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Magellanic Premium – Wikipedia

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href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin-vector-legacy mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Magellanic_Premium rootpage-Magellanic_Premium skin-vector action-view"><div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Magellanic Premium</span></h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Zur Navigation springen</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Zur Suche springen</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datei:Magellanic_Gold_Medal,_awarded_by_the_American_Philosophical_Society_to_Nicholas_Collin_in_1795_Front.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Magellanic_Gold_Medal%2C_awarded_by_the_American_Philosophical_Society_to_Nicholas_Collin_in_1795_Front.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Magellanic_Gold_Medal%2C_awarded_by_the_American_Philosophical_Society_to_Nicholas_Collin_in_1795_Front.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Magellanic_Gold_Medal%2C_awarded_by_the_American_Philosophical_Society_to_Nicholas_Collin_in_1795_Front.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Magellanic_Gold_Medal%2C_awarded_by_the_American_Philosophical_Society_to_Nicholas_Collin_in_1795_Front.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Magellanic_Gold_Medal%2C_awarded_by_the_American_Philosophical_Society_to_Nicholas_Collin_in_1795_Front.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Magellanic_Gold_Medal%2C_awarded_by_the_American_Philosophical_Society_to_Nicholas_Collin_in_1795_Front.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3349" data-file-height="2675" /></a><figcaption>Vorderseite der Goldmedaille, 1795</figcaption></figure> <p>Die <b>Magellanic Premium</b> ist eine Auszeichnung, die seit 1790 von der <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> verliehen wird, um die beste Entdeckung oder nützlichste Erfindung in den Kategorien <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie">Astronomie</a> und <a href="/wiki/Naturphilosophie" title="Naturphilosophie">Naturphilosophie</a> zu würdigen.<sup id="cite_ref-APS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sie besteht aus der <b>Magellanic Gold Medal</b><sup id="cite_ref-cadmus_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cadmus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bull_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bull-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> und einem Preisgeld. Die prestigeträchtige<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Goldmedaille" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldmedaille">Goldmedaille</a> ist die älteste von einer nordamerikanischen Institution zur Anerkennung wissenschaftlicher Leistungen vergebene Auszeichnung.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="de" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Inhaltsverzeichnis</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Geschichte"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Geschichte</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Liste_der_Preisträger"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Liste der Preisträger</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Weblinks"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Weblinks</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Einzelnachweise"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Einzelnachweise</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichte">Geschichte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magellanic_Premium&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Geschichte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magellanic_Premium&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Geschichte"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Im September 1785 bot der in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> lebende <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">portugiesische</a> <a href="/wiki/Naturphilosoph" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturphilosoph">Naturphilosoph</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Hyacinthe_de_Magellan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Hyacinthe de Magellan (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Jean-Hyacinthe de Magellan</a> (<span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Portugiesische_Sprache" title="Portugiesische Sprache">portugiesisch</a></span> <span lang="pt-Latn" style="font-style:italic">João Jacinto de Magalhães</span>, 1723–1790)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> der <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in einem Brief 200 <a href="/wiki/Guinee" title="Guinee">Guineen</a> an, um aus den Erträgen dieses <a href="/wiki/Fonds" title="Fonds">Fonds</a> einen Preis zu stiften. Die APS unter ihrem Präsidenten <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> nahm das Angebot im Januar 1786 dankbar an, schrieb die Magellanic Premium als Preis der Gesellschaft aus und wählte als <a href="/wiki/Medaille" title="Medaille">Medaille</a> eine ovale Platte aus massivem <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> mit einem Wert von 10 Guineen.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Wurde anfangs nur die Medaille verliehen, wird inzwischen zusätzlich ein Geldbetrag gezahlt.<sup id="cite_ref-rules_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rules-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Im Jahr 1918 betrug dieser 139,25 <a href="/wiki/US-Dollar" title="US-Dollar">US-Dollar</a><sup id="cite_ref-bull_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bull-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (entspricht <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflationsbereinigt</a> 2014 ca. 2.190 US-Dollar), im Jahr 2014 war der Preis mit 20.000 US-Dollar dotiert.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datei:Scientists_for_Uncle_Sam_awarded_Magellan_Gold_Medal._Dr._L.J._Briggs,_left,_Assistant_Director_and_Dr._Paul_R._Heyl,_Chief_of_the_Sound_Section_of_the_United_States_Bureau_of_Standards,_LCCN2016888398.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Scientists_for_Uncle_Sam_awarded_Magellan_Gold_Medal._Dr._L.J._Briggs%2C_left%2C_Assistant_Director_and_Dr._Paul_R._Heyl%2C_Chief_of_the_Sound_Section_of_the_United_States_Bureau_of_Standards%2C_LCCN2016888398.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Scientists_for_Uncle_Sam_awarded_Magellan_Gold_Medal._Dr._L.J._Briggs%2C_left%2C_Assistant_Director_and_Dr._Paul_R._Heyl%2C_Chief_of_the_Sound_Section_of_the_United_States_Bureau_of_Standards%2C_LCCN2016888398.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Scientists_for_Uncle_Sam_awarded_Magellan_Gold_Medal._Dr._L.J._Briggs%2C_left%2C_Assistant_Director_and_Dr._Paul_R._Heyl%2C_Chief_of_the_Sound_Section_of_the_United_States_Bureau_of_Standards%2C_LCCN2016888398.