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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gbaya people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Гбая – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гбая" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Бая – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бая" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbaya_(Volk)" title="Gbaya (Volk) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gbaya (Volk)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbajaoj" title="Gbajaoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gbajaoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbaya_(peuple)" title="Gbaya (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gbaya (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Gbaya" title="Suku Gbaya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Gbaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbaya" title="Gbaya – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gbaya" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F" title="Гбайя – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гбайя" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbajai" title="Gbajai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gbajai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%87" title="شعب جبايه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شعب جبايه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbaya" title="Gbaya – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gbaya" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbaja" title="Gbaja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gbaja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F" title="Гбайя – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гбайя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbaja" title="Gbaja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gbaja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajat" title="Bajat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bajat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baya" title="Baya – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Baya" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Gbaya" title="Người Gbaya – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Gbaya" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1496762#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gbaya_people" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group native to Africa</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Gbaya</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gbaya_people_distribution_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gbaya_people_distribution_map.png/220px-Gbaya_people_distribution_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gbaya_people_distribution_map.png/330px-Gbaya_people_distribution_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gbaya_people_distribution_map.png/440px-Gbaya_people_distribution_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Gbaya people distribution map (approx).<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">1.2 million<sup id="cite_ref-Olson1996_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Gbaya_languages" title="Gbaya languages">Gbaya</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Gbaya</b>, also <b>Gbeya</b> or <b>Baya</b>, are a people of western region of <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, east-central <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, the north of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Congo">Republic of Congo</a>, and the northwest of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of South Sudan">Republic of South Sudan</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first half of the 20th century, the Gbaya were involved in several revolt attempts against German and then French colonial rule. </p><p>In rural areas, the Gbaya cultivate mainly <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, the latter two of which were introduced by the French. Today, many of the Gbaya people are Christians, though <a href="/wiki/Category:African_witchcraft" title="Category:African witchcraft">witchcraft</a> is practiced, known as <i>dua</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gbaya_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gbaya_tribesmen_of_the_Ubangi-Shari_region_circa_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gbaya_tribesmen_of_the_Ubangi-Shari_region_circa_1900.jpg/240px-Gbaya_tribesmen_of_the_Ubangi-Shari_region_circa_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gbaya_tribesmen_of_the_Ubangi-Shari_region_circa_1900.jpg/360px-Gbaya_tribesmen_of_the_Ubangi-Shari_region_circa_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gbaya_tribesmen_of_the_Ubangi-Shari_region_circa_1900.jpg/480px-Gbaya_tribesmen_of_the_Ubangi-Shari_region_circa_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>Gbaya village circa 1900.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gbaya people have been present in Central Africa since at least the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological researches have determined their place of origin to be located somewhere in the lower valley of the <a href="/wiki/Lobaye_River" title="Lobaye River">Lobaye River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo199597_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo199597-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early 19th century, several Gbaya tribes migrated toward the Eastern area of whats is now Cameroon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo199597_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo199597-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 19th century, a series of wars opposed Gbaya tribes to <a href="/wiki/Fulani" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani">Fulani</a> tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo199593_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo199593-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These wars were marked by extensive <a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">slave raiding</a>, resulting in the enslavement of a great numbers of Gbaya by the Fulani.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo199534_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo199534-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first contact with Europeans occurred in 1892, when French explorer <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Mizon" title="Antoine Mizon">Antoine Mizon</a> entered Gbaya territory after steaming up the <a href="/wiki/Sangha_River" title="Sangha River">Sangha River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995122_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995122-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1900s, the area where the Gbaya lived became part of <a href="/wiki/German_Kamerun" class="mw-redirect" title="German Kamerun">German Kamerun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995127_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995127-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gbaya, who traditionally lived in small rural communities, strongly resented the forced <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> brought by the Germans. Many tribes initially responded by moving away to remote areas, but a German repression campaign soon forced them back into submission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995128_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995128-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1910, all the resisting tribes had been subdued, and their leaders had been hanged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995130_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995130-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1912 onward, many Gbaya tribes <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">were forced</a> to collect <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a> for