CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Laity - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"cd3c25f1-8780-40e2-9ef5-fa2360a3b9e0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Laity","wgTitle":"Laity","wgCurRevisionId":1258986509,"wgRevisionId":1258986509,"wgArticleId":353930,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: archived copy as title","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from April 2024","Articles containing Greek-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022","Articles to be split from November 2024","All articles to be split","All pages needing factual verification","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2020", "Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2021","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","CS1 errors: URL","Articles containing Tagalog-language text","Religious terminology"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Laity","wgRelevantArticleId":353930,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000, "wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q15407657","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Laity - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laity"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laity"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Laity rootpage-Laity skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Laity" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Laity" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Laity" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Laity" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_laity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_laity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Christian laity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christian_laity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Christian laity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Christian_laity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vatican_II_afterwards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vatican_II_afterwards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Vatican II afterwards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vatican_II_afterwards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthodox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Orthodox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Protestantism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anglicanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglicanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Anglicanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglicanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Methodism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lay_ministry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lay_ministry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2.1</span> <span>Lay ministry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lay_ministry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ministry_of_the_laity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ministry_of_the_laity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2.2</span> <span>Ministry of the laity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ministry_of_the_laity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship_leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship_leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2.3</span> <span>Worship leader</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worship_leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presbyterianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presbyterianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Presbyterianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presbyterianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lay_Buddhists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lay_Buddhists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lay Buddhists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lay_Buddhists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faith_at_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faith_at_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Faith at work</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Faith_at_work-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Faith at work subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Faith_at_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_Gospel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_Gospel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Social Gospel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_Gospel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ministry_of_the_Laity_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ministry_of_the_Laity_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ministry of the Laity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ministry_of_the_Laity_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faith_at_Work_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faith_at_Work_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Faith at Work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faith_at_Work_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workplace_as_a_mission_field" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workplace_as_a_mission_field"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Workplace as a mission field</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workplace_as_a_mission_field-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_Catholic_theology_of_the_laity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Catholic_theology_of_the_laity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Roman Catholic theology of the laity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Catholic_theology_of_the_laity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Laity</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_(%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A)" title="علماني (مصطلح كنسي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علماني (مصطلح كنسي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laiti" title="Laiti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Laiti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laik" title="Laik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Laik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C3%AFcat" title="Laïcat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Laïcat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laik" title="Laik – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Laik" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laie_(Religion)" title="Laie (Religion) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Laie (Religion)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Λαϊκοί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λαϊκοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laiko,_laikeco,_laikismo" title="Laiko, laikeco, laikismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Laiko, laikeco, laikismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C3%AFcat" title="Laïcat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Laïcat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laico" title="Laico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Laico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%89%EC%8B%A0%EB%8F%84" title="평신도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="평신도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laik" title="Laik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Laik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaum_awam" title="Kaum awam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kaum awam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laicato" title="Laicato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Laicato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99" title="עמאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עמאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasaulietis" title="Pasaulietis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pasaulietis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laikus" title="Laikus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Laikus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C3%AEka" title="Laîka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Laîka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E4%BF%A1%E5%BE%92" title="平信徒 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="平信徒" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lekmann" title="Lekmann – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lekmann" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wierni_%C5%9Bwieccy" title="Wierni świeccy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wierni świeccy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigo" title="Leigo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leigo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laic" title="Laic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Laic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Мирянин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мирянин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laik" title="Laik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Laik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maallikko" title="Maallikko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maallikko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lekman" title="Lekman – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lekman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layko" title="Layko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Layko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laikat" title="Laikat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Laikat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Мирянин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мирянин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_d%C3%A2n" title="Giáo dân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo dân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E4%BF%A1%E5%BE%92" title="平信徒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="平信徒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E4%BF%A1%E5%BE%92" title="平信徒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="平信徒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15407657#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laity" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Laity" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laity"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laity"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Laity" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Laity" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&oldid=1258986509" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Laity&id=1258986509&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLaity"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLaity"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Laity&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15407657" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Members of a religious organization who are not part of the clergy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Layman" redirects here. For the community, see <a href="/wiki/Layman,_Ohio" title="Layman, Ohio">Layman, Ohio</a>. For the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Layman_(surname)" title="Layman (surname)">Layman (surname)</a>. For the butterfly, see <a href="/wiki/Amauris_albimaculata" title="Amauris albimaculata"><i>Amauris albimaculata</i></a>.</div> <p> In <a href="/wiki/Religious_organization" title="Religious organization">religious organizations</a>, the <b>laity</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>) consists of all <a href="/wiki/Church_membership" title="Church membership">members</a> who are not part of the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>, usually including any non-<a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordained</a> members of <a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">religious orders</a>, e.g. a <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nun</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Lay_brother" title="Lay brother">lay brother</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-free_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-free-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both religious and wider <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> usage, a <b>layperson</b> (also <b>layman</b> or <b>laywoman</b>) is a person who is not qualified in a given profession or does not have specific knowledge of a certain subject.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase "<a href="/wiki/Layman%27s_terms" class="mw-redirect" title="Layman's terms">layman's terms</a>" is used to refer to plain language that is understandable to the everyday person, as opposed to specialised terminology understood only by a professional.