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10008" data-file-height="7752" /></a><figcaption>Preisverleihung an <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Briggs" title="Lyman Briggs">Lyman J. Briggs</a> (links) und <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_R._Heyl&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul R. Heyl (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Paul R. Heyl</a> im Jahr 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>Das Prozedere bestand anfangs daraus, dass Autoren Texte (bspw. ein <a href="/wiki/Traktat" title="Traktat">Traktat</a> oder die Beschreibung einer Erfindung) unter <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">Pseudonym</a> bei der Gesellschaft einreichten, inklusive eines versiegelten Umschlags mit dem echten Namen der Person. Nur falls sich das Komitee nach der Begutachtung für eine Auszeichnung entschied, wurde der versiegelte Umschlag geöffnet, ansonsten wurde er ungeöffnet verbrannt und der Autor blieb unbekannt.<sup id="cite_ref-rules_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rules-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Da die Erträge des Fonds in den Anfangsjahren größer waren als für die Verleihung der Medaille notwendig, entschied die Gesellschaft im Jahr 1804, eine „Extra Magellanic Premium“ mit niedrigeren Anforderungen und einer eigenen Medaille auszuschreiben.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Seit der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts wird der Preis nicht mehr für Einreichungen vergeben, sondern für eine Leistung oder das <a href="/wiki/Gesamtwerk" title="Gesamtwerk">Lebenswerk</a> einer Person in den Bereichen Navigation, Astronomie oder Naturphilosophie.<sup id="cite_ref-rules_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rules-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zu Magellans Zeiten fand der <a href="/wiki/Internationaler_Handel" class="mw-redirect" title="Internationaler Handel">internationale Handel</a> primär mittels <a href="/wiki/Seefahrt" title="Seefahrt">Seefahrt</a> statt und es bestand großes Interesse an der Verbesserung der maritimen <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a>. In den ersten einhundert Jahren wurde der Preis in der Kategorie Navigation vor allem für Verbesserungen der <a href="/wiki/Lenkung" title="Lenkung">Steuerung</a> vergeben, wie die allererste Auszeichnung 1790 für einen <a href="/wiki/Feder_(Technik)" title="Feder (Technik)">Feder</a>-<a href="/wiki/Block_(Schifffahrt)" title="Block (Schifffahrt)">Block</a>, ein temporäres Ruder 1804 oder einen Steuerapparat 1809. Ausgezeichnete Erfindungen, die zu <a href="/wiki/Ortsbestimmung" title="Ortsbestimmung">Ortsbestimmung</a> und Routenwahl beitragen, sind eine verbesserte <a href="/wiki/Seekarte" title="Seekarte">Seekarte</a>, ein elektromagnetischer <a href="/wiki/Kompass" title="Kompass">Kompass</a> und Beiträge zur <a href="/wiki/Astronomische_Navigation" title="Astronomische Navigation">Astro-</a> und <a href="/wiki/Satellitennavigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellitennavigation">Satellitennavigation</a>. Bis 2018 wurden 12 Preise in der Kategorie Navigation verliehen.<sup id="cite_ref-cat_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cat-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datei:Magellanic_Gold_Medal,_awarded_by_the_American_Philosophical_Society_to_Nicholas_Collin_in_1795_Reverse.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magellanic_Gold_Medal%2C_awarded_by_the_American_Philosophical_Society_to_Nicholas_Collin_in_1795_Reverse.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Magellanic_Gold_Medal%2C_awarded_by_the_American_Philosophical_Society_to_Nicholas_Collin_in_1795_Reverse.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magellanic_Gold_Medal%2C_awarded_by_the_American_Philosophical_Society_to_Nicholas_Collin_in_1795_Reverse.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Magellanic_Gold_Medal%2C_awarded_by_the_American_Philosophical_Society_to_Nicholas_Collin_in_1795_Reverse.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magellanic_Gold_Medal%2C_awarded_by_the_American_Philosophical_Society_to_Nicholas_Collin_in_1795_Reverse.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Magellanic_Gold_Medal%2C_awarded_by_the_American_Philosophical_Society_to_Nicholas_Collin_in_1795_Reverse.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3342" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption>Rückseite der an <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Collin" title="Nicholas Collin">Nicholas Collin</a> 1795 verliehenen Goldmedaille</figcaption></figure> <p>Im 18. Jahrhundert umfasste die <a href="/wiki/Naturphilosophie" title="Naturphilosophie">Naturphilosophie</a> die <a href="/wiki/Wissenschaft" title="Wissenschaft">wissenschaftliche</a> und <a href="/wiki/Technik" title="Technik">technische</a> <a href="/wiki/Forschung" title="Forschung">Forschung</a>. Bis 2018 wurden 12 Preise in dieser Kategorie vergeben, für Verbesserungen an <a href="/wiki/Blitzableiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Blitzableiter">Blitzableitern</a> 1792, einen „schnellen Aufzug“ 1795, physikalische Phänomene an Hafeneinfahrten 1887 bis hin zu Erkenntnissen über die <a href="/wiki/Sinnesorgan" title="Sinnesorgan">Sinnesorgane</a> von Tieren sowie die <a href="/wiki/Tanzsprache" title="Tanzsprache">Tanzsprache</a> von Bienen 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-cat_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cat-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In der Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ergänzten Kategorie Astronomie wurde die Medaille erstmals über 150 Jahre später vergeben, 1966 für die Erkundung von Mond und Venus mit Düsenfahrzeugen.<sup id="cite_ref-cat_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cat-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Seit der 13. Verleihung in dieser Kategorie an Sandra M. Faber 2018 wurde der Preis am häufigsten in Astronomie verliehen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liste_der_Preisträger"><span id="Liste_der_Preistr.C3.A4ger"></span>Liste der Preisträger</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magellanic_Premium&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Liste der Preisträger" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magellanic_Premium&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Liste der Preisträger"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zwischen der Erstverleihung 1790 und dem Jahr 2024 wurden insgesamt 40 Medaillen an 45 Personen vergeben.