the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995131_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995131-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> broke out, France, Britain and Belgium <a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">invaded German Kamerun</a>. Many Gbaya joined the French to get revenge from the oppression they had suffered at the hands of the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995139_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995139-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As they retreated, German forces used <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> tactics, burning down many Gbaya villages <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995140_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995140-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gbaya also suffered greatly when a number of Congolese <a href="/wiki/Force_Publique" title="Force Publique">Force Publique</a> troops went rogue and indulged in a series of rapes and murders on the locals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995140_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995140-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To escape the horrors of the war, many Gbaya tribes went to live deep into the <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a>, and soon the old practices that the German administration had attempted to quell, such as tribal wars, slavery and cannibalism, became popular again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995140_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995140-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1928, <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a> conscription by the French to build the <a href="/wiki/Congo-Ocean_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Congo-Ocean Railway">Congo-Ocean Railway</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the rise of Karnu, a Gbaya <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> who claimed to possess magical powers that could defeat the French, caused the Gbaya to revolt massively. Karnu was killed early, but revolt kept raging for about three years until the French were finally able to put it down. </p><p>The Gbaya people felt discriminated against in the political sphere, even after independence from the French.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="What sources say this? (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was only in the 1990s that a notable number of Gbaya leaders began to be admitted into higher administrative positions in government.<sup id="cite_ref-Burnham1997_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burnham1997-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent estimates of the population differ markedly, from 1.2 million,<sup id="cite_ref-Olson1996_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> down to 685,100, of which 358,000 are native to Cameroon.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Gbaya culture often takes an interest in the past and various traditions of <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a>, including disciplines that use hand-to-hand weapons. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baya_man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Baya_man.jpg/160px-Baya_man.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Baya_man.jpg/240px-Baya_man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Baya_man.jpg/320px-Baya_man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>A Gbaya man in 1903</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subgroups_and_languages">Subgroups and languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gbaya_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Subgroups and languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subgroups of the Gbaya include the <a href="/wiki/Bokoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Bokoto">Bokoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Gbaya_language" title="Northwest Gbaya language">Kara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaka,_Central_African_Republic" title="Kaka, Central African Republic">Kaka</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buli,_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buli, Central African Republic (page does not exist)">Buli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bwaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Bwaka">Bwaka</a>. The Gbaya speak a language of the Adamawa-Ubangi subgroup of the <a href="/wiki/Niger-Congo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger-Congo language">Niger-Congo language</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cannibalism">Cannibalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gbaya_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cannibalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pre-colonial and early <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Scramble for africa">colonial era</a> Gbaya tribes routinely indulged in ritual <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">anthropophagy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo199596_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo199596-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it essentially targeted defeated enemies, it could in some occasions be extended to owned slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClozel18969_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClozel18969-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This behavior deeply disgusted the Germans and the French, causing them to disdain and mistreat the Gbaya people, and to favor other ethnicities (such as the Fulani) over the Gbaya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995140_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995140-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 20th century, anthropophagy is considered to have completely disappeared from Gbaya culture. One of the last recorded cases occurred in 1949, when a dozen old Gbaya men from a village near <a href="/wiki/Bertoua" title="Bertoua">Bertoua</a> were arrested after having indulged in ritual cannibalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995401_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995401-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_and_cultural_practices">Economic and cultural practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gbaya_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Economic and cultural practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gbaya_Throwing_Knife_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gbaya_Throwing_Knife_2.jpg/120px-Gbaya_Throwing_Knife_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gbaya_Throwing_Knife_2.jpg/180px-Gbaya_Throwing_Knife_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gbaya_Throwing_Knife_2.jpg/240px-Gbaya_Throwing_Knife_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Gbaya throwing knife.</figcaption></figure> <p>In rural areas, the Gbaya cultivate mainly <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a> (staple food),<sup id="cite_ref-asante116_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asante116-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, the latter two of which were introduced by the French. The diamond industry took off in the late 1930s and still remains important.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agriculture method of Gbaya is called "swidden", a type of "slash and burn" farming where the forest is cleared, vegetation burnt on top of the cleared land, the farm used for a few years, then abandoned and the families move to a new area.<sup id="cite_ref-asante116_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asante116-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gbaya make an alcoholic beverage prepared with honey which is known as <i>kuri</i>. <i>Kam</i>, is a Gbaya porridge made from cassava.