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<!doctype html> <html xml:lang="en" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <title>Catalog A-Z Index < Lehigh University</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta name="description" content="Catalog A-Z Index" /> <meta name="keywords" content="catalog a-z index" /> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/search/opensearch.xml" title="Catalog" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0" /> <link href="/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/reset.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/fonts/font-awesome/font-awesome.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/courseleaf.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/fonts.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/screen.css?v=20220913" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/handheld.css" media="only screen and (max-width: 767px)" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/print.css" media="print" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/jquery.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/js/lfjs.css" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/lfjs.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/lfjs_any.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/courseleaf.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/custom.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-9082157-1']); _gaq.push(['_setDomainName', 'lehigh.edu']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 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href="/graduatestudyandresearch/admissiontograduatestudy/">Admission to Graduate Study</a></li> <li><a href="/informationofgeneralinterest/advancedplacement/">Advanced Placement</a></li> <li><a href="/graduatestudyandresearch/researchcentersandinstitutes/advancedtechnologyforlargestructuralsystemsatlssresearchcenter/">Advanced Technology For Large Structural Systems (ATLSS) Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/undergraduatestudies/graduationrequirements/advisement/">Advisement</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/artsandsciences/africanastudies/">Africana Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/aas/">Africana Studies (AAS) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/informationofgeneralinterest/financialaid/aidfromthegovernment/">Aid from the Government</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/amst/">American Studies (AMST) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/overviewfrompastandpresent/">An Overview from Past and Present</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/anth/">Anthropology (ANTH) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/undergraduatestudies/guidetoacademicrulesandregulations/applicationfordegree/">Application for Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/informationofgeneralinterest/financialaid/applicationprocedures/">Application Procedures</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/engineeringandappliedscience/appliedscience/">Applied Science</a></li> <li><a href="/undergraduatestudies/apprenticeteaching/">Apprentice Teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/arab/">Arabic (ARAB) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/arch/">Architecture (ARCH) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/artsandsciences/artarchitectureanddesign/">Art, Architecture, and Design</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/art/">Art (ART) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/arts/">Arts (ARTS) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/engineeringandappliedscience/artsengineering/">Arts-Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/artsandsciences/asianstudies/">Asian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/asia/">Asian Studies (ASIA) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/artsandsciences/astronomyandastrophysics/">Astronomy and Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/astr/">Astronomy (ASTR) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/overviewfrompastandpresent/athleticandconvocationalfacilities/">Athletic and Convocational Facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/informationofgeneralinterest/financialaid/availabilityofjobs/">Availability of Jobs</a></li> </ul> <h2 class="letternav-head" id='B'>B</h2> <ul> <li><a href="/graduatestudyandresearch/researchcentersandinstitutes/bakerinstituteforentrepreneurshipcreativityandinnovation/">Baker Institute for Entrepreneurship, Creativity and Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/informationofgeneralinterest/billingandpayments/">Billing and Payments</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/artsandsciences/biochemistry/">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/bioc/">Biocomputational Engineering (BIOC) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/engineeringandappliedscience/bioengineeringprogram/">Bioengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/bioe/">Bio Engineering (BIOE) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/artsandsciences/biologicalsciences/">Biological Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/bios/">Biological Sciences (BIOS) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/artsandsciences/biology/">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/bsta/">Biostatistics (BSTA) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/administrationfacultyandstaff/boardoftrustees/">Board of Trustees</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/businessandeconomics/business/">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/businessandeconomics/businessanalytics/">Business Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/buan/">Business Analytics (BUAN) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/businessandeconomics/businesseconomicsgraduatecourses/">Business and Economics Graduate Programs and Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/bus/">Business (BUS) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/bzx/">Business Co-Curriculum (BZX) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/buhe/">Business & Health (BUHE) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/businessandeconomics/businessinformationsystems/">Business Information Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/bis/">Business Information Systems (BIS) Courses</a></li> </ul> <h2 class="letternav-head" id='C'>C</h2> <ul> <li><a href="/overviewfrompastandpresent/campuslandmarks/">Campus Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/cat/">Catastrophe Modeling (CAT) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/graduatestudyandresearch/researchcentersandinstitutes/cdmsa/">Center for Digital Marketing Strategy and Analytics (C-DMSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/graduatestudyandresearch/researchcentersandinstitutes/centerforethics/">Center for Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/graduatestudyandresearch/researchcentersandinstitutes/cfs/">Center for Financial Services (CFS)</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/engineeringandappliedscience/chemicalengineering/">Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/che/">Chemical Engineering (CHE) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/artsandsciences/chemistry/">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/chm/">Chemistry (CHM) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/graduatestudyandresearch/researchcentersandinstitutes/ceph/">Children's Environmental Precision Institute (CEPH)</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/chin/">Chinese (CHIN) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/engineeringandappliedscience/civilandenvironmentalengineering/">Civil and Environmental Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/engineeringandappliedscience/civilandenvironmentalengineeringandearthandenvironmentalsciences/">Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth and Environmental Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/cee/">Civil & Environmental Engineering (CEE) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/clss/">Classics (CLSS) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/informationofgeneralinterest/clubsports/">Club Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/artsandsciences/cognitivescience/">Cognitive Science</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/cogs/">Cognitive Science (COGS) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/artsandsciences/">College of Arts & Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/businessandeconomics/">College of Business</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/education/">College of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/administrationfacultyandstaff/collegeoffices/">College Offices</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/health/">College of Health</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/comm/">Communication (COMM) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/cgh/">Community and Global Health (CGH) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/health/communityandpopulationhealth/">Community and Population Health</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/education/comparativeandinternationaleducation/"> Comparative and International Education</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/cie/">Comparative and International Education (CIE) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/engineeringandappliedscience/computerengineering/">Computer Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/csb/">Computer Science and Business (CSB) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/interdisciplinaryundergraduatestudy/computerscienceandbusinessprogram/">Computer Science and Business Honors Program</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/engineeringandappliedscience/computerscienceandengineering/">Computer Science and Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/cse/">Computer Science & Engineering (CSE) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/universityresources/libraryandtechnologyservices/computing/">Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/engineeringandappliedscience/cooperativegraduateeducation/">Cooperative Graduate Education</a></li> <li><a href="/informationofgeneralinterest/costofattendance/">Cost of Attendance</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/education/counselingpsychology/">Counseling Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/cpsy/">Counseling Psychology (CPSY) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/undergraduatestudies/guidetoacademicrulesandregulations/courseauditing/">Course Auditing</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/">Course Listing</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/">Courses, Programs and Curricula</a></li> <li><a href="/undergraduatestudies/guidetoacademicrulesandregulations/coursewithdrawal/">Course Withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/cinq/">Creative Inquiry (CINQ) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/undergraduatestudies/creditbyexamination/">Credit by Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/undergraduatestudies/curricularflexibility/">Curricular Flexibility - Transfer Between Colleges</a></li> </ul> <h2 class="letternav-head" id='D'>D</h2> <ul> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/engineeringandappliedscience/datascience/">Data Science</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/dsci/">Data Science (DSCI) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/dta/">Decision and Tech. Analytics (DTA) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/undergraduatestudies/guidetoacademicrulesandregulations/definitionsofgrades/">Definitions of Grades</a></li> <li><a href="/graduatestudyandresearch/degreeinformation/">Degree Information</a></li> <li><a href="/undergraduatestudies/guidetoacademicrulesandregulations/departmenthonors/">Department Honors</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/desu/">Desales University (DESU) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/des/">Design (DES) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/doc/">Documentary Storymaking (DOC) Courses</a></li> </ul> <h2 class="letternav-head" id='E'>E</h2> <ul> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/artsandsciences/earthandenvironmentalsciences/">Earth and Environmental Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/ees/">Earth & Environmental Science (EES) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/eck/">Eckardt Scholar Seminar (ECK) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/artsandsciences/eckardtscholarsprogram/">Eckardt Scholars Program</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/businessandeconomics/economics/">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/eco/">Economics (ECO) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/education/educationalleadership/">Educational Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/education/education/">Education and Human Services</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/educ/">Education (EDUC) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/edl/">Education Leadership (EDL) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/engineeringandappliedscience/electricalandcomputerengineering/">Electrical and Computer Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/ece/">Electrical & Computer Engineering (ECE) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/engineeringandappliedscience/electricalengineeringandengineeringphysics/">Electrical Engineering and Engineering Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/undergraduatestudies/guidetoacademicrulesandregulations/eligibilityfordegree/">Eligibility for Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/graduatestudyandresearch/researchcentersandinstitutes/emulsionpolymersinstitute/">Emulsion