<sup id="cite_ref-APS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>2024: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Wold&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbara Wold (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Barbara Wold</a> für Arbeiten zur Genexpression</li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Sara_Seager" title="Sara Seager">Sara Seager</a> (* 1971) für theoretische Arbeiten, die zur ersten Entdeckung einer <a href="/wiki/Atmosph%C3%A4re_(Astronomie)" title="Atmosphäre (Astronomie)">Atmosphäre</a> bei <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">Exoplaneten</a> führten</li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Fabiola_Gianotti" title="Fabiola Gianotti">Fabiola Gianotti</a> (* 1960) für die Entdeckung des <a href="/wiki/Higgs-Boson" title="Higgs-Boson">Higgs-Bosons</a> und ihre führende Rolle in der <a href="/wiki/Hochenergiephysik" title="Hochenergiephysik">Hochenergiephysik</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Sandra_M._Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandra M. Faber">Sandra M. Faber</a> (* 1944) für ihre Beiträge zur Untersuchung der Entstehung und Entwicklung von <a href="/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie">Galaxien</a> und die <a href="/wiki/Faber-Jackson-Relation" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber-Jackson-Relation">Faber-Jackson-Relation</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Alar_Toomre" title="Alar Toomre">Alar Toomre</a> (* 1937) in Anerkennung der 1972 mit seinem Bruder Juri veröffentlichten numerischen Simulationen der Interaktion von <a href="/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie">Galaxien</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> und des <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toomre-Kriterium&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Toomre-Kriterium (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Toomre-Kriteriums</a>, das angibt ob eine <a href="/wiki/Differentielle_Rotation" title="Differentielle Rotation">differentiell rotierende</a> Scheibe von Sternen in einer Galaxie stabil ist<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Margaret_J._Geller" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret J. Geller">Margaret J. Geller</a> (* 1947) in Anerkennung ihrer Beobachtungen des Universums <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datei:South_pole_telescope_during_polar_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/South_pole_telescope_during_polar_night.jpg/220px-South_pole_telescope_during_polar_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/South_pole_telescope_during_polar_night.jpg/330px-South_pole_telescope_during_polar_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/South_pole_telescope_during_polar_night.jpg/440px-South_pole_telescope_during_polar_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="841" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_E._Carlstrom" class="mw-redirect" title="John E. Carlstrom">John E. Carlstrom</a> wurde 2004 u.&#160;a. für seine Mitwirkung am <a href="/wiki/South_Pole_Telescope" title="South Pole Telescope">South Pole Telescope</a> ausgezeichnet.</figcaption></figure></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/John_E._Carlstrom" class="mw-redirect" title="John E. Carlstrom">John E. Carlstrom</a> (* 1957) für seine Rolle bei der Messung der <a href="/wiki/Anisotropie" title="Anisotropie">Anisotropie</a> der <a href="/wiki/Kosmische_Hintergrundstrahlung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmische Hintergrundstrahlung">kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung</a> und die Betreuung der Instrumente an der <a href="/wiki/Amundsen-Scott-S%C3%BCdpolstation" title="Amundsen-Scott-Südpolstation">Amundsen-Scott-Südpolstation</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Freedman" title="Wendy Freedman">Wendy Freedman</a> (* 1957) für ihre Rolle bei der präzisen Entfernungsbestimmung von 18 nahen <a href="/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie">Galaxien</a> mit dem <a href="/wiki/Hubble-Teleskop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubble-Teleskop">Hubble-Teleskop</a> gemeinsam mit ihrem Team</li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/S._Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell" class="mw-redirect" title="S. Jocelyn Bell Burnell">S. Jocelyn Bell Burnell</a> (* 1943) für die Entdeckung der ersten vier <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsare</a> im Jahr 1967, durch die sie ein seither florierendes Wissenschaftsfeld initiiert habe</li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Bradford_W._Parkinson" title="Bradford W. Parkinson">Bradford W. Parkinson</a> (* 1935) und <a href="/wiki/Roger_Easton" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Easton">Roger Easton</a> (1921–2014) für ihre Beiträge zum <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a>, durch die sie Instrumente zur präzisen Navigation für alle verfügbar gemacht hätten</li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Gordon_H._Pettengill" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon H. Pettengill">Gordon H. Pettengill</a> (1926–2021) als „einem der führenden <a href="/wiki/Radioastronomie" title="Radioastronomie">Radioastronomen</a> des letzten halben Jahrhunderts“ für die Erstellung der Venuskarte auf Basis der Bilder des <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_Aperture_Radar" title="Synthetic Aperture Radar">Synthetic Aperture Radars</a> der Raumsonde <a href="/wiki/Magellan_(Sonde)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magellan (Sonde)">Magellan</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Stone" title="Edward C. Stone">Edward C. Stone</a> (1936–2024) als wissenschaftlicher Leiter des <a href="/wiki/Voyager-Programm" title="Voyager-Programm">Voyager-Programms</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datei:PSR_B1913%2B16_period_shift_graph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/PSR_B1913%2B16_period_shift_graph.svg/220px-PSR_B1913%2B16_period_shift_graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/PSR_B1913%2B16_period_shift_graph.svg/330px-PSR_B1913%2B16_period_shift_graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/PSR_B1913%2B16_period_shift_graph.svg/440px-PSR_B1913%2B16_period_shift_graph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Auszeichnung 1990 für <a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph H. Taylor">Joseph H. Taylor</a>: Die Abstrahlung von <a href="/wiki/Gravitationswelle" title="Gravitationswelle">Gravitationswellen</a> verringert die <a href="/wiki/Umlaufdauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Umlaufdauer">Umlaufdauer</a> des <a href="/wiki/Hulse-Taylor-Doppelpulsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulse-Taylor-Doppelpulsar">Hulse-Taylor-Doppelpulsars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph H. Taylor">Joseph H. Taylor</a> (* 1941), der <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einsteins</a> Theorie der <a href="/wiki/Gravitationswelle" title="Gravitationswelle">Gravitationswellen</a> anhand des <a href="/wiki/Hulse-Taylor-Doppelpulsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulse-Taylor-Doppelpulsar">Hulse-Taylor-Doppelpulsars</a> bestätigte<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1988: <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Weiffenbach&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="George C. Weiffenbach (Seite nicht vorhanden)">George C. Weiffenbach</a> und <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Guier&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William H. Guier (Seite nicht vorhanden)">William H. Guier</a> und ihre Gruppe am <a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory">Applied Physics Laboratory</a> der <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>, die