<sup id="cite_ref-Burnham1997_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burnham1997-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, most of the Gbaya people are Christians (50% Protestant, 33% Catholic), about 12% follows original indigenous beliefs, with only a minority of Muslims (3%).<sup id="cite_ref-asante116_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asante116-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rosander1997_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosander1997-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Witchcraft is known to be practiced, and is known to the people as <i>dua</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Währisch-OblauWrogemann2015_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Währisch-OblauWrogemann2015-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stories and rituals of the Gbaya people are a feature of everyday society.<sup id="cite_ref-Mudimbe2016_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mudimbe2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rituals employ martial arts equipment such as dual-edged swords and <a href="/wiki/Throwing_knife" title="Throwing knife">throwing knives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_People">Famous People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gbaya_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Famous People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boziz%C3%A9" title="François Bozizé">François Bozizé</a>, 6th president of Central African Republic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Banza" title="Alexandre Banza">Alexandre Banza</a>, Former minister of finance and state of Central African Republic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Gbezera-Bria" title="Michel Gbezera-Bria">Michel Gbezera-Bria</a>, Former prime minister of the Central African Republic</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gbaya_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gbaya_languages" title="Gbaya languages">Gbaya languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_language" title="To language">To language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gbaya_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gbaya">"Gbaya"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gbaya&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FGbaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGbaya+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShillington2013" class="citation book cs1">Shillington, Kevin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WixiTjxYdkYC&pg=PA400"><i>Encyclopedia of African History</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 398–400. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45669-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45669-6"><bdi>978-1-135-45669-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+History&rft.pages=398-400&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-45669-6&rft.aulast=Shillington&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWixiTjxYdkYC%26pg%3DPA400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGbaya+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olson1996-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olson1996_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson1996_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1996" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James Stuart (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MdaAdBC-_S4C&pg=PA193"><i>The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27918-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27918-8"><bdi>978-0-313-27918-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peoples+of+Africa%3A+An+Ethnohistorical+Dictionary&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-27918-8&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMdaAdBC-_S4C%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGbaya+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnhamChristensen1983" class="citation journal cs1">Burnham, Philip; Christensen, Thomas (1983). "Karnu's Message and the 'War of the Hoe Handle': Interpreting a Central African resistance movement". <i>Africa: Journal of the International African Institute</i>. <b>53</b> (4). Cambridge University Press: 3–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1159708">10.2307/1159708</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1159708">1159708</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145474688">145474688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa%3A+Journal+of+the+International+African+Institute&rft.atitle=Karnu%27s+Message+and+the+%27War+of+the+Hoe+Handle%27%3A+Interpreting+a+Central+African+resistance+movement&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=3-22&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145474688%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1159708%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1159708&rft.aulast=Burnham&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Christensen%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGbaya+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBateranzigo1995" class="citation book cs1">Bateranzigo, Léonidas (1995). <i>Les Gbaya et les Kaka de l'Est-Cameroun, des Origines à 1960</i>. University of Yaoundé. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Gbaya+et+les+Kaka+de+l%27Est-Cameroun%2C+des+Origines+%C3%A0+1960&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=University+of+Yaound%C3%A9&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Bateranzigo&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A9onidas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGbaya+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo199597-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo199597_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo199597_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBateranzigo1995">Bateranzigo 1995</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo199593-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo199593_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBateranzigo1995">Bateranzigo 1995</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo199534-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo199534_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBateranzigo1995">Bateranzigo 1995</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995122-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995122_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBateranzigo1995">Bateranzigo 1995</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995127-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995127_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBateranzigo1995">Bateranzigo 1995</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995128-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995128_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBateranzigo1995">Bateranzigo 1995</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995130-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995130_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBateranzigo1995">Bateranzigo 1995</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995131-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995131_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBateranzigo1995">Bateranzigo 1995</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995139-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995139_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBateranzigo1995">Bateranzigo 1995</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995140-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995140_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995140_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995140_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995140_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBateranzigo1995">Bateranzigo 1995</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burnham1997-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burnham1997_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burnham1997_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnham1997" class="citation book cs1">Burnham, P. C. (January 1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gbaya00burn"><i>Gbaya</i></a></span>. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gbaya00burn/page/59">59</a>–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-1995-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-1995-6"><bdi>978-0-8239-1995-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gbaya&rft.pages=59-61&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-1995-6&rft.aulast=Burnham&rft.aufirst=P.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgbaya00burn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGbaya+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo199596-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo199596_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBateranzigo1995">Bateranzigo 1995</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster1942" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hutton_Webster" title="Hutton Webster">Webster, Hutton</a> (1942). <i>Taboo: A Sociological Study</i>. Stanford University. p. 126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taboo%3A+A+Sociological+Study&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Hutton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGbaya+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClozel1896" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Clozel" title="François Joseph Clozel">Clozel, François-Joseph</a> (1896). <i>Les Bayas : notes ethnographiques et linguistiques</i>. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Bayas+%3A+notes+ethnographiques+et+linguistiques&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Clozel&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGbaya+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClozel18969-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClozel18969_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClozel1896">Clozel 1896</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995401-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBateranzigo1995401_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBateranzigo1995">Bateranzigo 1995</a>, p. 401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asante116-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asante116_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asante116_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asante116_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolefi_Kete_AsanteAma_Mazama2009" class="citation book cs1">Molefi Kete Asante; Ama Mazama (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B667ATiedQkC"><i>Encyclopedia of African Religion</i></a>. SAGE Publications. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-3636-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-3636-1"><bdi>978-1-4129-3636-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+Religion&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-3636-1&rft.au=Molefi+Kete+Asante&rft.au=Ama+Mazama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB667ATiedQkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGbaya+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosander1997-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosander1997_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosander1997" class="citation book cs1">Rosander, Eva Evers (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D0B29mV5UA8C&pg=PA206"><i>Transformation Des Identités Féminines</i></a>. Nordic Africa Institute. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7106-403-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7106-403-5"><bdi>978-91-7106-403-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transformation+Des+Identit%C3%A9s+F%C3%A9minines&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Nordic+Africa+Institute&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-91-7106-403-5&rft.aulast=Rosander&rft.aufirst=Eva+Evers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD0B29mV5UA8C%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGbaya+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Währisch-OblauWrogemann2015-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Währisch-OblauWrogemann2015_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWährisch-OblauWrogemann2015" class="citation book cs1">Währisch-Oblau, Claudia; Wrogemann, Henning (9 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tBO5CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA144"><i>Witchcraft, Demons and Deliverance</i></a>. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90657-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90657-1"><bdi>978-3-643-90657-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft%2C+Demons+and+Deliverance&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2015-01-09&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90657-1&rft.aulast=W%C3%A4hrisch-Oblau&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft.au=Wrogemann%2C+Henning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtBO5CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGbaya+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mudimbe2016-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mudimbe2016_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMudimbe2016" class="citation book cs1">Mudimbe, V. Y. (6 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vRzmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA76"><i>Tales of Faith: Religion as Political Performance in Central Africa</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-8137-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-8137-9"><bdi>978-1-4742-8137-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+of+Faith%3A+Religion+as+Political+Performance+in+Central+Africa&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2016-10-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-8137-9&rft.aulast=Mudimbe&rft.aufirst=V.+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvRzmDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGbaya+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacqueline_Cassandra_Woodfork2006" class="citation book cs1">Jacqueline Cassandra Woodfork (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7SEWjJ0_w2oC"><i>Culture and Customs of the Central African Republic</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33203-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33203-6"><bdi>978-0-313-33203-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+the+Central+African+Republic&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33203-6&rft.au=Jacqueline+Cassandra+Woodfork&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7SEWjJ0_w2oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGbaya+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Cameroon" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Cameroon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Cameroon" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Cameroon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Cameroon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Cameroon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Cameroon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Cameroon">Ethnic groups in Cameroon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akunakuna" title="Akunakuna">Akunakuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_people" title="Ana people">Ana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglophone_Cameroonian" title="Anglophone Cameroonian">Anglo-Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aro_people" title="Aro people">Aro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bafia_people" title="Bafia people">Bafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baka_people_(Cameroon_and_Gabon)" title="Baka people (Cameroon