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Terms such as <i>lay priest</i>, <i>lay clergy</i> and <i>lay nun</i> were once used in certain <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> cultures, especially Japanese, to indicate ordained persons who continued to live in the wider community instead of retiring to a <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a>. Some Christian churches utilise <a href="/wiki/Lay_preacher" title="Lay preacher">lay preachers</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">preach</a> but are not clergy. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> uses the term <i>lay priesthood</i> to emphasise that its local congregational leaders are unpaid.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>laity</i> means "common people" and comes from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">λαϊκός</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">laikos</i></span>, meaning "of the people", from <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">λαός</span></span>, <i>laos</i>, meaning "people" at large.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>lay</i> (part of <i>layperson</i>, etc.) derives from the Greek word via Anglo-French <i>lai</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> <i>laicus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-free_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-free-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_laity">Christian laity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Christian laity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaxholms_kyrka_4913_(22766728793).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Vaxholms_kyrka_4913_%2822766728793%29.jpg/220px-Vaxholms_kyrka_4913_%2822766728793%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Vaxholms_kyrka_4913_%2822766728793%29.jpg/330px-Vaxholms_kyrka_4913_%2822766728793%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Vaxholms_kyrka_4913_%2822766728793%29.jpg/440px-Vaxholms_kyrka_4913_%2822766728793%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3256" data-file-height="3256" /></a><figcaption>The person stood in the <a href="/wiki/Pulpit" title="Pulpit">pulpit</a> wearing <a href="/wiki/Vestments" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestments">vestments</a> is a cleric, whereas the people seated below are of the laity.</figcaption></figure> <p>In many <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> churches, anyone who is not ordained as a <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> is referred to as a layman or a laywoman.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_laity_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_laity-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-ordained <a href="/wiki/Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Preachers">preachers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lay_reader" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay reader">readers</a> are considered part of the laity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_Church">Catholic Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Catholic laity</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> (1962–1965) devoted its decree on the apostolate of the laity <i>Apostolicam actuositatem</i><sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_laity_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_laity-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and chapter IV of its dogmatic constitution <i><a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a></i> to the laity in a sense narrower than that which is normal in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. The normal definition of laity is that given in the <a href="/wiki/Canon_law#Catholic_Church" title="Canon law">Code of Canon Law</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By divine institution, there are among the Christian faithful in the Church sacred ministers who in law are also called clerics; the other members of the Christian faithful are called lay persons. There are members of the Christian faithful from both these groups who, through the profession of the evangelical counsels by means of vows or other sacred bonds recognized and sanctioned by the Church, are consecrated to God in their own special way and contribute to the salvific mission of the Church; although their state does not belong to the hierarchical structure of the Church, it nevertheless belongs to its life and holiness.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The narrower sense in which the Second Vatican Council gave instruction concerning the laity is as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The term laity is here understood to mean all the faithful except those in holy orders and those in the state of religious life specially approved by the Church. These faithful are by baptism made one body with Christ and are constituted among the People of God; they are in their own way made sharers in the priestly, prophetical, and kingly functions of Christ; and they carry out for their own part the mission of the whole Christian people in the Church and in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-LG31_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LG31-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In this narrower sense, the Council taught that the laity's specific character is secularity: they are Christians who live the life of Christ in the world. Their role is to sanctify the created world by directing it to become more Christian in its structures and systems: "the laity, by their very vocation, seek the kingdom of God by engaging in temporal affairs and by ordering them according to the plan of God".<sup id="cite_ref-LG31_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LG31-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The laity are full members of the Church, fully share in Church's purpose of sanctification, of "inner union of men with God",<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> acting with freedom and personal responsibility and not as mere agents of the hierarchy. Due to their <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, they are members of God's family, the Church, and they grow in intimate union with God, "in" and "by means" of the world. It is not a matter of departing from the world as the monks and the nuns do that they sanctify themselves; it is precisely through the material world sanctified by the coming of the God made flesh, i.e. made material, that they reach God. Doctors, mothers of a family, farmers, bank tellers, drivers, by doing their jobs in the world with a Christian spirit are already extending the Kingdom of God. According to the repeated statements of Popes and lay Catholic leaders, the laity should say "we are the Church," in the same way that the saints said that "Christ lives in me."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lay involvement takes diverse forms, including participation in the life of the parish, <a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">confraternities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lay_apostolate" title="Lay apostolate">lay apostolates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secular_institute" title="Secular institute">secular institutes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_lay_ecclesial_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic lay ecclesial movement">lay ecclesial movements</a>. There are also <a href="/wiki/Lay_ecclesial_ministry" title="Lay ecclesial ministry">lay ecclesiastical ministries</a>, and where there is a <a href="/wiki/Priest_shortage" class="mw-redirect" title="Priest shortage">priest shortage</a>, lay people have to take on some functions previously performed by priests. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vatican_II_afterwards">Vatican II afterwards</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vatican II afterwards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Pope_Francis#Clericalism" title="Theology of Pope Francis">Theology of Pope Francis § Clericalism</a></div> <p>In December 1977, "A Chicago Declaration of Christian Concern" was published. The declaration looked back a decade to the Vatican Council II with appreciation for its "compelling vision of lay Christians in society." As the Declaration interpreted it, the Council viewed the laity's "special vocation" as being the "leaven" for the "sanctification of the world" in their "secular professions and occupations". However, lamented the Declaration, the council's vision has "all but vanished" from the church. </p><p>The Declaration was signed by forty-seven clergy, religious, and laity that included men and women in many occupations, and it served as the charter for the National Center for the Laity (NCL).<sup id="cite_ref-catholiclabor.org_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholiclabor.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NCL helps lay Catholics respond to their call to change the world through their daily activities and regular responsibilities,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it publishes a monthly online newsletter <i>Initiatives: In Support of Christians in the World.</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Initiatives: In Support of Christians in the World</i> (January 2015) rejoiced that "50 Years since Vatican II" the increased <a href="/wiki/Lay_ministry" title="Lay ministry">lay ministry</a> in parishes has "brought fresh vitality". However, the newsletter lamented "the neglect of formation for the lay apostolate in the world". </p><p>Pope Francis is quoted as confirming this lament. Priests tend to "clericalize the laity" and view their ministry as only "within the Church," discounting their "workaday" ministry.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the start of his papacy Francis called for structural change in the Church which will foster the responsibility of the laity now held "at the edge of the decisions" by  "excessive clericalism", and to "create still broader opportunities for a more incisive female presence in the Church". The "missionary transformation of the Church" is seen by some as "the goal of this pontificate",<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with all the baptized becoming "missionary disciples",<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthodox">Orthodox</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Orthodox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">Orthodox Church in America</a>'s web site has eleven articles regarding its Theology of Lay Ministries.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "lay ministries" refers to all the "people of God" (from the Greek <i>laos tou Theou</i>) including the ordained.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, every Christian has a vocation to ministry. A minority are called to ecclesiastical ministries. The majority are called to serve God and their fellow human beings in some way in the "everyday secular world".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Orthodox Church's assertion that all Christians are "appointed" as ministers is based on Scripture (1 Peter 2:9<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>. The ministry of the laity complements the ministry of the priest in their daily lives in their families, their communities, their work: "in whatever circumstances they find themselves". The most important "lay ministry" can be done anonymously. What one's ministry is depends on the abilities of the person: "landscaping, carpentry, writing, counseling, child care, sports, music, teaching, or just being a good listener".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relation within the laity as the "people of God" between those who are ordained priests and those not ordained is one of cooperation in three areas: (1) in the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a>, (2) Church administration, and (3) service (ministry) to others.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of the church's teaching about the ministry of the laity in the world, the church gives more recognition to ministry within the institutional church. The "daily ministry" of the laity in their work, in their homes, and in their recreation remains hidden. Priests may intend to support their parishioners' daily ministry, but their priority tends to be recruiting volunteers for the church's programs.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Anglicanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> tradition, all baptized persons are expected to minister in Christ's name. The orders of ministry are thus laypersons, <a href="/wiki/Licensed_lay_minister" title="Licensed lay minister">licensed lay ministers</a> (or readers), deacons, priests, and bishops.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ministry of the laity is "to represent Christ and his Church; to bear witness to him wherever they may be; and, according to the gifts given them, to carry on Christ's work of reconciliation in the world; and to take their place in the life, worship, and governance of the Church".