den <a href="/wiki/Doppler-Effekt" title="Doppler-Effekt">Doppler-Effekt</a> zur Erkennung des <a href="/wiki/Umlaufbahn" title="Umlaufbahn">Orbits</a> der <a href="/wiki/Sputnik" title="Sputnik">Sputnik</a>-<a href="/wiki/Satellit_(Raumfahrt)" title="Satellit (Raumfahrt)">Satelliten</a> nutzten und das <a href="/wiki/Satellitennavigationssystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellitennavigationssystem">Satellitennavigationssystem</a> <a href="/wiki/Transit_(Satellitensystem)" title="Transit (Satellitensystem)">Transit</a> entwickelten<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1984: <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Frank_Jordon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Frank Jordon (Seite nicht vorhanden)">J. Frank Jordon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>, für seine Rolle im <a href="/wiki/Voyager-Programm" title="Voyager-Programm">Voyager-Programm</a>, besonders für den <a href="/wiki/Vorbeiflug_(Raumfahrt)" title="Vorbeiflug (Raumfahrt)">Vorbeiflug</a> der Sonden bei <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(Planet)" title="Jupiter (Planet)">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(Planet)" title="Saturn (Planet)">Saturn</a> und ihren Monden<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lindauer" title="Martin Lindauer">Martin Lindauer</a> (1918–2008) für seine Studien zur Orientierung und Flugnavigation von Tieren<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Herman" title="Robert Herman">Robert Herman</a> (1914–1997) und <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Alpher" title="Ralph Alpher">Ralph A. Alpher</a> (1921–2007) für ihre Vorhersage der <a href="/wiki/Kosmische_Hintergrundstrahlung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmische Hintergrundstrahlung">kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1971: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_M._Muller&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul M. Muller (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Paul M. Muller</a> (1937–2013) und <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Sjogren&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William J. Sjogren (Seite nicht vorhanden)">William J. Sjogren</a> für die Erstellung einer <a href="/wiki/Gravimetrie" title="Gravimetrie">gravimetrischen</a> Karte des <a href="/wiki/Mond" title="Mond">Mondes</a> und ihre Entdeckung der <a href="/wiki/Mascon" title="Mascon">Mascons</a>, großräumige Bereiche erhöhter Gesteinsdichte unter der Mondoberfläche<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/William_Hayward_Pickering" title="William Hayward Pickering">William Hayward Pickering</a> (1910–2004, Direktor des <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>) für die Leitung der Erkundung von <a href="/wiki/Mond" title="Mond">Mond</a> und <a href="/wiki/Venus_(Planet)" title="Venus (Planet)">Venus</a> mit <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsenantrieb" class="mw-redirect" title="Düsenantrieb">Düsenfahrzeugen</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Beach" title="Edward L. Beach">Edward L. Beach</a> (1918–2002), in Anerkennung der <a href="/wiki/Weltumrundung" class="mw-redirect" title="Weltumrundung">Weltumrundung</a> mit dem <a href="/wiki/U-Boot" title="U-Boot">U-Boot</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Triton_(SSN-586)" title="USS Triton (SSN-586)">USS Triton</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1960: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_William_Seeley&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stuart William Seeley (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Stuart William Seeley</a> (1901–1978) für seine Arbeit an <a href="/wiki/SHORAN" title="SHORAN">SHORAN</a> (Short Range Navigation), eines militärischen Systems für Navigation und Bombenangriffe<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Stark Draper</a> (1901–1987) für seine Pionierarbeit zur <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A4gheitsnavigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trägheitsnavigation">Trägheitsnavigation</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> (1886–1982) für seine Untersuchungen der <a href="/wiki/Sinnesorgan" title="Sinnesorgan">Sinnesorgane</a> von Tieren sowie der <a href="/wiki/Tanzsprache" title="Tanzsprache">Tanzsprache</a> von Bienen<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1953: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Van_Horn_Weems&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Van Horn Weems (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Philip Van Horn Weems</a> (1889–1979), <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a>, für die Erfindung von Methoden und <a href="/wiki/Messinstrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Messinstrument">Messinstrumenten</a> für die <a href="/wiki/Astronomische_Navigation" title="Astronomische Navigation">astronomische Navigation</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Baker" title="James G. Baker">James G. Baker</a> (1914–2005) für seine Beiträge zur Theorie und Praxis der <a href="/wiki/Optik" title="Optik">Optik</a>, speziell für seine Kameras mit <a href="/wiki/Super-Schmidt-Optik" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-Schmidt-Optik">Super-Schmidt-Optik</a> für die Beobachtung von <a href="/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor">Meteoren</a>, die er später zur <a href="/wiki/Baker-Nunn-Kamera" title="Baker-Nunn-Kamera">Baker-Nunn-Kamera</a> weiterentwickelte</li> <li>1922: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_R._Heyl&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul R. Heyl (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Paul R. Heyl</a> (1872–1961) und <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Briggs" title="Lyman Briggs">Lyman J. Briggs</a> (1874–1963)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> vom <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="National Bureau of Standards">National Bureau of Standards</a> für einen <a href="/wiki/Erdinduktorkompass" title="Erdinduktorkompass">Erdinduktorkompass</a>, der das <a href="/wiki/Erdmagnetfeld" title="Erdmagnetfeld">Erdmagnetfeld</a> zur <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetische_Induktion" title="Elektromagnetische Induktion">elektromagnetischen Induktion</a> in einem <a href="/wiki/Elektrischer_Generator" title="Elektrischer Generator">Generator</a> nutzt und 1927 von <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> bei dessen Nonstopflug von <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> nach <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> eingesetzt wurde<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1887: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_M._Haupt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewis M. Haupt (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Lewis M. Haupt</a> (1844–1937) für seine Arbeit zu den physikalischen Phänomenen an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hafeneinfahrt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hafeneinfahrt (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Hafeneinfahrten</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1864: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliny_Earle_Chase&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pliny Earle Chase (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Pliny Earle Chase</a> (1820–1886) für die Entdeckung gewisser Beziehungen zwischen durch die <a href="/wiki/Gravitation" title="Gravitation">Gravitation</a> von <a href="/wiki/Sonne" title="Sonne">Sonne</a> und <a href="/wiki/Mond" title="Mond">Mond</a> ausgelösten, täglichen Variationen des <a href="/wiki/Erdmagnetfeld" title="Erdmagnetfeld">Erdmagnetfelds</a> und des <a href="/wiki/Luftdruck" title="Luftdruck">Luftdrucks</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datei:William_Mugford_drawing_temporary_rudder_Transactions_APS_1809.