshoe built as a concave caulk and wedge shoe, the 2 prongs differ:<sup id="cite_ref-KFKH_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KFKH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KFwedg_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KFwedg-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one prong ends with a caulkin, and the other prong ends with a wedge (with both facing downward to the ground). That caulk/wedge horseshoe is a traditional British hunting shoe, and it has been used to provide the horse with a sure-footed grip when working at a fast pace over uneven ground.<sup id="cite_ref-KFwedg_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KFwedg-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shapes of the caulkin and the wedge have been designed to provide hoof traction, meanwhile ensuring the horse's safety is not compromised. The caulk/wedge horseshoe design has been recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Farriers" title="Worshipful Company of Farriers">Worshipful Company of Farriers</a> as being an appropriate specimen horseshoe to be used for the diploma exam.<sup id="cite_ref-KFwedg_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KFwedg-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another way caulkins are applied is for <a href="/wiki/Borium" class="mw-redirect" title="Borium">borium</a> to be brazed onto the surface of the shoe. Usually borium is placed at the heels and toe, either in small knobs for maximum grip, or in small rough patches for extra traction and to prevent wear on the shoe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Screw-in_calks">Screw-in calks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caulkin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Screw-in calks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For use of screw-in calks or studs, horseshoes are "tapped", or drilled, on either heel of the shoe, so that different studs may be applied as needed and changed according to the footing conditions and the type of work performed by the horse. Therefore, a horse may have a maximum of 8 studs (2 per foot). Studs come in several sizes and types. </p><p>Screw-in calks or studs are popular in sport competition because they can be changed to adapt to different terrain. However, the size and design of stud must be carefully selected, as the wrong stud will be useless and can damage the horse's legs. Too little traction, and the horse may slip and possibly fall. Too much, and the horse is jarred, as his feet cannot naturally slip (which is a shock-absorption mechanism). Additionally, the more stud used, the greater chance the shoe may be pulled off. Usually, if there is doubt, it is considered best to slightly under-stud. In general, the faster the pace, the larger the stud will be used. Therefore, small studs are used for dressage and lower-level jumping or eventing, and larger studs are used for polo and upper-level eventing. Studs with more of a point are used for hard ground, and those that have more circumference are used in "heavier" footing, such as thick mud. </p><p>A hoof pick or horseshoe nail can help remove the plug prior to insertion of a screw-in stud. A special instrument called a T-tap is used to clean out the stud holes before the stud is screwed in, or it can be used to re-tap the stud hole if the threads are damaged. Additionally, a small metal brush can be used to help clean threads which are especially dirty. A wrench is used to tighten or loosen the studs. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crampons_equitation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Crampons_equitation.png/250px-Crampons_equitation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Crampons_equitation.png/330px-Crampons_equitation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Crampons_equitation.png/500px-Crampons_equitation.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="906" /></a><figcaption>Left to right: grass studs, blocks, road studs.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Types of studs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>Road studs </td> <td>used on hard surfaces, usually 4 or 6-sided, smaller in size and blunt. Can be used front or back, on the inside of the shoe or the outside. This type of stud is fine most of the time, unless the ground is incredibly muddy or slippery. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Blocks </td> <td>square in shape and best for soft, deep, muddy ground. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bullets </td> <td>best for firm ground with a layer of soft ground on top. They are large and sharp. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grass studs </td> <td>narrow and sharp to dig into hard, dry ground. They should only be used on the outside of the shoe, or just on the hind feet. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Olympic studs </td> <td>used for extremely slippery ground, very long and sharp. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frost_nails">Frost nails</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caulkin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Frost nails"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frost nails can be used in the place of studs for a few different reasons. Originally they were created to be used in icy conditions for extra traction and stability. However, they can also be used in various equine competitions for better traction on footing such as wet and slippery conditions. </p><p>The head of the nail is sharper than regular nails and is wedge shaped.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caulkin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caulkins forged into the shoe which are not removable pose an increased risk of injury to handler or horse should the horse step on or kick a person, itself, or another animal. When <a href="/wiki/Stable" title="Stable">stabled</a>, animals wearing caulkins need extra bedding to avoid abrasion when lying down and for protection while moving about in a confined area. When working, <a href="/wiki/Horse_leg_protection" title="Horse leg protection">leg protection</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Bell_boots" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell boots">bell boots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Splint_boots" class="mw-redirect" title="Splint boots">splint boots</a> or <a href="/wiki/Horse_leg_protection#Exercise_bandages" title="Horse leg protection">exercise bandages</a> may minimize the risk of injury. </p><p>Screw-in studs are often longer and sharper than permanent caulkins and thus are removed when the horse is not working. The hole for the stud is plugged with cotton, rubber plugs, or a stud blank so dirt does not ruin the threads of the hole. Due to risk of injury, horses are not shipped in studs or left unattended with studs screwed in. </p><p>Pointed studs, such as grass studs or pointed bullets are generally placed only on the outside of the shoe, so the horse is less likely to cut himself should his foot hit one of his legs. Road stud can be used on the inside or outside of a shoe. However, the shoe should have some stud on the inside of the shoe; without it, there will be a twisting motion on the foot, which can cause a loss of shoe, and possibly strain the legs. Most riders place smaller studs on the front feet, because the horse's hind legs are stronger and generally require more traction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caulkin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farrier" title="Farrier">Farrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_hoof" title="Horse hoof">Horse hoof</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caulkin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(or <i>caulk</i>; US spelling "<b>calkin</b>" or "<b>calk</b>") from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Calx" title="Calx">calx</a></i> (the <a href="/wiki/Heel" title="Heel">heel</a>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caulkin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-KFKH-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KFKH_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KFKH_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100312142205/http://www.knowfootknowhorse.com/movies.asp?category=20">"Know Foot Know Horse"</a>. <i>knowfootknowhorse.com</i>. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knowfootknowhorse.com/movies.asp?category=20">the original</a> on 2010-03-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=knowfootknowhorse.com&rft.atitle=Know+Foot+Know+Horse&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knowfootknowhorse.com%2Fmovies.asp%3Fcategory%3D20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaulkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FaF-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FaF_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FaF_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForge_and_Farrier,_UK2008" class="citation web cs1">Forge and Farrier, UK (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forgeandfarrier.co.uk/results2008.htm">"Farrier Competition Results 2008"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Farrier+Competition+Results+2008&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Forge+and+Farrier%2C+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forgeandfarrier.co.uk%2Fresults2008.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaulkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KFwedg-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KFwedg_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KFwedg_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KFwedg_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713162826/http://www.knowfootknowhorse.com/Details.asp?ProdID=226&category=20">"Concave Caulk and Wedge"</a>. <i>knowfootknowhorse.com</i>. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knowfootknowhorse.com/Details.asp?ProdID=226&category=20">the original</a> on 2011-07-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>(see caulkin/wedge horseshoe photo on webpage)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=knowfootknowhorse.com&rft.atitle=Concave+Caulk+and+Wedge&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knowfootknowhorse.com%2FDetails.asp%3FProdID%3D226%26category%3D20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaulkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbase.com/gefailgof/image/106690049">"Frost Nail"</a>. Robert Owen (1865–1943) - Master Blacksmith Photo Gallery by Keith O'Brien. PBase. 2 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frost+Nail&rft.pub=PBase&rft.date=2008-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpbase.com%2Fgefailgof%2Fimage%2F106690049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaulkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="More_reading">More reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caulkin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: More reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705133341/http://www.horseshoes.com/glossary/c/glsrc.htm">"The Farrier and Hoofcare Resource Center - Glossary"</a>. <i>Horseshoes.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horseshoes.com/glossary/c/glsrc.htm">the original</a> on 5 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Horseshoes.com&rft.atitle=The+Farrier+and+Hoofcare+Resource+Center+-+Glossary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horseshoes.com%2Fglossary%2Fc%2Fglsrc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaulkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forgeandfarrier.co.uk">"Forge and Farrier"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forge+and+Farrier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forgeandfarrier.co.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaulkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005171444/http://www.farrierresource.com/">"Farrier Source"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farrierresource.com/">the original</a> on 5 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Farrier+Source&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.farrierresource.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaulkin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caulkin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/9/9/14990/14990-h/14990-h.htm#art16">Historical development of the horseshoe</a> 1891 <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a> article from <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Saddles,_components_and_accessories386" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Saddle" title="Saddle">Saddles</a>, components and accessories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saddle" title="Saddle">Saddles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_saddle" title="Western saddle">Western saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_saddle" title="English saddle">English saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_stock_saddle" title="Australian stock saddle">Australian stock saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McClellan_saddle" title="McClellan saddle">McClellan saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidesaddle" title="Sidesaddle">Sidesaddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pack_saddle" title="Pack saddle">Pack saddle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components and accessories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Girth_(tack)" title="Girth (tack)">Girth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastplate_(tack)" title="Breastplate (tack)">Breastplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirrup" title="Stirrup">Stirrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapadero" title="Tapadero">Tapadero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_blanket" title="Saddle blanket">Saddle blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddlebag" title="Saddlebag">Saddlebag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannier" title="Pannier">Pannier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bits,_bridles_and_hackamores386" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bit_(horse)" title="Bit (horse)">Bits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridle" title="Bridle">bridles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hackamore" title="Hackamore">hackamores</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Headstalls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridle" title="Bridle">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_bridle" title="Double bridle">Double bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackamore" title="Hackamore">Hackamore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitless_bridle" title="Bitless bridle">Bitless bridle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bit_(horse)" title="Bit (horse)">Bits</a> and bit parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curb_bit" title="Curb bit">Curb bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snaffle_bit" title="Snaffle bit">Snaffle bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_bit" title="Gag bit">Gag bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimblewick_bit" title="Kimblewick bit">Kimblewick bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_bit" title="Liverpool bit">Liverpool bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelham_bit" title="Pelham bit">Pelham bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spade_bit_(horse)" title="Spade bit (horse)">Spade bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_bit" title="Ring bit">Ring bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_mouthpiece" title="Bit mouthpiece">Bit mouthpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_ring" title="Bit ring">Bit ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_shank" title="Bit shank">Bit shank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Component parts and accessories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noseband" title="Noseband">Noseband/cavesson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosal" title="Bosal">Bosal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_hackamore" title="Mechanical