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the ministry of the laity thus takes place outside official church structures in homes, workplaces, schools, and elsewhere. It is "through their continuous participation in political, economic, educational, and kinship institutions" that the laity "powerfully influence the character of these institutions".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laymen also play important roles in the structures of the church. There are elected lay representatives on the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England#Structure" title="Church of England">various governing bodies</a> of churches in the Anglican communion. In the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, these governing bodies range from a local <a href="/wiki/Parochial_church_council" title="Parochial church council">parochial church council</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Deanery" title="Deanery">Deanery</a> Synods and <a href="/wiki/Diocesan_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocesan Synod">Diocesan Synods</a>. At the topmost level, the <a href="/wiki/General_Synod" title="General Synod">General Synod</a> includes a house of Laity. Likewise, in the Episcopal Church in the USA, the <a href="/wiki/General_Convention_of_the_Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" title="General Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America">General Convention</a> includes four lay persons from each <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> in the House of Deputies, and each diocesan convention includes lay delegates from the parishes.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the local <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parish</a> level, lay persons are elected to a church council called a <a href="/wiki/Vestry" title="Vestry">vestry</a> which manages church finances and elects the parish <a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">rector</a>. </p><p>Parish musicians, bookkeepers, administrative assistants, <a href="/wiki/Sexton_(office)" title="Sexton (office)">sextons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacristan" title="Sacristan">sacristans</a>, etc., are all roles normally filled by lay persons. At higher levels, diocesan and national offices rely on lay persons in many important areas of responsibility. Often specialized ministries as campus ministers, youth ministers, or hospital chaplains are performed by lay persons. </p><p>Lay persons serve in worship services in a number of important positions, including <a href="/wiki/Verger" title="Verger">vergers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acolyte" title="Acolyte">acolytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lector" title="Lector">lectors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intercessor" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercessor">intercessors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_usher" title="Church usher">ushers</a>. Acolytes include <a href="/wiki/Torch" title="Torch">torch</a> bearers, <a href="/wiki/Crucifer" title="Crucifer">crucifers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thurifer" class="mw-redirect" title="Thurifer">thurifers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boat_boy" class="mw-redirect" title="Boat boy">boat bearers</a>. Lectors read the lessons from the Bible appointed for the day (except for the Gospel reading, which is read by a Deacon), and may also lead the Prayers of the People. </p><p>Some specialized lay ministries require special licensing by the bishop: the ministries which require a license vary from province to province. In the Episcopal Church, there are six specialized lay ministries requiring a license: Pastoral Leader, Worship Leader, Preacher, Eucharistic Minister, Eucharistic Visitor, and Catechist.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Methodism">Methodism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Methodism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Lay_ministry">Lay ministry</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lay ministry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Methodist_local_preacher" title="Methodist local preacher">Methodist local preacher</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Circuit_rider_(religious)" title="Circuit rider (religious)">Circuit rider (religious)</a></div> <p>An early tradition of preaching in the <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> churches was for a lay preacher to be appointed to lead services of worship and preach in a group (called a <a href="/wiki/Methodist_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist circuit">circuit</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Preaching_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Preaching house">preaching houses</a> or churches. The lay preacher walked or rode on horseback in a prescribed circuit of the preaching places according to an agreed pattern and timing, and people came to the meetings. After the appointment of ministers and pastors, this lay preaching tradition continued with <a href="/wiki/Methodist_local_preacher" title="Methodist local preacher">local preachers</a> being appointed by individual churches, and in turn approved and invited by nearby churches, as an adjunct to the minister or during their planned absences.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a> recognizes two types of lay ministries. One is a "lay servant ministry" of (a) assisting or leading local church meetings and worship or of (b) serving as lay missioners to begin new work within the church that requires special training.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other type is the "ministry of the laity" in their daily lives.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to being appointed by members of their local churches, local and certified <a href="/wiki/Lay_speaker" title="Lay speaker">lay speakers</a> of the United Methodist Church (more commonly in the United States) attend a series of training sessions. These training sessions prepare the individual to become a leader within the church.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All individuals who are full members of the church are laity, but some go on to become Lay Speakers. Some preachers get their start as Lay Speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local preachers lead the majority of church services in the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodist Church of Great Britain</a>. The comparable term in the Anglican and Episcopal churches is <i><a href="/wiki/Lay_reader" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay reader">lay reader</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Uniting_Church_in_Australia" title="Uniting Church in Australia">Uniting Church in Australia</a>, that was constituted in part from the Methodist Church, persons can be appointed by the congregation as a lay preacher or by the regional <a href="/wiki/Presbytery_(church_polity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbytery (church polity)">presbytery</a> to preside at <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Communion</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ministry_of_the_laity">Ministry of the laity</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ministry of the laity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Methodist <i>Book of Discipline</i> describes the "Ministry of the Laity" in their daily lives as being "Christ-like examples of everyday living" and "sharing their own faith experiences".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Worship_leader">Worship leader</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Worship leader"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodist Church of Great Britain</a>, a "worship leader" is a trained lay person appointed by a Church Council to "take a leading and significant role in the conduct of worship within the life of a Local Church".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Presbyterianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Presbyterians do not use the term "lay". Thus the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> has "Readers", men and women set apart by <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">presbyteries</a> to conduct public worship. This arises out of the belief in the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">priesthood of all believers</a>. Ministers are officially 'teaching elders' alongside the 'ruling elders' of the <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Session" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirk Session">Kirk Session</a> and have equivalent status, regardless of any other office. In the Church of Scotland, as the Established church in Scotland, this gives ruling elders in congregations the same status as Queen's chaplains, professors of theology and other highly qualified ministers. All are humble servants of the people in the congregation and parish. Ministers are simply men and women whose gift is for their role in teaching and possibly pastoral work. They are thus selected for advanced theological education. All elders (teaching and ruling) in meetings of Session, Presbytery, or Assembly are subject to the Moderator, who may or may not be a minister but is always an elder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(LDS_Church)" title="Priesthood (LDS Church)">Priesthood (LDS Church)</a></div> <p>Many leaders in <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> are lay ministers. Essentially all male members above the age of 12 who are judged by church leaders to be in good standing are ordained to an office of the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(LDS_Church)" title="Priesthood (LDS Church)">priesthood</a> and hold various positions in the church. Most church positions at the local level are unpaid, but the LDS church helps with the living expenses of top church leaders and some others (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Mission_president" title="Mission president">mission presidents</a>). Many top church leaders serve in these positions after long secular careers. With the exception of members of the <a href="/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)" title="Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)">Quorum of the Twelve Apostles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Quorum_of_the_Seventy" class="mw-redirect" title="First Quorum of the Seventy">First Quorum of the Seventy</a> who are at the top of the church hierarchy, and <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Patriarch (Latter Day Saints)">patriarchs</a>, all leadership positions are temporary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lay_Buddhists">Lay Buddhists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lay Buddhists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder (Buddhism)</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, a lay Buddhist is known as an <i><a href="/wiki/Upasaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasaka">upasakā</a></i> (masc.) or <i><a href="/wiki/Upasika" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasika">upasikā</a></i> (fem.). Buddhist laypeople <a href="/wiki/Refuge_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Refuge (Buddhism)">take refuge</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Three_Jewels" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Jewels">Triple Gem</a> the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>, Dhamma (His <a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Teachings</a>), and Sangha (His <a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Buddhism)">community of Noble Disciples</a>) and accept the <a href="/wiki/Five_Precepts" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Precepts">Five Precepts</a> (or the <a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight Precepts</a> during <a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha Days</a>) as discipline for ethical conduct.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laymen and laywomen are two of the "Four-fold Assembly". The Buddha referred to his disciples as the "Four-fold Assembly" – the gatherings of 'bhikkhū' (monks), 'bhikkhunī' (nuns), 'upasakā' (laymen), and 'upasikā' (laywomen). In the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81parinibb%C4%81na_Sutta" title="Mahāparinibbāna Sutta">Mahāparinibbāna Sutta</a>, the Buddha famously said that "He would not pass away until the "Four-fold Assembly" is well-established in the learning and practice of Dhamma, and proficient in propagating His Sublime Teachings."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Faith_at_work">Faith at work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Faith at work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this section be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> out into another article. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Laity" title="Talk:Laity">Discuss</a>) <small><i>(November 2024)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The movement to help laity apply their faith to daily life has been divided into three eras by <a href="/wiki/David_W._Miller" title="David W. Miller">David W. Miller</a> in <i>God at Work</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>The Social Gospel Era (c. 1890s—1945)</li> <li>The Ministry of the Laity Era (c.1946—1985)</li> <li>The Faith at Work Era (c. 1985—Present)</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_Gospel">Social Gospel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Social Gospel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a> sought to reform society by the application of biblical principles. Its major proponents were all clergy: <a href="/wiki/Washington_Gladden" title="Washington Gladden">Washington Gladden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Monroe_Sheldon" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Monroe Sheldon">Charles Monroe Sheldon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rauschenbusch" title="Walter Rauschenbusch">Walter Rauschenbusch</a>. They were better in diagnosing society's ills than finding remedies.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Social Gospel reached its peak just prior to World War I, a war that contradicted its optimism about Christianizing society.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Social Gospel was promulgated by the preaching, writing, and other efforts of clergy on behalf of the laity rather than by the laity themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1930s, the Social Gospel was described as "a preacher's gospel. It has not been the church's gospel. The laity have little share in it." Many were not aware what their clergy believed.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most scholars hold that the Social Gospel movement peaked between 1900 and World War I. There is less agreement about when and why the decline happened.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ministry_of_the_Laity_2">Ministry of the Laity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ministry of the Laity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ministry of the Laity in daily life premise was stated by Howard Grimes<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in his <i>The Rebirth of the Laity</i>. "Although it is not alone through our daily work that we exercise our call, there is a special sense in which we do so in that area, since so much of our lives are spent in our occupations as lawyer, doctor, manual laborer, skilled craftsmen, housewife, domestic servant, student, serviceman."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988, Dean Reber of the <a href="/wiki/Auburn_Theological_Seminary" title="Auburn Theological Seminary">Auburn Theological Seminary</a> wrote a retrospective of the Ministry of the Laity era based on research and survey. His research participants were women and men in equal numbers, aged 20 to 60, from six denominations. Reber found that "all were really interested to link faith with their daily life and work". However, in his survey, Reber found that little had been done in the six denominations to enable laity to make this link. He observed a "preoccupation with activities inside the church", as well as a lack of literature and programs on the subject. For these reasons, attempts to link faith and daily life "fizzled out".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Miller, "hindsight suggests that the institutional church and its leaders never fully embraced or understood lay ministry". Therefore, they stopped promoting the "ministry of the laity" concept to their members.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faith_at_Work_2">Faith at Work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Faith at Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Miller deems "Faith at Work" to be "a bona fide social movement and here to stay".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike earlier movements, business people (from evangelical and mainline Protestant denominations, Roman Catholics, Jews, Buddhists, and unaffiliated) initiated the faith at work movement and support it because they want to connect their work and their faith. Management training often includes a faith dimension.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of various kinds of faith at work initiatives follow: </p> <ul><li>The Theology of Work Project is an independent international organization that produces materials for "workplace Christians" to teach them what the Bible and the Christian faith can contribute to ordinary work.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (April 2020)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The National Center for the Laity (NCL) grew out of the 1977 "A Chicago Declaration of Christian Concern."<sup id="cite_ref-catholiclabor.org_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholiclabor.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It propagates the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>'s teaching about laity's vocation as "daily work".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NCL's primary voice is <i>Initiatives: In Support of Christians in the World</i>. In its January 2015 issue, <i>Initiatives</i> listed worldwide initiatives taken by laity in connecting faith and work.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>C12 Group offers training laced with Christian principles for CEO/Owners by monthly all-day meetings led by former CEOs. In its name, "C" stands for Christ, "12" stands for its ideal training group size. Group membership costs up to $1,450 per month. Some 1,500 Christian CEO/Owners belong to C12.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (April 2020)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Denver Institute for Faith & Work is a regional, nonprofit organization dedicated to forming men and women to serve God, neighbor and society through their daily work.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (April 2021)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The Princeton University Faith & Work Initiative develops resources regarding ethics and vocation at work. It disseminates its learnings by programs for students, academics, and leaders in the marketplace.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (April 2020)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The Industrial Christian Fellowship helps its "members and others to live out their faith at their work" by research and publications.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (April 2020)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The Christian Association of Business Executives (CABE) "exists to Inform, Inspire and Influence Christian business people from all church backgrounds and all types of business, as they seek to live out their faith day to day."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (April 2020)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workplace_as_a_mission_field">Workplace as a mission field</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Workplace as a mission field"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some faith at work initiatives focus not on work itself but on the workplace as a "mission field". In this "business as missions" concept, faith at work means "reaching people for Christ in the marketplace", people that career missionaries could not reach.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Member Mission "teaches the baptized to see themselves as missionaries out in the world in each of their daily places".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_brother" title="Lay brother">Lay brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laypeople_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Laypeople (disambiguation)">Laypeople (disambiguation)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08748a.htm">Laity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201013192903/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08748a.htm">Archived</a> 2020-10-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the Catholic Encyclopedia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-free-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-free_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-free_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/lay+person">"lay person — definition of lay person by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia"</a>. Thefreedictionary.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190101025948/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/lay+person">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=lay+person+%E2%80%94+definition+of+lay+person+by+the+Free+Online+Dictionary%2C+Thesaurus+and+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Thefreedictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Flay%2Bperson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/layperson">"Definition of LAYPERSON"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201015033027/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/layperson">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+LAYPERSON&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Flayperson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaum2011" class="citation news cs1">Baum, Caroline (8 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-09-08/a-layman-s-guide-to-the-president-s-jobs-speech-caroline-baum">"A Layman's Guide to the President's Jobs Speech: Caroline Baum"</a>. Bloomberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150520015030/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-09-08/a-layman-s-guide-to-the-president-s-jobs-speech-caroline-baum">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Layman%27s+Guide+to+the+President%27s+Jobs+Speech%3A+Caroline+Baum&rft.date=2011-09-08&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2011-09-08%2Fa-layman-s-guide-to-the-president-s-jobs-speech-caroline-baum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2013" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Martin (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJpVgtwMNl0C"><i>Theological Terms in Layman Language</i></a>. Martin Murphy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9856181-5-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9856181-5-5"><bdi>978-0-9856181-5-5</bdi></a>. <q>...simple words like faith or not so simple words like aseity are explained in plain language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theological+Terms+in+Layman+Language&rft.pub=Martin+Murphy&rft.date=2013-02&rft.isbn=978-0-9856181-5-5&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMJpVgtwMNl0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news-nz.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/lay-priesthood">"How do Mormon congregations work?"</a>. <i>news-nz.churchofjesuschrist.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news-nz.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=How+do+Mormon+congregations+work%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews-nz.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Farticle%2Flay-priesthood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/laity">"laity - Dictionary Definition"</a>. <i>Vocabulary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201015033047/https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/laity">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vocabulary.com&rft.atitle=laity+-+Dictionary+Definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vocabulary.com%2Fdictionary%2Flaity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/bible/bible-general/laity">"Laity | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201015062231/https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/bible/bible-general/laity">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Laity+%7C+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fphilosophy-and-religion%2Fbible%2Fbible-general%2Flaity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic_laity-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_laity_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_laity_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decree_19651118_apostolicam-actuositatem_en.html">"Apostolicam actuositatem"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150625142206/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decree_19651118_apostolicam-actuositatem_en.html">Archived</a> 2015-06-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Vatican.va. Retrieved on 2013-12-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/lay-order">"Don S. Armentrout and Robert Boak Slocum, editors, "An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church, A User Friendly Reference for Episcopalians" (Church Publishing Incorporated, 2000), s.v. "Lay Order" Online at"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Don+S.+Armentrout+and+Robert+Boak+Slocum%2C+editors%2C+%22An+Episcopal+Dictionary+of+the+Church%2C+A+User+Friendly+Reference+for+Episcopalians%22+%28Church+Publishing+Incorporated%2C+2000%29%2C+s.v.