and Gabon)">Baka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakoko_people" title="Bakoko people">Bakoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakossi_people" title="Bakossi people">Bakossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baligham" title="Baligham">Baligham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamileke_people" title="Bamileke people">Bamileke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_people" title="Bamum people">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_people" title="Banda people">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_people_(Cameroon)" title="Bassa people (Cameroon)">Bassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beti-Pahuin_peoples" title="Beti-Pahuin peoples">Beti-Pahuin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beti_people" title="Beti people">Beti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_people" title="Fang people">Fang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubi_people" title="Bubi people">Bubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buduma_people" title="Buduma people">Buduma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamba_people" title="Chamba people">Chamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duala_people" title="Duala people">Duala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwe%27e_people" title="Dwe'e people">Dwe'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekoi_people" title="Ekoi people">Ekoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people">Kanuri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yerwa_Kanuri_people" title="Yerwa Kanuri people">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirdi" title="Kirdi">Kirdi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fali_people" title="Fali people">Fali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapsiki_people" title="Kapsiki people">Kapsiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafa_people" title="Mafa people">Mafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masa_people" title="Masa people">Masa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musgum_people" title="Musgum people">Musgum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupuri_people" title="Tupuri people">Tupuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kole_people" title="Kole people">Kole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kom_people_(Cameroon)" title="Kom people (Cameroon)">Kom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombe_people" title="Kombe people">Kombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotoko_people" title="Kotoko people">Kotoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuteb_people" title="Kuteb people">Kuteb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwe_people" title="Kwe people">Kwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwele_people" title="Kwele people">Kwele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limba_people_(Cameroon)" title="Limba people (Cameroon)">Limba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makaa_people" title="Makaa people">Makaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambila_people" title="Mambila people">Mambila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandara_people" title="Mandara people">Mandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankon" title="Mankon">Mankon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbo_people_(Cameroon)" title="Mbo people (Cameroon)">Mbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mboko_people" title="Mboko people">Mboko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofu" title="Mofu">Mofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mungo_people" title="Mungo people">Mungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njem_people" title="Njem people">Njem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nso_people" title="Nso people">Nso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzime_people" title="Nzime people">Nzime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pori_people" title="Pori people">Pori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggara_Arabs" title="Baggara Arabs">Shuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subu_people" title="Subu people">Subu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikar_people" title="Tikar people">Tikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiv_people" title="Tiv people">Tiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengo_people" title="Vengo people">Vengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widikum_people" title="Widikum people">Widikum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wodaabe" title="Wodaabe">Wodaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wovea_people" title="Wovea people">Wovea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Central_African_Republic" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Template:Ethnic groups in the Central African Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in the Central African Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in the Central African Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Central_African_Republic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in the Central African Republic">Ethnic groups in the Central African Republic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baggara_Arabs" title="Baggara Arabs">Baggara Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baka_people_(Cameroon_and_Gabon)" title="Baka people (Cameroon and Gabon)">Baka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_people" title="Banda people">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayaka">Bayaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gula_people" title="Gula people">Gula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_people" title="Kara people">Kara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresh_people" title="Kresh people">Kresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbaka_people" title="Mbaka people">Mbaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandja_people" title="Mandja people">Mandja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbandi_people" title="Ngbandi people">Ngbandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runga_people" title="Runga people">Runga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_people" title="Sara people">Sara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidiri_people" title="Vidiri people">Vidiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wodaabe" title="Wodaabe">Wodaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakoma_people" title="Yakoma people">Yakoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulu_people" title="Yulu people">Yulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zande_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Zande people">Zande</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Template:Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alur_people" title="Alur people">Alur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyindu_people" title="Nyindu people">Nyindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amba_people" title="Amba people">Amba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avukaya_people" title="Avukaya people">Avukaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baka_people_(Congo_and_South_Sudan)" title="Baka people (Congo and South Sudan)">Baka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakwa_Dishi_tribe" title="Bakwa Dishi tribe">Bakwa Dishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_people" title="Banda people">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyamulenge" title="Banyamulenge">Banyamulenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barambu_people" title="Barambu people">Barambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bemba_people" title="Bemba people">Bemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bembe_people" title="Bembe people">Bembe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boa_people" title="Boa