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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kievan_Rus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kievan_Rus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Kievan Rus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kievan_Rus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principality_of_Galicia–Volhynia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principality_of_Galicia–Volhynia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Principality of Galicia–Volhynia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principality_of_Galicia–Volhynia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish_and_Moldavian_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish_and_Moldavian_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Polish and Moldavian period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish_and_Moldavian_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austrian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austrian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Austrian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austrian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Late_19th_to_early_20th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_19th_to_early_20th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Late 19th to early 20th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_19th_to_early_20th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukrainian_national_sentiment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukrainian_national_sentiment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Ukrainian national sentiment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukrainian_national_sentiment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Kingdom of Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Division_of_Bukovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Division_of_Bukovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Division of Bukovina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Division_of_Bukovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.1</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.2</span> <span>After the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Population subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Historical population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Current population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Urban settlements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Southern_Bukovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Bukovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Southern Bukovina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Bukovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Bukovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Bukovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Northern Bukovina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Bukovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bukovina</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boekowina" title="Boekowina – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Boekowina" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بوكوفينا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوكوفينا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucovina" title="Bucovina – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bucovina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bukovina" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بوکوفینا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بوکوفینا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Букавіна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Букавіна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Букавіна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Букавіна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Буковина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Буковина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucovina" title="Bucovina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bucovina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina_(zem%C4%9B)" title="Bukovina (země) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bukovina (země)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovyna" title="Bukovyna – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bukovyna" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bukovina" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukowina" title="Bukowina – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bukowina" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukoviina" title="Bukoviina – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bukoviina" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Βουκοβίνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βουκοβίνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucovina" title="Bucovina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bucovina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovino" title="Bukovino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bukovino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bukovina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بوکوفینا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوکوفینا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucovine" title="Bucovine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bucovine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucovina" title="Bucovina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bucovina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EC%BD%94%EB%B9%84%EB%82%98" title="부코비나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부코비나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Բուկովինա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բուկովինա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bukovina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bukovina" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bukovina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucovina" title="Bucovina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bucovina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="בוקובינה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בוקובינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ბუკოვინა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბუკოვინა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucovina" title="Bucovina – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bucovina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bukovina" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bukovina" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina_(r%C3%A9gi%C3%B3)" title="Bukovina (régió) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bukovina (régió)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Буковина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Буковина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bukovina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="बुकोव्हिना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बुकोव्हिना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boekovina" title="Boekovina – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boekovina" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Bukovina" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A" title="ブコヴィナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブコヴィナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bukovina" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bukovina" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucovina" title="Bucovina – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bucovina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina_(Blansko_District)" title="Bukovina (Blansko District) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bukovina (Blansko District)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukowina" title="Bukowina – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bukowina" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukowina_(kraina_historyczna)" title="Bukowina (kraina historyczna) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bukowina (kraina historyczna)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucovina" title="Bucovina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bucovina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucovina" title="Bucovina – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bucovina" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Буковина – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Буковина" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Буковина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Буковина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bukovina" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina_(krajina)" title="Bukovina (krajina) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bukovina (krajina)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bukovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Буковина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Буковина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bukovina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bukovina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bukovina" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="บูโควีนา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บูโควีนา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bukovina" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Буковина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Буковина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bukovina" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E7%A7%91%E7%BB%B4%E7%BA%B3" title="布科维纳 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="布科维纳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90" title="בוקאווינא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בוקאווינא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E7%A7%91%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%8D" title="布科維納 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="布科維納" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical region split between Romania and Ukraine</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bukovina_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bukovina (disambiguation)">Bukovina (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bucovina" redirects here. For the folk metal band, see <a href="/wiki/Bucovina_(band)" title="Bucovina (band)">Bucovina (band)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical region</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Bukovina</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Bucovina</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">Буковина</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>)</span></div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Buchenland/Bukowina</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span><br /><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Bukowina</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Historical region</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prislop_pass08.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prislop Pass, connecting Maramureș with Bukovina in northern Romania"><img alt="Prislop Pass, connecting Maramureș with Bukovina in northern Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Prislop_pass08.jpg/250px-Prislop_pass08.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Prislop_pass08.jpg/375px-Prislop_pass08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Prislop_pass08.jpg/500px-Prislop_pass08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><a href="/wiki/Prislop_Pass" title="Prislop Pass">Prislop Pass</a>, connecting <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș</a> with Bukovina in northern Romania</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Bucovina.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Bukovina"><img alt="Coat of arms of Bukovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Coat_of_arms_of_Bucovina.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bucovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Coat_of_arms_of_Bucovina.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bucovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Coat_of_arms_of_Bucovina.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bucovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="684" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucovina_Romania_Ukraine.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Bukovina within northern Romania and neighbouring Ukraine"><img alt="Location of Bukovina within northern Romania and neighbouring Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bucovina_Romania_Ukraine.png/250px-Bucovina_Romania_Ukraine.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bucovina_Romania_Ukraine.png/375px-Bucovina_Romania_Ukraine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bucovina_Romania_Ukraine.png/500px-Bucovina_Romania_Ukraine.png 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="850" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Bukovina within northern Romania and neighbouring Ukraine</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Romania</li> <li>Ukraine</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Administrative Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast" title="Chernivtsi Oblast">Chernivtsi Oblast</a> (Northern Bukovina in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suceava_County" title="Suceava County">Suceava County</a> (Southern Bukovina in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bukovina</th><td class="infobox-data">1774</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Bukovinian</li> <li>Bucovinean <span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bukovina</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a historical region at the crossroads of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region is located on the northern slopes of the central <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_Carpathians" title="Divisions of the Carpathians">Eastern Carpathians</a> and the adjoining plains, today divided between <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. </p><p>Inhabited by many cultures and peoples, settled by both <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavians</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-brit_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a>' territory early on during the 10th century and an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Moldavia">Principality of Moldavia</a> in the 14th century where the capital of Moldavia, Suceava, was founded, eventually expanding its territory all the way to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. </p><p>Consequently, the culture of the Kievan Rus' spread in the region during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early</a> <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. During the time of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>, namely in the 14th century (or in the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>), Bukovina became part of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> under Hungarian suzerainty (i.e. under the medieval <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>). </p><p>According to the Moldo-Russian Chronicle, the Hungarian king Vladislav (Ladislaus) asked the Old Romans (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a>) and the New Romans (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a>) to fight the <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>. During the same event, it writes that Dragoș was one of the New Romans. Eventually, Dragoș dismounted Moldavia named from a river (<a href="/wiki/Moldova_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldova River">Moldova River</a>) flowing in Bukovina. During a Vlach revolt in Bukovina against Balc, Dragoș's grandson, <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_the_Founder" title="Bogdan the Founder">Bogdan the Founder</a> joined the revolt and deposed Balc, securing independence from the Kingdom of Hungary. In 1497 a battle took place at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cosmin_Forest" title="Battle of the Cosmin Forest">Cosmin Forest</a> (the hilly forests separating <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Chernivtsi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siret" title="Siret">Siret</a> valleys), at which <a href="/wiki/Stephen_III_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen III of Moldavia">Stephen III of Moldavia</a> (Stephen the Great), managed to defeat the much-stronger but demoralized army of King <a href="/wiki/John_I_Albert_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="John I Albert of Poland">John I Albert of Poland</a>. The battle is known in Polish popular culture as "the battle when the Knights have perished". </p><p>The territory of what became known as Bukovina was, from 1774 (officially May 7, 1775 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji</a>) to 1919 (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Peace Treaty of Paris St Germain en Laye</a>), an <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bukovina" title="Duchy of Bukovina">administrative division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first census that recorded ethnicity was made in 1851 and shows a population of 184,718 or 48.5% Romanians, 144,982 or 38.1% Ukrainians and 51,126 or 13.4% others, with a total population of 380,826 people. By 1910, Romanians and Ukrainians were almost in equal numbers with the Romanians concentrated mainly in the south and the Ukrainians mainly in the north. </p><p>In 1940, the northern half of Bukovina was <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">annexed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, a non-aggression pact between <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region was temporarily recovered by Romania as an ally of Nazi Germany after the latter invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, but retaken by the Soviet army in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bukovina's population was historically ethnically diverse. Today, Bukovina's northern half is the <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast" title="Chernivtsi Oblast">Chernivtsi Oblast</a> of Ukraine, while the southern part is <a href="/wiki/Suceava_County" title="Suceava County">Suceava County</a> of Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bukovina is sometimes known as the 'Switzerland of the East', given its diverse ethnic mosaic and deep forested mountainous landscapes.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duchy_of_Bukovina_within_Austria-Hungary_1914.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Duchy_of_Bukovina_within_Austria-Hungary_1914.png/220px-Duchy_of_Bukovina_within_Austria-Hungary_1914.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Duchy_of_Bukovina_within_Austria-Hungary_1914.png/330px-Duchy_of_Bukovina_within_Austria-Hungary_1914.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Duchy_of_Bukovina_within_Austria-Hungary_1914.png/440px-Duchy_of_Bukovina_within_Austria-Hungary_1914.png 2x" data-file-width="3507" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> depicting the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bukovina" title="Duchy of Bukovina">Duchy of Bukovina</a>, as part of <a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Cisleithania</a> in 1914.</figcaption></figure> <p>The name first appears in a document issued by the Voivode of Moldavia <a href="/wiki/Roman_I_of_Moldavia" title="Roman I of Moldavia">Roman I Mușat</a> on 30 March 1392, by which he gives to Ionaș Viteazul three villages, located near the <a href="/wiki/Siret_(river)" title="Siret (river)">Siret river</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iacobescu_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iacobescu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name <i>Bukovina</i> came into official use in 1775 with the <a href="/wiki/Grigore_III_Ghica" title="Grigore III Ghica">region's annexation</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Principality of Moldavia</a> to the possessions of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>, which became the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> in 1804, and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> in 1867. </p><p>The official German name of the province under Austrian rule (1775–1918), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">die Bukowina</i></span>, was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> form <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Bukowina</i></span>, which in turn was derived from the common <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> form of <span title="Slavic languages collective text"><i lang="sla">buk</i></span>, meaning <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a> tree (compare <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">бук</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[buk]</span>; German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Buche</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">bükkfa</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another German name for the region, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">das Buchenland</i></span>, is mostly used in poetry, and means 'beech land', or 'the land of beech trees'. In Romanian, in literary or poetic contexts, the name <span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Țara Fagilor</i></span> ('the land of beech trees') is sometimes used. In some languages a definite article, sometimes optional, is used before the name: <i>the Bukovina</i>, increasingly an archaism in English<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, which, however, is found in older literature. </p><p>In Ukraine, the name <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">Буковина</span></span> (<i>Bukovyna</i>) is unofficial, but is common when referring to the <i><a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast" title="Chernivtsi Oblast">Chernivtsi Oblast</a></i>, as over two-thirds of the <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">oblast</a> is the northern part of Bukovina. In Romania, the term <i>Northern Bukovina</i> is sometimes synonymous with the entire Chernivtsi Oblast of Ukraine, while <i>Southern Bukovina</i> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Suceava_County" title="Suceava County">Suceava County</a> of Romania (although 30% of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Suceava_County" title="Suceava County">Suceava County</a> covers territory outside of the historical Bukovina). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Romania" title="Category:History of Romania">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">History of <span class="fn org label">Romania</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Romania"><img alt="Coat of arms of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="970" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Romania">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni–Trypillia culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamangia_culture" title="Hamangia culture">Hamangia culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_in_Romania" title="Bronze Age in Romania">Bronze Age in Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Transylvania" title="Prehistory of Transylvania">Prehistory of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_Antiquity" title="Romania in Antiquity">Antiquity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Dacian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">Origin of the Romanians</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Early Middle Ages">Early</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transylvania" title="History of Transylvania">History of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Banat in the Middle Ages">Banat in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voivodeship_of_Maramure%C8%99" title="Voivodeship of Maramureș">Voivodeship of Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Wallachia" title="Founding of Wallachia">Founding of Wallachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Moldavia" title="Founding of Moldavia">Founding of Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia Eyalet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Romania">Early Modern Times</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silistra_Eyalet" title="Silistra Eyalet">Silistra Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Temesvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Temesvar">Eyalet of Temesvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varat_Eyalet" title="Varat Eyalet">Varat Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">National Awakening</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_School" title="Transylvanian School">Transylvanian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulamentul_Organic" title="Regulamentul Organic">Organic Statute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Moldavian Revolution of 1848">1848 Moldavian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Wallachian Revolution of 1848">1848 Wallachian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube Vilayet">Danube Vilayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities">United Principalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asocia%C8%9Bia_Transilvan%C4%83_pentru_Literatura_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83_%C8%99i_Cultura_Poporului_Rom%C3%A2n" class="mw-redirect" title="Asociația Transilvană pentru Literatura Română și Cultura Poporului Român">ASTRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_War_of_Independence" title="Romanian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">Union with Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bukovina_with_Romania" title="Union of Bukovina with Romania">Union with Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania" title="Union of Transylvania with Romania">Union with Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania_under_Fascism" title="Kingdom of Romania under Fascism">Fascist Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">World War II</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Soviet occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Post-Revolution</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania_since_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Romania since 1989">Romania since 1989</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Romania">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romanian" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Romanian">Romanian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Romanian_history" title="Timeline of Romanian history">Historical timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Romania" title="Military history of Romania">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Romania" title="History of Christianity in Romania">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Romania">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_Romania" title="Historical regions of Romania">By historical region</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana" title="Crișana">Crișana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maramure%C8%99" title="History of Maramureș">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muntenia" title="Muntenia">Muntenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transylvania" title="History of Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/16px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/24px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Romania" title="Portal:Romania">Romania portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Romania" title="Template:History of Romania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Romania" title="Template talk:History of Romania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Romania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Romania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Ukraine" title="Category:History of Ukraine">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">History of <span class="fn org label">Ukraine</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/80px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/120px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/160px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="461" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Ukraine" title="Name of Ukraine">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine" title="Flag of Ukraine">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ukraine" title="Coat of arms of Ukraine">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_in_present-day_Ukraine" title="Historical regions in present-day Ukraine">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Ukraine" title="History of Christianity in Ukraine">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Ukraine">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="History of banking in Ukraine">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="History of rail transport in Ukraine">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_shipbuilding_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="History of shipbuilding in Ukraine">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology_in_Ukraine" title="History of technology in Ukraine">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="History of television in Ukraine">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Jewish history</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistorical_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistorical Ukraine">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni–Trypillia culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crimea" title="History of Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarubintsy_culture" title="Zarubintsy culture">Zarubintsy culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernyakhov_culture" title="Chernyakhov culture">Chernyakhov culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Ukraine">Early history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rus%27_Khaganate" title="Rus' Khaganate">Rus' Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazar Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Cumania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Principality of Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Ruthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cossacks" title="History of the Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Voivodeship" title="Kiev Voivodeship">Kyiv Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Zaporozhian Sich">Zaporozhian Sich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-bank_Ukraine" title="Left-bank Ukraine">Left bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-bank_Ukraine" title="Right-bank Ukraine">Right bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloboda_Ukraine" title="Sloboda Ukraine">Sloboda Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danubian_Sich" title="Danubian Sich">Danubian Sich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Russia" title="Little Russia">Little Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novorossiya" title="Novorossiya">Novorossiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg Empire">Habsburg Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Ukraine" title="Modern history of Ukraine">Modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_during_World_War_I" title="Ukraine during World War I">Ukraine during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_after_the_Russian_Revolution" title="Ukraine after the Russian Revolution">Ukraine after the Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukrainian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Ukraine" title="Directorate of Ukraine">Directorate of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)">Communist Party of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine#World_War_II" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_transition_in_Ukraine" title="Post-Soviet transition in Ukraine">Post-Soviet transition in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_Scandal" title="Cassette Scandal">Cassette Scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_disputes" title="Russia–Ukraine gas disputes">Russia–Ukraine gas disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/16px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/24px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Ukraine portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Ukraine" title="Template:History of Ukraine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Ukraine" title="Template talk:History of Ukraine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Ukraine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Ukraine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The territory of Bukovina had been part of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> since the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-scarecrow_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It then became part of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Galicia" title="Principality of Galicia">Principality of Galicia</a>, and then part of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> in the 14th century. It was first delineated as a separate district of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a> in 1775, and was made a nominal <a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">duchy</a> within the Austrian Empire in 1849. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">History of Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antes_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antes (people)">Antes (people)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Early Middle Ages">Romania in the Early Middle Ages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">Origin of the Romanians</a></div> <p>The region, which is made up of a portion of the northeastern Carpathian Mountains and the neighbouring plain, was settled by both <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Vlachs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a>. After being inhabited by ancient peoples and tribes (<a href="/wiki/Trypillian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trypillian culture">Trypillian</a>, Scythians, Dacians, Getae) starting from the Paleolithic, Germanic culture and language emerged in the region in the 4th century by the time of the Goths, archeological research has also indicated that the Romans had a presence in the region. Later, Slavic culture spread, and by the 10th century the region was part of Turkic, Slavic and Romance people like Pechenegs, Cumans, Ruthinians and Vlachs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Among the first references of the <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a> (Romanians) in the region is in the 10th century by Varangian Sagas referring to the Blakumen people i.e. Vlachs in the land of Pechenegs. By late 12th century chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Niketas_Choniates" title="Niketas Choniates">Niketas Choniates</a>, writes that some Vlachs seized the future Byzantine emperor, <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos Komnenos</a>, when "he reached the borders of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Halych" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Halych">Halych</a>" in 1164. In the Moldo-Russian Chronicle, writes the events of year 1342, that the Hungarian king Vladislav (Ladislaus) asked the Old Romans and the New Romans to fight the Tatars, by that they will earn a sit in Maramureș. During the same event, it writes that Dragoș was one of the Romans .<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the year 1359 Dragoș dismounted Moldavia and took with him many Vlachs and German colonists from Maramureș to Moldavia.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scarecrow_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_settlement">Early settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>First traces of human occupation date back to the Paleolithic.<sup id="cite_ref-scarecrow_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area was first settled by <a href="/wiki/Trypillian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trypillian culture">Trypillian culture</a> tribes, in the Neolithic. It was then settled by now extinct tribes (<a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian">Thracian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian</a> tribes). Meanwhile, many nomads crossed the region (3rd to 9th century A.D). By the 4th century, the Goths appeared in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-scarecrow_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And later by the 5th and 6th century Slavic people appeared in the region. They were part of the tribal alliance of the <a href="/wiki/Antes_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antes (people)">Antes</a>. In the 9th century <a href="/wiki/Tivertsi" title="Tivertsi">Tivertsi</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_Croatia" title="White Croatia">White Croatians</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cowari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cowari (page does not exist)">Cowari</a> composed the local population.<sup id="cite_ref-scarecrow_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kievan_Rus">Kievan Rus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kievan Rus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_(1054-1132)_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29_en.svg/220px-Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29_en.svg/330px-Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29_en.svg/440px-Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>Principalities of Kievan Rus', <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Halych" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Halych">Principality of Halych</a> in magenta</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Galicia_Volhynia_Rus%27_Ukraine_1245_1349.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Kingdom_of_Galicia_Volhynia_Rus%27_Ukraine_1245_1349.jpg/220px-Kingdom_of_Galicia_Volhynia_Rus%27_Ukraine_1245_1349.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Kingdom_of_Galicia_Volhynia_Rus%27_Ukraine_1245_1349.jpg/330px-Kingdom_of_Galicia_Volhynia_Rus%27_Ukraine_1245_1349.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Kingdom_of_Galicia_Volhynia_Rus%27_Ukraine_1245_1349.jpg/440px-Kingdom_of_Galicia_Volhynia_Rus%27_Ukraine_1245_1349.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2301" data-file-height="2856" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Galicia–Volhynia state</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Partitions_of_Moldavia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Partitions_of_Moldavia.jpg/220px-Partitions_of_Moldavia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="611" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Partitions_of_Moldavia.jpg/330px-Partitions_of_Moldavia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Partitions_of_Moldavia.jpg/440px-Partitions_of_Moldavia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="1848" /></a><figcaption>Bukovina within the historical region of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> over the passing of time.</figcaption></figure> <p>United by <a href="/wiki/Oleg_the_Wise" title="Oleg the Wise">Prince Oleg</a> in the 870s, Kievan Rus' was a loose federation of speakers of <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a> from the late 9th to the mid-13th century,<sup id="cite_ref-channon_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-channon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kievan_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kievan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Rurik_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurik dynasty">Rurik dynasty</a>, founded by the <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangian</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Rurik" title="Rurik">Rurik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kievan_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kievan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bukovina gradually became part of Kievan Rus' from the late 10th century and Pechenegs.<sup id="cite_ref-scarecrow_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parts of Bukovina were first conquered in 981 by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a>. The rest was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Terebovlia" title="Principality of Terebovlia">Principality of Terebovlia</a> in 1084. When Kievan Rus' was partitioned at the end of the 11th century, Bukovina became part of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Galicia-Volhynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Galicia-Volhynia">Principality of Galicia-Volhynia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scarecrow_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principality_of_Galicia–Volhynia"><span id="Principality_of_Galicia.E2.80.93Volhynia"></span>Principality of Galicia–Volhynia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Principality of Galicia–Volhynia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the fragmentation of Kievan Rus', Bukovina passed to the Principality of Galicia (<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Galicia-Volhynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Galicia-Volhynia">Principality of Galicia-Volhynia</a>) in 1124. The Church in Bukovina was initially administered from <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Kiev_and_all_Rus%27" title="Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'">Kiev</a>. In 1302, it was passed to the <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Halych" title="Metropolis of Halych">Halych metropoly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scarecrow_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Mongols under Batu invaded Europe, with the region nominally falling into their hands, ties between Galician-Volhynian and Bukovina weakened. As a result of the Mongol invasion, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shypyntsi_land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shypyntsi land (page does not exist)">Shypyntsi land</a>, recognizing the suzerainty of the Mongols, arose in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-scarecrow_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, this state collapsed, and Bukovina passed to Hungary. King Louis I appointed <a href="/wiki/Drago%C8%99,_Voivode_of_Moldavia" title="Dragoș, Voivode of Moldavia">Dragoș, Voivode of Moldavia</a> as his deputy, facilitating the migration of the Romanians from <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scarecrow_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavian</a> state was formed by the mid-14th century, eventually expanding its territory all the way to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. Upon its foundation, the Moldovan state recognized the supremacy of Poland, keeping on recognizing it from 1387 to 1497.<sup id="cite_ref-scarecrow_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later (1514) it was vassalized by the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-scarecrow_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bukovina and neighboring regions became the nucleus of the Moldavian Principality, with the city of <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a> as its capital from 1564 (after <a href="/wiki/Baia" title="Baia">Baia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siret" title="Siret">Siret</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suceava" title="Suceava">Suceava</a>). The name of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Moldova</i>) is derived from a river (<a href="/wiki/Moldova_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldova River">Moldova River</a>) flowing in Bukovina. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish_and_Moldavian_period">Polish and Moldavian period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Polish and Moldavian period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Petru_II_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Petru II of Moldavia">Petru II</a> moved the seat of Moldova from <a href="/wiki/Siret" title="Siret">Siret</a> to <a href="/wiki/Suceava" title="Suceava">Suceava</a> in 1388. In the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Pokuttya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokuttya">Pokuttya</a>, the region immediately to the north, became the subject of disputes between the Principality of Moldavia and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Poland (1385–1569)">Polish Kingdom</a>. Pokuttya was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a> (the predecessors of modern Ukrainians together with the <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus'</a>, and of the <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a>). In 1497 a battle took place at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cosmin_Forest" title="Battle of the Cosmin Forest">Cosmin Forest</a> (the hilly forests separating <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Chernivtsi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siret" title="Siret">Siret</a> valleys), at which <a href="/wiki/Stephen_III_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen III of Moldavia">Stephen III of Moldavia</a> (Stephen the Great), managed to defeat the much-stronger but demoralized army of King <a href="/wiki/John_I_Albert_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="John I Albert of Poland">John I Albert of Poland</a>. The battle is known in Polish popular culture as "the battle when the Knights have perished". The region had been under Polish nominal suzerainty from its foundation (1387) to the time of this battle (1497). Shortly thereafter, it became a vassal of the Ottoman Empire (1514).<sup id="cite_ref-scarecrow_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cetatea_de_Scaun_a_Sucevei_la_ceas_de_seara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cetatea_de_Scaun_a_Sucevei_la_ceas_de_seara.jpg/220px-Cetatea_de_Scaun_a_Sucevei_la_ceas_de_seara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cetatea_de_Scaun_a_Sucevei_la_ceas_de_seara.jpg/330px-Cetatea_de_Scaun_a_Sucevei_la_ceas_de_seara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cetatea_de_Scaun_a_Sucevei_la_ceas_de_seara.jpg/440px-Cetatea_de_Scaun_a_Sucevei_la_ceas_de_seara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1732" /></a><figcaption>View over the western side of the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Seat_Fortress_of_Suceava" title="Medieval Seat Fortress of Suceava">medieval Seat Fortress of Suceava</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In this period, the patronage of Stephen the Great and his successors on the throne of Moldavia saw the construction of the famous painted monasteries of <a href="/wiki/Moldovi%C8%9Ba_Monastery" title="Moldovița Monastery">Moldovița</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sucevi%C8%9Ba_Monastery" title="Sucevița Monastery">Sucevița</a>, <a href="/wiki/Putna_Monastery" title="Putna Monastery">Putna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humor_Monastery" title="Humor Monastery">Humor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vorone%C8%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Voroneț">Voroneț</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragomirna_Monastery" title="Dragomirna Monastery">Dragomirna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arbore_Church" title="Arbore Church">Arbore</a> and others. With their renowned exterior <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a>, these monasteries remain some of the greatest cultural treasures of Romania; some of them are <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Painted_churches_of_northern_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Painted churches of northern Moldavia">painted churches of northern Moldavia</a>. The most famous monasteries are in the area of <a href="/wiki/Suceava" title="Suceava">Suceava</a>, which today is part of Romania. Also part of Romania is the monastery of <a href="/wiki/John_the_New" class="mw-redirect" title="John the New">John the New</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sf%C3%A2ntul_Ioan_cel_Nou" class="extiw" title="ro:Sfântul Ioan cel Nou">ro</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_(%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9)" class="extiw" title="uk:Йоан Новий (Сучавський)">uk</a>]</span>, an Orthodox saint and martyr, who was killed by the Tatars in <a href="/wiki/Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi" title="Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi">Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi</a>. </p><p>From 1490 to 1492, the Mukha rebellion, led by the Ukrainian hero <a href="/wiki/Petro_Mukha" title="Petro Mukha">Petro Mukha</a>, took place in Galicia.<sup id="cite_ref-mukha_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mukha-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event pitted the Moldavians against the oppressive rule of the Polish magnates. A rebel army composed of Moldavian peasants took the fortified towns of Sniatyn, Kolomyia, and Halych, killing many Polish noblemen and burghers, before being halted by the Polish Royal Army in alliance with a Galician <i><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">levée en masse</a></i> and Prussian mercenaries while marching to Lviv. Many rebels died in the Rohatyn Battle, with Mukha and the survivors fleeing back to Moldavia. Mukha returned to Galicia to re-ignite the rebellion, but was killed in 1492.<sup id="cite_ref-mukha_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mukha-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1600 <a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Brave" title="Michael the Brave">Mihai Viteazul (Michael the Brave)</a>, became the ruler the two Danubian principalities and Transylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 16th and 17th centuries, Ukrainian warriors (<i><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Cossacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Cossacks">Cossacks</a></i>) were involved in many conflicts against the Turkish and Tatar invaders of the Moldavian territory. Notably, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pidkova" title="Ivan Pidkova">Ivan Pidkova</a>, best known as the subject of Ukraine's bard <a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Taras Shevchenko</a>'s <i>Ivan Pidkova</i> (1840), led military campaigns in the 1570s.<sup id="cite_ref-scarecrow_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Bukovinians joined the Cossacks during the <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmelnytsky uprising">Khmelnytsky uprising</a>. As part of the peasant armies, they formed their own regiment, which participated to the 1648 siege of Lviv. Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman">Hetman</a> <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a> himself led a campaign in Moldavia, whose result was an alliance between Khmelnytsky and its <i>hospodar</i> <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Lupu" title="Vasile Lupu">Vasile Lupu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scarecrow_12-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other prominent Ukrainian leaders fighting against the Turks in Moldovia were <a href="/wiki/Severyn_Nalyvaiko" title="Severyn Nalyvaiko">Severyn Nalyvaiko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petro_Konashevych-Sahaidachny" title="Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny">Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For short periods of time (during wars), the Polish Kingdom (to which Moldavians were hostile) again occupied parts of northern Moldavia. However, the old border was re-established each time, as for example on 14 October 1703 the Polish delegate Martin Chometowski said, according to the Polish protocol, "Between us and <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Wallachia</a> (i.e. the Moldavian region, vassal of the Turks) God himself set <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> as the border" (<i>Inter nos et Valachiam ipse Deus flumine Tyras dislimitavit</i>). According to the Turkish protocol the sentence reads, "God (may He be exalted) has separated the lands of Moldavia [Bukovina, vassal of the Turks] from our Polish lands by the river Dniester." Strikingly similar sentences were used in other sayings and folkloristic anecdotes, such as the phrase reportedly exclaimed by a member of the Aragonese Cortes in 1684.<sup id="cite_ref-OTTOMAN_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OTTOMAN-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumentul_lui_Grigore_Ghica_III_din_Ia%C5%9Fi7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Monumentul_lui_Grigore_Ghica_III_din_Ia%C5%9Fi7.jpg/220px-Monumentul_lui_Grigore_Ghica_III_din_Ia%C5%9Fi7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Monumentul_lui_Grigore_Ghica_III_din_Ia%C5%9Fi7.jpg/330px-Monumentul_lui_Grigore_Ghica_III_din_Ia%C5%9Fi7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Monumentul_lui_Grigore_Ghica_III_din_Ia%C5%9Fi7.jpg/440px-Monumentul_lui_Grigore_Ghica_III_din_Ia%C5%9Fi7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Monument in <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a> (1875) dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Grigore_III_Ghica" title="Grigore III Ghica">Grigore III Ghica</a> and Moldavia's loss of Bukovina.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the course of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War,_1768%E2%80%931774" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War, 1768–1774">Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774</a>, the Ottoman armies were defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, which occupied the region from 15 December 1769 to September 1774, and previously during 14 September–October 1769. Bukovina was the reward the Habsburgs received for aiding the Russians in that war. Prince <a href="/wiki/Grigore_III_Ghica" title="Grigore III Ghica">Grigore III Ghica</a> of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> protested and was prepared to take action to recover the territory, but was assassinated, and a Greek-<a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariot</a> foreigner was put on the throne of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> by the Ottomans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austrian_Empire">Austrian Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Austrian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bukovina_District" title="Bukovina District">Bukovina District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bukovina" title="Duchy of Bukovina">Duchy of Bukovina</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Romania">Early Modern Romania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bukowina.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Bukowina.svg/220px-Flag_of_Bukowina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Bukowina.svg/330px-Flag_of_Bukowina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Bukowina.svg/440px-Flag_of_Bukowina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The flag of the Duchy of Bukovina during the Austrian-ruled period</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_of_Justice,_Vienna_-_Aula,_Coat_of_Arms_-_Herzogtum_Bukowina_4216.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Palace_of_Justice%2C_Vienna_-_Aula%2C_Coat_of_Arms_-_Herzogtum_Bukowina_4216.jpg/220px-Palace_of_Justice%2C_Vienna_-_Aula%2C_Coat_of_Arms_-_Herzogtum_Bukowina_4216.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Palace_of_Justice%2C_Vienna_-_Aula%2C_Coat_of_Arms_-_Herzogtum_Bukowina_4216.jpg/330px-Palace_of_Justice%2C_Vienna_-_Aula%2C_Coat_of_Arms_-_Herzogtum_Bukowina_4216.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Palace_of_Justice%2C_Vienna_-_Aula%2C_Coat_of_Arms_-_Herzogtum_Bukowina_4216.jpg/440px-Palace_of_Justice%2C_Vienna_-_Aula%2C_Coat_of_Arms_-_Herzogtum_Bukowina_4216.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption>The coat of arms of Bukovina, a constituent country of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Council_(Austria)" title="Imperial Council (Austria)">Imperial Austrian Council</a>, depicted at the Assembly Hall in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice,_Vienna" title="Palace of Justice, Vienna">Viennese Justice Palace</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a> occupied Bukovina in October 1774. Following the <a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">First Partition of Poland</a> in 1772, the Austrians claimed that they needed it for <i>a road between Galicia and Transylvania</i>. Bukovina was formally annexed in January 1775. On 2 July 1776, at Palamutka, Austrians and Ottomans signed a border convention, Austria giving back 59 of the previously occupied villages, retaining 278 villages. </p><p>Bukovina was a closed military district (1775–1786), then the largest district, <a href="/wiki/Bukovina_District" title="Bukovina District">Bukovina District</a> (first known as the Czernowitz District), of the Austrian constituent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a> (1787–1849). On 4 March 1849, Bukovina became a separate Austrian <a href="/wiki/Crown_land#Austria" title="Crown land">Kronland</a> 'crown land' under a <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landespr%C3%A4sident&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landespräsident (page does not exist)">Landespräsident</a></i> (not a <i>Statthalter</i>, as in other crown lands) and was declared the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bukovina" title="Duchy of Bukovina">Duchy of Bukovina</a> <i>Herzogtum Bukowina</i> (a nominal duchy, as part of the official full style of the Austrian Emperors). In 1860 it was again amalgamated with Galicia but reinstated as a separate province once again on 26 February 1861, a status that would last until 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-historyofukraine_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyofukraine-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1849 Bukovina got a representative assembly, the <i>Landtag</i> (<a href="/wiki/Diet_(assembly)" title="Diet (assembly)">diet</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldavian</a> nobility had traditionally formed the ruling class in that territory. In 1867, with the re-organization of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>, it became part of the <a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Cisleithanian</a> or Austrian territories of Austria-Hungary and remained so until 1918. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_19th_to_early_20th_centuries">Late 19th to early 20th centuries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Late 19th to early 20th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Romania">Early Modern Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">History of Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Bukovina_in_1791_by_Reilly_008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Map_of_Bukovina_in_1791_by_Reilly_008.jpg/220px-Map_of_Bukovina_in_1791_by_Reilly_008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Map_of_Bukovina_in_1791_by_Reilly_008.jpg/330px-Map_of_Bukovina_in_1791_by_Reilly_008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Map_of_Bukovina_in_1791_by_Reilly_008.jpg/440px-Map_of_Bukovina_in_1791_by_Reilly_008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Topographic map of Bukovina, also with settlement place names, as depicted in 1791.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B02.jpg/170px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B02.jpg/255px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B02.jpg/340px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="1522" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Olha_Kobylianska" title="Olha Kobylianska">Olha Kobylianska</a>, 1882</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucovina.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bucovina.JPG/220px-Bucovina.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bucovina.JPG/330px-Bucovina.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bucovina.JPG/440px-Bucovina.JPG 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="1285" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Austrian crownland of Bukovina at the turn of the 20th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1871 and 1904 celebrations held at <a href="/wiki/Putna_Monastery" title="Putna Monastery">Putna Monastery</a>, near the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_III_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen III of Moldavia">Stephen the Great</a>, constituted tremendous moments for Romanian national identity in Bukovina. Since gaining its independence, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a> had had designs on incorporating this province into its new Kingdom. Romanians considered it to be a core part of the old Principality of Moldavia, and of great significance to its <a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">history</a>. It contained many prominent historical Moldavian monuments, <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Romania">art</a> and architecture and remained a strong cultural anchor for Moldavians in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Habsburg period, the Ukrainian population increased in the north of the region, while in the south the ethnic Romanian population remained the majority population. The Austrians "managed to keep a balance between the various ethnic groups."<sup id="cite_ref-brit_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1880 census, there were 239,690 Ruthenians and <a href="/wiki/Hutzul" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutzul">Hutzuls</a>, or roughly 41.5% of the regions population, while Romanians were second with 190,005 people or 33%, a ratio that remained more or less the same until <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. The percentage of Romanians fell from 85.3% in 1774<sup id="cite_ref-romanians1774-1866_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romanians1774-1866-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ceeol.com_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ceeol.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 34.1% in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-Iacobescu_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iacobescu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruthenians is an archaic name for <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Hutsul" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutsul">Hutsuls</a> are a regional Ukrainian subgroup. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukrainian_national_sentiment">Ukrainian national sentiment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ukrainian national sentiment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.png/170px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.png/255px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.png/340px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.png 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Smal-Stotsky" title="Stepan Smal-Stotsky">Stepan Smal-Stotsky</a>, 1893.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alex_K_Halych-Volhynia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Alex_K_Halych-Volhynia.svg/170px-Alex_K_Halych-Volhynia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Alex_K_Halych-Volhynia.svg/255px-Alex_K_Halych-Volhynia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Alex_K_Halych-Volhynia.svg/340px-Alex_K_Halych-Volhynia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Galicia–Volhynia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ukrainian national sentiment re-ignited in the 1840s. Officially started in 1848, the nationalist movement gained strength in 1869, when the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruska_Besida_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruska Besida Society (page does not exist)">Ruska Besida Society</a> was founded in <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Chernivtsi</a>. By the 1890s, Ukrainians were represented in the regional diet and Vienna parliament, being led by <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Smal-Stotsky" title="Stepan Smal-Stotsky">Stepan Smal-Stotsky</a>. Beside Stotsky, other important Bukovinian leaders were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerotei_Pihuliak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yerotei Pihuliak (page does not exist)">Yerotei Pihuliak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omelian_Popovych&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omelian Popovych (page does not exist)">Omelian Popovych</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykola_Vasylko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mykola Vasylko (page does not exist)">Mykola Vasylko</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orest_Zybachynsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orest Zybachynsky (page does not exist)">Orest Zybachynsky</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="uk:Зибачинський Орест Рудольфович">uk</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Denys_Kvitkovsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denys Kvitkovsky (page does not exist)">Denys Kvitkovsky </a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="uk:Квітковський Денис Васильович">uk</a>]</span>, Sylvester Nikorovych, Ivan and Petro Hryhorovych, and Lubomyr Husar.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first periodical in the Ukrainian language, <i>Bukovyna</i> (published from 1885 until 1918) was published by the populists since the 1880s. The Ukrainian populists fought for their ethnocultural rights against the Austrians. </p><p>Peasant revolts broke out in Hutsul areas in the 1840s, with the peasants demanding more rights, socially and politically. Likewise, nationalist sentiment spread among the Romanians. As a result, more rights were given to Ukrainians and Romanians, with five Ukrainians (including notably <a href="/wiki/Lukjan_Kobylytsia" title="Lukjan Kobylytsia">Lukian Kobylytsia</a>), two Romanians and one German elected to represent the region.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ukrainians won representation at the provincial diet as late as 1890, and fought for equality with the Romanians also in the religious sphere. This was partly achieved only as late as on the eve of World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, their achievements were accompanied by friction with Romanians. Overpopulation in the countryside caused migration (especially to North America), also leading to peasant strikes. However, by 1914 Bukovina managed to get "the best Ukrainian schools and cultural-educational institutions of all the regions of Ukraine."<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beside Ukrainians, also <a href="/wiki/Bukovina_Germans" title="Bukovina Germans">Bukovina's Germans</a> and Jews, as well as a number of Romanians and Hungarians, emigrated in 19th and 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bukovina1910ethnic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bukovina1910ethnic.jpg/220px-Bukovina1910ethnic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bukovina1910ethnic.jpg/330px-Bukovina1910ethnic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bukovina1910ethnic.jpg/440px-Bukovina1910ethnic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic groups in Bukovina 1775–1930 (Ukrainians in red, Romanians in green).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chernivtsi_-_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%96_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Chernivtsi_-_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%96_1.jpg/220px-Chernivtsi_-_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%96_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Chernivtsi_-_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%96_1.jpg/330px-Chernivtsi_-_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%96_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Chernivtsi_-_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%96_1.jpg/440px-Chernivtsi_-_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%96_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Czernowitz <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>Under Austrian rule, Bukovina remained ethnically mixed: <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> were predominant in the south, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> (commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a> in the Empire) in the north, with small numbers of Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovak</a>, and Polish peasants, and <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> and Jews in the towns. The 1910 census counted 800,198 people, of which: <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a> 38.88%, <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> 34.38%, <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> 21.24% (Jews 12.86% included), <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish people</a> 4.55%, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarian people</a> 1.31%, <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a> 0.08%, <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a> 0.02%, <a href="/wiki/Italian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian people">Italian people</a> 0.02%, and a few <a href="/wiki/Croat" class="mw-redirect" title="Croat">Croats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a>. While reading the statistics it should be mentioned that, due to "adverse economic conditions", some 50,000 Ukrainians left the region (mostly emigrating to North America) between 1891 and 1910, in the aforementioned migrations.<sup id="cite_ref-scarecrow_12-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the percentage of Ukrainians has significantly grown since the end of the eighteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Iacobescu_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iacobescu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1783, by an <a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">imperial decree</a> of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a>, the local <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> Eparchy of Bukovina (with its seat in <a href="/wiki/Czernowitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Czernowitz">Czernowitz</a>) was placed under spiritual jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitanate_of_Karlovci" title="Metropolitanate of Karlovci">Metropolitanate of Karlovci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some friction appeared in time between the church hierarchy and the Romanians, complaining that <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> was favored to <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, and that family names were being <a href="/wiki/Slavicisation" title="Slavicisation">slavicized</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In spite of Romanian-Slavic speaking frictions over the influence in the local church hierarchy, there was no Romanian-Ukrainian inter-ethnic tension, and both cultures developed in educational and public life. After the rise of Ukrainian nationalism in 1848<sup id="cite_ref-scarecrow_12-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the following rise of Romanian nationalism, Habsburg authorities reportedly awarded additional rights to Ukrainians in an attempt to temper Romanian ambitions of independence.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the Ukrainians had to struggle against the Austrians, with the Austrians rejecting both nationalist claims, favoring neither Romanians nor Ukrainians, while attempting to "keep a balance between the various ethnic groups."<sup id="cite_ref-brit_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scarecrow_12-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, a group of scholars surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a> were planning to turn Austria-Hungary into a <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Greater_Austria" title="United States of Greater Austria">federation</a>. These plans included creating a majority-Romanian state of <i>Transylvania</i> within the federation which would have included Bukovina, including Czernowitz.<sup id="cite_ref-abc_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-buko_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buko-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After they acquired Bukovina, the Austrians opened only one elementary school in Chernivsti, which taught exclusively in Romanian. They later did open German schools, but no Ukrainian ones. Ukrainian language would appear in Chernivsti's schools as late as 1851, but only as a subject, at the local university (in spite of this, the city attracted students from other parts of Bukovina and Galicia, who would study in the German language of instruction).<sup id="cite_ref-chern_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chern-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lukjan_Kobylytsia" title="Lukjan Kobylytsia">Lukjan Kobylytsia</a>, a Ukrainian Bukovinian farmer and activist, died of torture-related causes after attempting to ask for more rights for the Bukovinian Ukrainians to the Austrians. He died of the consequence of torture in 1851 in Romania. At the end of the 19th century, the development of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian culture">Ukrainian culture</a> in Bukovina surpassed <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia (Central Europe)">Galicia</a> and the rest of Ukraine with a network of Ukrainian educational facilities, while <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> formed an archbishopric, later raised to the rank of <i>Metropolitanate</i>. </p><p>In 1873, the Eastern Orthodox Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Czernowitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Czernowitz">Czernowitz</a> (who was since 1783 under the spiritual jurisdiction of the Metropolitan of Karlovci) was elevated to the rank of Archbishop, when a new <a href="/wiki/Residence_of_Bukovinian_and_Dalmatian_Metropolitans" title="Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans">Metropolitanate of Bukovinian and Dalmatia</a> was created. The new archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Czernowitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Czernowitz">Czernowitz</a> gained supreme jurisdiction in all <a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Cisleithania</a>, over "Serbian" eparchies of <a href="/wiki/Eparchy_of_Dalmatia" title="Eparchy of Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kotor" title="Kotor">Kotor</a>, which were also (until then) under the spiritual jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Karlovci" title="Patriarchate of Karlovci">Patriarchate of Karlovci</a>. </p><p>In the early 20th century, a group of scholars surrounding the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a> created a plan (that never came to pass) of <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Greater_Austria" title="United States of Greater Austria">United States of Greater Austria</a>. The specific proposal was published in Aurel C. Popovici's book "Die Vereinigten Staaten von Groß-Österreich" [The United States of Greater Austria], Leipzig, 1906. According to it, most of Bukovina (including Czernowitz) would form, with <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, a Romanian state, while the north-western portion (Zastavna, Kozman, Waschkoutz, Wiznitz, Gura Putilei, and Seletin districts) would form with the bigger part of <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia (Central Europe)">Galicia</a> a Ukrainian state, both in a federation with 13 other states under the Austrian crown.