+%22Lay+Order%22+Online+at&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.episcopalchurch.org%2Fglossary%2Flay-order&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__PT.HTM">Code of Canon Law, canon 207</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200312112835/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__PT.HTM">Archived</a> 2020-03-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Vatican.va. Retrieved on 2013-12-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LG31-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LG31_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LG31_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">"Lumen gentium", 31</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906031754/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">Archived</a> 2014-09-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Vatican.va. Retrieved on 2013-12-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P27.HTM">Catechism of the Catholic Church, 775</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200308075851/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P27.HTM">Archived</a> 2020-03-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Vatican.va.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blessedsacramentregina.ca/non-integration-mass-ministries/">"You are being redirected..."</a> <i>blessedsacramentregina.ca</i>. 4 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150108010356/http://blessedsacramentregina.ca/non-integration-mass-ministries/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blessedsacramentregina.ca&rft.atitle=You+are+being+redirected...&rft.date=2014-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblessedsacramentregina.ca%2Fnon-integration-mass-ministries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-catholiclabor.org-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-catholiclabor.org_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-catholiclabor.org_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160221092829/http://www.catholiclabor.org/NCL%20Inititiative/A%20Chicago%20Declaration.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholiclabor.org/NCL%20Inititiative/A%20Chicago%20Declaration.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholiclabor.org%2FNCL%2520Inititiative%2FA%2520Chicago%2520Declaration.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicreview.org/article/work/working-families/national-center-marks-30-years-of-helping-catholic-laity.">"Catholic Review - Archdiocese of Baltimore"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+Review+-+Archdiocese+of+Baltimore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicreview.org%2Farticle%2Fwork%2Fworking-families%2Fnational-center-marks-30-years-of-helping-catholic-laity.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109004343/http://www.catholiclabor.org/NCL.htm">"Initiatives: In Support of Christians in the World"</a>. <i>www.catholiclabor.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholiclabor.org/NCL.htm">the original</a> on 9 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.catholiclabor.org&rft.atitle=Initiatives%3A+In+Support+of+Christians+in+the+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholiclabor.org%2FNCL.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109003248/http://www.catholiclabor.org/NCL%20Inititiative/Jan%2015.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholiclabor.org/NCL%20Inititiative/Jan%2015.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholiclabor.org%2FNCL%2520Inititiative%2FJan%252015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPisano2013" class="citation web cs1">Pisano, Franco (26 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Pope:-A-missionary-and-pastoral-conversion-for-a-Church-open-to-changing-its-structures-29645.html">"Pope: "A missionary and pastoral conversion" for a Church open to changing its structures"</a>. <i>www.asianews.it</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190925125919/http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Pope:-A-missionary-and-pastoral-conversion-for-a-Church-open-to-changing-its-structures-29645.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.asianews.it&rft.atitle=Pope%3A+%22A+missionary+and+pastoral+conversion%22+for+a+Church+open+to+changing+its+structures&rft.date=2013-11-26&rft.aulast=Pisano&rft.aufirst=Franco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianews.it%2Fnews-en%2FPope%3A-A-missionary-and-pastoral-conversion-for-a-Church-open-to-changing-its-structures-29645.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis2019" class="citation book cs1">Francis, Pope (26 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0PGODwAAQBAJ&q=We+cannot+demand+that+peoples+of+every+continent%2C+in+expressing+their+Christian+faith%2C+imitate+modes+of+expression+which+European+nations+developed+at+a+particular+moment+of+their+history&pg=PT167"><i>Go Forth: Toward a Community of Missionary Disciples</i></a>. Orbis Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60833-787-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60833-787-3"><bdi>978-1-60833-787-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429004835/https://books.google.com/books?id=0PGODwAAQBAJ&q=We+cannot+demand+that+peoples+of+every+continent%2C+in+expressing+their+Christian+faith%2C+imitate+modes+of+expression+which+European+nations+developed+at+a+particular+moment+of+their+history&pg=PT167">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Go+Forth%3A+Toward+a+Community+of+Missionary+Disciples&rft.pub=Orbis+Books&rft.date=2019-06-26&rft.isbn=978-1-60833-787-3&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Pope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0PGODwAAQBAJ%26q%3DWe%2Bcannot%2Bdemand%2Bthat%2Bpeoples%2Bof%2Bevery%2Bcontinent%252C%2Bin%2Bexpressing%2Btheir%2BChristian%2Bfaith%252C%2Bimitate%2Bmodes%2Bof%2Bexpression%2Bwhich%2BEuropean%2Bnations%2Bdeveloped%2Bat%2Ba%2Bparticular%2Bmoment%2Bof%2Btheir%2Bhistory%26pg%3DPT167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMannion2017" class="citation book cs1">Mannion, Gerard (24 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=69m7DgAAQBAJ&q=pope+francis+and+the+missionary+impulse&pg=PA130"><i>Pope Francis and the Future of Catholicism: Evangelii Gaudium and the Papal Agenda</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-13274-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-13274-9"><bdi>978-1-108-13274-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429003054/https://books.google.com/books?id=69m7DgAAQBAJ&q=pope+francis+and+the+missionary+impulse&pg=PA130">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pope+Francis+and+the+Future+of+Catholicism%3A+Evangelii+Gaudium+and+the+Papal+Agenda&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft.isbn=978-1-108-13274-9&rft.aulast=Mannion&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D69m7DgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpope%2Bfrancis%2Band%2Bthe%2Bmissionary%2Bimpulse%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oca.org/resource-handbook/theology.">"Accessed January 4, 2015"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accessed+January+4%2C+2015.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foca.org%2Fresource-handbook%2Ftheology.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oca.org/resource-handbook/theology/ministry-of-people">"Parish Ministry Resources - Ministry of People"</a>. <i>oca.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150106012321/http://oca.org/resource-handbook/theology/ministry-of-people">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oca.org&rft.atitle=Parish+Ministry+Resources+-+Ministry+of+People&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foca.org%2Fresource-handbook%2Ftheology%2Fministry-of-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oca.org/resource-handbook/theology/finding-ones-vocation-in-life">"Parish Ministry Resources - Finding One's Vocation in Life"</a>. <i>oca.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150106011719/http://oca.org/resource-handbook/theology/finding-ones-vocation-in-life">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oca.org&rft.atitle=Parish+Ministry+Resources+-+Finding+One%27s+Vocation+in+Life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foca.org%2Fresource-handbook%2Ftheology%2Ffinding-ones-vocation-in-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208095428/http://biblehub.com/1_peter/2-9.htm">"1 Peter 2:9 but you are a chosen people, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, God's special possession, that you may declare the praises of him who called you out of darkness into his wonderful light"</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/1_peter/2-9.htm.">the original</a> on 8 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=1+Peter+2%3A9+but+you+are+a+chosen+people%2C+a+royal+priesthood%2C+a+holy+nation%2C+God%27s+special+possession%2C+that+you+may+declare+the+praises+of+him+who+called+you+out+of+darkness+into+his+wonderful+light&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2F1_peter%2F2-9.htm.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oca.org/resource-handbook/theology/an-orthodox-vision-of-lay-ministries">"Parish Ministry Resources - An Orthodox Vision of Lay Ministries"</a>. <i>oca.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150106012210/http://oca.org/resource-handbook/theology/an-orthodox-vision-of-lay-ministries">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oca.org&rft.atitle=Parish+Ministry+Resources+-+An+Orthodox+Vision+of+Lay+Ministries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foca.org%2Fresource-handbook%2Ftheology%2Fan-orthodox-vision-of-lay-ministries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oca.org/resource-handbook/theology/lay-ministry-a-shared-responsibility">"Parish Ministry Resources - Lay Ministry - A Shared Responsibility"</a>. <i>oca.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150106012021/http://oca.org/resource-handbook/theology/lay-ministry-a-shared-responsibility">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oca.org&rft.atitle=Parish+Ministry+Resources+-+Lay+Ministry+-+A+Shared+Responsibility&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foca.org%2Fresource-handbook%2Ftheology%2Flay-ministry-a-shared-responsibility&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/ministry">"the definition of ministry"</a>. <i>www.dictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181028033744/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/ministry">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dictionary.com&rft.atitle=the+definition+of+ministry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fministry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oca.org/resource-handbook/theology/ministry-of-laity-in-daily-life">"Parish Ministry Resources - Ministry of Laity in Daily Life"</a>. <i>oca.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150106012515/http://oca.org/resource-handbook/theology/ministry-of-laity-in-daily-life">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oca.org&rft.atitle=Parish+Ministry+Resources+-+Ministry+of+Laity+in+Daily+Life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foca.org%2Fresource-handbook%2Ftheology%2Fministry-of-laity-in-daily-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.episcopalchurch.org/sites/default/files/downloads/book_of_common_prayer.pdf">"<i>The Book of Common Prayer according to the use of The Episcopal Church, 1979 edition</i>, 855. Online at episcopalchurch.org"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150218102417/http://www.episcopalchurch.org/sites/default/files/downloads/book_of_common_prayer.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Common+Prayer+according+to+the+use+of+The+Episcopal+Church%2C+1979+edition%2C+855.+Online+at+episcopalchurch.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.episcopalchurch.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdownloads%2Fbook_of_common_prayer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Common_Prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of Common Prayer">The Book of Common Prayer</a> according to the use of The Episcopal Church</i>, 1979 edition <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.episcopalchurch.org/sites/default/files/downloads/book_of_common_prayer.pdf">855. Online at episcopalchurch.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150218102417/http://www.episcopalchurch.org/sites/default/files/downloads/book_of_common_prayer.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-02-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerhard Lenski, <i>The Religious Factor: A Sociological Study of Religion's Impact on Politics, Economics, and Family Life</i> (Anchor Books, 1963, rev. ed.), Section on "Religions Impact on Secular Institutions," 342-344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.episcopalarchives.org/pdf/CnC/CandC_2012pp1-10.pdf">"Governance Documents of the Church - The Archives of the Episcopal Church"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.episcopalarchives.