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class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_no.wikipedia.org&uselang=nb" class=""><span>Doner</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Turkmenistan" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk" class=""><span>Opprett konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Turkmenistan" title="Du oppfordres til å logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk 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mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logg inn</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Nettsted"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innhold" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Naturgeografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naturgeografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Naturgeografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naturgeografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Demografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Historie</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eldre_historie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eldre_historie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Eldre historie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eldre_historie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russisk_dominans,_1884–1991" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russisk_dominans,_1884–1991"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Russisk dominans, 1884–1991</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russisk_dominans,_1884–1991-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selvstendig_stat,_1991–" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selvstendig_stat,_1991–"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Selvstendig stat, 1991–</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selvstendig_stat,_1991–-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politikk_og_administrasjon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politikk_og_administrasjon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politikk og administrasjon</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politikk_og_administrasjon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Politikk og administrasjon</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politikk_og_administrasjon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrativ_inndeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrativ_inndeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Administrativ inndeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrativ_inndeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forsvars-_og_utenrikspolitikk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forsvars-_og_utenrikspolitikk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Forsvars- og utenrikspolitikk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forsvars-_og_utenrikspolitikk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rettsvesen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rettsvesen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Rettsvesen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rettsvesen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Næringsliv" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Næringsliv"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Næringsliv</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Næringsliv-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Næringsliv</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Næringsliv-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oljeselskaper_i_Turkmenistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oljeselskaper_i_Turkmenistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Oljeselskaper i Turkmenistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oljeselskaper_i_Turkmenistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oljedepartementet_og_StatoilHydro_i_Turkmenistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oljedepartementet_og_StatoilHydro_i_Turkmenistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Oljedepartementet og StatoilHydro i Turkmenistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oljedepartementet_og_StatoilHydro_i_Turkmenistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samfunn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samfunn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Samfunn</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Samfunn-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Samfunn</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Samfunn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Utdanning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utdanning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Utdanning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utdanning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massemedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massemedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Massemedia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massemedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sivile_organisasjoner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sivile_organisasjoner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sivile organisasjoner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sivile_organisasjoner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urbanitet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanitet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Urbanitet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanitet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oppføring_på_UNESCOs_lister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oppføring_på_UNESCOs_lister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Oppføring på UNESCOs lister</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oppføring_på_UNESCOs_lister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Turkmenistan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 244 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-244" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">244 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – færøysk" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="færøysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BArkmenistan" title="Túrkmenistan – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Túrkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A8nistan" title="Turkmènistan – achinesisk" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Turkmènistan" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="achinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Тыркуменистэн – kabardisk" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Тыркуменистэн" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тыркуменыстан – adygeisk" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Тыркуменыстан" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adygeisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – sveitsertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="sveitsertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B1%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%92%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95" title="ቱርክመኒስታን – amharisk" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቱርክመኒስታን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – enaresamisk" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="enaresamisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcmenistan" title="Turcmenistan – gammelengelsk" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Turcmenistan" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="gammelengelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AC%D1%83%D1%80%D2%9B%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D2%AD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ҭурқменисҭан – abkhasisk" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ҭурқменисҭан" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhasisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تركمانستان – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تركمانستان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9B%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%A9%DC%A1%DC%A2%DC%A3%DC%9B%DC%90%DC%A2" title="ܛܘܪܩܡܢܣܛܐܢ – arameisk" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܛܘܪܩܡܢܣܛܐܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcm%C3%A8nistan" title="Turcmènistan – arpitansk" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Turcmènistan" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="arpitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তুৰ্কমেনিস্তান – assamesisk" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তুৰ্কমেনিস্তান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – avadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="avadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuykomenit%C3%A3" title="Tuykomenitã – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tuykomenitã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – avarisk" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmin_suyu" title="Turkmin suyu – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Turkmin suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkm%C9%99nistan" title="Türkmənistan – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Türkmənistan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تورکمنیستان – søraserbajdsjansk" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تورکمنیستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="søraserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Turkménistan – balinesisk" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Turkménistan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তুর্কমেনিস্তান – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তুর্কমেনিস্তান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Төркмәнстан – basjkirsk" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төркмәнстан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkirsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменістан – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Туркменістан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркмэністан – belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Туркмэністан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – bihari" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="bihari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – sentralbikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="sentralbikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukmenistan" title="Tukmenistan – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Tukmenistan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuakmenien" title="Tuakmenien – bairisk" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tuakmenien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bairisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཏུརཀ་མེ་ནི་སྟན། – tibetansk" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཏུརཀ་མེ་ནི་སྟན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – burjatisk" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="burjatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – tsjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tsjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – korsikansk" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrcmenistan" title="Tyrcmenistan – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tyrcmenistan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تركمانستان – marokkansk-arabisk" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تركمانستان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="marokkansk-arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – nordsamisk" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="nordsamisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8C%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ތުރުކުމެނިސްތާން – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ތުރުކުމެނިސްތާން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naashch%CA%BC%C4%85%C4%85%CA%BC_Bidiyog%C3%ADihnii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Naashchʼąąʼ Bidiyogíihnii Bikéyah – navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naashchʼąąʼ Bidiyogíihnii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – lavsorbisk" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="lavsorbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Τουρκμενιστάν – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τουρκμενιστάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туркмения – erzia" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Туркмения" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenio" title="Turkmenio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Turkmenio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – ekstremaduransk" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="ekstremaduransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکمنستان – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترکمنستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – fijiansk hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="fijiansk hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Turkménistan – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Turkménistan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – fulfulde" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="fulfulde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tuircm%C3%A9anast%C3%A1in" title="An Tuircméanastáin – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tuircméanastáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Turkmenistaan" title="Yn Turkmenistaan – mansk" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Turkmenistaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – gagausisk" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagausisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcmanast%C3%A0n" title="Turcmanastàn – skotsk-gælisk" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Turcmanastàn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk-gælisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Turkmenistán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8A%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تۊرکمنستان – gileki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="تۊرکمنستان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="gileki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="તુર્કમેનિસ્તાન – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તુર્કમેનિસ્તાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – goansk konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="goansk konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84" title="투르크메니스탄 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="투르크메니스탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukemenikana" title="Tukemenikana – hawaiisk" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Tukemenikana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Թուրքմենստան – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թուրքմենստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – høysorbisk" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="høysorbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তুর্কমেনিস্তান – bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="তুর্কমেনিস্তান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – ossetisk" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F" title="טורקמניסטן – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טורקמניסטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Turkménistan – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Turkménistan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkimenistan%C9%A9" title="Turkimenistanɩ – kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Turkimenistanɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ತುರ್ಕಮೆನಿಸ್ತಾನ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತುರ್ಕಮೆನಿಸ್ತಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="თურქმენეთი – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თურქმენეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – kasjubisk" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kasjubisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Түрікменстан – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түрікменстан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Turkmen" title="Pow Turkmen – kornisk" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow Turkmen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turukimenisitani" title="Turukimenisitani – kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Turukimenisitani" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – kikongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kikongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikmenistan" title="Tikmenistan – haitisk" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tikmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Tirkménistan – franskguyansk kreol" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tirkménistan" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="franskguyansk kreol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirkmenistan" title="Tirkmenistan – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tirkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Түркмөнстан – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түркмөнстан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – jødespansk" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="jødespansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ເຕີກເມນິສະຖານ – laotisk" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຕີກເມນິສະຖານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laotisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcomannia" title="Turcomannia – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Turcomannia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C4%81na" title="Turkmenistāna – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Turkmenistāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – luxemburgsk" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туьркменистан – lesgisk" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Туьркменистан" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lesgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C4%97nija" title="Turkmėnija – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Turkmėnija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – ligurisk" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligurisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – limburgsk" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1ni" title="Turkmenistáni – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Turkmenistáni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcmenistan" title="Turcmenistan – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Turcmenistan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistuanu" title="Turkmenistuanu – livvisk" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Turkmenistuanu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="livvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – lombardisk" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmeniszt%C3%A1n" title="Türkmenisztán – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Türkmenisztán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – maduresisk" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="maduresisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torkmenist%C3%A0na" title="Torkmenistàna – gassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Torkmenistàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="gassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="തുർക്‌മെനിസ്ഥാൻ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തുർക്‌മെനിസ്ഥാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – maltesisk" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukumanat%C4%81nga" title="Tukumanatānga – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tukumanatānga" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="თურქმენეთი – mingrelsk" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თურქმენეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="توركمينيستان – egyptisk arabisk" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توركمينيستان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="تورکمونسون – mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تورکمونسون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯇꯔꯛꯃꯦꯅꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯟ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯔꯛꯃꯦꯅꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркмэнистан – moksja" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Туркмэнистан" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%81%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="တာ့ခ်မင်နစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ – burmesisk" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တာ့ခ်မင်နစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान – nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तर्कमेनिस्तान – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तर्कमेनिस्तान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A1%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3" title="トルクメニスタン – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トルクメニスタン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Туркмени – tsjetsjensk" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Туркмени" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tsjetsjensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeenistaan" title="Turkmeenistaan – nordfrisisk" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Turkmeenistaan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terkmenistaan" title="Terkmenistaan – pitkairnsk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Terkmenistaan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="pitkairnsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcmenistan" title="Turcmenistan – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Turcmenistan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – østmarisk" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="østmarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkimeenistaan" title="Tarkimeenistaan – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Tarkimeenistaan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmaniston" title="Turkmaniston – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Turkmaniston" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਤੁਰਕਮੇਨਿਸਤਾਨ – panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੁਰਕਮੇਨਿਸਤਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कमिनिस्थान – pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="तुर्कमिनिस्थान" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکمانستان – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترکمانستان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکمنستان – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ترکمنستان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toerkmenistan" title="Toerkmenistan – jamaicansk kreolengelsk" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Toerkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="jamaicansk kreolengelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="តួកមេនីស្ថាន – khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តួកមេនីស្ថាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Turkménistan – pikardisk" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Turkménistan" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="pikardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – piemontesisk" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – nedertysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Τουρκμενιστάν – pontisk" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Τουρκμενιστάν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="pontisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquemenist%C3%A3o" title="Turquemenistão – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Turquemenistão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BArkmenstan" title="Túrkmenstan – karakalpakisk" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Túrkmenstan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – krimtatarisk" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krimtatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkminsuyu" title="Turkminsuyu – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Turkminsuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменістан – rusinsk" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Туркменістан" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Түркменистаан – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Түркменистаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – samoansk" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="तुर्कमेनिस्थानम् – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तुर्कमेनिस्थानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱢᱮᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱢᱮᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکمانستان – saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ترکمانستان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A0n" title="Turkmenistàn – sardisk" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Turkmenistàn" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistani" title="Turkmenistani – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Turkmenistani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – siciliansk" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ටර්ක්මෙනිස්තානය – singalesisk" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ටර්ක්මෙනිස්තානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترڪمانستان – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ترڪمانستان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IThumekhi" title="IThumekhi – swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IThumekhi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nsko" title="Turkménsko – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Turkménsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmy%C5%84istan" title="Turkmyńistan – schlesisk" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Turkmyńistan" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="schlesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تورکمانستان – sentralkurdisk" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تورکمانستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sentralkurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменистан – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Туркменистан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9nistan" title="Turkménistan – sundanesisk" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Turkménistan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="lovende artikkel"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="துருக்மெனிஸ்தான் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துருக்மெனிஸ்தான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – kabylsk" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabylsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Төрекмәнстан – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төрекмәнстан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%99%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းတၢၵ်ႈမႅၼ်ႇၼီႇသတၼ်ႇ – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းတၢၵ်ႈမႅၼ်ႇၼီႇသတၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="తుర్కమేనిస్తాన్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తుర్కమేనిస్తాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkomenistaun" title="Turkomenistaun – tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Turkomenistaun" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศเติร์กเมนิสถาน – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเติร์กเมนิสถาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Туркманистон – tadsjikisk" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Туркманистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%ABkimenisitani" title="Tūkimenisitani – tongansk" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Tūkimenisitani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tongansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – turkmensk" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туркмения – udmurtisk" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Туркмения" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurtisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%8A" title="ᨈᨘᨑᨀᨆᨙᨊᨗᨔᨈᨊ – buginesisk" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨈᨘᨑᨀᨆᨙᨊᨗᨔᨈᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="buginesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Туркменістан – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Туркменістан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکمانستان – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ترکمانستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تۈركمەنىستان – uigurisk" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تۈركمەنىستان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A8nistan" title="Turkmènistan – venetiansk" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Turkmènistan" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetiansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – vepsisk" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepsisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen%C3%A4n" title="Turkmenän – volapyk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Turkmenän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" title="Türkmenistan – sørestisk" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Türkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="sørestisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%AB%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="土庫曼斯坦 – klassisk kinesisk" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="土庫曼斯坦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="klassisk kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – vestflamsk" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="vestflamsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkumenistaan" title="Turkumenistaan – wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Turkumenistaan" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="土库曼斯坦 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="土库曼斯坦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="טורקמעניסטאן – jiddisk" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טורקמעניסטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%E1%BA%B9%CC%81n%C3%ACst%C3%A1n" title="Turkmẹ́nìstán – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Turkmẹ́nìstán" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%AB%E6%9B%BC" title="土庫曼 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="土庫曼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1rkmen%C4%B1stan" title="Tırkmenıstan – dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tırkmenıstan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toerkmenistan" title="Toerkmenistan – zeeuws" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Toerkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zeeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torkmien%C4%97stans" title="Torkmienėstans – samogitisk" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Torkmienėstans" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="土库曼斯坦 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="土库曼斯坦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A8nistan" title="Turkmènistan – betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Turkmènistan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – sentraldusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="sentraldusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Turkmenistan" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C9%99nistan" title="Turkmənistan – talysj" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Turkmənistan" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talysj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ – standard marrokansk tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵎⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="standard marrokansk tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q874#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskusjon:Turkmenistan" rel="discussion" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bytt språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">norsk bokmål</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=history" title="Tidligere sideversjoner av denne siden [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktøy" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktøy</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktøy</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere alternativer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=history"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Lenker_hit/Turkmenistan" title="Liste over alle wikisider som lenker hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lenker hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Relaterte_endringer/Turkmenistan" rel="nofollow" title="Siste endringer i sider som blir lenket fra denne siden [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterte endringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=no" title="Last opp filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Last opp fil</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Spesialsider" 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class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates" style="font-size:85%; margin:0 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Geografiske_koordinater" title="Geografiske koordinater">Koordinater</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=no&pagename=Turkmenistan&params=39_N_59_E_type:country_region:TM"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Kart, flyfoto og andre data for dette stedet"><span class="latitude">39°N</span> <span class="longitude">59°Ø</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24461009">.mw-parser-output .wb-edithandle{display:none;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .wd-editable-show .wb-edithandle{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .wd-editable-hide .wb-edithandle{display:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks{float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:3px;margin:0.5em 0em 1em 1em;background-color:#f9f9f9;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.overskrift th{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;font-size:larger;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.bilde td{background-color:#fff;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks td{background-color:#efefef;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;margin:4px;padding:3px}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.custom td{background:none;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad th{text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td{text-align:left;font-weight:normal;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td.center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td.headercenter{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;border:none;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.hode th{padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.bilde td{text-align:center;font-weight:normal;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.overskrift td{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;background-color:#eee;border:none;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.geografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.biografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.transport tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bygning tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.infrastruktur tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.ekstrabred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad td{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}</style><table class="infobox infoboks geografi bred"><tbody><tr class="hode overskrift"><th colspan="4">Turkmenistan</th></tr><tr class="hode"><th colspan="4"><b>Türkmenistan</b></th></tr><tr class="bilde"><td colspan="4" style="vertical-align:center;text-align:center;"><table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:center;text-align:center;"> <p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flagg"><img alt="Flagg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/143px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="143" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/215px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/285px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> </td><td style="vertical-align:center;text-align:center;"> <p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Våpen"><img alt="Våpen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg/95px-Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg/143px-Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg/190px-Emblem_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="531" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistans_flagg" title="Turkmenistans flagg">Flagg</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistans_riksv%C3%A5pen" title="Turkmenistans riksvåpen">Riksvåpen</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr class="bilde"><td colspan="4" class="sentrert"> <p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:LocationTurkmenistan.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kart over Turkmenistan"><img alt="Kart over Turkmenistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/LocationTurkmenistan.