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/William_Mugford_drawing_temporary_rudder_Transactions_APS_1809.jpg/220px-William_Mugford_drawing_temporary_rudder_Transactions_APS_1809.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/William_Mugford_drawing_temporary_rudder_Transactions_APS_1809.jpg/330px-William_Mugford_drawing_temporary_rudder_Transactions_APS_1809.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/William_Mugford_drawing_temporary_rudder_Transactions_APS_1809.jpg/440px-William_Mugford_drawing_temporary_rudder_Transactions_APS_1809.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1892" data-file-height="1252" /></a><figcaption>Zeichnung des provisorischen Ruders von William Mugford, ausgezeichnet 1804.</figcaption></figure></li> <li>1836, Extra Magellanic Premium: <a href="/wiki/James_P._Espy" class="mw-redirect" title="James P. Espy">James P. Espy</a> (1785–1860) für seine <i>theory of rain</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1825, Extra Magellanic Premium: Charles D. Brodie für seine Erfindung, um die seitliche <a href="/wiki/Bordwand" title="Bordwand">Bordwand</a> von <a href="/wiki/Schiff" title="Schiff">Schiffen</a> unterhalb der <a href="/wiki/Wasseroberfl%C3%A4che" title="Wasseroberfläche">Wasseroberfläche</a> zu reparieren<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1823, Extra Magellanic Premium: James Ewing für die Erfindung eines verbesserten <a href="/wiki/Hydrant" title="Hydrant">Hydranten</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1820, Extra Magellanic Premium: Joshua Chapman für die Verbesserung der Produktion von <a href="/wiki/Segeltuch" title="Segeltuch">Segeltuch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Canvas_(Gewebe)" title="Canvas (Gewebe)">Canvas</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1809, Extra Magellanic Premium: James Humphries für Modell und Beschreibung eines Steuerapparates<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1807, Extra Magellanic Premium: John Garnett für eine neue und einfache <a href="/wiki/Seekarte" title="Seekarte">Seekarte</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1805, Extra Magellanic Premium: Kapitän William Mugford für die Darstellung und Beschreibung eines provisorischen <a href="/wiki/Ruder" title="Ruder">Ruders</a>, das er aus Ersatzteilen und -mast konstruiert hatte um das im <a href="/wiki/Sturm" title="Sturm">Sturm</a> verloren gegangene zu ersetzen<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1804: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Smith_Barton" title="Benjamin Smith Barton">Benjamin Smith Barton</a> (1766–1815) für seine Forschungen zu gefährlichen <a href="/wiki/Insekten" title="Insekten">Insekten</a> in den <a href="/wiki/Vereinigte_Staaten_von_Amerika" class="mw-redirect" title="Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika">Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1795: <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Collin" title="Nicholas Collin">Nicholas Collin</a> (1746–1831, schwedischer Pfarrer) für die Beschreibung eines schnellen Aufzugs (<span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a></span> <span lang="en-Latn" style="font-style:italic">speedy elevator</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1793: <a href="/wiki/William_Thornton_(Architekt)" title="William Thornton (Architekt)">William Thornton</a> (1759–1828) für sein <a href="/wiki/Traktat" title="Traktat">Traktat</a> <i>Cadmus</i><sup id="cite_ref-cadmus_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cadmus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>1792: Robert Patterson für die Verbesserung von <a href="/wiki/Metall" class="mw-redirect" title="Metall">metallischen</a> <a href="/wiki/Leiter_(Physik)" title="Leiter (Physik)">Leitern</a> und <a href="/wiki/Blitzableiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Blitzableiter">Blitzableitern</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datei:Francis_Hopkinson_Spring-Block_1793.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Francis_Hopkinson_Spring-Block_1793.png/170px-Francis_Hopkinson_Spring-Block_1793.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Francis_Hopkinson_Spring-Block_1793.png/255px-Francis_Hopkinson_Spring-Block_1793.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Francis_Hopkinson_Spring-Block_1793.png/340px-Francis_Hopkinson_Spring-Block_1793.png 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="1331" /></a><figcaption>Der 1790 ausgezeichnete <a href="/wiki/Block_(Schifffahrt)" title="Block (Schifffahrt)">Block</a> mit <a href="/wiki/Feder_(Technik)" title="Feder (Technik)">Feder</a> von Francis Hopkinson an der <a href="/wiki/Schot" title="Schot">Schot</a> eines Segels<sup id="cite_ref-hopkinson_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hopkinson-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datei:Nicholas_Collin_speedy_elevator_1799.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Nicholas_Collin_speedy_elevator_1799.png/130px-Nicholas_Collin_speedy_elevator_1799.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Nicholas_Collin_speedy_elevator_1799.png/195px-Nicholas_Collin_speedy_elevator_1799.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Nicholas_Collin_speedy_elevator_1799.png/260px-Nicholas_Collin_speedy_elevator_1799.png 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="873" /></a><figcaption>Skizze des „schnellen Aufzugs“ von Nicholas Collin, ausgezeichnet 1795.