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501025928/http://www.episcopalarchives.org/pdf/CnC/CandC_2012pp1-10.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.episcopalarchives.org&rft.atitle=Governance+Documents+of+the+Church+-+The+Archives+of+the+Episcopal+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.episcopalarchives.org%2Fpdf%2FCnC%2FCandC_2012pp1-10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canon 4, Title III, <i>Constitution & Canons Together with the Rules of Order for the Government of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America</i>, Adopted and Revised in General Convention, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommunications" class="citation web cs1">Communications, United Methodist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umc.org/who-we-are/roots">"Roots (1736–1816) – The United Methodist Church"</a>. <i>The United Methodist Church</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150107185125/http://www.umc.org/who-we-are/roots">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+United+Methodist+Church&rft.atitle=Roots+%281736%E2%80%931816%29+%E2%80%93+The+United+Methodist+Church&rft.aulast=Communications&rft.aufirst=United+Methodist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umc.org%2Fwho-we-are%2Froots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cokesbury.com/forms/DynamicContent.aspx?id=87&pageid=920">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Lay Servant Ministry," Part VI, Ch 1, Sec XI, ¶¶ 266-271 of <i>The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church, 2012</i> (The United Methodist Publishing House, 2012). Online at cokesbury.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102001542/http://www.cokesbury.com/forms/DynamicContent.aspx?id=87&pageid=920">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Lay+Servant+Ministry%2C%22+Part+VI%2C+Ch+1%2C+Sec+XI%2C+%C2%B6%C2%B6+266-271+of+The+Book+of+Discipline+of+the+United+Methodist+Church%2C+2012+%28The+United+Methodist+Publishing+House%2C+2012%29.+Online+at+cokesbury.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cokesbury.com%2Fforms%2FDynamicContent.aspx%3Fid%3D87%26pageid%3D920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cokesbury.com/forms/DynamicContent.aspx?id=87&pageid=920.%C3%A5">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Ministry of All Christians," Part IV, Sec II, ¶ 127, "The Ministry of the Laity," 95 of <i>The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church, 2012</i> (The United Methodist Publishing House, 2012). Online at cokesbury.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119221153/https://www.cokesbury.com/forms/DynamicContent.aspx?id=87&pageid=920.%C3%A5">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+Ministry+of+All+Christians%2C%22+Part+IV%2C+Sec+II%2C+%C2%B6+127%2C+%22The+Ministry+of+the+Laity%2C%22+95+of+The+Book+of+Discipline+of+the+United+Methodist+Church%2C+2012+%28The+United+Methodist+Publishing+House%2C+2012%29.+Online+at+cokesbury.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cokesbury.com%2Fforms%2FDynamicContent.aspx%3Fid%3D87%26pageid%3D920.%25C3%25A5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unyumc.org/pages/detail/1239">"Certified Lay Minister"</a>. <i>unyumc.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120428031616/http://www.unyumc.org/pages/detail/1239">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unyumc.org&rft.atitle=Certified+Lay+Minister&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unyumc.org%2Fpages%2Fdetail%2F1239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.methodist-e-academy.org/training">"Methodist e-Academy - Training"</a>. <i>www.methodist-e-academy.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141229153102/http://www.methodist-e-academy.org/training">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.methodist-e-academy.org&rft.atitle=Methodist+e-Academy+-+Training&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.methodist-e-academy.org%2Ftraining&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeThe_Co-Chairs_of_the_Joint_Implementation_Commission_for_the_Anglican-Methodist_Covenant2008" class="citation web cs1">Cole, John; The Co-Chairs of the Joint Implementation Commission for the Anglican-Methodist Covenant (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglican-methodist.org.uk/embr-covenant-app3-141209.pdf">"Local Preachers and Readers: Sharing Two Ministries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Anglican Methodist Covenant<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+Preachers+and+Readers%3A+Sharing+Two+Ministries&rft.pub=Anglican+Methodist+Covenant&rft.date=2008-04&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=The+Co-Chairs+of+the+Joint+Implementation+Commission+for+the+Anglican-Methodist+Covenant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglican-methodist.org.uk%2Fembr-covenant-app3-141209.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cokesbury.com/forms/DynamicContent.aspx?id=87&pageid=920">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Ministry of All Christians," Part IV, Sec II, ¶ 127, "The Ministry of the Laity," 95 of <i>The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church, 2012</i> (The United Methodist Publishing House, 2012). Online at cokesbury.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102001542/http://www.cokesbury.com/forms/DynamicContent.aspx?id=87&pageid=920">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+Ministry+of+All+Christians%2C%22+Part+IV%2C+Sec+II%2C+%C2%B6+127%2C+%22The+Ministry+of+the+Laity%2C%22+95+of+The+Book+of+Discipline+of+the+United+Methodist+Church%2C+2012+%28The+United+Methodist+Publishing+House%2C+2012%29.+Online+at+cokesbury.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cokesbury.com%2Fforms%2FDynamicContent.aspx%3Fid%3D87%26pageid%3D920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitutional Practice and Discipline of the Methodist Church, Book III: Standing Orders, section 68: Worship Leaders</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305011625/http://www.buddhanet.net/cmdsg/getting7.htm">7. The Five Precepts</a>. buddhanet.net</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.experiencefestival.com/five_precepts_dictionary">Five Precepts Dictionary | Global Oneness</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131215145101/http://www.experiencefestival.com/five_precepts_dictionary">Archived</a> 2013-12-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Experiencefestival.com. Retrieved on 2013-12-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html">"Maha-parinibbana Sutta: Last Days of the Buddha"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200625002728/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maha-parinibbana+Sutta%3A+Last+Days+of+the+Buddha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Ftipitaka%2Fdn%2Fdn.16.1-6.vaji.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald W. Miller, <i>God at Work: The History and Promise of the Faith at Work Movement</i> (Oxford, 2006), Contents.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald Cedric White, Charles Howard Hopkins, <i>The Social Gospel: Religion and Reform in Changing America</i> (Temple University, 1976). xviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldvieweyes.org/strauss-docs.html">"WorldViewEyes -> strauss-docs"</a>. <i>www.worldvieweyes.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135457/http://www.worldvieweyes.org/strauss-docs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldvieweyes.org&rft.atitle=WorldViewEyes+-%3E+strauss-docs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldvieweyes.org%2Fstrauss-docs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFushistory.org" class="citation web cs1">ushistory.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/us/38e.asp">"Religious Revival: The "Social Gospel" [ushistory.org]"</a>. <i>www.ushistory.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150110190133/http://www.ushistory.org/us/38e.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ushistory.org&rft.atitle=Religious+Revival%3A+The+%22Social+Gospel%22+%5Bushistory.org%5D&rft.au=ushistory.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushistory.org%2Fus%2F38e.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles C. Morrison <i>The Social Gospel and The Christian Cultus,</i> (Harper & Brothers, 1933), 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boundless.com/u-s-history/textbooks/boundless-u-s-history-textbook/the-gilded-age-1870-1900-20/urban-reform-153/the-social-gospel-818-9270/">"Boundless. "The Social Gospel." <i>Boundless U.S. History</i>. Boundless, 14 Nov. 2014. Retrieved 16 Jan. 2015 from boundless.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118200813/https://www.boundless.com/u-s-history/textbooks/boundless-u-s-history-textbook/the-gilded-age-1870-1900-20/urban-reform-153/the-social-gospel-818-9270/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boundless.+%22The+Social+Gospel.%22+Boundless+U.S.+History.+Boundless%2C+14+Nov.+2014.+Retrieved+16+Jan.+2015+from+boundless.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boundless.com%2Fu-s-history%2Ftextbooks%2Fboundless-u-s-history-textbook%2Fthe-gilded-age-1870-1900-20%2Furban-reform-153%2Fthe-social-gospel-818-9270%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talbot.edu/ce20/educators/protestant/lewis_grimes/">"Lewis Howard Grimes"</a>. <i>Biola University</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118200023/http://www.talbot.edu/ce20/educators/protestant/lewis_grimes/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biola+University&rft.atitle=Lewis+Howard+Grimes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talbot.edu%2Fce20%2Feducators%2Fprotestant%2Flewis_grimes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard Grimes, <i>The Rebirth of the Laity</i> (Abingdon, 1962), 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert E. Reber, "Vocation and Vision: a New Look at the Ministry of the Laity" in <i>Religious Education: the official journal of the Religious Education Association</i>, 83:3, 1988. 402-411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald W. Miller, <i>God at Work: The History and Promise of the Faith at Work Movement</i> (Oxford University Press, USA, 2006), 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFresults2006" class="citation web cs1">results, search (14 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/God-Work-History-Promise-Movement-ebook/dp/B00OPJ8QOY/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1420320145&sr=1-1&keywords=9780199886234">"God at Work: The History and Promise of the Faith at Work Movement"</a>. Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220207022433/https://www.amazon.com/God-Work-History-Promise-Movement-ebook/dp/B00OPJ8QOY/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1420320145&sr=1-1&keywords=9780199886234">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2017</span> – via Amazon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=God+at+Work%3A+The+History+and+Promise+of+the+Faith+at+Work+Movement&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006-12-14&rft.aulast=results&rft.aufirst=search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FGod-Work-History-Promise-Movement-ebook%2Fdp%2FB00OPJ8QOY%2Fref%3Dsr_1_1%3Fs%3Dbooks%26ie%3DUTF8%26qid%3D1420320145%26sr%3D1-1%26keywords%3D9780199886234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laura Nash and Scott McLennan, <i>Church on Sunday, Work on Monday</i> (Jossey-Bass, 2001), xxi-xxiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWork" class="citation web cs1">Work, Theology of. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theologyofwork.org/about/">"About - Theology of Work"</a>. <i>www.theologyofwork.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118204117/http://www.theologyofwork.org/about/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theologyofwork.org&rft.atitle=About+-+Theology+of+Work&rft.aulast=Work&rft.aufirst=Theology+of&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theologyofwork.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200855/http://www.catholiclabor.org/NCL%20Inititiative/History%20of%20NCL.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholiclabor.org/NCL%20Inititiative/History%20of%20NCL.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholiclabor.org%2FNCL%2520Inititiative%2FHistory%2520of%2520NCL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c12group.com/.">"Home - C12 Group"</a>. <i>www.c12group.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118195100/http://www.c12group.