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="115" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Innbyggernavn" title="Innbyggernavn">Innbyggernavn</a></th><td colspan="2">Turkmener, turkmensk</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Grunnlagt</th><td colspan="2">27. oktober 1991</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hovedstad" title="Hovedstad">Hovedstad</a></th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Asjkhabad" title="Asjkhabad">Asjkhabad</a> </td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tidssone" title="Tidssone">Tidssone</a></th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC+5</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Areal" title="Areal">Areal</a><br /> – Totalt<br /> – Vann</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liste_over_verdens_stater_etter_areal" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste over verdens stater etter areal">Rangert som nr. 52</a><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;">491 210</span> km²<br />0 %</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Vannfylt arealandel</th><td colspan="2"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">4,9</span> %</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Befolkning" title="Befolkning">Befolkning</a><br /> – Totalt</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liste_over_verdens_stater_etter_befolkningsst%C3%B8rrelse" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste over verdens stater etter befolkningsstørrelse">Rangert som nr. 119</a><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;">6 117 933</span><sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-8c14cb4b8567b731d8e10b136e04434d0c2c462e-v2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-8c14cb4b8567b731d8e10b136e04434d0c2c462e-v2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small><i>(2021)</i></small> </td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Befolkningstetthet" title="Befolkningstetthet">Bef.tetthet</a></th><td colspan="2">12,45 <a href="/wiki/Innbygger" title="Innbygger">innb.</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kvadratkilometer" title="Kvadratkilometer">km²</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a></th><td colspan="2"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">0,745</span> <span style="font-size:85%">(2021)</span></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lesekyndighet" title="Lesekyndighet">Lesekyndighet</a></th><td colspan="2"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">99,6</span> % <span style="font-size:85%">(2012)</span><sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-98e5bc1ff2e0cb183bb4760794c91a379bc80099-v2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-98e5bc1ff2e0cb183bb4760794c91a379bc80099-v2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Styreform</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Republikk" title="Republikk">Republikk</a> med <a href="/wiki/Totalit%C3%A6r" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitær">totalitært</a> <a href="/wiki/Ettpartistat" title="Ettpartistat">ettpartisystem</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">President</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow" title="Serdar Berdimuhamedow">Serdar Berdimuhamedow</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Offisielt språk</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Turkmensk" title="Turkmensk">Turkmensk</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Uavhengighet fra</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen">Sovjetunionen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/27._oktober" title="27. oktober">27. oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Valuta</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Turkmensk_manat" title="Turkmensk manat">Turkmensk manat</a> <span style="font-family:monospace">(<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">TMT</a>)</span></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Nasjonaldag</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/27._oktober" title="27. oktober">27. oktober</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Nasjonalsang</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_uavhengige_og_n%C3%B8ytrale_stat_Turkmenistans_nasjonalsang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Den uavhengige og nøytrale stat Turkmenistans nasjonalsang (ikke skrevet ennå)">«Den uavhengige og nøytrale stat Turkmenistans nasjonalsang»</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166-kode</a></th><td colspan="2"><span style="font-family:monospace"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:TM" title="ISO 3166-2:TM">TM</a></span></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasjonalt_toppniv%C3%A5domene" title="Nasjonalt toppnivådomene">Toppnivådomene</a></th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/.tm" title=".tm">.tm</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liste_over_landsnumre_for_telefon" title="Liste over landsnumre for telefon">Landskode for telefon</a></th><td colspan="2">+993</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Landskode for mobilnett</th><td colspan="2">438</td></tr><tr class="rad"><td colspan="4"><hr /><div class="sentrert"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkmenistan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan på Commons</a></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Turkmenistan</b> er et land i <a href="/wiki/Sentral-Asia" title="Sentral-Asia">Sentral-Asia</a>. Landet grenser til <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasakhstan" title="Kasakhstan">Kasakhstan</a> og <a href="/wiki/Usbekistan" title="Usbekistan">Usbekistan</a>, og har dessuten kystlinje langsmed <a href="/wiki/Kaspihavet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaspihavet">Kaspihavet</a>. Landet var tidligere en del av <a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen">Sovjetunionen</a>, da med navnet <a href="/wiki/Den_turkmenske_sosialistiske_sovjetrepublikk" title="Den turkmenske sosialistiske sovjetrepublikk">Den turkmenske sosialistiske sovjetrepublikk</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naturgeografi">Naturgeografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Naturgeografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Naturgeografi"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Landet er omtrent 488 100 km². Midten av landet er dominert av slettelandet i <a href="/wiki/Karakum%C3%B8rkenen" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakumørkenen">Karakumørkenen</a>, som utgjør rundt 90 % av landets areal. Fjellkjeden <a href="/wiki/Kopet-Dag" class="mw-redirect" title="Kopet-Dag">Kopet-Dag</a>, langs den sørvestlige grensen, når 2912 moh. Balkan-fjellene i vest og Kugitang-rekken helt i øst er de eneste andre høylandsområdene i landet. Elver inkluderer <a href="/wiki/Amu-Darja" title="Amu-Darja">Amu-Darja</a> og <a href="/wiki/Hari_Rud" title="Hari Rud">Hari Rud</a>. </p><p>Klimaet er subtropisk ørken, med lite regn. Vintrene er milde og tørre med mest nedbør mellom januar og mai. Mest nedbør faller i Kopetdag-rekken. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografi">Demografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Demografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Demografi"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg/250px-Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg/375px-Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg/500px-Turkmen_man_with_camel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3205" data-file-height="2647" /></a><figcaption>En turkmener på begynnelsen av 1900-tallet</figcaption></figure> <p>Flertallet av Turkmenistans befolkning er <a href="/wiki/Turkmenere" title="Turkmenere">turkmenere</a>. Andre etniske grupper inkluderer <a href="/wiki/Russere" title="Russere">russere</a> og <a href="/wiki/Usbekere" title="Usbekere">usbekere</a>. <a href="/wiki/Turkmensk" title="Turkmensk">Turkmensk</a>, som er en del av språkfamilien tyrkisk, er det offisielle språket i Turkmenistan, selv om <a href="/wiki/Russisk" title="Russisk">russisk</a> fremdeles blir brukt som et «interetnisk kommunikasjonsspråk» (ifølge grunnloven av <a href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a>). </p><p>Viktige byer: <a href="/wiki/Asjkhabad" title="Asjkhabad">Asjkhabad</a> og <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenba%C5%9Fy" title="Türkmenbaşy">Türkmenbaşy</a> (tidligere Krasnovodsk). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historie">Historie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Historie"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eldre_historie">Eldre historie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eldre historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eldre historie"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turkmenistans territorium har vært befolket siden <a href="/wiki/Antikken" title="Antikken">antikken</a>, idet armeer fra et imperium på vei til et annet slo leir på deres vei til mer velstående territorium. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_den_store" title="Aleksander den store">Aleksander den store</a> erobret området i 4. århundre f. Kr. på vei til <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. 150 år senere etablerte <a href="/wiki/Partia" title="Partia">parterne</a> sitt kongedømme i sin hovedstad i Nisa, et område som nå ligger i forstedene til den moderne hovedstaden Asjkhabad. I det <a href="/wiki/7._%C3%A5rhundre" title="7. århundre">7. århundret</a> erobret <a href="/wiki/Arabere" title="Arabere">araberene</a> regionen, og tok med seg den <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islamske</a> religionen og innførte turkmenerne i <a href="/wiki/Midt%C3%B8sten" title="Midtøsten">Midtøstens</a> kultur. Det var rundt denne tiden at den berømte <a href="/wiki/Silkeveien" title="Silkeveien">silkeveien</a> ble etablert som en betydelig handelsvei mellom Asia og Europa. </p><p>Turkmenistan-regionen ble snart kjent som hovedstaden i <a href="/wiki/Stor-Khorasan" title="Stor-Khorasan">Stor-Khorasan</a> da kalifen <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ma'mun">Al-Ma'mun</a> flyttet sin hovedstad til <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a>. </p><p>I midten av det <a href="/wiki/11._%C3%A5rhundre" title="11. århundre">11. århundret</a> konsentrerte de mektige tyrkerne av <a href="/wiki/Seldsjukkene" title="Seldsjukkene">Seldsjukk-riket</a> sine krefter i territoriet til Turkmenistan i et forsøk på å ekspandere inn i Afghanistan. Riket brøt sammen i andre halvdel av det <a href="/wiki/12._%C3%A5rhundre" title="12. århundre">12. århundre</a> og turkmenerne mistet sin uavhengighet da <a href="/wiki/Djengis_Khan" title="Djengis Khan">Djengis Khan</a> tok kontroll over den østlige <a href="/wiki/Kaspihavet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaspihavet">Kaspihavs</a>-regionen på sin vei vestover. I de neste syv århundrene levde turkmenerne under forskjellige imperier og utkjempet konstant interne stammekriger. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russisk_dominans,_1884–1991"><span id="Russisk_dominans.2C_1884.E2.80.931991"></span>Russisk dominans, 1884–1991</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Russisk dominans, 1884–1991" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Russisk dominans, 1884–1991"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Innen <a href="/wiki/1894" title="1894">1894</a> hadde <a href="/wiki/Russland" title="Russland">Russland</a> tatt kontroll over Turkmenistan etter at det ble separert fra <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> og annektert mellom <a href="/wiki/1865" title="1865">1865</a> og <a href="/wiki/1885" title="1885">1885</a>. Den <a href="/wiki/Russiske_revolusjonen" class="mw-redirect" title="Russiske revolusjonen">russiske revolusjonen</a> i <a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917</a> og etterfølgende politisk uro førte til erklæringen av Den turkmenske republikk som en av 15 republikker i Sovjetunionen i <a href="/wiki/1924" title="1924">1924</a>. På denne tiden ble grensene for det moderne Turkmenistan fastlagt.<br /> I <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a> ble Turkmenistan uavhengig etter at <a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen">Sovjetunionen</a> brøt sammen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selvstendig_stat,_1991–"><span id="Selvstendig_stat.2C_1991.E2.80.93"></span>Selvstendig stat, 1991–</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Selvstendig stat, 1991–" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Selvstendig stat, 1991–"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Etter frigjøringen fra Sovjet beholdt Turkmenistan sin <a href="/wiki/Kommunisme" title="Kommunisme">kommunistiske</a> leder <a href="/wiki/Saparmyrat_Ny%C3%BDazow" title="Saparmyrat Nyýazow">Saparmyrat Nyýazow</a>, som styrte landet diktatorisk frem til han døde i 2006.