</figcaption></figure></li> <li>1790: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hopkinson" title="Francis Hopkinson">Francis Hopkinson</a> (1737–1791) für die Beschreibung eines <a href="/wiki/Block_(Schifffahrt)" title="Block (Schifffahrt)">Blocks</a> mit <a href="/wiki/Feder_(Technik)" title="Feder (Technik)">Feder</a>, um die beim <a href="/wiki/Segeln" title="Segeln">Segeln</a> wirkenden Kräfte bei Böen zu reduzieren (<span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a></span> <span lang="en-Latn" style="font-style:italic">spring-block</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hopkinson_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hopkinson-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magellanic_Premium&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Weblinks" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magellanic_Premium&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Weblinks"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amphilsoc.org/prizes/magellanic">The Magellanic Premium of the American Philosophical Society</a>, Website der <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">APS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amphilsoc.org/exhibits/magellan/magprem.htm">Bild der Medaille</a> in einer virtuellen Ausstellung der APS</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magellanic_Premium&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Einzelnachweise" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magellanic_Premium&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Einzelnachweise"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-APS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-APS_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-APS_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amphilsoc.org/prizes/magellanic"><i>The Magellanic Premium of the American Philosophical Society</i></a>, Website der <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">APS</a>. Abgerufen am 8. April 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cadmus-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cadmus_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cadmus_2-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Thornton_(Architekt)" title="William Thornton (Architekt)">William Thornton</a>: <i>Cadmus, or a Treatise on the Elements of Written Language, Illustrating, by a Philosophical Division of Speech, the Power of Each Character, Thereby Mutually Fixing the Orthography and Orthoepy. With an Essay on the Mode of Teaching the Deaf, or Surd and Consequently Dumb, to Speak</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Transactions_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactions of the American Philosophical Society">Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 3, 1793, S. 262–331, <a href="//doi.org/10.2307/1004878" class="extiw" title="doi:10.2307/1004878">doi:10.2307/1004878</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bull-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bull_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bull_3-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bulletin of the National Research Council</i>, 1921, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=oCErAAAAYAAJ&amp;lpg=PP7&amp;hl=de&amp;pg=PA5#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">S. 5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (Hrsg.): <i>NASA Activities</i>. Band 2, Nr. 12, 1971, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=WGpJyv4tbbAC&amp;lpg=PA212&amp;ots=ESc0DFeu2j&amp;hl=de&amp;pg=PA212#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">S. 212</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tim Stephens: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ucsc.edu/2019/04/faber-medal.html"><i>Sandra Faber receives American Philosophical Society’s Magellanic Premium Medal</i></a>. Website der <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">University of California, Santa Cruz</a>. 29. April 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Sidney Lee</a> (Hrsg.): <i>Magellan, Jean Hyacinthe de</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>, Band 35. Smith, Elder &amp; Co, London 1893 (<a href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Magellan,_Jean_Hyacinthe_de_(DNB00)" class="extiw" title="s:en:Magellan, Jean Hyacinthe de (DNB00)">Volltext auf Wikisource</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Extracts from the Minutes of the American Philosophical Society, Respecting a Donation Proposed by Mr. J. H. de Magellan, of London</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Transactions_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactions of the American Philosophical Society">Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 2, 1786, S. xix–xxii, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1005162">1005162</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Early Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge, Compiled by One of the Secretaries, from the Manuscript Minutes of Its Meetings from 1744–1838</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 22(119), Part III, Juli 1885, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/982538">982538</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rules-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-rules_9-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-rules_9-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-rules_9-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amphilsoc.org/exhibits/magellan/rules.htm"><i>Premium Conditions and Rules</i></a>, Website der <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">APS</a>. Abgerufen am 31. Oktober 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">International Congress of Distinguished Awards (Hrsg.): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icda.org/images/Total_Awarded_Report.pdf"><i>Total Money Awarded</i></a>. Abgerufen am 30. Oktober 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Early Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge, Compiled by One of the Secretaries, from the Manuscript Minutes of Its Meetings from 1744–1838</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 22(119), Part III, Juli 1885, S. 366, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/982556">982556</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cat-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cat_12-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cat_12-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cat_12-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amphilsoc.org/exhibits/magellan/awards.htm"><i>Award Categories </i></a>. Website der American Philosophical Society. Abgerufen am 31. Oktober 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Advertisement</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Transactions_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactions of the American Philosophical Society">Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 4, 1799, S. vii–x, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1005072">1005072</a>: ohne Astronomie.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Conditions of the Magellanic Premium</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Transactions_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactions of the American Philosophical Society">Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 6, 1809, S. vii, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1004753">1004753</a>: mit Astronomie.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkixYYy2M4Q&amp;t=162"><i>2018 Magellanic Premium: Fabiola Gianotti</i></a>. Youtube-Kanal der <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>, bei Minute 2:42: “The Magellanic Premium medal is engraved: for the discovery of the Higgs boson and the leadership in high energy physics.