people">Boa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budu_people" title="Budu people">Budu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunda_people" title="Bunda people">Bunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwile_people" title="Bwile people">Bwile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokwe_people" title="Chokwe people">Chokwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengese_people" title="Dengese people">Dengese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ef%C3%A9_people" title="Efé people">Efé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furiiru_people" title="Furiiru people">Furiiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garanganze_people" title="Garanganze people">Garanganze</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Twa" title="Great Lakes Twa">Great Lakes Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hema_people" title="Hema people">Hema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holoholo_people" title="Holoholo people">Holoholo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyaelima_people" title="Iyaelima people">Iyaelima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakwa_people" title="Kakwa people">Kakwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kango_people" title="Kango people">Kango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kele_people_(Congo)" title="Kele people (Congo)">Kele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keliko_people" title="Keliko people">Keliko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konjo_people" title="Konjo people">Konjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lega_people" title="Lega people">Lega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lele_people" title="Lele people">Lele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendu_language" title="Lendu language">Lendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logo_people" title="Logo people">Logo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luba_people" title="Luba people">Luba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemba_people" title="Hemba people">Hemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulua_people" title="Lulua people">Lulua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_people" title="Lugbara people">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunda_people" title="Lunda people">Lunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungu_people" title="Lungu people">Lungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makere_people" title="Makere people">Makere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayogo_people" title="Mayogo people">Mayogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbaka_people" title="Mbaka people">Mbaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangbetu_people" title="Mangbetu people">Mangbetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbo_people_(Congo)" title="Mbo people (Congo)">Mbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbole_people" title="Mbole people">Mbole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbunda_people" title="Mbunda people">Mbunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_people" title="Mbuti people">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongo_people" title="Mongo people">Mongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongo_Twa" title="Mongo Twa">Mongo Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_people_(Congo)" title="Mono people (Congo)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moru_people" title="Moru people">Moru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpama_people" title="Mpama people">Mpama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndaka_people" title="Ndaka people">Ndaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngando_people" title="Ngando people">Ngando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngata_people" title="Ngata people">Ngata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbandi_people" title="Ngbandi people">Ngbandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanga_people" title="Nyanga people">Nyanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pende_people" title="Pende people">Pende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanga_people" title="Sanga people">Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songora" class="mw-redirect" title="Songora">Songora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songye_people" title="Songye people">Songye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suku_people" title="Suku people">Suku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbu_people" title="Tagbu people">Tagbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teke_people" title="Teke people">Teke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetela_people" title="Tetela people">Tetela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topoke_people" title="Topoke people">Topoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbwe_people" title="Tumbwe people">Tumbwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turumbu_people" title="Turumbu people">Turumbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_people" title="Vira people">Vira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wochua_people" title="Wochua people">Wochua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaka_people" title="Yaka people">Yaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanzi_people" title="Yanzi people">Yanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakoma_people" title="Yakoma people">Yakoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yombe_people" title="Yombe people">Yombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulu_people" title="Yulu people">Yulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zande_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Zande people">Zande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyoba_people" title="Zyoba people">Zyoba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Chinese people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="White people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Europeans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Greeks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Template:Ethnic groups in the Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in the Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in the Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in the Republic of the Congo">Ethnic groups in the Republic of the Congo</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baka_people_(Cameroon_and_Gabon)" title="Baka people (Cameroon and Gabon)">Baka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayaka">Bayaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beembe_tribe_(Kongo)" title="Beembe tribe (Kongo)">Beembe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bembe_people" title="Bembe people">Bembe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buissi_people" title="Buissi people">Buissi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwele_people" title="Kwele people">Kwele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lari_people_(Congo)" title="Lari people (Congo)">Lari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbochi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbochi people">Mbochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha_people" title="Sangha people">Sangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teke_people" title="Teke people">Teke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vili_people" title="Vili people">Vili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yombe_people" title="Yombe people">Yombe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496762#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496762#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496762#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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