<sup id="cite_ref-abc_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-buko_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buko-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Romania">Kingdom of Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bukovina_with_Romania" title="Union of Bukovina with Romania">Union of Bukovina with Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Romanian takeover of Bukovina</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>11–12 November 1918</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Bukovina, now part of Romania and Ukraine</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Romanian victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Bukovina subsequently united with Romania on 28 November</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="West Ukrainian People's Republic"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Yevhen_Petrushevych" title="Yevhen Petrushevych">Yevhen Petrushevych</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Ferdinand I</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, several battles were fought in Bukovina between the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Russian</a> armies, which resulted in the Russian army invading Chernivtsi for three times (30 August to 21 October 1914, 26 November 1914 to 18 February 1915 and 18 June 1916 to 2 August 1917). The regime that had occupied the city pursued a policy of persecution of "nationally conscious Ukrainians". The situation was not improved until the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="February Revolution of 1917">February Revolution of 1917</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chern_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chern-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian were driven out in 1917. Bukovina suffered great losses during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> in 1918, both the local <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_National_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanian National Council (page does not exist)">Romanian National Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Council" title="Ukrainian National Council">Ukrainian National Council</a> based in Galicia claimed the region. In the beginning, Bukovina joined the fledging <a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_National_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="West Ukrainian National Republic">West Ukrainian National Republic</a> (November 1918), but it was occupied by the Romanian army immediately thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-scarecrow_12-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Constituent Assembly on 14/27 October 1918 formed an executive committee, to whom the Austrian governor of the province handed power. After an official request by <a href="/wiki/Iancu_Flondor" title="Iancu Flondor">Iancu Flondor</a>, Romanian troops swiftly moved in to take over the territory, against Ukrainian protest.<sup id="cite_ref-EncUkr_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncUkr-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although local Ukrainians attempted to incorporate parts of Northern Bukovina into the short-lived <a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a>, this attempt was defeated by Polish and Romanian troops. </p><p>The Ukrainian Regional Committee, led by Omelian Popovych, organized a rally in Chernivtsi on 3 November 1918, demanding Bukovina's annexation to Ukraine. The committee took power in the Ukrainian part of Bukovina, including its biggest center Chernivtsi.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romanian moderates, who were led by <a href="/wiki/Aurel_Onciul" title="Aurel Onciul">Aurel Onciul</a>, accepted the division. However, the Romanian conservatives, led by <a href="/wiki/Iancu_Flondor" title="Iancu Flondor">Iancu Flondor</a>, rejected the idea. In spite of Ukrainian resistance, the Romanian army occupied the Northern Bukovina, including Chernivtsi, on 11 November.<sup id="cite_ref-scarecrow_12-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the protection of Romanian troops, the Romanian Council summoned a <a href="/wiki/General_Congress_of_Bukovina" title="General Congress of Bukovina">General Congress of Bukovina</a> for 15/28 November 1918, where 74 Romanians, 13 Ruthenians, 7 Germans, and 6 Poles were represented (this is the linguistic composition, and Jews were not recorded as a separate group).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to Romanian historiography, popular enthusiasm swept the whole region, and a large number of people gathered in the city to wait for the resolution of the Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirițescu1989_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirițescu1989-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The council was quickly summoned by the Romanians upon their occupation of Bukovina.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interbelic_Suceava_County_CoA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Interbelic_Suceava_County_CoA.png/170px-Interbelic_Suceava_County_CoA.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Interbelic_Suceava_County_CoA.png/255px-Interbelic_Suceava_County_CoA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Interbelic_Suceava_County_CoA.png/340px-Interbelic_Suceava_County_CoA.png 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of interwar Suceava county in the Kingdom of Romania</figcaption></figure> <p>The Congress elected the Romanian Bukovinian politician Iancu Flondor as chairman, and voted for the union with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a>, with the support of the Romanian, German, and Polish representatives; the Ukrainians did not support this.<sup id="cite_ref-rezumat_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rezumat-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reasons stated were that, until its takeover by the Habsburg in 1775, Bukovina was the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Moldavia">Principality of Moldavia</a>, where the <i>gropnițele domnești</i> (voivods' burial sites) are located, and <i>dreptul de liberă hotărâre de sine</i> (right of self-determination).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romanian control of the province was recognized internationally in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of St. Germain</a> in 1919. Bukovina's autonomy was undone during Romanian occupation, the region being reduced to an ordinary Romanian province.<sup id="cite_ref-scarecrow_12-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was subject to martial law from 1918 to 1928, and again from 1937 to 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-scarecrow_12-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ukrainian language was suppressed, "educational and cultural institutions, newspapers and magazines were closed."<sup id="cite_ref-scarecrow_12-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Romanian authorities oversaw a renewed programme of <a href="/wiki/Romanianization" title="Romanianization">Romanianization</a> aiming its assimilationist policies at the Ukrainian population of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-rezumat_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rezumat-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scarecrow_12-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the suppression of the Ukrainian people, their language and culture, Ukrainian surnames were Rumanized, and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church was persecuted.<sup id="cite_ref-scarecrow_12-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1930s an underground nationalist movement, which was led by Orest Zybachynsky and Denys Kvitkovsky, emerged in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romanian government suppressed it by staging two political trials in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, Ukrainian enrollment at the <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_University" title="Chernivtsi University">Cernăuți University</a> fell from 239 out of 1671, in 1914, to 155 out of 3,247, in 1933, while simultaneously Romanian enrollment there increased several times to 2,117 out of 3,247.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In part this was due to attempts to switch to Romanian as the primary language of university instruction, but chiefly to the fact that the university was one of only five in Romania, and was considered prestigious. </p><p>In the decade following 1928, as Romania tried to improve its relations with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, Ukrainian culture was given some limited means to redevelop, though these gains were sharply reversed in 1938.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to the 1930 Romanian census, <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> made up 44.5% of the total population of Bukovina, and Ukrainians (including Hutsuls) 29.1%.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the northern part of the region, however, Romanians made up only 32.6% of the population, with Ukrainians significantly outnumbering Romanians. </p><p>On 14 August 1938 Bukovina officially disappeared from the map, becoming a part of <a href="/wiki/%C8%9Ainutul_Suceava" title="Ținutul Suceava">Ținutul Suceava</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/%C8%9Ainuturi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ținuturi">ten new administrative regions</a>. At the same time, Cernăuți, the third most populous town in Romania (after <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a>), which had been a mere county seat for the last 20 years, became again a (regional) capital. Also, Bukovinian regionalism continued under the new brand. During its first months of existence, Ținutul Suceava suffered far right (<a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a>) uproars, to which the regional governor <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Alexianu" title="Gheorghe Alexianu">Gheorghe Alexianu</a> (the future governor of the <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_Governorate" title="Transnistria Governorate">Transnistria Governorate</a>) reacted with nationalist and anti-Semitic measures. Alexianu was replaced by Gheorghe Flondor on 1 February 1939. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Division_of_Bukovina">Division of Bukovina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Division of Bukovina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucovina_division.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bucovina_division.svg/220px-Bucovina_division.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bucovina_division.svg/330px-Bucovina_division.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bucovina_division.svg/440px-Bucovina_division.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>Bukovina as divided in 1940: Soviet to the north, Romanian to the south.</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, the USSR demanded not only <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> but also the northern half of Bukovina and <a href="/wiki/Hertsa_region" title="Hertsa region">Hertsa</a> regions from Romania on 26 June 1940 (Bukovina bordered <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia (Central Europe)">Eastern Galicia</a>, which the USSR had annexed during the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a>). Initially, the USSR wanted the whole of Bukovina.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, which was surprised by the Soviet claim to Bukovina,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> invoked the German ethnics living in the region. As a result,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Citation for this being the result of the German rejection to Soviet request for Bucovina (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the USSR only demanded the northern, overwhelmingly Ukrainian part, arguing that it was a "reparation for the great loss produced to the Soviet Union and <a href="/wiki/Bassarabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassarabia">Bassarabia</a>'s population by twenty-two years of Romanian domination of <a href="/wiki/Bassarabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassarabia">Bassarabia</a>". Following the Soviet ultimatum, Romania ceded Northern Bukovina, which included Cernăuți, to the USSR on 28 June 1940. The withdrawal of the Romanian Army, authorities, and civilians was disastrous. Mobs attacked retreating soldiers and civilians, whereas a retreating unit <a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">massacred Jewish soldiers and civilians in the town of Dorohoi</a>. The Red Army occupied <a href="/wiki/Cern%C4%83u%C8%9Bi_County" title="Cernăuți County">Cernăuți</a> and <a href="/wiki/Storojine%C8%9B_County" title="Storojineț County">Storojineț</a> counties, as well as parts of <a href="/wiki/R%C4%83d%C4%83u%C8%9Bi_County" title="Rădăuți County">Rădăuți</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_County" title="Dorohoi County">Dorohoi</a> counties (the latter belonged to Ținutul Suceava, but not to Bukovina). The new Soviet-Romanian border was traced less than 20 kilometres (12 miles) north of <a href="/wiki/Putna_Monastery" title="Putna Monastery">Putna Monastery</a>. Until 22 September 1940, when Ținutul Suceava was abolished, the spa town <a href="/wiki/Vatra_Dornei" title="Vatra Dornei">Vatra Dornei</a> served as the capital of Ținutul Suceava.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania in World War II</a></div> <p>In 1940, <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast" title="Chernivtsi Oblast">Chernivtsi Oblast</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> of which is Northern Bukovina) had a population of circa 805,000, out of which 47.5% were Ukrainians and 28.3% were Romanians, with Germans, Jews, Poles, Hungarians, and Russians comprising the rest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The strong Ukrainian presence was the official motivation for the inclusion of the region into the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a> and not into the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldavian SSR">Moldavian SSR</a>. Whether the region would have been included in the Moldavian SSR, if the commission presiding over the division had been led by someone other than the communist leader <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, remains a matter of debate among scholars.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In fact, some territories with a mostly Romanian population (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Hertsa_region" title="Hertsa region">Hertsa region</a>) were allotted to the Ukrainian SSR. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GUVERNAMANTUL_BUCOVINEI.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/GUVERNAMANTUL_BUCOVINEI.png/220px-GUVERNAMANTUL_BUCOVINEI.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/GUVERNAMANTUL_BUCOVINEI.png/330px-GUVERNAMANTUL_BUCOVINEI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/GUVERNAMANTUL_BUCOVINEI.png/440px-GUVERNAMANTUL_BUCOVINEI.png 2x" data-file-width="1377" data-file-height="1211" /></a><figcaption>Administrative map of the <a href="/wiki/Bukovina_Governorate" title="Bukovina Governorate">Bukovina Governorate</a> as of May 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>After the instauration of Soviet rule, under <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> orders, thousands of local families were deported to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> during this period,<sup id="cite_ref-noinu.rdscj.ro_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noinu.rdscj.ro-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 12,191 people targeted for deportation in a document dated 2 August 1940 (from all formerly Romanian regions included in the Ukrainian SSR),<sup id="cite_ref-noinu.rdscj.ro_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noinu.rdscj.ro-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a December 1940 document listed 2,057 persons to be deported to Siberia.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest action took place on 13 June 1941, when about 13,000 people were deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of those targeted were ethnic native <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a>, but there were (to a lesser degree) representatives of other ethnicities, as well.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the repatriation convention<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of 15 April 1941, NKVD troops killed hundreds of Romanian peasants of Northern Bukovina as they tried to cross the border into Romania to escape from Soviet authorities. This culminated on 7 February 1941 with the <a href="/wiki/Lunca_massacre" title="Lunca massacre">Lunca massacre</a> and on 1 April 1941 with the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A2nt%C3%A2na_Alb%C4%83_massacre" title="Fântâna Albă massacre">Fântâna Albă massacre</a>. </p><p>During Soviet Communist rule in Bukovina, "private property was nationalized; farms were partly collectivized; and education was Ukrainianized. At the same time all Ukrainian organizations were disbanded, and many publicly active Ukrainians were either killed or exiled." A significant part of Ukrainian intelligentsia fled to Romania and Germany in the beginning of the occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the conflict between the Soviets and Nazi Germany broke out, and the Soviet troops began moving out of Bukovina, the Ukrainian locals attempted to established their own government, but they were not able to stop the advancing Romanian army.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost the entire <a href="/wiki/Bukovina_Germans" title="Bukovina Germans">German population of Northern Bukovina</a> was <a href="/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich" title="Heim ins Reich">coerced to resettle</a> in 1940–1941 to the parts of Poland then occupied by Nazi Germany, during 15 September 1940 – 15 November 1940, after this area was occupied by the Soviet Union. About 45,000 ethnic Germans had left Northern Bukovina by November 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the course of the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">1941 attack on the Soviet Union</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Axis_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis forces">Axis forces</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Third_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Third Army">Romanian Third Army</a> led by General <a href="/wiki/Petre_Dumitrescu" title="Petre Dumitrescu">Petre Dumitrescu</a> (operating in the north), and the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Army_(Romania)" title="Fourth Army (Romania)">Fourth Romanian Army</a> (operating in the south) regained Northern Bukovina, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hertsa_region" title="Hertsa region">Hertsa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bassarabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassarabia">Bassarabia</a>, during June–July 1941. It was organized as part of the <a href="/wiki/Bukovina_Governorate" title="Bukovina Governorate">Bukovina Governorate</a>. </p><p>The Axis invasion of Northern Bukovina was catastrophic for its Jewish population, as conquering Romanian soldiers immediately began massacring its Jewish residents. Surviving Jews were forced into ghettoes to await deportation to work camps in Transnistria where 57,000 had arrived by 1941. One of the Romanian mayors of Cernăuți, <a href="/wiki/Traian_Popovici" title="Traian Popovici">Traian Popovici</a>, managed to temporarily exempt from deportation 20,000 Jews living in the city between the fall of 1941 and the spring of 1942. Bukovina's remaining Jews were spared from certain death when it was retaken by Soviet forces in February 1944. In all, about half of Bukovina's entire Jewish population had perished. After the war and the return of the Soviets, most of the Jewish survivors from Northern Bukovina fled to Romania (and later settled in Israel).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="After_the_war">After the war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: After the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">History of Moldova</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Ukraine" title="Category:History of Ukraine">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">History of <span class="fn org label">Ukraine</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/80px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/120px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/160px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="461" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Ukraine" title="Name of Ukraine">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine" title="Flag of Ukraine">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ukraine" title="Coat of arms of Ukraine">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_in_present-day_Ukraine" title="Historical regions in present-day Ukraine">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Ukraine" title="History of Christianity in Ukraine">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Ukraine">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="History of banking in Ukraine">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="History of rail transport in Ukraine">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_shipbuilding_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="History of shipbuilding in Ukraine">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology_in_Ukraine" title="History of technology in Ukraine">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="History of television in Ukraine">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Jewish history</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistorical_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistorical Ukraine">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni–Trypillia culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crimea" title="History of Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarubintsy_culture" title="Zarubintsy culture">Zarubintsy culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernyakhov_culture" title="Chernyakhov culture">Chernyakhov culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Ukraine">Early history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rus%27_Khaganate" title="Rus' Khaganate">Rus' Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazar Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Cumania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Principality of Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Ruthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cossacks" title="History of the Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Voivodeship" title="Kiev Voivodeship">Kyiv Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Zaporozhian Sich">Zaporozhian Sich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-bank_Ukraine" title="Left-bank Ukraine">Left bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-bank_Ukraine" title="Right-bank Ukraine">Right bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloboda_Ukraine" title="Sloboda Ukraine">Sloboda Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danubian_Sich" title="Danubian Sich">Danubian Sich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Russia" title="Little Russia">Little Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novorossiya" title="Novorossiya">Novorossiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg Empire">Habsburg Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Ukraine" title="Modern history of Ukraine">Modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_during_World_War_I" title="Ukraine during World War I">Ukraine during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_after_the_Russian_Revolution" title="Ukraine after the Russian Revolution">Ukraine after the Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukrainian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Ukraine" title="Directorate of Ukraine">Directorate of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)">Communist Party of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine#World_War_II" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_transition_in_Ukraine" title="Post-Soviet transition in Ukraine">Post-Soviet transition in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_Scandal" title="Cassette Scandal">Cassette Scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_disputes" title="Russia–Ukraine gas disputes">Russia–Ukraine gas disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/16px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" 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class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Ukraine" title="Template:History of Ukraine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Ukraine" title="Template talk:History of Ukraine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Ukraine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Ukraine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukraine-Bukovyna.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ukraine-Bukovyna.png/220px-Ukraine-Bukovyna.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ukraine-Bukovyna.png/330px-Ukraine-Bukovyna.