<br /> President Nyýazow var en tidligere byråkrat fra det kommunistiske partiet i Sovjet. Han beholdt absolutt kontroll over landet fram til sin død i <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a> og opposisjon var ikke tolerert. En totalt gjennomført personlighetskult fungerte med president Nyýazow som <i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenba%C5%9Fy" title="Türkmenbaşy">Türkmenbaşy</a></i>, «lederen av alle turkmenere». Hans ansikt prydet det meste i Turkmenistan, fra sedler til vodkaflasker. Logoen til turkmensk nasjonalt fjernsyn bar hans profil. De to bøkene han skrev, er pensum i skolen. Institusjoner som ikke kunne oppkalles etter ham, ble oppkalt etter hans mor. Alle klokker som ble laget, måtte ha hans portrett. Hans 15 meter høye gullbelagte statue står på en roterende pidestall, så den alltid vil være rettet mot solen og lyse på hovedstaden som han selv laget. </p><p>Et populært slagord blant turkmenerne er «Halk! Watan! Türkmenbaşy!» som betyr «Folket! Moderland! Leder!». Nyýazow skrev den nye turkmenske nasjonalsangen selv, inkludert fraser som sier at mennesker som fører skam på moderlandet eller Türkmenbaşy skal miste armene. </p><p>Utenlandske selskaper som søkte Turkmenistans store naturgassreserver, måtte samarbeide med Nyýazow, siden han også hadde kontroll over adgangen til naturressursene. Hans «Ruhnama»-bok ble utgitt av utenlandske industrialister på flere språk, blant andre kroatisk, polsk, ungarsk og bantu, nettopp av denne grunnen. </p><p>Etter Nyýazows død tok <a href="/wiki/Gurbanguly_Berdimuhamedow" title="Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow">Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow</a> over som president. Også han blir beskyldt for mange og grove brudd på menneskerettighetene, og for korrupsjon. Blant annet skal 75 % av statens inntekter bli kontrollert av ham personlig. Talspersoner fra <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> sier at den politiske retorikken har endret seg, men at undertrykkelsen ellers er den samme.<sup id="cite_ref-Verstover_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verstover-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedows sønn <a href="/wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow" title="Serdar Berdimuhamedow">Serdar Berdimuhamedow</a> overtok som president 19. mars 2022. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politikk_og_administrasjon">Politikk og administrasjon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Politikk og administrasjon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Politikk og administrasjon"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrativ_inndeling">Administrativ inndeling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Rediger avsnitt: Administrativ inndeling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Administrativ inndeling"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turkmenistan er delt inn i 5 <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistans_regioner" title="Turkmenistans regioner">provinser</a> eller <i>welayatlar</i> (entall – <i><a href="/wiki/Wilaya" title="Wilaya">welayat</a></i>), administrasjonssteder i parentes: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <ol><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahal_(velayat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahal (velayat) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Ahal</a> (Asjkhabad)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balkan_(velayat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balkan (velayat) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Balkan</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebitdag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nebitdag (ikke skrevet ennå)">Nebitdag</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dashhowuz_(velayat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dashhowuz (velayat) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Dashhowuz</a> (Dashhowuz) tidligere <a href="/wiki/Tashauz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashauz">Tashauz</a>,</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebap_(velayat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lebap (velayat) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Lebap</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenabat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkmenabat (ikke skrevet ennå)">Turkmenabat</a>) tidligere kjent som Charjew</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_(velayat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary (velayat) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Mary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary_(Turkmenistan)" title="Mary (Turkmenistan)">Mary</a>).</li></ol> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:TurkmenistanNumbered.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/TurkmenistanNumbered.png/200px-TurkmenistanNumbered.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/TurkmenistanNumbered.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forsvars-_og_utenrikspolitikk">Forsvars- og utenrikspolitikk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Rediger avsnitt: Forsvars- og utenrikspolitikk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=9" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Forsvars- og utenrikspolitikk"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turkmenistan er i dag offisielt nøytralt.<sup id="cite_ref-Verstover_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verstover-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Landets væpnede styrker teller omtrent 22 000 personer, hvorav hæren teller 18 500, luftforsvaret 3 000 og de maritime styrker 500.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ifølge <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a> fikk <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO-fly</a> i 2008 tillatelse til å lande på turkmenske flyplasser, noe som har ført til spekulasjoner om at landet revurderer sin status som nøytral. Samtidig har president Berdymukhammedov hatt fire møter med <a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kinas</a> president <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> i løpet av 2007 og 2008, og Turkmenistan forhandler med <a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a> om oljeutvinning, så det ses av mange som mer sannsynlig at landet forsøker å spille stormaktene ut mot hverandre.<sup id="cite_ref-Verstover_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verstover-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rettsvesen">Rettsvesen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Rediger avsnitt: Rettsvesen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=10" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Rettsvesen"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ifølge en rapport fra menneskerettighetsorganisasjonen <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> har den nye presidenten «ikke endret Turkmenistans bunnløse rulleblad angående menneskerettigheter», og rapporten konkluderer med at Turkmenistan er «et av de mest autoritære og undertrykkende landene i verden».<sup id="cite_ref-Verstover_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verstover-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ifølge <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency Internationals</a> liste over <a href="/wiki/Korrupsjon" title="Korrupsjon">korrupsjon</a> i verden, fra september 2008, rangeres Turkmenistan som verdens ellevte mest korrupte land.<sup id="cite_ref-Verstover_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verstover-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I rapporten <i>Its a gas</i> fra organisasjonen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_Witness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Global Witness (ikke skrevet ennå)">Global Witness</a> anslås det at 75% av det statlige forbruket går utenom statsbudsjettet, og styres av presidenten personlig. Blant annet skal store deler av petroleumsinntektene gå direkte inn på en tysk bankkonto som presidenten kontrollerer.<sup id="cite_ref-Verstover_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verstover-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Per januar 2021 er ni medlemmer av <a href="/wiki/Jehovas_vitner" title="Jehovas vitner">Jehovas vitner</a> fengslet for å nekte å avtjene <a href="/wiki/Verneplikt" title="Verneplikt">verneplikt</a> på religiøst grunnlag.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> anser dem som samvittighetsfanger, og forlanger at de løslates umiddelbart. <a href="/wiki/FNs_menneskerettighetskommisjon" title="FNs menneskerettighetskommisjon">FNs menneskerettighetskommisjon</a> har oppfordret til endret lovverk, og til å stanse straffeforfølgelsen av dem.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkmenistan har fengselsstraff inntil to år for homofili.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Næringsliv"><span id="N.C3.A6ringsliv"></span>Næringsliv</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Rediger avsnitt: Næringsliv" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=11" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Næringsliv"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Jack-up-rig-in-the-caspian-sea.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jack-up-rig-in-the-caspian-sea.JPG/250px-Jack-up-rig-in-the-caspian-sea.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jack-up-rig-in-the-caspian-sea.JPG/375px-Jack-up-rig-in-the-caspian-sea.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jack-up-rig-in-the-caspian-sea.JPG/500px-Jack-up-rig-in-the-caspian-sea.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1340" /></a><figcaption>Boreriggen «Iran Khazar» i <a href="/wiki/Det_kaspiske_hav" title="Det kaspiske hav">Det kaspiske hav</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Halvparten av landets irrigerte land er beplantet med <a href="/wiki/Bomull" title="Bomull">bomull</a>, noe som gjør det til verdens 10. største produsent.<br /> Eksakte tall for Turkmenistans oljereserver finnes ikke, men de antas å være store. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_Gas_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil and Gas Journal (ikke skrevet ennå)">Oil and Gas Journal</a> sier landet har de tolvte største gassreservene i verden, og landet rangeres som verdens sjette største gasseksportør.<sup id="cite_ref-Verstover_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verstover-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I <a href="/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</a> nektet Russland å eksportere turkmensk gass til markeder som kunne betale med hard valuta, samtidig som Turkmenistan hadde en økende gjeld til landets største kunder i det tidligere Sovjet. Dette førte til et skarpt fall i industriproduksjonen, og til at budsjettet gikk fra overskudd til et lite underskudd. </p><p>Turkmenistan har tatt et forsiktig steg mot økonomiske reformer og håper å bruke gass og bomulls-salget til å opprettholde sin ineffektive økonomi. Privatiseringsmål forblir begrensede. Mellom 1998 og 2002 har Turkmenistan vært preget av fortsatt manglende adekvate eksportruter for naturgass og fra forpliktelser fra betydelig korttids ekstern gjeld. På samme tid har verdien av den totale eksporten steget kraftig på grunn av høyere internasjonale olje- og gasspriser. På kort sikt er fremtiden dyster på grunn av utbredt intern fattigdom og byrden av utenlandsgjelden. </p><p>President Nijazov skuslet bort mye av landets inntekter på selvglorifisering og betydelig renovering av byer, særlig <a href="/wiki/Asjkhabad" title="Asjkhabad">Asjkhabad</a>, samtidig som mennesker utenfor hovedstaden strevde med fattigdom. Presidenten lovet fritt vann, elektrisitet og gass, men det manglet ofte. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Økonomiske nøkkeltall </th> <th>Verdi </th> <th>% av BNP </th> <th>År, kilde </th></tr> <tr> <td>BNP </td> <td>10,5 mrd US$ </td> <td> </td> <td>2006, <i>Verdensbanken</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>BNP (vekst) (Verdensbanken) </td> <td>9,60 % </td> <td> </td> <td>2005, <i>UNDP Database</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Konsumpriser </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Handelsbalanse </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Betalingsbalanse </td> <td>0,30 mrd US$ </td> <td> </td> <td>2005, <i>UNDP Database</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Utviklingshjelp </td> <td>0,02 mrd US$ </td> <td> </td> <td>2005, <i>UNDP Database</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>BNP per innb </td> <td>1.205 US$ </td> <td> </td> <td>2005, <i>UNDP Database</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oljeselskaper_i_Turkmenistan">Oljeselskaper i Turkmenistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Rediger avsnitt: Oljeselskaper i Turkmenistan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=12" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Oljeselskaper i Turkmenistan"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ifølge den amerikanske <a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_Information_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy Information Administration (ikke skrevet ennå)">Energy Information Administration</a> (EIA) er det foreløpig bare <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragon_Oil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dragon Oil (ikke skrevet ennå)">Dragon Oil</a> fra <a href="/wiki/De_forente_arabiske_emirater" title="De forente arabiske emirater">De forente arabiske emirater</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burren_Energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burren Energy (ikke skrevet ennå)">Burren Energy</a> (eid av det <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">italienske</a> oljeselsakpet <a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a>), og det <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">malaysiske</a> <a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a> som opererer i Turkmenistan nå. Men Berdymukhammedov ligger i 2008 i forhandlinger om oljeutvinning med <a href="/wiki/Chevron" title="Chevron">Chevron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Total_(oljeselskap)" class="mw-redirect" title="Total (oljeselskap)">Total</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell">Shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lukoil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lukoil">Lukoil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itera" title="Itera">Itera</a> og <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Verstover_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verstover-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oljedepartementet_og_StatoilHydro_i_Turkmenistan">Oljedepartementet og StatoilHydro i Turkmenistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Rediger avsnitt: Oljedepartementet og StatoilHydro i Turkmenistan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=13" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Oljedepartementet og StatoilHydro i Turkmenistan"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>November 2007 besøkte en norsk delegasjon Turkmenistan. Den var ledet av <a href="/wiki/Statssekret%C3%A6r_(Norge)" title="Statssekretær (Norge)">statssekretær</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liv_Monica_Stubbholt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liv Monica Stubbholt (ikke skrevet ennå)">Liv Monica Stubbholt</a> fra oljedepartementet. Under arbeidet med en undersøkende artikkel i Morgenbladet om StatoilHydros engasjement i Turkmenistan lyktes det ikke å få noen kommentar fra Stubbholt om dette besøket.<sup id="cite_ref-Verstover_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verstover-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> StatoilHydros pressetalskvinne, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kj%C3%A6rsti_Tvedt_Morst%C3%B8l&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kjærsti Tvedt Morstøl (ikke skrevet ennå)">Kjærsti Tvedt Morstøl</a>, uttalte høsten 2008 at StatoilHydro er i gang med å åpne kontor i Turkmenistan, og regnet med at det ville være åpnet tidlig 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Verstover_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verstover-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I henhold til analytikere ved <a href="/wiki/NUPI" class="mw-redirect" title="NUPI">NUPI</a> er det naturlig for StatoilHydro å søke mot Turkmenistan. Statoil opererer allerede stort i nabolandet <a href="/wiki/Aserbajdsjan" title="Aserbajdsjan">Aserbajdsjan</a>, hvor produksjonstoppen er ventet å nås i løpet av de neste fire-fem årene.<br /> En annen grunn for StatoilHydro til å se mot oljefeltene i Turkmenistan er at StatoilHydro også har andeler i to rørledninger fra Det kaspiske hav via <a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a> til Tyrkia, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baku-Tbilisi-Cheyhan_r%C3%B8rledningen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baku-Tbilisi-Cheyhan rørledningen (ikke skrevet ennå)">Baku-Tbilisi-Cheyhan rørledningen</a> (BTC), og <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8r-Kaukasus-r%C3%B8rledningen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sør-Kaukasus-rørledningen (ikke skrevet ennå)">Sør-Kaukasus-rørledningen</a> (SCP). Rørledningene har stor kapasitet, BTC kan ta en million fat pr dag. Forholdene ligger naturlig til rette for at disse kan forlenges østover til Turkmenistan langs bunnen av Kaspihavet.<sup id="cite_ref-Verstover_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verstover-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samfunn">Samfunn</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Rediger avsnitt: Samfunn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=14" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Samfunn"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_(215).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28215%29.jpg/250px-Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28215%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28215%29.jpg/375px-Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28215%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28215%29.jpg/500px-Independence_Day_Parade_-_Flickr_-_Kerri-Jo_%28215%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="1987" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Turkmenere" title="Turkmenere">Turkmenere</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utdanning">Utdanning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Rediger avsnitt: Utdanning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=15" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Utdanning"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Utdanningen er allmenn og obligatorisk med en total varighet som nylig ble satt ned fra 11 til 9 år. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massemedia">Massemedia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Rediger avsnitt: Massemedia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=16" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Massemedia"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organisasjonen <a href="/wiki/Journalister_uten_grenser" class="mw-redirect" title="Journalister uten grenser">Journalister uten grenser</a> (Reporters sans frontières) rangerer i sin <i>Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2007</i> Turkmenistan som verdens tredje verste sted for pressefrihet.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> Alle medier i Turkmenistan er statseid, og de har president Berdymukhammedov oppført som redaktør. I en artikkel i Morgenbladet vises et utvalg førstesider fra den samme dagen, hvor ikke engang layout varierer fra avis til avis.<sup id="cite_ref-Verstover_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verstover-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arresterte journalister og politiske fanger holdes i fangeleirer eller på psykiatriske institusjoner. Human Rights Watch jobber med situasjonen til flere politiske fanger, deriblant <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulgeldy_Annaniazov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gulgeldy Annaniazov (ikke skrevet ennå)">Gulgeldy Annaniazov</a>, som bodde i Norge fra 2002 til juni 2008. Han ble arrestert dagen etter hjemkomsten for å ha krysset grensen ulovlig, men skal ha fått en annen tiltale siden.<sup id="cite_ref-Verstover_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verstover-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sivile_organisasjoner">Sivile organisasjoner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Rediger avsnitt: Sivile organisasjoner" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=17" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Sivile organisasjoner"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uavhengige sivile organisasjoner er forbudt, og utenlandske <a href="/wiki/Ikke-statlig_organisasjon" title="Ikke-statlig organisasjon">NGOer</a> får ikke innreisetillatelse til landet.<sup id="cite_ref-Verstover_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verstover-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanitet">Urbanitet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Rediger avsnitt: Urbanitet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=18" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Urbanitet"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Turkmenistans største byer </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th class="unsortable"># </th> <th>Navn </th> <th>Provins </th> <th>Innbyggertall<br />(2010 est.) </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Asjkhabad" title="Asjkhabad">Asjkhabad</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asjkhabad(provins)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asjkhabad(provins) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Asjkhabad</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="3&505&947221&">947 221</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenabat" title="Türkmenabat">Türkmenabat</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebap_(provins)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lebap (provins) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Lebap</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="3&505&279765&">279 765</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Da%C5%9Fo%C4%9Fuz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daşoğuz (ikke skrevet ennå)">Daşoğuz</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Da%C5%9Fo%C4%9Fuz_(provins)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daşoğuz (provins) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Daşoğuz</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="3&505&245872&">245 872</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mary_(Turkmenistan)" title="Mary (Turkmenistan)">Mary</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_(provins)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mari (provins) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Mari</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="3&505&126141&">126 141</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Serdar" title="Serdar">Serdar</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balkan_(provins)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balkan (provins) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Balkan</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="3&504&93692&">93 692</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayramali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayramali (ikke skrevet ennå)">Bayramali</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mari_(provins)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mari (provins) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Mari</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="3&504&91713&">91 713</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balkanabat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balkanabat (ikke skrevet ennå)">Balkanabat</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balkan_(provins)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balkan (provins) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Balkan</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="3&504&90149&">90 149</span> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="4"> <p><b>Kilde</b>: world-gazetteer.com<sup id="cite_ref-world-gazetteer.com_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world-gazetteer.