Polymers Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/graduatestudyandresearch/researchcentersandinstitutes/energyresearchcenter/">Energy Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/engineeringandappliedscience/energy_systems_engineering/">Energy Systems Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/ese/">Energy Systems Engineering (ESE) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/engineeringandappliedscience/engineering/">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/engr/">Engineering (ENGR) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/ema/">Engineering Mathematics (EMA) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/emc/">Engineering Minor Course (EMC) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/artsandsciences/english/">English</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/engl/">English (ENGL) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/eslp/">English Second Language Program (ESLP) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/graduatestudyandresearch/researchcentersandinstitutes/enterprisesystemscenteresc/">Enterprise Systems Center (ESC)</a></li> <li><a href="/informationofgeneralinterest/entranceexaminations/">Entrance Examinations</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/businessandeconomics/entrepreneurship/">Entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/entp/">Entrepreneurship (ENTP) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/artsandsciences/environmentalinitiative/">Environmental Initiative, Environmental Studies & Environmental Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/interdisciplinarygraduatestudyandresearch/environmentalpolicydesign/">Environmental Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/es/">Environmental Studies (ES) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/evst/">Environmental Studies (EVST) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/epi/">Epidemiology (EPI) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/informationofgeneralinterest/estimateofexpenseforundergraduates/">Estimate of Expense for Undergraduates</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/artsandsciences/ethics/">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/eth/">Ethics (ETH) Courses</a></li> </ul> <h2 class="letternav-head" id='F'>F</h2> <ul> <li><a href="/universityresources/facultydevelopment/">Faculty Development</a></li> <li><a href="/universityresources/officeofinternationalaffairs/fellowshipadvising/">Fellowship Advising</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/artsandsciences/filmanddocumentarystudies/">Film and Documentary Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/film/">Film Studies (FILM) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/businessandeconomics/finance/">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/fin/">Finance (FIN) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/graduatestudyandresearch/financialaid/">Financial Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/informationofgeneralinterest/financialaid/">Financial Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/interdisciplinarygraduatestudyandresearch/analyticalfinance/">Financial Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/businessandeconomics/financialtechnology/">Financial Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/informationofgeneralinterest/fitness/">Fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/undergraduatestudies/graduationrequirements/fiveyearprograms/">Five-Year, Two-Bachelor-Degree Programs</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/fren/">French (FREN) Courses</a></li> </ul> <h2 class="letternav-head" id='G'>G</h2> <ul> <li><a href="/undergraduatestudies/thegeneralcollegedivision/">General College Division</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/germ/">German (GERM) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/gcp/">Global Citizen Program (GCP) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/interdisciplinaryundergraduatestudy/globalcitizenship/">Global Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/graduatestudyandresearch/researchcentersandinstitutes/globalislamicstudiescenterfor/">Global Islamic Studies, Center for</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/artsandsciences/globalstudies/">Global Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/gs/">Global Studies (GS) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/universityresources/officeofinternationalaffairs/globalunion/">Global Union</a></li> <li><a href="/graduatestudyandresearch/researchcentersandinstitutes/murrayhgoodmancenterforrealestatestudies/">Goodman Center for Real Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/gben/">Graduate Business Entrepreneurship (GBEN) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/gbus/">Graduate Business (GBUS) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/interdisciplinarygraduatestudyandresearch/graduatecertificates/">Graduate Certificates in Arts and Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/interdisciplinarygraduatestudyandresearch/graduatecertificatesengineering/">Graduate Certificates in Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/coursesprogramsandcurricula/interdisciplinarygraduatestudyandresearch/graduatecertificatesintercollegiate/">Graduate Certificates in Intercollegiate Programs</a></li> <li><a href="/graduatestudyandresearch/graduatecreditandgrades/">Graduate Credit and Grades</a></li> <li><a href="/graduatestudyandresearch/graduateleaveofabsence/">Graduate Leave of Absence</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/mba/">Graduate MBA Core (MBA) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/graduatestudyandresearch/graduatestudiesorganizations/">Graduate Studies Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/graduatestudyandresearch/">Graduate Study and Research</a></li> <li><a href="/graduatestudyandresearch/graduatewithdrawalnon-returning/">Graduate Withdrawal Non-Returning</a></li> <li><a href="/graduatestudyandresearch/graduation/">Graduation</a></li> <li><a href="/undergraduatestudies/guidetoacademicrulesandregulations/graduationhonors/">Graduation Honors</a></li> <li><a href="/undergraduatestudies/graduationrequirements/">Graduation Requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/grk/">Greek (GRK) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/undergraduatestudies/guidelinesforundergraduatestotakegraduatelevelcourses/">Guidelines for Undergraduates to Take Graduate Level Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/undergraduatestudies/guidetoacademicrulesandregulations/">Guide to Academic Rules and Regulations</a></li> </ul> <h2 class="letternav-head" id='H'>H</h2> <ul> <li><a href="/courselisting/hlth/">Health (HLTH) Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/courselisting/hit/">Health Innovation & Technology (HIT) Courses</a></li> <li><a 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