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.c12group.com&rft.atitle=Home+-+C12+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c12group.com%2F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://denverinstitute.org/resources/.">"Home - Denver Institute for Faith & Work"</a>. <i>denverinstitute.org/</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212413/https://denverinstitute.org/resources/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=denverinstitute.org%2F&rft.atitle=Home+-+Denver+Institute+for+Faith+%26+Work&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdenverinstitute.org%2Fresources%2F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/faithandwork/">"www.princeton.edu/faithandwork/"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118224121/http://www.princeton.edu/faithandwork/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=www.princeton.edu%2Ffaithandwork%2F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2Ffaithandwork%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icf-online.org/">"www.icf-online.org"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123211520/http://icf-online.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=www.icf-online.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icf-online.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cabe-online.org/">"Home - Christian Association of Business Executives"</a>. <i>Christian Association of Business Executives</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151207090212/http://www.cabe-online.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+Association+of+Business+Executives&rft.atitle=Home+-+Christian+Association+of+Business+Executives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabe-online.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118195643/http://swbts.edu/campus-news/news-releases/business-professionals-advance-gode28099s-kingdom/">"Business professionals advance God's kingdom - Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swbts.edu/campus-news/news-releases/business-professionals-advance-gode28099s-kingdom/">the original</a> on 18 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Business+professionals+advance+God%27s+kingdom+-+Southwestern+Baptist+Theological+Seminary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fswbts.edu%2Fcampus-news%2Fnews-releases%2Fbusiness-professionals-advance-gode28099s-kingdom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swbts.edu/campus-news/news-releases/businessmen-view-marketplace-as-mission-field/">"Businessmen view marketplace as mission field - Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary"</a>. <i>swbts.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118193805/http://swbts.edu/campus-news/news-releases/businessmen-view-marketplace-as-mission-field/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=swbts.edu&rft.atitle=Businessmen+view+marketplace+as+mission+field+-+Southwestern+Baptist+Theological+Seminary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fswbts.edu%2Fcampus-news%2Fnews-releases%2Fbusinessmen-view-marketplace-as-mission-field%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.membermission.org/about-member-mission/">"About Member Mission"</a>. 6 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222082409/http://www.membermission.org/about-member-mission/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Member+Mission&rft.date=2013-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.membermission.org%2Fabout-member-mission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Catholic_theology_of_the_laity">Roman Catholic theology of the laity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Roman Catholic theology of the laity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Burkhart, Ernst and López Díaz, Javier (2010, 2011, 2013), <i>Vida cotidiana y santidad en la enseñanza de san Josemaría</i>, 3 vols., Madrid: Rialp</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongar1957" class="citation cs2">Congar, Yves Marie-Joseph (1957), <i>Lay people in the Church: a study for a theology of laity</i>, Westminster: Christian Classics, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870611148" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870611148"><bdi>978-0870611148</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lay+people+in+the+Church%3A+a+study+for+a+theology+of+laity&rft.place=Westminster&rft.pub=Christian+Classics&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0870611148&rft.aulast=Congar&rft.aufirst=Yves+Marie-Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniélou1955" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Daniélou, Jean Guenolé-Marie (1955), <i>Sainteté et action temporelle</i> (in French), Paris-Tournai: Desclée</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saintet%C3%A9+et+action+temporelle&rft.place=Paris-Tournai&rft.pub=Descl%C3%A9e&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Dani%C3%A9lou&rft.aufirst=Jean+Guenol%C3%A9-Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilips1954" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Philips, G. (1954), <i>Le rôle du laïcat dans l'Église</i> (in French), Paris-Tournai</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+r%C3%B4le+du+la%C3%AFcat+dans+l%27%C3%89glise&rft.place=Paris-Tournai&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Philips&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiazzi1951" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Spiazzi, Raimondo (1951), <i>La Missione dei Laici</i> (in Italian), Rome</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Missione+dei+Laici&rft.place=Rome&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Spiazzi&rft.aufirst=Raimondo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Thils, G. (1946), <i>Théologie des réalités terrestres,</i> Paris.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownCostambeysInnesKosto2013" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Warren; Costambeys, Marios; Innes, Matthew; Kosto, Adam (2013). [title: www.cambridge.org/9781107025295 <i>Documentary Culture and the Laity in the Early Middle Ages</i>]. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02529-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02529-5"><bdi>978-1-107-02529-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documentary+Culture+and+the+Laity+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02529-5&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft.au=Costambeys%2C+Marios&rft.au=Innes%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Kosto%2C+Adam&rft_id=title%3A+www.cambridge.org%2F9781107025295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1987" class="citation book cs1">Brown, D. Catherine (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pdfdrive.com/pastor-and-laity-in-the-theology-of-jean-gerson-e184961750.html"><i>Pastor and Laity in the Theology of Jean Gerson</i></a>. New York: Cambridge University Press 1987. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-33029-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-33029-7"><bdi>0-521-33029-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526073222/https://www.pdfdrive.com/pastor-and-laity-in-the-theology-of-jean-gerson-e184961750.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pastor+and+Laity+in+the+Theology+of+Jean+Gerson&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+1987&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-521-33029-7&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=D.+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdfdrive.com%2Fpastor-and-laity-in-the-theology-of-jean-gerson-e184961750.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFl_Reinbold2015" class="citation book cs1">l Reinbold, Emmanue (2015). [at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://digitalcommons.olivet.edu/edd_diss">http://digitalcommons.olivet.edu/edd_diss</a> <i>The Effects of Laity Ministry Involvement on Transformational Discipleship</i>]. Illinois: Bourbonnais. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526073228/https://digitalcommons.olivet.edu/edd_diss/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Effects+of+Laity+Ministry+Involvement+on+Transformational+Discipleship&rft.place=Illinois&rft.pub=Bourbonnais&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=l+Reinbold&rft.aufirst=Emmanue&rft_id=at%3A+http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.olivet.edu%2Fedd_diss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaity" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laity&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_INDEX.HTM">The Code of Canon Law</a> (Roman Catholic Church)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/asia/rsv/rsv08.htm">The Religions of South Vietnam</a> in Faith and Fact: V. <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Buddhism in Vietnam</a> (Section E. Definitions and Explanation of Buddhist Terms)</li> <li>Tanner, S., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utlm.org/onlineresources/paidclergy.htm">Do Mormon Leaders Receive Financial Support?</a></li> <li>Gibbs, M., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222122712/http://vesper.org/vwp/wp-content/uploads/GibbsLectureStrongLaity3FLAME.pdf">"The Development of a Strong and Committed Laity"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_laity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_laity" title="Template:Catholic laity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_laity" title="Template talk:Catholic laity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_laity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic laity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_laity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Catholic laity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div>Organizations of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">lay</a> members of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> who are neither in <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">holy orders</a> nor members of <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">religious institutes</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Personal_ordinariate" title="Personal ordinariate">Personal ordinariates</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Personal_prelature" title="Personal prelature">prelatures</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Personal_Apostolic_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Apostolic Administration">apostolic<br />administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_ordinariate" title="Military ordinariate">Military ordinariates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinariate_for_Eastern_Catholic_faithful" title="Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful">Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a>: <a href="/wiki/Personal_Ordinariate_of_the_Chair_of_Saint_Peter" title="Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter">Chair of Saint Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_Ordinariate_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Southern_Cross" title="Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross">Our Lady of the Southern Cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_Ordinariate_of_Our_Lady_of_Walsingham" title="Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham">Our Lady of Walsingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Apostolic_Administration_of_Saint_John_Mary_Vianney" title="Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney">Saint John Mary Vianney</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/75px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Augustinian_Recollects" title="Order of Augustinian Recollects">Order of Augustinian Recollects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order#Third_Order_of_Saint_Augustine" title="Third order">Order of Saint Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblates_of_Saint_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblates of Saint Benedict">Oblates of Saint Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Order of Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Order of Saint Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular Franciscan Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Order of Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Order of Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_Secular_of_the_Most_Holy_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Order Secular of the Most Holy Trinity">Order Secular of the Most Holy Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Order of Saint Norbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Salesian_Cooperators" title="Association of Salesian Cooperators">Association of Salesian Cooperators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Order of Servites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archconfraternity" title="Archconfraternity">Archconfraternities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archconfraternity_of_the_Holy_Family" title="Archconfraternity of the Holy Family">Archconfraternity of the Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archconfraternity_of_the_Most_Precious_Blood" title="Archconfraternity of the Most Precious Blood">Archconfraternity of the Most Precious Blood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternities_of_the_Cord" title="Confraternities of the Cord">Confraternities of the Cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity_of_penitents" title="Confraternity of penitents">Confraternity of