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oppføring_på_UNESCOs_lister"><span id="Oppf.C3.B8ring_p.C3.A5_UNESCOs_lister"></span>Oppføring på UNESCOs lister</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Rediger avsnitt: Oppføring på UNESCOs lister" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=19" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Oppføring på UNESCOs lister"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Verdensarvsteder</b> </p><p>Oppføringer på <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCOs</a> <a href="/wiki/Verdensarvliste" class="mw-redirect" title="Verdensarvliste">verdensarvliste</a> (World Heritage List), verdens kultur- og naturarvsteder. </p> <ul><li>Det gamle antikke <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunya-Urgench&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunya-Urgench (ikke skrevet ennå)">Kunya-Urgench</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partia" title="Partia">Partiske</a>-fortet i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nisa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nisa (ikke skrevet ennå)">Nisa</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Vinterørkenen i Turan<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Silkeveien: Zarafshan-Karakum-korridoren<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Mesterverker i muntlig og immateriell kulturarv</b> </p><p>Oppføringer på UNESCOs liste knyttet til aktivt vern av <a href="/wiki/Immateriell_kultur" title="Immateriell kultur">immateriell kultur</a> (Intangible Cultural Heritage). Årstallet angir når det ble listeført hos UNESCO. </p> <ul><li>2009 – <a href="/wiki/Norouz" class="mw-redirect" title="Norouz">Norouz</a></li> <li>2015 – Episk kunst fra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorogly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorogly (ikke skrevet ennå)">Gorogly</a></li> <li>2019 – Tradisjonell turkmensk <a href="/wiki/Teppe" title="Teppe">teppekunst</a></li> <li>2021 – <a href="/wiki/Dutar" title="Dutar">Dutar</a> er et tradisjonelt instrument og musikksjanger</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=20" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-8c14cb4b8567b731d8e10b136e04434d0c2c462e-v2-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-8c14cb4b8567b731d8e10b136e04434d0c2c462e-v2_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org"><i>World Bank Open Data</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Verdensbanken" title="Verdensbanken">Verdensbanken</a>, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21540096" class="extiw" title="d:Q21540096">Q21540096</a><span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://data.worldbank.org">https://data.worldbank.org</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&rft.pub=%5B%5BVerdensbanken%7CVerdensbanken%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Turkmenistan"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-98e5bc1ff2e0cb183bb4760794c91a379bc80099-v2-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-98e5bc1ff2e0cb183bb4760794c91a379bc80099-v2_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/Turkmenistan_statistics.html">https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/Turkmenistan_statistics.html</a>; besøksdato: 25. november 2019; utgiver: UNICEF; oppført som: Turkmenistan Statistics; utgivelsesdato: 31. desember 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folkogforsvar.no/leksikon/t/turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171006/http://www.folkogforsvar.no/leksikon/t/turkmenistan">Arkivert</a> 17. september 2017 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. - Folk og Forsvar</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon" title="Store norske leksikon">Store norske leksikon</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verstover-5"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Verstover_5-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verstover_5-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verstover_5-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verstover_5-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verstover_5-4"><sup>e</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verstover_5-5"><sup>f</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verstover_5-6"><sup>g</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verstover_5-7"><sup>h</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verstover_5-8"><sup>i</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verstover_5-9"><sup>j</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verstover_5-10"><sup>k</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verstover_5-11"><sup>l</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verstover_5-12"><sup>m</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verstover_5-13"><sup>n</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Morgenbladet" title="Morgenbladet">Morgenbladet</a>: <i>Videre verstover</i>. Av Simen Sætre. Publisert 26. september – 2. oktober 2008 (papirutgaven, nr. 39, årgang 188, side 8–9.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Torolf Rein og Yngve Jarslett (22.03.2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/Turkmenistans_forsvar">«Turkmenistans forsvar»</a>. Store norske leksikon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 10.04.2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan&rft.btitle=Turkmenistans+forsvar&rft.date=2015-03-22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Store+norske+leksikon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2FTurkmenistans_forsvar&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fengslet for sin tro i Turkmenistan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jw.org/no/nyheter/juridisk/etter-region/turkmenistan/jehovas-vitner-i-fengsel/">Jehovas vitners offisielle nettsted</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">UN Human Rights Committee, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2fPPRiCAqhKb7yhsu%2bQCGi7BpU%2byFnbJWmpGrXBJ9PuCb9M8GpDSwbQzcz4pw3zHlpCs2CaW%2fWqz9%2b7pqXYPYFIn%2baX19pfqT%2fMv7Y5BDlxuhXrZeKv7iUojTEg">Concluding Observations: Turkmenistan</a>, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/TKM/CO/2, (April 20, 2017), paras. 40, 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amnesty.no/ulovlig-kjaerlighet?fbclid=IwAR38FP2AcF8ahA_e3_guJjlL6hFGdd5LjKI4uJco1W1BlqBCqdRg9xlajfg">«Ulovlig kjærlighet»</a>. Amnesty International. 15. desember 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 2. juni 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan&rft.btitle=Ulovlig+kj%C3%A6rlighet&rft.date=2020-12-15&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famnesty.no%2Fulovlig-kjaerlighet%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR38FP2AcF8ahA_e3_guJjlL6hFGdd5LjKI4uJco1W1BlqBCqdRg9xlajfg&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Reporters_sans_fronti%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Reporters sans frontières">Reporters sans frontières</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017110631/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=24025">Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2007</a> Besøkt 4. oktober 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-world-gazetteer.com-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-world-gazetteer.com_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121205051138/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-3&srt=pnan&col=abcdefghimoq&msz=1500&geo=-211">«Turkmenistan: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population»</a>. World Gazetteer. 2010. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-3&srt=pnan&col=abcdefghimoq&msz=1500&geo=-211">originalen</a> 5. desember 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 17. august 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan&rft.btitle=Turkmenistan%3A+largest+cities+and+towns+and+statistics+of+their+population&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=World+Gazetteer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-gazetteer.com%2Fwg.php%3Fx%3D%26men%3Dgcis%26lng%3Den%26des%3Dgamelan%26geo%3D-3%26srt%3Dpnan%26col%3Dabcdefghimoq%26msz%3D1500%26geo%3D-211&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/886">«State Historical and Cultural Park “Ancient Merv”»</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 20. februar 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan&rft.btitle=State+Historical+and+Cultural+Park+%E2%80%9CAncient+Merv%E2%80%9D&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F886&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1199">«Kunya-Urgench»</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 20. februar 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan&rft.btitle=Kunya-Urgench&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1199&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1242">«Parthian Fortresses of Nisa»</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 20. februar 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan&rft.btitle=Parthian+Fortresses+of+Nisa&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1242&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1693">«Cold Winter Deserts of Turan»</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 20. februar 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan&rft.btitle=Cold+Winter+Deserts+of+Turan&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1693&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1675">«Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor»</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 20. februar 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmenistan&rft.btitle=Silk+Roads%3A+Zarafshan-Karakum+Corridor&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1675&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=21" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkmenistan.gov.tm/">Offisielt nettsted</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p856"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q874?uselang=nb#P856" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkmenistan.gov.tm/_eng/">Offisielt nettsted</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p856"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q874?uselang=nb#P856" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkmenistan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> – kategori av bilder, video eller lyd på <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Commons</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p373"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q874?uselang=nb#P373" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenistan" class="extiw" title="commons:Türkmenistan">Türkmenistan</a> – galleri av bilder, video eller lyd på <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Commons</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p935"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q874?uselang=nb#P935" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianet.org/voices/karakum">Sifting the Karakum</a> – uavhengige nyheter fra Turkmenistan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bukhara-carpets.com/carpets/about_turkmen_rugs.html">Turkmen Rugs.Introduction and survey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050413041420/http://www.bukhara-carpets.com/carpets/about_turkmen_rugs.html">Arkivert</a> 13. april 2005 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="norsk">(no)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalis.no/Land/Turkmenistan">Statistikk og andre data om Turkmenistan</a> i <a href="/wiki/FN-sambandet" title="FN-sambandet">FN-sambandets</a> nettsted Globalis.no</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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title="Russland">Russland</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asia"><img alt="Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/90px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/135px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/180px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sentral-Asia" title="Sentral-Asia">Sentral-Asia</a></th><td 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href="/wiki/Nord-Korea" title="Nord-Korea">Nord-Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Korea" title="Sør-Korea">Sør-Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republikken_Kina_(Taiwan)" title="Republikken Kina (Taiwan)">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8r%C3%B8st-Asia" title="Sørøst-Asia">Sørøst-Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippinene" title="Filippinene">Filippinene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambodsja" title="Kambodsja">Kambodsja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98st-Timor" title="Øst-Timor">Øst-Timor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Asia" title="Sør-Asia">Sør-Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivene" title="Maldivene">Maldivene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vest-Asia" title="Vest-Asia">Vest-Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aserbajdsjan" title="Aserbajdsjan">Aserbajdsjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_forente_arabiske_emirater" title="De forente arabiske emirater">De forente arabiske