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ukraine-Bukovyna.png/440px-Ukraine-Bukovyna.png 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Northern Bukovina within Ukraine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucovina_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bucovina_Romania.svg/220px-Bucovina_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bucovina_Romania.svg/330px-Bucovina_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bucovina_Romania.svg/440px-Bucovina_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1958" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>Southern Bukovina within Romania</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1944 the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> drove the <a href="/wiki/Axis_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis forces">Axis forces</a> out and re-established Soviet control over the territory. Romania was forced to formally cede the northern part of Bukovina to the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> by the 1947 <a href="/wiki/Paris_peace_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris peace treaty">Paris peace treaty</a>. The territory became part of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast" title="Chernivtsi Oblast">Chernivtsi Oblast</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">province</a>). While during the war the Soviet government killed or forced in exile a considerable number of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the war the same government deported or killed about 41,000 <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of killings and mass deportations, entire villages, mostly inhabited by Romanians,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> were abandoned (Albovat, Frunza, I.G.Duca, Buci—completely erased, Prisaca, Tanteni and Vicov—destroyed to a large extent).<sup id="cite_ref-Tara_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tara-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men of military age (and sometimes above), both Ukrainians and Romanians, were conscripted into the Soviet Army. That did not protect them, however, from being arrested and deported for being "anti-Soviet elements". </p><p>As a reaction, partisan groups (composed of both Romanians and Ukrainians) began to operate against the Soviets in the woods around <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Chernivtsi</a>, Crasna and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Codrii_Cosminului&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Codrii Cosminului (page does not exist)">Codrii Cosminului</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Crasna (in the former <a href="/wiki/Storozhynets" title="Storozhynets">Storozhynets</a> county) villagers attacked Soviet soldiers who were sent to "temporarily resettle" them, since they feared deportation. This resulted in dead and wounded among the villagers, who had no firearms. </p><p>Spring 1945 saw the formation of transports of Polish repatriates who (voluntarily or by coercion) had decided to leave. Between March 1945 and July 1946, 10,490 inhabitants left Northern Bukovina for Poland, including 8,140 Poles, 2,041 Jews and 309 of other nationalities. Most of them settled in <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, near the towns: <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82awiec" title="Bolesławiec">Bolesławiec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dzier%C5%BConi%C3%B3w" title="Dzierżoniów">Dzierżoniów</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gubin,_Poland" title="Gubin, Poland">Gubin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luba%C5%84_%C5%9Al%C4%85ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubań Śląski">Lubań Śląski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3wek_%C5%9Al%C4%85ski" title="Lwówek Śląski">Lwówek Śląski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nowa_S%C3%B3l" title="Nowa Sól">Nowa Sól</a>, <a href="/wiki/O%C5%82awa" title="Oława">Oława</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prudnik" title="Prudnik">Prudnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zielona_G%C3%B3ra" title="Zielona Góra">Zielona Góra</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBaga%C5%84" title="Żagań">Żagań</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBary" title="Żary">Żary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, between 1930 (last Romanian census) and 1959 (first Soviet census), the population of Northern Bukovina decreased by 31,521 people. According to official data from those two censuses, the Romanian population had decreased by 75,752 people, and the Jewish population by 46,632, while the Ukrainian and Russian populations increased by 135,161 and 4,322 people, respectively.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After 1944, the human and economic connections between the northern (Soviet) and southern (Romanian) parts of Bukovina were severed. Today, the historically Ukrainian northern part is the nucleus of the Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast" title="Chernivtsi Oblast">Chernivtsi Oblast</a>, while the southern part is part of Romania, though there are minorities of Ukrainians and Romanians in Romanian Bukovina and Ukrainian Bukovina respectively. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_of_Romania" title="Ukrainians of Romania">Ukrainians are still a recognized minority in Romania</a>, and have one seat reserved in the Romanian Chamber of Deputies. </p><p>In Romania, 28 November is a holiday observed as <a href="/wiki/Bukovina_Day" title="Bukovina Day">Bukovina Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A popular Romanian-language song about the region is "<a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2nt%C4%83_cucu-n_Bucovina" title="Cântă cucu-n Bucovina">Cântă cucu-n Bucovina</a>" ("Sings the Cuckoo in Bukovina").<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bukovina proper has an area of 10,442 km<sup>2</sup> (4,032 sq mi). The territory of Romanian (or Southern) Bukovina is located in <a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_Romania" title="Historical regions of Romania">northeastern Romania</a> and it is part of the <a href="/wiki/Suceava_County" title="Suceava County">Suceava County</a> (plus three localities in <a href="/wiki/Boto%C8%99ani_County" title="Botoșani County">Botoșani County</a>), whereas Ukrainian (or Northern) Bukovina is located in <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_historical_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian historical regions">western Ukraine</a> and it is part of the <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast" title="Chernivtsi Oblast">Chernivtsi Oblast</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_population">Historical population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Historical population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucov.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bucov.png/220px-Bucov.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bucov.png/330px-Bucov.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bucov.png/440px-Bucov.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2830" /></a><figcaption>Demographic composition of Bukovina in 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>The region was occupied by several now extinct peoples. After which it was settled by both Romanians (Moldavians) and Ukrainians (Ruthenians)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Antes_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antes (people)">Antes</a> controlling a large area that included Bukovina by the 6th century. Later, the region was part of Kievan Rus', and later still of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia</a>. During this period it reinforced its ties to other Ukrainian lands, with many Bukovinian natives studying in Lviv and Kyiv, and the Orthodox Bukovinian Church flourishing in the region. After passing to Hungary in the 14th century, the Hungarian king appointed Dragoș as his deputy forming the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Moldavia">principality of Moldavia</a>, following the revolt of <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_the_Founder" title="Bogdan the Founder">Bogdan the Founder</a> against the Kingdom of Hungary, Bukovina became an integral part of the principality of Moldavia. Suceava, in the south of the territory, was the capital of Moldavia from the late 14th to the mid-16th century. The only data we have about the ethnic composition of Bukovina are the Austrian censuses starting from the 1770s. The Austrians hindered both Romanian and Ukrainian nationalisms. On the other hand, they favored the migration in Bukovina of Ukrainians from Galicia as well as Romanians from Transylvania and Maramureș. </p><p>According to the 1775 Austrian census, the province had a total population of 86,000 (this included 56 villages which were returned to Moldavia one year later). The census only recorded social status and some ethno-religious groups (Jews, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roma_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma people">Roma</a>, and German colonists). Historian <a href="/wiki/Ion_Nistor" title="Ion Nistor">Ion Nistor</a> estimated that the 1774 population consisted of 52,750 Romanians (also called Moldavians) (73.5%), 15,000 <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsuls</a> (20.9%) (of whom 6,000 were Hutsuls, and 9,000 were Ruthenian immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia</a> settled in Moldavia around 1766), and 4,000 others who "use the Romanian language in conversation" (5.6%), consisting of Armenians, Jews and Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Keith_Hitchins" title="Keith Hitchins">Keith Hitchins</a> on the other hand, estimated that in 1774 Bukovina's population numbered 51,920 people, consisting of 40,920 Romanians, 8,000 Ukrainians and 3,000 Germans, Jews, and Poles.<sup id="cite_ref-romanians1774-1866_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romanians1774-1866-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Alecu Hurmuzaki, by 1848, out of a population of 377,581 people, 209,293 or 55.4% of the population was Romanian. At the same time, the Ukrainian population rose to 108,907 and the Jewish population surged from 526 in 1774, to 11,600 in 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-romanians1774-1866_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romanians1774-1866-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biserica_Adormirea_Maicii_Domnului_din_Dornesti3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Biserica_Adormirea_Maicii_Domnului_din_Dornesti3.jpg/150px-Biserica_Adormirea_Maicii_Domnului_din_Dornesti3.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Biserica_Adormirea_Maicii_Domnului_din_Dornesti3.jpg/225px-Biserica_Adormirea_Maicii_Domnului_din_Dornesti3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Biserica_Adormirea_Maicii_Domnului_din_Dornesti3.jpg/300px-Biserica_Adormirea_Maicii_Domnului_din_Dornesti3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dorne%C8%99ti" title="Dornești">Dornești</a> (German: <i lang="de">Kriegsdorf</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Hadikfalva</i>), <a href="/wiki/Suceava_County" title="Suceava County">Suceava County</a>, an example of a former mixed German-Hungarian rural settlement in Bukovina.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HerrenGasse_761.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HerrenGasse_761.jpg/220px-HerrenGasse_761.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HerrenGasse_761.jpg/330px-HerrenGasse_761.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HerrenGasse_761.jpg/440px-HerrenGasse_761.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3772" data-file-height="3058" /></a><figcaption>The Polish House in <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Cernăuți</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Czerniowce</i>, German: <i lang="de">Czernowitz</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2011, an anthropological analysis of the Russian census of the population of Moldavia in 1774 asserted a population of 68,700 people in 1774, out of which 40,920 (59.6%) Romanians, 22,810 Ruthenians and Hutsuls (33.2%), and 7.2% Jews, Roma, and Armenians.<sup id="cite_ref-ceeol.com_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ceeol.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on the above anthropological estimate for 1774 as well as subsequent official censuses, the ethnic composition of Bukovina changed in the years after 1775 when the Austrian Empire occupied the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Iacobescu_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iacobescu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of Bukovina increased steadily, primarily through immigration, which Austrian authorities encouraged to develop the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-ansiedlungswesen_bukowina_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ansiedlungswesen_bukowina-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, the migrants entering the region came from Ukrainian Galicia, as well as from Romanian Transylvania and Moldavia.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Austrian official report from 1783, referring to the villages between the Dniester and the Prut, indicated Ruthenian-speaking immigrants from Poland constituting a majority, with only a quarter of the population speaking Moldavian. The same report indicated that Moldavians constituted the majority in the area of Suceava.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> H.F. Müller gives the 1840 population used for purposes of military conscription as 339,669.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1843 the <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian language</a> was recognized, along with the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian language</a>, as 'the language of the people and of the Church in Bukovina'.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishgen_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishgen-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 19th century, as mentioned, the Austrian Empire policies encouraged the influx of migrants coming from Transylvania, Moldavia, Galicia and the heartland of Austria and Germany, with Germans, Poles, Jews, Hungarians, Romanians, and Ukrainians settling in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jewishgen_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishgen-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Official censuses in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>) did not record ethnolinguistic data until 1850–1851. The 1857 and 1869 censuses omitted ethnic or language-related questions. 'Familiar language spoken' was not recorded again until 1880. </p><p>The Austrian census of 1850–1851, which recorded data regarding languages spoken, shows 48.50% <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> and 38.07% <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent Austrian censuses between 1880 and 1910 reveal a Romanian population stabilizing around 33% and a Ukrainian population around 40%. From 1774 to 1910, the percentage of Ukrainians increased, meanwhile the one of Romanians decreased.<sup id="cite_ref-Iacobescu_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iacobescu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Romania" title="Demographic history of Romania">1930 Romanian census</a>, Bukovina had a population of 853,009.<sup id="cite_ref-Livezeanu2000_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livezeanu2000-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romanians made up 44.5% of the population, while 27.7% were Ukrainians/Ruthenians (plus 1.5% Hutsuls), 10.8% Jews, 8.9% Germans, 3.6% Poles, and 3.0% others or undeclared.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to estimates and censuses data, the population of Bukovina was: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th colspan="2">Romanians </th> <th colspan="2">Ukrainians </th> <th colspan="2">Others <small>(most notably Germans, Jews, and Poles)</small> </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>1774 (e)<sup id="cite_ref-romanians1774-1866_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romanians1774-1866-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ceeol.com_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ceeol.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>40,920 – 64,000 </td> <td>59.6% – 85.33% </td> <td>8,000 – 22,810 </td> <td>10.6% – 33.2% </td> <td>3,000 – 4,970 </td> <td>4.0% – 7.2% </td> <td>51,920 – 91,780 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848 (e)<sup id="cite_ref-romanians1774-1866_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romanians1774-1866-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>209,293 </td> <td>55.4% </td> <td>108,907 </td> <td>28.8% </td> <td>59,381 </td> <td>15.8% </td> <td>377,581 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1851 (c)<sup id="cite_ref-ionas-rus_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ionas-rus-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>184,718 </td> <td>48.5% </td> <td>144,982 </td> <td>38.1% </td> <td>51,126 </td> <td>13.4% </td> <td>380,826 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1880 (c)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>190,005 </td> <td>33.4% </td> <td>239,960 </td> <td>42.2% </td> <td>138,758 </td> <td>24.4% </td> <td>568,723 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1890 (c)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>208,301 </td> <td>32.4% </td> <td>268,367 </td> <td>41.8% </td> <td>165,827 </td> <td>25.8% </td> <td>642,495 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1900 (c)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>229,018 </td> <td>31.4% </td> <td>297,798 </td> <td>40.8% </td> <td>203,379 </td> <td>27.8% </td> <td>730,195 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1910 (c) </td> <td>273,254 </td> <td>34.1% </td> <td>305,101 </td> <td>38.4% </td> <td>216,574 </td> <td>27.2% </td> <td>794,929 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930 (c)<sup id="cite_ref-Livezeanu2000_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livezeanu2000-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eberhardt_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eberhardt-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>379,691 </td> <td>44.5% </td> <td>248,567 </td> <td>29.1% </td> <td>224,751 </td> <td>26.4% </td> <td>853,009 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note: e-estimate; c-census </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_population">Current population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Current population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucovethn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bucovethn.png/220px-Bucovethn.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bucovethn.png/330px-Bucovethn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Bucovethn.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic divisions in modern Bukovina with Ukrainian Romanian and Russian areas depicted in light yellow, green, and red respectively. The <a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovans</a>, counted separately in the <a href="/wiki/2001_Ukrainian_census" title="2001 Ukrainian census">2001 Ukrainian census</a>, are included in this map as Romanians.</figcaption></figure> <p>The present demographic situation in Bukovina hardly resembles that of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>. The northern (Ukrainian) and southern (Romanian) parts became significantly dominated by their Ukrainian and Romanian majorities, respectively, with the representation of other ethnic groups being decreased significantly. </p><p>According to the data of the <a href="/wiki/2001_Ukrainian_census" title="2001 Ukrainian census">2001 Ukrainian census</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> represent about 75% (689,100) of the population of <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast" title="Chernivtsi Oblast">Chernivtsi Oblast</a>, which is the closest, although not an exact, approximation of the territory of the historic Northern Bukovina. The census also identified a fall in the Romanian and <a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovan</a> populations to 12.5% (114,600) and 7.3% (67,200), respectively. <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> are the next largest ethnic group with 4.1%, while <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>, and Jews comprise the rest 1.2%. The languages of the population closely reflect the ethnic composition, with over 90% within each of the major ethnic groups declaring their national language as the mother tongue (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, and Russian, respectively). </p><p>The fact that <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovans</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Self-declared" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-declared">self-declared</a> majority in some regions, were presented as separate categories in the census results, has been criticized in Romania, where there are complains that this artificial Soviet-era practice results in the Romanian population being undercounted, as being divided between <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovans</a>. The Romanian minority of Ukraine also claims to represent a 500,000-strong community.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romanians mostly inhabit the southern part of the Chernivtsi region, having been the majority in former <a href="/wiki/Hertsa_Raion" title="Hertsa Raion">Hertsa Raion</a> and forming a plurality together with Moldovans in former <a href="/wiki/Hlyboka_Raion" title="Hlyboka Raion">Hlyboka Raion</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Self-declared Moldovans were the majority in <a href="/wiki/Novoselytsia_Raion" title="Novoselytsia Raion">Novoselytsia Raion</a>. In the other eight districts and the city of <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Chernivtsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> were the majority.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, after the 2020 administrative reform in Ukraine, all these districts were abolished, and most of the areas merged into <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_Raion,_Chernivtsi_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernivtsi Raion, Chernivtsi Oblast">Chernivtsi Raion</a>, where Romanians are not in majority anymore.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muzeul_Arta_Lemnului_C%C3%A2mpulung_Moldovenesc_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Muzeul_Arta_Lemnului_C%C3%A2mpulung_Moldovenesc_2022.jpg/220px-Muzeul_Arta_Lemnului_C%C3%A2mpulung_Moldovenesc_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Muzeul_Arta_Lemnului_C%C3%A2mpulung_Moldovenesc_2022.jpg/330px-Muzeul_Arta_Lemnului_C%C3%A2mpulung_Moldovenesc_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Muzeul_Arta_Lemnului_C%C3%A2mpulung_Moldovenesc_2022.jpg/440px-Muzeul_Arta_Lemnului_C%C3%A2mpulung_Moldovenesc_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The renovated Wood Art Museum situated in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mpulung_Moldovenesc" title="Câmpulung Moldovenesc">Câmpulung Moldovenesc</a> (German: <i lang="de">Kimpolung</i>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The southern, or Romanian Bukovina reportedly has a significant Romanian majority (94.8%) according to Romanian sources, the largest minority group being the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> (1.9%) and Ukrainians, who make up 0.9% of the population (2011 census). Other minor ethnic groups include <a href="/wiki/Lipovans" title="Lipovans">Lipovans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Romania" title="Poles in Romania">Poles</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Cacica" title="Cacica">Cacica</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Humorului" title="Mănăstirea Humorului">Mănăstirea Humorului</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mu%C8%99eni%C8%9Ba" title="Mușenița">Mușenița</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moara,_Suceava" title="Moara, Suceava">Moara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83ltinoasa" title="Păltinoasa">Păltinoasa</a>), <a href="/wiki/Zipser_Germans" title="Zipser Germans">Zipser Germans</a> (in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2rlibaba" title="Cârlibaba">Cârlibaba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iacobeni,_Suceava" title="Iacobeni, Suceava">Iacobeni</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Bukovina_Germans" title="Bukovina Germans">Bukovina Germans</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Suceava" title="Suceava">Suceava</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C4%83d%C4%83u%C8%9Bi" title="Rădăuți">Rădăuți</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mpulung_Moldovenesc" title="Câmpulung Moldovenesc">Câmpulung Moldovenesc</a>), as well as <a href="/wiki/Slovaks_of_Romania" title="Slovaks of Romania">Slovaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Romania">Jews</a> (almost exclusively in <a href="/wiki/Suceava" title="Suceava">Suceava</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C4%83d%C4%83u%C8%9Bi" title="Rădăuți">Rădăuți</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siret" title="Siret">Siret</a>). </p><p>Concerns have been raised about the way census are handled in Romania.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (November 2021)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:Bukovina" title="Talk:Bukovina">disputed</a></i>]</sup> For example, according to the 2011 Romanian census, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_of_Romania" title="Ukrainians of Romania">Ukrainians of Romania</a> number 51,703 people, making up 0.3% of the total population.<sup id="cite_ref-insse3_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insse3-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Ukrainian nationalists<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of the 1990s claimed the region had 110,000 Ukrainians.