Penitents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellant_confraternities" title="Flagellant confraternities">Flagellant confraternities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatorial_society" title="Purgatorial society">Purgatorial society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Individual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity_of_Christian_Doctrine" title="Confraternity of Christian Doctrine">Confraternity of Christian Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity_of_Catholic_Saints" title="Confraternity of Catholic Saints">Confraternity of Catholic Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity_of_the_Rosary" title="Confraternity of the Rosary">Confraternity of the Rosary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bona_Mors_Confraternity" title="Bona Mors Confraternity">Bona Mors Confraternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Mary_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Children of Mary of the Sacred Heart">Children of Mary of the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitalit%C3%A9_Notre_Dame_de_Lourdes" title="Hospitalité Notre Dame de Lourdes">Hospitalité Notre Dame de Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrious_Brotherhood_of_Our_Blessed_Lady" title="Illustrious Brotherhood of Our Blessed Lady">Illustrious Brotherhood of Our Blessed Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitentes_(New_Mexico)" title="Penitentes (New Mexico)">Penitentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitential_Brotherhood_of_the_Holy_Eucharist" title="Penitential Brotherhood of the Holy Eucharist">Penitential Brotherhood of the Holy Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Holy_Name" title="Society of the Holy Name">Society of the Holy Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venerabile_Arciconfraternita_della_Misericordia_di_Firenze" title="Venerabile Arciconfraternita della Misericordia di Firenze">Ven. Arc. Misericordia di Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_Venerable_Confraternity_of_the_Most_Blessed_Sacrament_of_Mafra" title="Royal and Venerable Confraternity of the Most Blessed Sacrament of Mafra">RVISSM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Directory_of_International_Associations_of_the_Faithful" title="Directory of International Associations of the Faithful">International<br />associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catenian_Association" title="Catenian Association">Catenian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemin_Neuf_Community" title="Chemin Neuf Community">Chemin Neuf Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Life_Community" title="Christian Life Community">Christian Life Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Life_Movement" title="Christian Life Movement">Christian Life Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperators_of_Opus_Dei" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperators of Opus Dei">Cooperators of Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couples_for_Christ" title="Couples for Christ">Couples for Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursillo" title="Cursillo">Cursillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Community" title="Emmanuel Community">Emmanuel Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">FIMCAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heralds_of_the_Gospel" title="Heralds of the Gospel">Heralds of the Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">International Catholic Conference of Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Catholic_Universities" title="International Federation of Catholic Universities">International Federation of Catholic Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Kolping" title="Adolph Kolping">International Kolping Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Catholic_Esperantists" title="International Union of Catholic Esperantists">International Union of Catholic Esperantists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Claretian_Movement" title="Lay Claretian Movement">Lay Claretian Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Arche" title="L'Arche">L'Arche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_Christi" class="mw-redirect" title="Militia Christi">Militia Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_Immaculatae" title="Militia Immaculatae">Militia of the Immaculata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana_(organization)" title="Pax Romana (organization)">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priests_for_Life" title="Priests for Life">Priests for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnum_Christi" title="Regnum Christi">Regnum Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGNIS" title="SIGNIS">SIGNIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teams_of_Our_Lady" title="Teams of Our Lady">Teams of Our Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresian_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Teresian Association">Teresian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Guides_and_Scouts_of_Europe" title="International Union of Guides and Scouts of Europe">UIGSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Catholic_Apostolate" title="Union of Catholic Apostolate">Union of Catholic Apostolate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Other associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolate_for_Family_Consecration" title="Apostolate for Family Consecration">Apostolate for Family Consecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Vatican_Lay_Workers" title="Association of Vatican Lay Workers">Association of Vatican Lay Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Catholic Charismatic Renewal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nova" title="Canção Nova">Canção Nova</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Shalom_Catholic_Community" title="Shalom Catholic Community">Shalom Catholic Community</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Christian_Outreach" title="Catholic Christian Outreach">Catholic Christian Outreach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement" title="Catholic Worker Movement">Catholic Worker Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Catholic_University_Students" title="Fellowship of Catholic University Students">Fellowship of Catholic University Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madonna_House_Apostolate" title="Madonna House Apostolate">Madonna House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryknoll_Lay_Missioners" title="Maryknoll Lay Missioners">Maryknoll Lay Missioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NET_Ministries" title="NET Ministries">NET Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope%27s_Worldwide_Prayer_Network" title="Pope's Worldwide Prayer Network">Pope's Worldwide Prayer Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Angels_Foundation" title="Queen of Angels Foundation">Queen of Angels Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_Outreach" title="Saint Paul's Outreach">Saint Paul's Outreach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Catholic Marian movements and societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azione_Cattolica" title="Azione Cattolica">Azione Cattolica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Women%27s_League" title="Catholic Women's League">Catholic Women's League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement" title="Catholic Worker Movement">Catholic Worker Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">World Movement of Christian Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Christian_Workers" title="Young Christian Workers">Young Christian Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Family_Movement" title="Christian Family Movement">Christian Family Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage_International" title="Courage International">Courage International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Shaddai_(movement)" title="El Shaddai (movement)">El Shaddai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Rosary_Crusade" title="Family Rosary Crusade">Family Rosary Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidesco_International" title="Fidesco International">Fidesco International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage_to_Chartres" title="Pilgrimage to Chartres">Notre-Dame de Chrétienté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_on_Tap" title="Theology on Tap">Theology on Tap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_the_Faithful" title="Voice of the Faithful">Voice of the Faithful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Men%27s_Institute" title="Young Men's Institute">Young Men's Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Are_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="We Are Church">We Are Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_catechesis" title="Catholic catechesis">Catholic catechesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Congress">Catholic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Extension" title="Catholic Extension">Catholic Extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Catholic higher education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Catholic youth work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_campus_ministry" title="Catholic campus ministry">Catholic campus ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Laity,_Family_and_Life" title="Dicastery for the Laity, Family and Life">Dicastery for the Laity, Family and Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Centre_at_Foyer_Unitas" title="Lay Centre at Foyer Unitas">Lay Centre at Foyer Unitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_the_Laity" title="Pontifical Council for the Laity">Pontifical Council for the Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiz%C3%A9_Community" title="Taizé Community">Taizé Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_call_to_holiness" title="Universal call to holiness">Universal call to holiness</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Charities" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Near_East_Welfare_Association" title="Catholic Near East Welfare Association">CNEWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laity&oldid=1258986509">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laity&oldid=1258986509</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_terminology" title="Category:Religious terminology">Religious terminology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2024">Use dmy dates from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_split_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles to be split from November 2024">Articles to be split from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_split" title="Category:All articles to be split">All articles to be split</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_April_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2020">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_April_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2021">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_URL" title="Category:CS1 errors: URL">CS1 errors: URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tagalog-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Tagalog-language text">Articles containing Tagalog-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 19:13<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laity&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-2m2bq","wgBackendResponseTime":175,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.101","walltime":"1.292","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5066,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":196599,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6879,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":19,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":220464,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1094.775 1 -total"," 36.84% 403.268 1 Template:Reflist"," 27.22% 298.008 45 Template:Cite_web"," 12.41% 135.862 3 Template:Navbox"," 12.02% 131.561 1 Template:Langx"," 11.69% 128.005 1 Template:Catholic_laity"," 6.62% 72.459 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.27% 68.670 7 Template:Fix"," 4.23% 46.349 2 Template:Pagetype"," 4.04% 44.252 6 Template:Primary_source_inline"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.694","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16291130,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-846f74b78b-4tdcm","timestamp":"20241128020304","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Laity","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laity","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q15407657","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q15407657","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-10-31T19:18:18Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T19:13:20Z","headline":"members of a religion who are not a part of the clergy"}</script> </body> </html>