emirater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen">Jemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina">Palestina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republikken_Kypros" title="Republikken Kypros">Kypros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon">Libanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-Arabia" title="Saudi-Arabia">Saudi-Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrkia" title="Tyrkia">Tyrkia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong">Hongkong</a> og <a href="/wiki/Macao" title="Macao">Macao</a> er <a href="/wiki/Kina#Administrativ_inndeling" title="Kina">Spesielle administrative områder</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kina</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24561737"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisasjonen_for_islamsk_samarbeid_(OIC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24561741"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-vis"><a href="/wiki/Mal:OIC" title="Mal:OIC"><abbr title="Vis denne malen">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-diskuter"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldiskusjon:OIC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maldiskusjon:OIC (ikke skrevet ennå)"><abbr title="Diskuter denne malen">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-rediger"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Rediger_side/Mal:OIC" title="Spesial:Rediger side/Mal:OIC"><abbr title="Rediger denne malen">r</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisasjonen_for_islamsk_samarbeid_(OIC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisasjonen_for_islamsk_samarbeid" title="Organisasjonen for islamsk samarbeid">Organisasjonen for islamsk samarbeid (OIC)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medlemmer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Algerie" title="Algerie">Algerie</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Aserbajdsjan" title="Aserbajdsjan">Aserbajdsjan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Elfenbenskysten" title="Elfenbenskysten">Elfenbenskysten</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/De_forente_arabiske_emirater" title="De forente arabiske emirater">De forente arabiske emirater</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gambia" title="Gambia">Gambia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen">Jemen</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kasakhstan" title="Kasakhstan">Kasakhstan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kirgisistan" title="Kirgisistan">Kirgisistan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Komorene" title="Komorene">Komorene</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon">Libanon</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Maldivene" title="Maldivene">Maldivene</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko">Marokko</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mosambik" title="Mosambik">Mosambik</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina">Palestina</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Saudi-Arabia" title="Saudi-Arabia">Saudi-Arabia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Surinam" title="Surinam">Surinam</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tadsjikistan" title="Tadsjikistan">Tadsjikistan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad">Tsjad</a> <b>·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmenistan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tyrkia" title="Tyrkia">Tyrkia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Usbekistan" title="Usbekistan">Usbekistan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observatører</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stater og territorier</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia-Hercegovina" title="Bosnia-Hercegovina">Bosnia-Hercegovina</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nord-Kypros" title="Nord-Kypros">Nord-Kypros</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Den_sentralafrikanske_republikk" title="Den sentralafrikanske republikk">Den sentralafrikanske republikk</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Russland" title="Russland">Russland</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internasjonale organisasjoner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Den_afrikanske_union" title="Den afrikanske union">Den afrikanske union</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Den_arabiske_liga" title="Den arabiske liga">Den arabiske liga</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/De_forente_nasjoner" title="De forente nasjoner">FN</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Organisasjonen_av_alliansefrie_nasjoner" title="Organisasjonen av alliansefrie nasjoner">Organisasjonen av alliansefrie nasjoner</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24561737"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medlemmer_av_Samveldet_av_uavhengige_stater_(SUS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24561741"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-vis"><a href="/wiki/Mal:Samveldet_av_uavhengige_stater" title="Mal:Samveldet av uavhengige stater"><abbr title="Vis denne malen">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-diskuter"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldiskusjon:Samveldet_av_uavhengige_stater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maldiskusjon:Samveldet av uavhengige stater (ikke skrevet ennå)"><abbr title="Diskuter denne malen">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-rediger"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Rediger_side/Mal:Samveldet_av_uavhengige_stater" title="Spesial:Rediger side/Mal:Samveldet av uavhengige stater"><abbr title="Rediger denne malen">r</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medlemmer_av_Samveldet_av_uavhengige_stater_(SUS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Medlemmer av <a href="/wiki/Samveldet_av_uavhengige_stater" title="Samveldet av uavhengige stater">Samveldet av uavhengige stater (SUS)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medlemsstater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Aserbajdsjan" title="Aserbajdsjan">Aserbajdsjan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kasakhstan" title="Kasakhstan">Kasakhstan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kirgisistan" title="Kirgisistan">Kirgisistan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Russland" title="Russland">Russland</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tadsjikistan" title="Tadsjikistan">Tadsjikistan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Usbekistan" title="Usbekistan">Usbekistan</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Emblem_of_CIS.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="SUS' emblem"><img alt="SUS' emblem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Emblem_of_CIS.svg/50px-Emblem_of_CIS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Emblem_of_CIS.svg/75px-Emblem_of_CIS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Emblem_of_CIS.svg/100px-Emblem_of_CIS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assosiert medlem</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmenistan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tidligere medlem</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a> (1993–2009) <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a> (1991–2014)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24561737"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medlemmer_av_Den_internasjonale_organisasjonen_for_tyrkisk_kultur_(TÜRKSOY)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24561741"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-vis"><a href="/wiki/Mal:T%C3%9CRKSOY" title="Mal:TÜRKSOY"><abbr title="Vis denne malen">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-diskuter"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldiskusjon:T%C3%9CRKSOY&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maldiskusjon:TÜRKSOY (ikke skrevet ennå)"><abbr title="Diskuter denne malen">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-rediger"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Rediger_side/Mal:T%C3%9CRKSOY" title="Spesial:Rediger side/Mal:TÜRKSOY"><abbr title="Rediger denne malen">r</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medlemmer_av_Den_internasjonale_organisasjonen_for_tyrkisk_kultur_(TÜRKSOY)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Medlemmer av <a href="/wiki/T%C3%9CRKSOY" title="TÜRKSOY">Den internasjonale organisasjonen for tyrkisk kultur (TÜRKSOY)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medlemmer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Aserbajdsjan" title="Aserbajdsjan">Aserbajdsjan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kasakhstan" title="Kasakhstan">Kasakhstan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kirgisistan" title="Kirgisistan">Kirgisistan</a> <b>·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmenistan</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tyrkia" title="Tyrkia">Tyrkia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Usbekistan" title="Usbekistan">Usbekistan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observatørmedlemmer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Altaj_(republikk)" title="Altaj (republikk)">Altaj</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Basjkortostan" title="Basjkortostan">Basjkortostan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gagaus" title="Gagaus">Gagaus</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Khakasia" title="Khakasia">Khakasia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nord-Kypros" title="Nord-Kypros">Nord-Kypros</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sakha" title="Sakha">Sakha</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tuva_(republikk)" title="Tuva (republikk)">Tuva</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24561737"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oppslagsverk/autoritetsdata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Oppslagsverk/autoritetsdata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Autoritetsdata" title="Hjelp:Autoritetsdata">Oppslagsverk/autoritetsdata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/Turkmenistan">Store norske leksikon</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/Turkmenistan">Store Danske Encyklopædi</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Turkmenistan">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tasteatlas.com/turkmenistan">TasteAtlas</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brockhaus.de/ecs/enzy/article/turkmenistan">Brockhaus Enzyklopädie</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/turkmenistan/">Encyclopædia Universalis</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/144179578/">VIAF</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4061255-7">GND</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91129790">LCCN</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15359153f">BNF</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119424697">BNF</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15359153f">BNF (data)</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119424697">BNF (data)</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/nl0228661f7cn67">LIBRIS</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027367681">SUDOC</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/044995">HDS</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577553">NDL</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131145">NKC</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX453272">BNE</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA13009904">CiNii</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kulturnav.org/34db0cf1-5a31-43ad-99e3-e923523aa8e7">KulturNav</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geonames.org/1218197">GeoNames</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/things/faca11ba-2458-4ada-9eae-91530ff92945">BBC Things</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/98e38a45-b90e-3575-943e-23e26ce3a69f">MusicBrainz</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hentet fra «<a dir="ltr" href="https://no.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&oldid=24283381">https://no.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkmenistan&oldid=24283381</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kategorier" title="Kategori:Kategorier">Kategorier</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Turkmenistan" title="Kategori:Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a 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