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alar_Toomre" title="Alar Toomre">Alar Toomre</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juri_Toomre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Juri Toomre (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Juri Toomre</a>: <i>Galactic bridges and tails</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a></i> 178, 1972, S. 623–666, <a href="//doi.org/10.1086/151823" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1086/151823">doi:10.1086/151823</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972ApJ...178..623T">1972ApJ...178..623T</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alar_Toomre" title="Alar Toomre">Alar Toomre</a>: <i>On the gravitational stability of a disk of stars</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a></i> 139, 1964, S. 1217–1238, <a href="//doi.org/10.1086/147861" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1086/147861">doi:10.1086/147861</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964ApJ...139.1217T">1964ApJ...139.1217T</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Daten aus: Joel M. Weisberg, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph H. Taylor">Joseph H. Taylor</a>: <i>Relativistic Binary Pulsar B1913+16: Thirty Years of Observations and Analysis</i>, Juli 2004, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0407149">astro-ph/0407149</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph H. Taylor">Joseph H. Taylor</a>: <i>Testing Gravity with Binary Pulsars</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 137(3), September 1993, S. 357–363, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/986997">986997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Guier&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William H. Guier (Seite nicht vorhanden)">William H. Guier</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Weiffenbach&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="George C. Weiffenbach (Seite nicht vorhanden)">George C. Weiffenbach</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512002742/http://www.jhuapl.edu/techdigest/td/td1901/guier.pdf"><i>Genesis of Satellite Navigation</i></a>. <i>Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest</i> 18(2), 1997, S. 178–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=5933"><i>JPL Engineer Awarded Magellanic Premium Award</i></a>. Website des <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>, 1. Mai 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">vgl. Bert Hölldobler: <i>Martin Lindauer</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 154(4), Dezember 2010, S. 485–491, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/23056867">23056867</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Alpher" title="Ralph Alpher">Ralph A. Alpher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Herman" title="Robert Herman">Robert Herman</a>: <i>Big Bang Cosmology and the Cosmic Black-Body Radiation</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 119(5), Oktober 1975, S. 325–348, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/986676">986676</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_L._Sjogren&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William L. Sjogren (Seite nicht vorhanden)">William L. Sjogren</a>: <i>The Evolution of Lunar Gravity Measurements</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 116(5), Oktober 1972, S. 357–361, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/986066">986066</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_M._Muller&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul M. Muller (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Paul M. Muller</a>: <i>Implications of the Lunar Mascon Discovery</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 116(5), Oktober 1972, S. 362–364, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/986067">986067</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Hayward_Pickering" title="William Hayward Pickering">William Hayward Pickering</a>: <i>Navigating The Mariner Spacecraft to Mars</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 110(5), Oktober 1966, S. 332–339, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/986022">986022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Beach" title="Edward L. Beach">Edward L. Beach</a>: <i>The Nature of Submarining</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 105(6), Dezember 1961, S. 513–516, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/985159">985159</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuart_William_Seeley&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stuart William Seeley (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Stuart William Seeley</a>: <i>Shoran–A Precision Five Hundred Mile Yardstick</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 105(4), August 1961, S. 447–451, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/985500">985500</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Stark_Drapter&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Stark Drapter (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Charles S. Draper</a>: <i>Navigation–From Canoes to Spaceships</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 104(2), April 1960, S. 113–123, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/985654">985654</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a>: <i>The "Language" and Orientation of the Bees</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 100(5), Oktober 1956, S. 515–519, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3143684">3143684</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Van_Horn_Weems&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Van Horn Weems (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Philip Van Horn Weems</a>: <i>Celestial Navigation</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 98(4), August 1954, S. 270–272, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3143880">3143880</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">vgl. Connie L. Lester: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/p-v-h-weems/"><i>P. V. H. Weems</i></a>. In: Tennessee Historical Society (Hrsg.): <i>Tennessee Encyclopedia</i>. 8. Oktober 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_R._Heyl&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul R. Heyl (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Paul R. Heyl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Briggs" title="Lyman Briggs">Lyman J. Briggs</a>: <i>The Earth Inductor Compass</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 61(1), 1922, S. 15–32, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/984431">984431</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="National Bureau of Standards">National Bureau of Standards</a> (Hrsg.): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2016/11/national-aviation-history-month-earth-inductor-compass"><i>National Aviation History Month: Earth Inductor Compass</i></a>. 