<sup id="cite_ref-wilson_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Ukrainian descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a> who fled Russian rule in the 18th century, living in the <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a>, also complained similar practices. In 1992, their descendants numbered four thousand people according to official Romanian statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-anri_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anri-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the local community claims to number 20,000, five times the number stated by Romanian authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-uur.ro_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uur.ro-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rumanization, with the closure of schools and suppression of the language, happened in all areas in present-day Romania where the Ukrainians live or lived. The very term "Ukrainians" was prohibited from the official usage and some Romanians of disputable Ukrainian ethnicity were rather called the "citizens of Romania who forgot their native language" and were forced to change their last names to Romanian-sounding ones.<sup id="cite_ref-Derh_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derh-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Bukovina, the practice of Romanization dates to much earlier than the 20th century. Since Louis of Hungary appointed Dragoș, Voivode of Moldavia as his deputy, there was an introduction of Romanians in Bukovina, and a process of Romanization that intensified in the 1560s.<sup id="cite_ref-scarecrow_12-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_13-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Places such as the etymologically Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Breaza,_Suceava" title="Breaza, Suceava">Breaza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldovi%C8%9Ba" title="Moldovița">Moldovița</a> (whose name in German is <i>Russ Moldawitza</i>, and used to be <i>Ruska Moldavyda</i> in Ukrainian), <a href="/wiki/%C8%98erb%C4%83u%C8%9Bi" title="Șerbăuți">Șerbăuți</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siret" title="Siret">Siret</a> used to have an overwhelming Ukrainian majority. In some places in southern Bukovina, such as <a href="/wiki/B%C4%83lc%C4%83u%C8%9Bi,_Suceava" title="Bălcăuți, Suceava">Balkivtsi</a> (Romanian: <i>Bălcăuți</i>), <a href="/wiki/Izvoarele_Sucevei" title="Izvoarele Sucevei">Izvoarele Sucevei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulma,_Suceava" title="Ulma, Suceava">Ulma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Negostina_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Negostina (town)">Negostina</a>, Ukrainian majority is still reported in Romanian census. On other hand in North Bukovina the Romanians used to be the biggest ethnic group in the city of <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Chernivtsi</a>, as well as in the towns of <a href="/wiki/Hlyboka" title="Hlyboka">Hlyboka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Storozhynets" title="Storozhynets">Storozhynets</a>, and still are in <a href="/wiki/Boiany" title="Boiany">Boiany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krasnoilsk" title="Krasnoilsk">Krasnoilsk</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_settlements">Urban settlements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Urban settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Bukovina">Southern Bukovina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Southern Bukovina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width:70%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Table highlighting all urban settlements in Southern Bukovina </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:30%;">Romanian name </th> <th style="width:25%;">German name </th> <th style="width:25%;">Ukrainian name </th> <th style="width:20%;">Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Cajvana" title="Cajvana">Cajvana</a></b> </td> <td>Keschwana </td> <td>Кажване, <i>Kazhvane</i> </td> <td>6,812 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mpulung_Moldovenesc" title="Câmpulung Moldovenesc">Câmpulung Moldovenesc</a></b> </td> <td>Kimpolung </td> <td>Кимпулунґ, <i>Kympulung</i>; <small>historically Довгопілля, <i>Dovhopillya</i></small> </td> <td>16,105 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Frasin" title="Frasin">Frasin</a></b> </td> <td>Frassin </td> <td>Фрасин, <i>Frasyn</i> </td> <td>5,702 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Gura_Humorului" title="Gura Humorului">Gura Humorului</a></b> </td> <td>Gura Humora </td> <td>Ґура-Гумора, <i>Gura-Humora</i> </td> <td>12,729 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Mili%C8%99%C4%83u%C8%9Bi" title="Milișăuți">Milișăuți</a></b> </td> <td>Milleschoutz </td> <td>Милишівці, <i>Mylyshivtsi</i> </td> <td>4,958 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/R%C4%83d%C4%83u%C8%9Bi" title="Rădăuți">Rădăuți</a></b> </td> <td>Radautz </td> <td>Радівці, <i>Radivtsi</i> </td> <td>22,145 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Siret" title="Siret">Siret</a></b> </td> <td>Sereth </td> <td>Сирет, <i>Syret</i> </td> <td>7,721 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Solca" title="Solca">Solca</a></b> </td> <td>Solka </td> <td>Солька, <i>Sol'ka</i> </td> <td>2,188 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Suceava" title="Suceava">Suceava</a></b> </td> <td>Sotschen/Sutschawa/Suczawa; <small>historically in <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a>: Sedschopff</small> </td> <td>Сучава, <i>Suchava</i>; <small>historic Сочава, <i>Sochava</i></small> </td> <td>124,161 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Vatra_Dornei" title="Vatra Dornei">Vatra Dornei</a></b> </td> <td>Dorna-Watra </td> <td>Ватра Дорни, <i>Vatra Dorny</i> </td> <td>13,659 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Vicovu_de_Sus" title="Vicovu de Sus">Vicovu de Sus</a></b> </td> <td>Ober Wikow </td> <td>Верхнє Викове, <i>Verkhnye Vykove</i> </td> <td>16,874 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Bukovina">Northern Bukovina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Northern Bukovina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width:70%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Table highlighting all urban settlements in Northern Bukovina </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:30%;">Ukrainian name </th> <th style="width:25%;">Romanian name </th> <th style="width:25%;">German name </th> <th style="width:20%;">Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Berehomet" title="Berehomet">Berehomet</a></b> </td> <td>Berehomete pe Siret </td> <td>Berhometh </td> <td>7,717 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Boyany" class="mw-redirect" title="Boyany">Boyany</a></b> </td> <td>Boian </td> <td>Bojan </td> <td>4,425 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Chornivka" title="Chornivka">Chornivka</a></b> </td> <td>Cernăuca </td> <td>Czernowka </td> <td>2,340 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Chernivtsi</a></b> </td> <td>Cernăuți </td> <td>Czernowitz </td> <td>266,366 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Hlyboka" title="Hlyboka">Hlyboka</a></b> </td> <td>Adâncata </td> <td>Hliboka </td> <td>9,474 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Kitsman" title="Kitsman">Kitsman</a></b> </td> <td>Cozmeni </td> <td>Kotzman </td> <td>6,287 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnoyilsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Krasnoyilsk">Krasnoyilsk</a></b> </td> <td>Crasna-Ilschi </td> <td>Krasna </td> <td>10,163 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Luzhany" title="Luzhany">Luzhany</a></b> </td> <td>Lujeni </td> <td>Luschany/Luzan </td> <td>4,744 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Mikhalcha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhalcha">Mikhalcha</a></b> </td> <td>Mihalcea </td> <td>Mihalcze </td> <td>2,245 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Nepolokivtsi" title="Nepolokivtsi">Nepolokivtsi</a></b> </td> <td>Nepolocăuți/Grigore-Ghica Vodă </td> <td>Nepolokoutz/Nepolokiwzi </td> <td>2,449 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Putyla" title="Putyla">Putyla</a></b> </td> <td>Putila </td> <td>Putilla Storonetz/Putyla </td> <td>3,435 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Storozhynets" title="Storozhynets">Storozhynets</a></b> </td> <td>Storojineț </td> <td>Storozynetz </td> <td>14,197 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Vashkivtsi" title="Vashkivtsi">Vashkivtsi</a></b> </td> <td>Vășcăuți </td> <td>Waschkautz/Waschkiwzi </td> <td>5,415 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Voloka,_Hlybotskyi_Raion" class="mw-redirect" title="Voloka, Hlybotskyi Raion">Voloka</a></b> </td> <td>Voloca pe Derelui </td> <td>Woloka </td> <td>3,035 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Vyzhnytsia" title="Vyzhnytsia">Vyzhnytsia</a></b> </td> <td>Vijnița </td> <td>Wiznitz </td> <td>4,068 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Zastavna" title="Zastavna">Zastavna</a></b> </td> <td>Zastavna </td> <td>Zastawna </td> <td>7,898 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_on_Suceava_(Romania)_from_Fortess.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The town of Suceava (German and Polish: Suczawa), the largest in southern Bukovina"><img alt="The town of Suceava (German and Polish: Suczawa), the largest in southern Bukovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/View_on_Suceava_%28Romania%29_from_Fortess.jpg/120px-View_on_Suceava_%28Romania%29_from_Fortess.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/View_on_Suceava_%28Romania%29_from_Fortess.jpg/180px-View_on_Suceava_%28Romania%29_from_Fortess.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/View_on_Suceava_%28Romania%29_from_Fortess.jpg/240px-View_on_Suceava_%28Romania%29_from_Fortess.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The town of <a href="/wiki/Suceava" title="Suceava">Suceava</a> (German and <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i>Suczawa</i>), the largest in southern Bukovina</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palatul_Administrativ_din_Suceava12.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Administrative Palace in Suceava (German and Polish: Suczawa)"><img alt="The Administrative Palace in Suceava (German and Polish: Suczawa)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Palatul_Administrativ_din_Suceava12.jpg/120px-Palatul_Administrativ_din_Suceava12.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Palatul_Administrativ_din_Suceava12.jpg/180px-Palatul_Administrativ_din_Suceava12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Palatul_Administrativ_din_Suceava12.jpg/240px-Palatul_Administrativ_din_Suceava12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Administrative Palace in <a href="/wiki/Suceava" title="Suceava">Suceava</a> (German and <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i>Suczawa</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fosta_prefectur%C4%83_%C8%99i_hotel,_R%C4%83d%C4%83u%C8%9Bi_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rădăuți (German: Radautz)"><img alt="Rădăuți (German: Radautz)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Fosta_prefectur%C4%83_%C8%99i_hotel%2C_R%C4%83d%C4%83u%C8%9Bi_%282%29.JPG/120px-Fosta_prefectur%C4%83_%C8%99i_hotel%2C_R%C4%83d%C4%83u%C8%9Bi_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Fosta_prefectur%C4%83_%C8%99i_hotel%2C_R%C4%83d%C4%83u%C8%9Bi_%282%29.JPG/180px-Fosta_prefectur%C4%83_%C8%99i_hotel%2C_R%C4%83d%C4%83u%C8%9Bi_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Fosta_prefectur%C4%83_%C8%99i_hotel%2C_R%C4%83d%C4%83u%C8%9Bi_%282%29.JPG/240px-Fosta_prefectur%C4%83_%C8%99i_hotel%2C_R%C4%83d%C4%83u%C8%9Bi_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/R%C4%83d%C4%83u%C8%9Bi" title="Rădăuți">Rădăuți</a> (German: <i lang="de">Radautz</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Obcina_Feredeului.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Câmpulung Moldovenesc (German: Kimpolung)"><img alt="Câmpulung Moldovenesc (German: Kimpolung)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Obcina_Feredeului.JPG/120px-Obcina_Feredeului.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Obcina_Feredeului.JPG/180px-Obcina_Feredeului.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Obcina_Feredeului.JPG/240px-Obcina_Feredeului.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mpulung_Moldovenesc" title="Câmpulung Moldovenesc">Câmpulung Moldovenesc</a> (German: <i lang="de">Kimpolung</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RO_SV_Vatra_Dornei_street_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vatra Dornei (German: Dorna-Watra)"><img alt="Vatra Dornei (German: Dorna-Watra)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/RO_SV_Vatra_Dornei_street_1.jpg/120px-RO_SV_Vatra_Dornei_street_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/RO_SV_Vatra_Dornei_street_1.jpg/180px-RO_SV_Vatra_Dornei_street_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/RO_SV_Vatra_Dornei_street_1.jpg/240px-RO_SV_Vatra_Dornei_street_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3613" data-file-height="2343" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vatra_Dornei" title="Vatra Dornei">Vatra Dornei</a> (German: <i lang="de">Dorna-Watra</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gura_Humorului_-_panoramio_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gura Humorului (German: Gura Humora)"><img alt="Gura Humorului (German: Gura Humora)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gura_Humorului_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/120px-Gura_Humorului_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gura_Humorului_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/180px-Gura_Humorului_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gura_Humorului_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/240px-Gura_Humorului_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1285" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gura_Humorului" title="Gura Humorului">Gura Humorului</a> (German: <i lang="de">Gura Humora</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Centrul_ora%C8%99ului_Frasin_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frasin (German: Frassin/Fraßin)"><img alt="Frasin (German: Frassin/Fraßin)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Centrul_ora%C8%99ului_Frasin_%284%29.jpg/120px-Centrul_ora%C8%99ului_Frasin_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Centrul_ora%C8%99ului_Frasin_%284%29.jpg/180px-Centrul_ora%C8%99ului_Frasin_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Centrul_ora%C8%99ului_Frasin_%284%29.jpg/240px-Centrul_ora%C8%99ului_Frasin_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Frasin" title="Frasin">Frasin</a> (German: <i lang="de">Frassin/Fraßin</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biserica_Nasterea_Sf._Fecioare_Maria_din_Siret16.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Siret (German: Sereth)"><img alt="Siret (German: Sereth)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Biserica_Nasterea_Sf._Fecioare_Maria_din_Siret16.jpg/120px-Biserica_Nasterea_Sf._Fecioare_Maria_din_Siret16.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Biserica_Nasterea_Sf._Fecioare_Maria_din_Siret16.jpg/180px-Biserica_Nasterea_Sf._Fecioare_Maria_din_Siret16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Biserica_Nasterea_Sf._Fecioare_Maria_din_Siret16.jpg/240px-Biserica_Nasterea_Sf._Fecioare_Maria_din_Siret16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Siret" title="Siret">Siret</a> (German: <i lang="de">Sereth</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solca_vue_generale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Solca (German and Polish: Solka)"><img alt="Solca (German and Polish: Solka)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Solca_vue_generale.jpg/120px-Solca_vue_generale.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Solca_vue_generale.jpg/180px-Solca_vue_generale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Solca_vue_generale.jpg/240px-Solca_vue_generale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Solca" title="Solca">Solca</a> (German and <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i>Solka</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bukovina.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Carpathian Mountains in Bukovina"><img alt="The Carpathian Mountains in Bukovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bukovina.JPG/120px-Bukovina.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bukovina.JPG/180px-Bukovina.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bukovina.JPG/240px-Bukovina.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Carpathian Mountains in Bukovina</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karpatenlandschaft_bei_Slatioara.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Slătioara secular forest, UNESCO World Heritage Site"><img alt="Slătioara secular forest, UNESCO World Heritage Site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Karpatenlandschaft_bei_Slatioara.JPG/120px-Karpatenlandschaft_bei_Slatioara.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Karpatenlandschaft_bei_Slatioara.JPG/180px-Karpatenlandschaft_bei_Slatioara.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Karpatenlandschaft_bei_Slatioara.JPG/240px-Karpatenlandschaft_bei_Slatioara.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stulpicani" title="Stulpicani">Slătioara</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_Primeval_Beech_Forests_of_the_Carpathians_and_Other_Regions_of_Europe" title="Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe">secular forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voronet_Intrare.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Voroneț Monastery, UNESCO World Heritage site"><img alt="Voroneț Monastery, UNESCO World Heritage site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Voronet_Intrare.JPG/120px-Voronet_Intrare.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Voronet_Intrare.JPG/180px-Voronet_Intrare.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Voronet_Intrare.JPG/240px-Voronet_Intrare.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vorone%C8%9B_Monastery" title="Voroneț Monastery">Voroneț Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> World Heritage site</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manastirea_putna1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medieval Putna Monastery in Putna, Suceava County"><img alt="Medieval Putna Monastery in Putna, Suceava County" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Manastirea_putna1.jpg/120px-Manastirea_putna1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Manastirea_putna1.jpg/180px-Manastirea_putna1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Manastirea_putna1.jpg/240px-Manastirea_putna1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1478" data-file-height="1047" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Medieval <a href="/wiki/Putna_Monastery" title="Putna Monastery">Putna Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Putna,_Suceava" title="Putna, Suceava">Putna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suceava_County" title="Suceava County">Suceava County</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HerrenGasse_830.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The German House in Chernivtsi (Romanian: Cernăuți, German: Czernowitz)"><img alt="The German House in Chernivtsi (Romanian: Cernăuți, German: Czernowitz)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/HerrenGasse_830.jpg/113px-HerrenGasse_830.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/HerrenGasse_830.jpg/170px-HerrenGasse_830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/HerrenGasse_830.jpg/227px-HerrenGasse_830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4068" data-file-height="4303" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The German House in <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Chernivtsi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Cernăuți</i>, German: <i lang="de">Czernowitz</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chernivtsi_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans, UNESCO World Heritage site"><img alt="Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans, UNESCO World Heritage site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Chernivtsi_University.jpg/120px-Chernivtsi_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Chernivtsi_University.jpg/180px-Chernivtsi_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Chernivtsi_University.jpg/240px-Chernivtsi_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2147" data-file-height="731" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Residence_of_Bukovinian_and_Dalmatian_Metropolitans" title="Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans">Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> World Heritage site</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirlibaba.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cârlibaba (German: Mariensee/Ludwigsdorf)"><img alt="Cârlibaba (German: Mariensee/Ludwigsdorf)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kirlibaba.jpg/120px-Kirlibaba.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kirlibaba.jpg/180px-Kirlibaba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kirlibaba.jpg/240px-Kirlibaba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cârlibaba (German: <i lang="de">Mariensee/Ludwigsdorf</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rumunia,_Kaczyka,_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_rzymskokatolicki_DSCF7626.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Polish basilica in Cacica (Polish: Kaczyka)"><img alt="The Polish basilica in Cacica (Polish: Kaczyka)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Rumunia%2C_Kaczyka%2C_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_rzymskokatolicki_DSCF7626.jpg/88px-Rumunia%2C_Kaczyka%2C_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_rzymskokatolicki_DSCF7626.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Rumunia%2C_Kaczyka%2C_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_rzymskokatolicki_DSCF7626.jpg/133px-Rumunia%2C_Kaczyka%2C_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_rzymskokatolicki_DSCF7626.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Rumunia%2C_Kaczyka%2C_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_rzymskokatolicki_DSCF7626.jpg/177px-Rumunia%2C_Kaczyka%2C_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_rzymskokatolicki_DSCF7626.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Polish basilica in Cacica (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Kaczyka</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romania_Putna_Biserica_Cobor%C3%A2rea_Duhului_Sf%C3%A2nt_din_Putna.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Roman Catholic church of the Bukovina Germans in Putna"><img alt="The Roman Catholic church of the Bukovina Germans in Putna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Romania_Putna_Biserica_Cobor%C3%A2rea_Duhului_Sf%C3%A2nt_din_Putna.jpg/90px-Romania_Putna_Biserica_Cobor%C3%A2rea_Duhului_Sf%C3%A2nt_din_Putna.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Romania_Putna_Biserica_Cobor%C3%A2rea_Duhului_Sf%C3%A2nt_din_Putna.jpg/135px-Romania_Putna_Biserica_Cobor%C3%A2rea_Duhului_Sf%C3%A2nt_din_Putna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Romania_Putna_Biserica_Cobor%C3%A2rea_Duhului_Sf%C3%A2nt_din_Putna.jpg/180px-Romania_Putna_Biserica_Cobor%C3%A2rea_Duhului_Sf%C3%A2nt_din_Putna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3855" data-file-height="5140" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Roman Catholic church of the <a href="/wiki/Bukovina_Germans" title="Bukovina Germans">Bukovina Germans</a> in Putna</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fundu_Moldovei_town_hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fundu Moldovei (German: Luisenthal)"><img alt="Fundu Moldovei (German: Luisenthal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fundu_Moldovei_town_hall.jpg/120px-Fundu_Moldovei_town_hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fundu_Moldovei_town_hall.jpg/180px-Fundu_Moldovei_town_hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fundu_Moldovei_town_hall.jpg/240px-Fundu_Moldovei_town_hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1163" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fundu_Moldovei" title="Fundu Moldovei">Fundu Moldovei</a> (German: <i lang="de">Luisenthal</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RO_SV_Iacobeni_(46).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Iacobeni (German: Jakobeny)"><img alt="Iacobeni (German: Jakobeny)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/RO_SV_Iacobeni_%2846%29.JPG/120px-RO_SV_Iacobeni_%2846%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/RO_SV_Iacobeni_%2846%29.JPG/180px-RO_SV_Iacobeni_%2846%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/RO_SV_Iacobeni_%2846%29.JPG/240px-RO_SV_Iacobeni_%2846%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Iacobeni,_Suceava" title="Iacobeni, Suceava">Iacobeni</a> (German: <i lang="de">Jakobeny</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SolonetuNou.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Solonețu Nou (Polish: Nowy Sołoniec) village"><img alt="Solonețu Nou (Polish: Nowy Sołoniec) village" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SolonetuNou.jpg/90px-SolonetuNou.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SolonetuNou.jpg/135px-SolonetuNou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SolonetuNou.jpg/180px-SolonetuNou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cacica" title="Cacica">Solonețu Nou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Nowy Sołoniec</i>) village</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biserica_Sf._Mihail_si_Gavriil_din_Maneuti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Măneuți (Hungarian: Andrásfalva)"><img alt="Măneuți (Hungarian: Andrásfalva)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Biserica_Sf._Mihail_si_Gavriil_din_Maneuti.jpg/90px-Biserica_Sf._Mihail_si_Gavriil_din_Maneuti.