hackamore">Mechanical hackamore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rein" title="Rein">Reins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romal" title="Romal">Romal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecate_rein" title="Mecate rein">Mecate rein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curb_chain" title="Curb chain">Curb chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiador_(tack)" title="Fiador (tack)">Fiador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_converter" title="Bit converter">Bit converter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_guard" title="Bit guard">Bit guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_strap" title="Lip strap">Lip strap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue-tie_(tack)" title="Tongue-tie (tack)">Tongue-tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallong" title="Sallong">Sallong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Horse_harness_and_carriages386" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horse_harness" title="Horse harness">Horse harness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carriage" title="Carriage">carriages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horse_harness" title="Horse harness">Horse harness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breastplate_(tack)#Harness" title="Breastplate (tack)">Breast collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeching_(tack)" title="Breeching (tack)">Breeching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle#Harness_bridles" title="Bridle">Bridle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearing_rein" title="Bearing rein">Bearing rein/overcheck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blinkers_(horse_tack)" title="Blinkers (horse tack)">Blinders/blinkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rein#Harness_reins" title="Rein">Lines/reins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_roll" title="Shadow roll">Shadow roll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_brass" title="Horse brass">Horse brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_collar" title="Horse collar">Collar and hames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crupper" title="Crupper">Crupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harness_saddle" title="Harness saddle">Harness saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surcingle" title="Surcingle">Surcingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terret" title="Terret">Terret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_(tack)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trace (tack)">Trace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">Horse-drawn vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carriage" title="Carriage">Carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cart" title="Cart">Cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coach_(carriage)" title="Coach (carriage)">Coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sled" title="Sled">Sled/sleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulky" title="Sulky">Sulky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon" title="Wagon">Wagon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tack_accessories_and_training_tools386" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tack accessories and training tools</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martingale_(tack)" title="Martingale (tack)">Martingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip" title="Whip">Whip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crop_(implement)" title="Crop (implement)">Crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirt" title="Quirt">Quirt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spur" title="Spur">Spur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surcingle" title="Surcingle">Surcingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitting_rig" title="Bitting rig">Bitting rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longeing_cavesson" title="Longeing cavesson">Longeing cavesson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_reins" title="Side reins">Side reins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambon" title="Chambon">Chambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draw_reins_and_running_reins" title="Draw reins and running reins">Draw reins and running reins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogue" title="Gogue">Gogue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_equipment386" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other equipment</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stable" title="Stable">Stable</a> equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halter" title="Halter">Halter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_(tack)" title="Lead (tack)">Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_grooming#Tools_used_for_grooming" title="Horse grooming">Grooming tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_blanket" title="Horse blanket">Horse blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_mask" title="Fly mask">Fly mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_leg_protection" title="Horse leg protection">Leg protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Restraints</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobble_(device)" title="Hobble (device)">Hobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picket_line" title="Picket line">Picket line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitch_(device)" title="Twitch (device)">Twitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock_crush" title="Livestock crush">Livestock crush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rein_hook" title="Rein hook">Rein hook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historic_or_ceremonial_equipment386" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historic or ceremonial equipment</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barding" title="Barding">Barding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura_(saddle)" title="Kura (saddle)">Kura (saddle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abumi_(stirrup)" title="Abumi (stirrup)">Abumi (stirrup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frentera" title="Frentera">Frentera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabrack" title="Shabrack">Shabrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caparison" title="Caparison">Caparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipposandal" title="Hipposandal">Hipposandal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Farriery_(horseshoeing)386" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Farrier" title="Farrier">Farriery</a> (horseshoeing)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe" title="Horseshoe">Horseshoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoof_boot" title="Hoof boot">Hoof boot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caulkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Occupations386" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Occupations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groom_(profession)" title="Groom (profession)">Groom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostler" title="Hostler">Hostler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strapper" title="Strapper">Strapper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Transportation386" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Transportation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horse_trailer" title="Horse trailer">Horse trailer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_equestrian_terms" title="Glossary of equestrian terms">Glossary of equestrian terms</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Horse_tack_and_equipment" title="Category:Horse tack and equipment">Category:Horse tack and equipment</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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