9. November 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_M._Haupt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewis M. Haupt (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Lewis M. Haupt</a>: <i>The Physical Phenomena of Harbor Entrances. Their Causes and Remedies. Defects of Present Methods of Improvement</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 25(127), Januar bis Juni 1888, S. 19–41, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/983278">983278</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliny_Earle_Chase&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pliny Earle Chase (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Pliny Earle Chase</a>: <i>On numerical relations of gravity and magnetism</i>. In: <i>Silliman's American Journal</i>, Mai 1865. Nachdruck in: <i>The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science</i> 30(200), S. 52–57, <a href="//doi.org/10.1080/14786446508643932" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1080/14786446508643932">doi:10.1080/14786446508643932</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliny_Earle_Chase&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pliny Earle Chase (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Pliny Earle Chase</a>: <i>On the Numerical Relations of Gravity and Magnetism</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Transactions_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactions of the American Philosophical Society">Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 13(1), 1865, S. 117–136, <a href="//doi.org/10.2307/1005349" class="extiw" title="doi:10.2307/1005349">doi:10.2307/1005349</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_P._Espy" class="mw-redirect" title="James P. Espy">James P. Espy</a>: <i>Theory of rain, hail, and snow, water-spouts, land-spouts, variable winds, and barometric fluctuations</i>. Philadelphia 1836, <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/oclc/489056079">489056079</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Early Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge, Compiled by One of the Secretaries, from the Manuscript Minutes of Its Meetings from 1744–1838</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 22(119), Part III, Juli 1885, S. 682–683, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/982588">982588</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Early Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge, Compiled by One of the Secretaries, from the Manuscript Minutes of Its Meetings from 1744–1838</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 22(119), Part III, Juli 1885, S. 542–543, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/982577">982577</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Early Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge, Compiled by One of the Secretaries, from the Manuscript Minutes of Its Meetings from 1744–1838</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 22(119), Part III, Juli 1885, S. 518, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/982575">982575</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Early Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge, Compiled by One of the Secretaries, from the Manuscript Minutes of Its Meetings from 1744–1838</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 22(119), Part III, Juli 1885, S. 494, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/982572">982572</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Early Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge, Compiled by One of the Secretaries, from the Manuscript Minutes of Its Meetings from 1744–1838</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 22(119), Part III, Juli 1885, S. 415, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/982561">982561</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Garnett: <i>Description and Use of a New and Simple Nautical Chart</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Transactions_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactions of the American Philosophical Society">Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 6, 1809, S. 303–318, <a href="//doi.org/10.2307/1004807" class="extiw" title="doi:10.2307/1004807">doi:10.2307/1004807</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Early Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge, Compiled by One of the Secretaries, from the Manuscript Minutes of Its Meetings from 1744–1838</i>, Sitzung vom 16. Oktober 1807. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 22(119), Part III, Juli 1885, S. 400, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/982559">982559</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">William Mugford: <i>An Account and description of a Temporary Rudder</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Transactions_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactions of the American Philosophical Society">Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 6, 1809, S. 203–208, <a href="//doi.org/10.2307/1004792" class="extiw" title="doi:10.2307/1004792">doi:10.2307/1004792</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44087#page/505/mode/1up">Grafik</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Early Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge, Compiled by One of the Secretaries, from the Manuscript Minutes of Its Meetings from 1744–1838</i>, Sitzung vom 15. März 1805. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 22(119), Part III, Juli 1885, S. 372, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/982557">982557</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Early Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge, Compiled by One of the Secretaries, from the Manuscript Minutes of Its Meetings from 1744–1838</i>, Sitzung vom 21. Dezember 1804. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 22(119), Part III, Juli 1885, S. 369, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/982556">982556</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Collin" title="Nicholas Collin">Nicholas Collin</a>: <i>Description of a Speedy Elevator</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Transactions_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactions of the American Philosophical Society">Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 4, 1799, S. 519–525, <a href="//doi.org/10.2307/1005127" class="extiw" title="doi:10.2307/1005127">doi:10.2307/1005127</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Patterson: <i>An Improvement on Metalic Conductors or Lightening-Rods</i>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Transactions_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactions of the American Philosophical Society">Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</a></i> 3, 1793, S. 321–324, <a href="//doi.org/10.2307/1004880" class="extiw" title="doi:10.2307/1004880">doi:10.2307/1004880</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hopkinson-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hopkinson_51-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hopkinson_51-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hopkinson" title="Francis Hopkinson">Francis Hopkinson</a>: <i>Description of a Spring-Block, Designed to Assist a Vessel in Sailing</i>. 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