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Biserica_Sf._Mihail_si_Gavriil_din_Maneuti.jpg/135px-Biserica_Sf._Mihail_si_Gavriil_din_Maneuti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Biserica_Sf._Mihail_si_Gavriil_din_Maneuti.jpg/180px-Biserica_Sf._Mihail_si_Gavriil_din_Maneuti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fr%C4%83t%C4%83u%C8%9Bii_Vechi" title="Frătăuții Vechi">Măneuți</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Andrásfalva</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Humor_monastery5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mănăstirea Humorului (German: Humora Kloster)"><img alt="Mănăstirea Humorului (German: Humora Kloster)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Humor_monastery5.jpg/120px-Humor_monastery5.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Humor_monastery5.jpg/180px-Humor_monastery5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Humor_monastery5.jpg/240px-Humor_monastery5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="985" data-file-height="684" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Humorului" title="Mănăstirea Humorului">Mănăstirea Humorului</a> (German: <i lang="de">Humora Kloster</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moldovita_forest_railway_2013-07-12_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mocănița-Huțulca-Moldovița narrow-gauge steam train in Suceava County"><img alt="Mocănița-Huțulca-Moldovița narrow-gauge steam train in Suceava County" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Moldovita_forest_railway_2013-07-12_03.jpg/120px-Moldovita_forest_railway_2013-07-12_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Moldovita_forest_railway_2013-07-12_03.jpg/180px-Moldovita_forest_railway_2013-07-12_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Moldovita_forest_railway_2013-07-12_03.jpg/240px-Moldovita_forest_railway_2013-07-12_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2397" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Moc%C4%83ni%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Mocăniță">Mocănița</a>-Huțulca-Moldovița <a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway" title="Narrow-gauge railway">narrow-gauge</a> <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam train</a> in Suceava County</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Principality of Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia, Central European historical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovina_Germans" title="Bukovina Germans">Bukovina Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys_of_Bukovina" title="Székelys of Bukovina">Székelys of Bukovina</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">German: <i lang="de">Bukowina</i> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Buchenland</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Bukovina</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">[ˈbukovinɒ]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Bukowina</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[bu.kɔˈvi.na]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/04\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-Bukowina.wav\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-Bukowina.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-Bukowina.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-Bukowina.wav/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-Bukowina.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q809_(pol)-Olaf-Bukowina.wav" title="File:LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-Bukowina.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Bucovina</i>; <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Буковина</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Bukovyna</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="uk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">[bʊkɔˈʋɪnɐ]</a></span>; see also <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_regions_with_alternative_names#B" title="List of European regions with alternative names">other languages</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>"Congresul general al Bucovinei, întrupând suprema putere a țării și fiind învestiți cu puterea legiuitoare, în numele suveranității naționale, hotărâm: Unirea necondiționată și pe vecie a Bucovinei în vechile ei hotare până la Ceremuș, Colacin și Nistru cu Regatul României".</i> The General Congress of Bukovina, embodying the supreme power of the country [Bukovina], and invested with legislative power, in the name of national sovereignty, we decide: Unconditional and eternal union of Bukovina, in its old boundaries up to Ceremuș [river], Colachin and Dniester [river] with the Kingdom of Romania.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Bukovina">"Bukovina | region, Europe"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Bukovina+%7C+region%2C+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBukovina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brit-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brit_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210622052226/https://www.britannica.com/place/Bukovina">"Bukovina"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Bukovina">the original</a> on 22 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bukovina&rft.pub=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBukovina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindenbauer, Petrea. 2003. Diascursive Practice in Bukovina Textbooks. In Rindler Schjerve (ed). Diglossia and Power. Berlin: de Gruyter, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brackman, Roman <i>The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life</i> (2001) p. 341</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSophie_A._Welsch1986" class="citation web cs1">Sophie A. Welsch (March 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://feefhs.org/sites/default/files/material/bukovina_germans.pdf">"The Bukovina-Germans During the Habsburg Period: Settlement, Ethnic Interaction, Contributions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bukovina-Germans+During+the+Habsburg+Period%3A+Settlement%2C+Ethnic+Interaction%2C+Contributions&rft.date=1986-03&rft.au=Sophie+A.+Welsch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffeefhs.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmaterial%2Fbukovina_germans.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaëlle_Fisher2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gaëlle Fisher (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0888325418780479">"Looking Forwards through the Past: Bukovina's "Return to Europe" after 1989–1991"</a>. <i>Lean Library</i>. <b>33</b>: 196–217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0888325418780479">10.1177/0888325418780479</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149895103">149895103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lean+Library&rft.atitle=Looking+Forwards+through+the+Past%3A+Bukovina%27s+%22Return+to+Europe%22+after+1989%E2%80%931991&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=196-217&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0888325418780479&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149895103%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Ga%C3%ABlle+Fisher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0888325418780479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Rechter2008" class="citation journal cs1">David Rechter (16 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14725880802405027">"Geography is destiny: Region, nation and empire in Habsburg Jewish Bukovina"</a>. <i>Journal of Modern Jewish Studies</i>. <b>7</b> (3): 325–337. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14725880802405027">10.1080/14725880802405027</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142797383">142797383</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+Jewish+Studies&rft.atitle=Geography+is+destiny%3A+Region%2C+nation+and+empire+in+Habsburg+Jewish+Bukovina&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=325-337&rft.date=2008-10-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14725880802405027&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142797383%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=David+Rechter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F14725880802405027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iacobescu-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iacobescu_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iacobescu_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iacobescu_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iacobescu_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iacobescu_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIacobescu1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iacobescu, Mihai (1993). <i>Din istoria Bucovinei</i> [<i>From the history of Bukovina</i>] (in Romanian). Vol. 1. Bucharest. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-27-0448-9" title="Special:BookSources/973-27-0448-9"><bdi>973-27-0448-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Din+istoria+Bucovinei&rft.place=Bucharest&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=973-27-0448-9&rft.aulast=Iacobescu&rft.aufirst=Mihai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CB%5CU%5CBukovyna.htm">"Bukovyna"</a>. <i>Encyclopediaofukraine.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brasovtravelguide.ro&rft.atitle=Painted+monasteries+of+Southern+Bucovina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brasovtravelguide.ro%2Fen%2Fromania%2Fbucovina%2Fbucovinas-monastery.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scarecrow-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scarecrow_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarecrow_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarecrow_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarecrow_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarecrow_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarecrow_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarecrow_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarecrow_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarecrow_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarecrow_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarecrow_12-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarecrow_12-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarecrow_12-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarecrow_12-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarecrow_12-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarecrow_12-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarecrow_12-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarecrow_12-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarecrow_12-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarecrow_12-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarecrow_12-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarecrow_12-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarecrow_12-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarecrow_12-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarecrow_12-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarecrow_12-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvan_KatchanovskiKohutNebesioYurkevich2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Katchanovski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Katchanovski (page does not exist)">Ivan Katchanovski</a>; 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CU%5CMukharebellion.htm">the original</a> on 12 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bukovina+Immigration+to+North+America&rft.pub=Bukovinasociety.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bukovinasociety.org%2Fellingson-brzl-2001-a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050509082846/http://www.putna.ro/istorie/cronologia.htm">"Cronologie Concordantă șI Antologie de Texte"</a> [Concordant Chronology and Anthology of Texts] (in Romanian). 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Föderációs tervek az Osztrák-Magyar Monarchia átalakítására"</a> [127. Federation plans for the transformation of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy] (in Hungarian). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unibuc.ro/studies/Doctorate2012Ianuarie/Mihai%20Florin%20Razvan%20-%20Minoritatea%20ucrainiana%20din%20Romania/REZUMAT-FLORIN-RAZVAN-MIHAI.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minoritatea+ucrainean%C4%83+din+Rom%C3%A2nia+%281918%E2%80%931940%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unibuc.ro%2Fstudies%2FDoctorate2012Ianuarie%2FMihai%2520Florin%2520Razvan%2520-%2520Minoritatea%2520ucrainiana%2520din%2520Romania%2FREZUMAT-FLORIN-RAZVAN-MIHAI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNHCR+Moldova&rft.pub=Unhcr.md&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.md%2Farticle%2Fmasspop_ro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rri.ro/en_gb/the_genocide_of_romanians_in_northern_bukovina-2547072">"The Genocide of Romanians in Northern Bukovina"</a>. <i>Radio Romania International</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Romania+International&rft.atitle=The+Genocide+of+Romanians+in+Northern+Bukovina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rri.ro%2Fen_gb%2Fthe_genocide_of_romanians_in_northern_bukovina-2547072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonid Ryaboshapko. Pravove stanovishche natsionalnyh menshyn v Ukraini (1917–2000), P. 259 (in Ukrainian).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206091.pdf">"Bukovina"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Shoah Resource Center</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220072748/http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206091.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(in Romanian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPokrzyńska2010" class="citation book cs1">Pokrzyńska, Magdalena (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbc.uz.zgora.pl/dlibra/publication/64811/edition/58194"><i>Bukowińczycy w Polsce</i></a>. Zielona Góra: Oficyna Wydawnicza Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7481-383-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7481-383-9"><bdi>978-83-7481-383-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bukowi%C5%84czycy+w+Polsce&rft.place=Zielona+G%C3%B3ra&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Oficyna+Wydawnicza+Uniwersytetu+Zielonog%C3%B3rskiego&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-83-7481-383-9&rft.aulast=Pokrzy%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Magdalena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzbc.uz.zgora.pl%2Fdlibra%2Fpublication%2F64811%2Fedition%2F58194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180116135123/https://www.agerpres.ro/politica/2015/10/28/presedintele-iohannis-a-promulgat-legea-prin-care-data-de-28-noiembrie-este-declarata-ziua-bucovinei-18-51-31">"Președintele Iohannis a promulgat legea prin care data de 28 noiembrie este declarată Ziua"</a> [President Iohannis promulgated the law declaring 28 November as the Day.]. <i>Agerpres.ro</i> (in Romanian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agerpres.ro/politica/2015/10/28/presedintele-iohannis-a-promulgat-legea-prin-care-data-de-28-noiembrie-este-declarata-ziua-bucovinei-18-51-31">the original</a> on 16 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agerpres.ro&rft.atitle=Pre%C8%99edintele+Iohannis+a+promulgat+legea+prin+care+data+de+28+noiembrie+este+declarat%C4%83+Ziua.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agerpres.ro%2Fpolitica%2F2015%2F10%2F28%2Fpresedintele-iohannis-a-promulgat-legea-prin-care-data-de-28-noiembrie-este-declarata-ziua-bucovinei-18-51-31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ea.md/cine-este-autorul-legendarei-melodii-canta-cucu-n-bucovina-video/">"Cine este autorul legendarei melodii "Cântă cucu-n Bucovina" (Video)"</a>. <i>EA.md</i> (in Romanian). 20 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EA.md&rft.atitle=Cine+este+autorul+legendarei+melodii+%22C%C3%A2nt%C4%83+cucu-n+Bucovina%22+%28Video%29&rft.date=2017-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fea.md%2Fcine-este-autorul-legendarei-melodii-canta-cucu-n-bucovina-video%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Bukovina">"Bukovina | Ukraine, Romania, Map, & History | Britannica"</a>. 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Bucharest: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romanian Academy</a>. pp. 107–112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rom%C3%A2nii+%C8%99i+rutenii+%C3%AEn+Bucovina&rft.place=Bucharest&rft.pages=107-112&rft.pub=Romanian+Academy&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Nistor&rft.aufirst=Ion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller1848" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Müller, H F (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/diebukowinaimk00benduoft#page/8/mode/2up"><i>Die Bukowina im Königreiche Galizien</i></a> (in German). Wien: H.F. Müller's Kunsthandlung. p. 9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Bukowina+im+K%C3%B6nigreiche+Galizien&rft.place=Wien&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=H.F.+M%C3%BCller%27s+Kunsthandlung&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=H+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdiebukowinaimk00benduoft%23page%2F8%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewishgen-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jewishgen_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishgen_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/bukovina/buk001.html#Decline%20of%20Rumanian%20Nationality">Bukovina Handbook</a></i>, prepared under the Direction of the Historical Section of the British Foreign Office No.6. Published in London, Feb.1919.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnographic_map_of_austrian_monarchy_czoernig_1855.jpg" title="File:Ethnographic map of austrian monarchy czoernig 1855.jpg">1855 Austrian ethnic-map showing census data in lower right corner</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livezeanu2000-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livezeanu2000_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livezeanu2000_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrina_Livezeanu2000" class="citation book cs1">Irina Livezeanu (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ysbpAyJjoAC&pg=PA52"><i>Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building & Ethnic Struggle, 1918–1930</i></a>. Cornell University Press. pp. 52–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8688-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8688-2"><bdi>0-8014-8688-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Politics+in+Greater+Romania%3A+Regionalism%2C+Nation+Building+%26+Ethnic+Struggle%2C+1918%E2%80%931930&rft.pages=52-&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8014-8688-2&rft.au=Irina+Livezeanu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ysbpAyJjoAC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/1930_provincii_2.jpg">"1930 Romanian Census"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(JPG)</span>. <i>Upload.wikimedia.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Upload.wikimedia.org&rft.atitle=1930+Romanian+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2F0%2F02%2F1930_provincii_2.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ionas-rus-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ionas-rus_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ionas Aurelian Rus (2008), <i>Variables Affecting Nation-building: The Impact of the Ethnic Basis, the Educational System, Industrialization and Sudden Shocks</i>. <a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781109059632" title="Special:BookSources/9781109059632">9781109059632</a>. p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1855 Austrian ethnic-map showing 1851 census data in lower right corner <a href="/wiki/File:Ethnographic_map_of_austrian_monarchy_czoernig_1855.jpg" title="File:Ethnographic map of austrian monarchy czoernig 1855.jpg">File:Ethnographic map of austrian monarchy czoernig 1855.jpg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">First <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian">Austro-Hungarian</a> census measuring the 'language spoken at home' of the population <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://hauster.de/data/censusbuk1880.pdf">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian">Austro-Hungarian</a> census of 1890 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://hauster.de/data/censusbuk1890.pdf">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian">Austro-Hungarian</a> census of 1900 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://hauster.de/data/censusbuk1900.pdf">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eberhardt-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eberhardt_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Owsinski,_Piotr_Eberhardt" class="citation book cs1">Jan Owsinski, Piotr Eberhardt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jLfX1q3kJzgC&pg=PA295"><i>Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-Century Central-Eastern Europe</i></a>. 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Sharpe. pp. 295–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1833-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1833-7"><bdi>978-0-7656-1833-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+and+Population+Changes+in+Twentieth-Century+Central-Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=295-&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-1833-7&rft.au=Jan+Owsinski%2C+Piotr+Eberhardt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjLfX1q3kJzgC%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/">"All-Ukrainian population census|"</a>. Ukrcensus.gov.ua<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All-Ukrainian+population+census%26%23124%3B&rft.pub=Ukrcensus.gov.ua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrcensus.gov.ua%2Feng%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiberă2020" class="citation news cs1">Liberă, Europa (16 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romania.europalibera.org/a/romanii-din-ucraina-reclama-lipsa-de-interes-a-autoritatilor-de-la-bucuresti-/30729562.html">"Românii din Ucraina reclamă lipsa de interes a autorităților de la București"</a>. <i>Europa Liberă România</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europa+Liber%C4%83+Rom%C3%A2nia&rft.atitle=Rom%C3%A2nii+din+Ucraina+reclam%C4%83+lipsa+de+interes+a+autorit%C4%83%C8%9Bilor+de+la+Bucure%C8%99ti&rft.date=2020-07-16&rft.aulast=Liber%C4%83&rft.aufirst=Europa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fromania.europalibera.org%2Fa%2Fromanii-din-ucraina-reclama-lipsa-de-interes-a-autoritatilor-de-la-bucuresti-%2F30729562.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210703035149/http://cernauti.mae.ro/node/286">"Comunitatea românească din Ucraina | CONSULATUL GENERAL AL ROMÂNIEI în Cernăuți"</a>. <i>Cernauti.mae.ro</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cernauti.mae.ro/node/286">the original</a> on 3 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cernauti.mae.ro&rft.atitle=Comunitatea+rom%C3%A2neasc%C4%83+din+Ucraina+%26%23124%3B+CONSULATUL+GENERAL+AL+ROM%C3%82NIEI+%C3%AEn+Cern%C4%83u%C8%9Bi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcernauti.mae.ro%2Fnode%2F286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/ro/ziarecom-romanii-din-ucraina-sunt-divizati-romania-vazuta-in-presa-ca-un-vrajmas-la-fel-ca-rusia-interviu/a-17725042">"Ziare.com: Romanii din Ucraina sunt divizati. Romania, vazuta in presa ca un vrajmas, la fel ca Rusia Interviu"</a> [Ziare.com: Romanians in Ukraine are divided. Romania, seen in the press as an enemy, just like Russia Interview] (in Russian). DW. 20 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ziare.com%3A+Romanii+din+Ucraina+sunt+divizati.+Romania%2C+vazuta+in+presa+ca+un+vrajmas%2C+la+fel+ca+Rusia+Interviu&rft.pub=DW&rft.date=2014-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fro%2Fziarecom-romanii-din-ucraina-sunt-divizati-romania-vazuta-in-presa-ca-un-vrajmas-la-fel-ca-rusia-interviu%2Fa-17725042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-insse3-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-insse3_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Comunicat_DATE_PROVIZORII_RPL_2011.pdf">"Comunicat de presă privind rezultatele provizorii ale Recensământului Populației și Locuințelor – 2011"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190802060014/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Comunicat_DATE_PROVIZORII_RPL_2011.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-08-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, at the 2011 census site; accessed 2 February 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilson-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wilson_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Ukrainians: Engaging the 'Eastern Diaspora'". By <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wilson_(historian)" title="Andrew Wilson (historian)">Andrew Wilson</a>. (1999). In Charles King, Neil Melvin (Eds.) <i>Nations Abroad</i>. Wesview Press, p. 119. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3738-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3738-0">0-8133-3738-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anri-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anri_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calculated from statistics for the counties of Tulcea and Constanța from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172336/http://www.anr.gov.ro/docs/statistici/statistici/t1.pdf">"Populația după etnie la recensămintele din perioada 1930–2002, pe judete"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Romanian). Guvernul României — Agenția Națională pentru Romi. pp. 5–6, 13–14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anr.gov.ro/docs/statistici/statistici/t1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Popula%C8%9Bia+dup%C4%83+etnie+la+recens%C4%83mintele+din+perioada+1930%E2%80%932002%2C+pe+judete&rft.pages=5-6%2C+13-14&rft.pub=Guvernul+Rom%C3%A2niei+%E2%80%94+Agen%C8%9Bia+Na%C8%9Bional%C4%83+pentru+Romi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anr.gov.ro%2Fdocs%2Fstatistici%2Fstatistici%2Ft1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uur.ro-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uur.ro_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081230193516/http://www.uur.ro/frames.htm">"Union of Ukrainians in Romania website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uur.ro/frames.htm">the original</a> on 30 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Union+of+Ukrainians+in+Romania+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uur.ro%2Fframes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Derh-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Derh_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oleksandr Derhachov (editor), "Ukrainian Statehood in the Twentieth Century: Historical and Political Analysis", Chapter: "Ukraine in Romanian concepts of the foreign policy", 1996, Kiev <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/966-543-040-8" title="Special:BookSources/966-543-040-8">966-543-040-8</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentina_Glajar2004" class="citation book cs1">Valentina Glajar (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6qn1SsCbSAIC&pg=PA13"><i>The German Legacy in East Central Europe as Recorded in Recent German-language Literature</i></a>. Camden House. pp. 13–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-256-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-256-7"><bdi>978-1-57113-256-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Legacy+in+East+Central+Europe+as+Recorded+in+Recent+German-language+Literature&rft.pages=13-&rft.pub=Camden+House&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-57113-256-7&rft.au=Valentina+Glajar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6qn1SsCbSAIC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO._Derhachov1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">O. Derhachov, ed. (1996). <i>Українська державність у ХХ столітті. (Ukrainian statehood of the twentieth century)</i> (in Ukrainian). Politychna Dumka.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D1%83+%D0%A5%D0%A5+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96.+%28Ukrainian+statehood+of+the+twentieth+century%29&rft.pub=Politychna+Dumka&rft.date=1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071113170140/http://www.unibuc.ro/eBooks/istorie/istorie1918-1940/13-4.htm">13.4 Notele ultimate ale guvernului sovietic din 26–27 iunie și răspunsurile guvernului roman</a> (original version, in German – use English and French versions with caution)</li> <li>Dumitru Covălciuc. Românii nord-bucovineni în exilul totalitarismului sovietic</li> <li>Victor Bârsan "Masacrul inocenților", București, 1993, pp. 18–19</li> <li>Ștefan Purici. Represiunile sovietice... pp. 255–258;</li> <li>Vasile Ilica. Fântâna Albă: O mărturie de sânge (istorie, amintiri, mărturii). – Oradea: Editura Imprimeriei de Vest, 1999.</li> <li>Marian Olaru. Considerații preliminare despre demografie și geopolitică pe teritoriul Bucovinei. Analele Bucovinei. Tomul VIII. Partea I. București: Editura Academiei Române, 2001</li> <li>Țara fagilor: Almanah cultural-literar al românilor nord-bucovineni. Cernăuți-Târgu-Mureș, 1994</li> <li>Anița Nandris-Cudla. Amintiri din viață. 20 de ani în Siberia. Humanitas, Bucharest, 2006 (second edition), (in Romanian) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-50-1159-X" title="Special:BookSources/973-50-1159-X">973-50-1159-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.izmiracilambulans.com/"><i>Jews of Bukovina on the Eve of the War</i></a>. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9656508-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9656508-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9656508-0-9</bdi></a> – via Adapted by Dorcas Gelabert and Stephen Freeman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+of+Bukovina+on+the+Eve+of+the+War&rft.place=Secaucus%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Miriam+Weiner+Routes+to+Roots+Foundation&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-9656508-0-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.izmiracilambulans.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukovina&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bukovina#Q105206" class="extiw" title="voy:Bukovina">Bukovina</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage </p><p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bukovina" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bukovina">Bukovina</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bukovina" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bukovina">Bukovina</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Romanian <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ro:La_Bucovina" class="extiw" title="s:ro:La Bucovina">La Bucovina (Mihai Eminescu original poem in Romanian)</a> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110620192543/http://unknown-ukraine.co.uk/articles/chernivtsi-regionoblast">"Chernivtsi oblast (region) info page"</a>. <i>Travel information on Ukrainian (Northern) Bukovina</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unknown-ukraine.co.uk/articles/chernivtsi-regionoblast">the original</a> on 20 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travel+information+on+Ukrainian+%28Northern%29+Bukovina&rft.atitle=Chernivtsi+oblast+%28region%29+info+page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funknown-ukraine.co.uk%2Farticles%2Fchernivtsi-regionoblast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071113170140/http://www.unibuc.ro/eBooks/istorie/istorie1918-1940/13-4.htm">Ukrainian Census results</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English and Ukrainian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city.cv.ua/English/">City of Chernivtsy</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Ukrainian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmb.ro/ro">The Metropolitanate of Moldavia and Bucovina (Romanian Orthodox Church)</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071113170140/http://www.unibuc.ro/eBooks/istorie/istorie1918-1940/13-4.htm">"Soviet Ultimatum Notes (University of Bucharest site)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unibuc.ro/eBooks/istorie/istorie1918-1940/13-4.htm">the original</a> on November 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soviet+Ultimatum+Notes+%28University+of+Bucharest+site%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unibuc.ro%2FeBooks%2Fistorie%2Fistorie1918-1940%2F13-4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071113183940/http://noinu.rdscj.ro/article.php?articleID=149&document=1">"detailed article about WWII and aftermath"</a>. Archived from the original on 13 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=detailed+article+about+WWII+and+aftermath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnoinu.rdscj.ro%2Farticle.php%3FarticleID%3D149%26document%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukovina" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jgaliciabukovina.net/">JEWISH GALICIA & BUKOVINA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://true-romania.tours/top-12-places-bucovina-include-itinerary/">Things to do when visiting Bucovina</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanian_historical_regions" title="Template talk:Romanian historical regions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian_historical_regions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian historical regions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="24px&#124;link=&#124;alt=&#124;Flag_of_Romania_Historical_regions_in_Romania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Flag of Romania"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/24px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/36px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/48px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_Romania" title="Historical regions of Romania">Historical regions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CoA_Banat.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Banat"><img alt="Banat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/CoA_Banat.svg/15px-CoA_Banat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/CoA_Banat.svg/23px-CoA_Banat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/CoA_Banat.svg/30px-CoA_Banat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="619" /></a></span> (1918–)<sup>a</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Banat<sup>h</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stema_Dobrogei.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Dobruja"><img alt="Dobruja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stema_Dobrogei.png/15px-Stema_Dobrogei.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stema_Dobrogei.png/23px-Stema_Dobrogei.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stema_Dobrogei.png/30px-Stema_Dobrogei.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> (1878–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Dobruja" title="Northern Dobruja">Northern Dobruja</a><sup>c</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja" title="Southern Dobruja">Southern Dobruja</a> (1913–16; 1919–40)<sup>d</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moldavia"><img alt="Moldavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moldavia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> (1859–)<sup>b</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a><sup>e</sup> (1918–40; 1941–44)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budjak" title="Budjak">Budjak</a> (1918–40; 1941–44)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bukovina</a> (Southern Bukovina (1918–)<sup>f</sup>; Northern Bukovina (1918–40; 1941–44)<sup>f</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertsa_region" title="Hertsa region">Hertsa</a> (1859–1940; 1941–44)<sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Moldavia" title="Western Moldavia">Western Moldavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Transylvania"><img alt="Transylvania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> (1918–)<sup>a</sup><sup>g</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana" title="Crișana">Crișana</a><sup>h</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș</a><sup>i</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Székely Land</a><sup>j</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wallachia"><img alt="Wallachia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Wallachia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> (1859–)<sup>b</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muntenia" title="Muntenia">Muntenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>a</sup><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon"><i>De jure</i></a> since 1920</li> <li><sup>b</sup><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities"><i>De jure</i></a> since 1862</li> <li><sup>c</sup><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)"><i>De jure</i></a> ceded to Bulgaria and the Central Powers (except for the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a>) between May 1918 and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">November 1919</a></li> <li><sup>d</sup><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)"><i>De jure</i></a> ceded to Bulgaria between May 1918 and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">November 1919</a></li> <li><sup>e</sup><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bessarabia" title="Southern Bessarabia">Southern Bessarabia</a> in Romania (1859–78)</li> <li><sup>f</sup><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)"><i>De jure</i></a> since 1919</li> <li><sup>g</sup><a href="/wiki/Northern_Transylvania" title="Northern Transylvania">Northern Transylvania</a> in Hungary (1940–44)</li> <li><sup>h</sup>Only the eastern part</li> <li><sup>i</sup>Only the southern part</li> <li><sup>j</sup>Transylvania proper</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_regions_in_present-day_Ukraine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ukrainian_historical_regions" title="Template:Ukrainian historical regions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ukrainian_historical_regions" title="Template talk:Ukrainian historical regions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ukrainian_historical_regions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ukrainian historical regions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_regions_in_present-day_Ukraine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_in_present-day_Ukraine" title="Historical regions in present-day Ukraine">Historical regions in present-day Ukraine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographical regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Ukraine" title="Central Ukraine">Central Ukraine</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_Ukraine" title="Dnieper Ukraine">Dnieper Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-bank_Ukraine" title="Left-bank Ukraine">Left-bank Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-bank_Ukraine" title="Right-bank Ukraine">Right-bank Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polesia" title="Polesia">Polissia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severia" title="Severia">Siveria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryvbas" title="Kryvbas">Kryvbas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine" title="Eastern Ukraine">Eastern Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pryazovia" title="Pryazovia">Pryazovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloboda_Ukraine" title="Sloboda Ukraine">Sloboda Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_(region)" title="Zaporizhzhia (region)">Zaporizhzhia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ukraine" title="Southern Ukraine">Southern Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budjak" title="Budjak">Budjak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedisan" title="Yedisan">Yedisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novorossiya" title="Novorossiya">Novorossiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">Western Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82m_Land" title="Chełm Land">Chełm Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Halychyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertsa_region" title="Hertsa region">Hertsa region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodomeria" title="Lodomeria">Lodomeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddnistrianshchyna" title="Naddnistrianshchyna">Naddnistrianshchyna</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Maramure%C8%99" title="Northern Maramureș">Northern Maramorshchyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokuttia" title="Pokuttia">Pokuttia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prykarpattia" title="Prykarpattia">Prykarpattia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States and tribes of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a><br />and the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurica" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurica">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ono%C4%9Furs" class="mw-redirect" title="Onoğurs">Onoğurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazarig" title="Kazarig">Kazarig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Avar Khaganate">Avar Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principalities of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kyivan Rus'</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Chernigov" title="Principality of Chernigov">Chernigov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Halych" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Halych">Halych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Novgorod-Seversk" title="Principality of Novgorod-Seversk">Novhorod-Seversk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kyiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Kyiv">Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Terebovlia" title="Principality of Terebovlia">Terebovlia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Turov" title="Principality of Turov">Turov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Pereyaslavl" title="Principality of Pereyaslavl">Pereyaslav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Volhynia" title="Principality of Volhynia">Volhynia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Post-Mongol era</a> regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Principality of Theodoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ruthenia" title="Red Ruthenia">Red Ruthenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherven_Cities" title="Cherven Cities">Cherven Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Subdivisions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belz_Voivodeship" title="Belz Voivodeship">Belz Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brac%C5%82aw_Voivodeship" title="Bracław Voivodeship">Bracław Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernihiv_Voivodeship" title="Chernihiv Voivodeship">Chernihiv Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv Voivodeship">Kyiv Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podolian_Voivodeship" title="Podolian Voivodeship">Podolian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Voivodeship" title="Ruthenian Voivodeship">Ruthenian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volhynian_Voivodeship_(1569%E2%80%931795)" title="Volhynian Voivodeship (1569–1795)">Volhynian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Fields" title="Wild Fields">Wild Fields</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Ukraine" title="Ottoman Ukraine">Ottoman Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube Vilayet">Danube Vilayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefe_Eyalet" title="Kefe Eyalet">Kefe Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podolia_Eyalet" title="Podolia Eyalet">Podolia Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silistra_Eyalet" title="Silistra Eyalet">Silistra Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedisan" title="Yedisan">Yedisan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack</a> regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-bank_Ukraine" title="Right-bank Ukraine">Right-bank Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-bank_Ukraine" title="Left-bank Ukraine">Left-bank Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloboda_Ukraine" title="Sloboda Ukraine">Sloboda Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich" title="Zaporozhian Sich">Zaporozhian Sich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Russia" title="Little Russia">Little Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russian</a> regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Cossack_Host" title="Black Sea Cossack Host">Black Sea Cossack Host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Krai" title="Southwestern Krai">Southwestern Krai</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Military_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv Military District">Kyiv Military District</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv Governorate">Kyiv Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volhynian_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Volhynian Governorate">Volhynian Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podolia_Governorate" title="Podolia Governorate">Podolia Governorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabia_Governorate" title="Bessarabia Governorate">Bessarabia Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkov_Governorate" title="Kharkov Governorate">Kharkov Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Governorate_(1708%E2%80%9364)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv Governorate (1708–64)">Kyiv Governorate (1708–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Serbia_(historical_province)" title="New Serbia (historical province)">New Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavo-Serbia" title="Slavo-Serbia">Slavo-Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Russia_Governorate_(1764%E2%80%931781)" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Russia Governorate (1764–1781)">Little Russia Governorate (1764–1781)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Russia_Governorate_(1796%E2%80%931802)" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Russia Governorate (1796–1802)">Little Russia Governorate (1796–1802)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volhynian_Viceroyalty" title="Volhynian Viceroyalty">Volhynian Viceroyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltava_Governorate" title="Poltava Governorate">Poltava Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernihiv_Governorate" title="Chernihiv Governorate">Chernihiv Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholm_Governorate_(Russian_Empire)" title="Kholm Governorate (Russian Empire)">Kholm Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkov_Governorate" title="Kharkov Governorate">Kharkov Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurida_Governorate" title="Taurida Governorate">Taurida Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novorossiya_Governorate" title="Novorossiya Governorate">Novorossiya Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterinoslav_Governorate" title="Yekaterinoslav Governorate">Yekaterinoslav Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherson_Governorate" title="Kherson Governorate">Kherson Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolayev_War_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolayev War Governorate (page does not exist)">Nikolayev War Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradonachalstvo" title="Gradonachalstvo">Gradonachalstvo</a> <ul><li>Odessa</li> <li>Izmail</li> <li>Nikolayev</li> <li>Sevastopol</li> <li>Feodosia</li> <li>Kerch-Yenikale</li> <li>Yalta</li> <li>Taganrog</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bukovina" title="Duchy of Bukovina">Duchy of Bukovina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th-century regions and states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemko_Republic" title="Lemko Republic">Lemko Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutsul_Republic" title="Hutsul Republic">Hutsul Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian ASSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drohobych_Oblast" title="Drohobych Oblast">Drohobych Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izmail_Oblast" title="Izmail Oblast">Izmail Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Oblast">Crimean Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Voivodeship" title="Lwów Voivodeship">Lviv Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarnopol_Voivodeship" title="Tarnopol Voivodeship">Ternopil Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wo%C5%82y%C5%84_Voivodeship_(1921%E2%80%931939)" title="Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–1939)">Volyn Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%C3%B3w_Voivodeship" title="Stanisławów Voivodeship">Stanyslaviv Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Ukraine" title="Carpatho-Ukraine">Carpatho-Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Subcarpathia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorate of Subcarpathia">Governorate of Subcarpathia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharkiv Governorate">Kharkiv Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Galicia" title="District of Galicia">Distrikt Galizien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_in_present-day_Ukraine#Traditional_regions" title="Historical regions in present-day Ukraine">Ethno-Ukrainian regions abroad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Ukraine" title="Green Ukraine">Green Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Ukraine" title="Grey Ukraine">Grey Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82m" title="Chełm">Kholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban">Kuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemko_Region" title="Lemko Region">Lemko Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Southern Maramorshchyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov" title="Prešov">Priashiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_(river)" title="San (river)">Sian River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Ukraine" title="Yellow Ukraine">Yellow Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105206#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4008861-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh88001430">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bukovina (Rumunsko a Ukrajina)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134091&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007534359505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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