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id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vermillion_wedding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vermillion_wedding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Vermillion wedding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vermillion_wedding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malcontent_conspiracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malcontent_conspiracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Malcontent conspiracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malcontent_conspiracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_divided_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_divided_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>A divided family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_divided_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_mission_in_Flanders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_mission_in_Flanders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Diplomatic mission in Flanders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_mission_in_Flanders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Court_of_Nérac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_of_Nérac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Court of Nérac</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court_of_Nérac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scandal_in_Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandal_in_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Scandal in Paris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandal_in_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebellion_and_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebellion_and_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Rebellion and exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebellion_and_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconciliation_with_Henry_and_annulment_of_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconciliation_with_Henry_and_annulment_of_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Reconciliation with Henry and annulment of marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconciliation_with_Henry_and_annulment_of_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_years_in_Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_years_in_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Last years in Paris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_years_in_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Myth_of_Queen_Margot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myth_of_Queen_Margot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Myth of Queen Margot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myth_of_Queen_Margot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature_and_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature_and_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>In literature and fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature_and_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Margaret of Valois</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7" title="مارغريت من فالوا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارغريت من فالوا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarita_de_Valois" title="Margarita de Valois – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Margarita de Valois" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marqarita_de_Valua" title="Marqarita de Valua – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Marqarita de Valua" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Маргарыта дэ Валуа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маргарыта дэ Валуа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Маргьорит дьо Валоа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маргьорит дьо Валоа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%27harid_Bro-C%27hall_(1553-1615)" title="Marc'harid Bro-C'hall (1553-1615) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Marc'harid Bro-C'hall (1553-1615)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarida_de_Valois_(reina_de_Fran%C3%A7a)" title="Margarida de Valois (reina de França) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Margarida de Valois (reina de França)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Маргарита де Валуа – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Маргарита де Валуа" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%C3%A9ta_z_Valois_(1553%E2%80%931615)" title="Markéta z Valois (1553–1615) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Markéta z Valois (1553–1615)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_de_Valois" title="Marguerite de Valois – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Marguerite de Valois" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margrete_af_Valois" title="Margrete af Valois – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Margrete af Valois" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarete_von_Valois" title="Margarete von Valois – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Margarete von Valois" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_(1553-1615)" title="Μαργαρίτα της Γαλλίας (1553-1615) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαργαρίτα της Γαλλίας (1553-1615)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarita_de_Valois" title="Margarita de Valois – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Margarita de Valois" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margareto_de_Valezio" title="Margareto de Valezio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Margareto de Valezio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarita_Valoiskoa" title="Margarita Valoiskoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Margarita Valoiskoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_de_France_(1553-1615)" title="Marguerite de France (1553-1615) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marguerite de France (1553-1615)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EB%A3%A8%EC%95%84%EC%9D%98_%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%B8" title="발루아의 마르그리트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발루아의 마르그리트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1_%D5%A4%D5%A5_%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1" title="Մարգարիտա դե Վալուա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարգարիտա դե Վալուա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_dari_Valois" title="Margaret dari Valois – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Margaret dari Valois" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margr%C3%A9t_af_Valois" title="Margrét af Valois – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Margrét af Valois" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margherita_di_Valois" title="Margherita di Valois – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Margherita di Valois" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94,_%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA" title="מרגריט דה ולואה, נסיכת צרפת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרגריט דה ולואה, נסיכת צרפת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94_%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="მარგარიტა დე ვალუა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარგარიტა დე ვალუა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarita_Valesia" title="Margarita Valesia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Margarita Valesia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarita_de_Valua" title="Margarita de Valua – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Margarita de Valua" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_de_Frans" title="Marguerite de Frans – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Marguerite de Frans" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valois_Margit_francia_kir%C3%A1lyn%C3%A9" title="Valois Margit francia királyné – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Valois Margit francia királyné" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Маргарита Валоа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Маргарита Валоа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7" title="مارجريت من فالوا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارجريت من فالوا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_dari_Valois" title="Marguerite dari Valois – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Marguerite dari Valois" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaretha_van_Valois_(1553-1615)" title="Margaretha van Valois (1553-1615) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Margaretha van Valois (1553-1615)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AF" title="マルグリット・ド・ヴァロワ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルグリット・ド・ヴァロワ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Маргарита де Валуа – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Маргарита де Валуа" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margrete_av_Valois" title="Margrete av Valois – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Margrete av Valois" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarida_de_Fran%C3%A7a_(1553-1615)" title="Margarida de França (1553-1615) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Margarida de França (1553-1615)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AB%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="د والویس مارګریت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د والویس مارګریت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Walezjuszka" title="Małgorzata Walezjuszka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Małgorzata Walezjuszka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarida_de_Valois" title="Margarida de Valois – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Margarida de Valois" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margareta_de_Valois" title="Margareta de Valois – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Margareta de Valois" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Маргарита де Валуа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маргарита де Валуа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois" title="Margaret of Valois – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Margaret of Valois" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margar%C3%A9ta_z_Valois" title="Margaréta z Valois – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Margaréta z Valois" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%84%DB%95_%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%86%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="مارگریت لە ڤالۆیس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مارگریت لە ڤالۆیس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Маргарета од Валоа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маргарета од Валоа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valois%E2%80%99n_Margareta" title="Valois’n Margareta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valois’n Margareta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margareta_av_Valois" title="Margareta av Valois – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Margareta av Valois" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7" title="มาร์เกอริตแห่งวาลัว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาร์เกอริตแห่งวาลัว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D1%96_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8)" title="Маргарита Валуа (королева Франції і Наварри) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маргарита Валуа (королева Франції і Наварри)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_c%E1%BB%A7a_Ph%C3%A1p" title="Marguerite của Pháp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Marguerite của Pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E6%A0%BC%E4%B8%BD%E7%89%B9%EF%BC%88%E7%93%A6%E5%8D%A2%E7%93%A6%EF%BC%89" title="玛格丽特（瓦卢瓦） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="玛格丽特（瓦卢瓦）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E6%A0%BC%E9%BA%97%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E7%9B%A7%E7%93%A6" title="瑪格麗特·德·瓦盧瓦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瑪格麗特·德·瓦盧瓦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q220845#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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.infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Margaret of Valois</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Reine_Marguerite_de_Valois.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Reine_Marguerite_de_Valois.jpg/220px-Reine_Marguerite_de_Valois.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Reine_Marguerite_de_Valois.jpg/330px-Reine_Marguerite_de_Valois.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Reine_Marguerite_de_Valois.jpg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="588" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Queen_consort_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen consort of France">Queen consort of France</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">2 August 1589 – 17 December 1599</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Queen_consort_of_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen consort of Navarre">Queen consort of Navarre</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">18 August 1572 – 17 December 1599</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">14 May 1553<br /><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 March 1615<span style="display:none">(1615-03-27)</span> (aged 61)<br />Hostel de la Reyne Margueritte, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St_Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of St Denis">Basilica of St Denis</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a> </div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="11 April 1572">1572</span>; <abbr title="annulled">ann.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="17 December 1599">1599</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Marguerite de Valois</i></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">Valois</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Margaret of Valois</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Marguerite</i>, 14 May 1553 – 27 March 1615), popularly known as <b><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Reine Margot</i></span></b>, was a French princess of the <a href="/wiki/Valois_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valois dynasty">Valois dynasty</a> who became <a href="/wiki/List_of_Navarrese_consorts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Navarrese consorts">Queen of Navarre</a> by marriage to <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry III of Navarre</a> and then also <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_consorts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of French consorts">Queen of France</a> at her husband's 1589 accession to the latter throne as Henry IV. </p><p>Margaret was the daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a> and the sister of Kings <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a>. Her union with the King of Navarre, intended to contribute to the reconciliation of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a> in France, was tarnished six days after the marriage ceremony by the <a href="/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="St Bartholomew's Day massacre">St Bartholomew's Day massacre</a> and the resumption of the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a>. In the conflict between Henry III of France and the <a href="/wiki/Malcontents_(France)" title="Malcontents (France)">Malcontents</a>, she took the side of <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Francis, Duke of Anjou</a>, her younger brother, which caused Henry to have a deep aversion towards her. </p><p>As Queen of Navarre, Margaret also played a pacifying role in the stormy relations between her husband and the French monarchy. Shuttling back and forth between both courts, she endeavoured to lead a happy conjugal life, but her infertility and the political tensions inherent in the civil conflict led to the end of her marriage. Mistreated by a brother<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>, who was quick to take offence, and rejected by her husband, she chose the path of opposition in 1585. She took the side of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic League (France)">Catholic League</a> and was thus exiled to <a href="/wiki/Auvergne" title="Auvergne">Auvergne</a>, which lasted for 20 years. In 1599, she consented to a "royal divorce",<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the annulment of the marriage, but only after the payment of a generous compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A well-known woman of letters, considered both enlightened and an generous patron, she played a considerable part in the cultural life of the court, especially after her return from exile in 1605. She preached the supremacy of <a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">platonic love</a> over physical love. During her imprisonment, she took advantage of the time to write her <i>Memoirs</i>, the first woman to have done so. One of the most fashionable women of her time, her dress influenced many of Europe's <a href="/wiki/Court_(royal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court (royal)">royal courts</a>. </p><p>After her death, the anecdotes and slanders circulated about her created a legend which consolidated around the nickname <i>La Reine Margot</i>, invented by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_p%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Dumas père">Alexandre Dumas père</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These fictional elements of <a href="/wiki/Nymphomania" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphomania">nymphomaniac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a> created a mythical image of a woman which persisted through the centuries to the modern day.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 20th and the early 21st centuries, revisionist historian have reviewed the extensive chronicles of her life and concluded that some elements of her scandalous reputation stemmed from anti-Valois propaganda<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a factionalism that denigrated the participation of women in politics<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was created by Bourbon dynasty court historians in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_of_Valois&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_of_Valois&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caterina_e_i_figli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Caterina_e_i_figli.jpg/220px-Caterina_e_i_figli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Caterina_e_i_figli.jpg/330px-Caterina_e_i_figli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Caterina_e_i_figli.jpg/440px-Caterina_e_i_figli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>Catherine de Medici with her children in 1561: <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Francis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a>, Margaret and <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Margaret of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">Valois</a> was born on 14 May 1553 at the royal <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>, the seventh child and third daughter of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wellman277_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wellman277-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three of her brothers would become kings of France: <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a>. Her sister, <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois" title="Elisabeth of Valois">Elisabeth of Valois</a>, would become the third wife of King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamen199774_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamen199774-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and her brother Francis II, married <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht1988207-208_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht1988207-208-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her childhood was spent in the French royal nursery of the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye with her sisters Elisabeth and <a href="/wiki/Claude_of_Valois" title="Claude of Valois">Claude</a>, under the care of <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Curton" title="Charlotte de Curton">Charlotte de Vienne</a>, baronne de Courton, "a wise and virtuous lady greatly attached to the Catholic religion".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After her sisters' weddings, Margaret grew up in the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Amboise" title="Château d'Amboise">Château d'Amboise</a> with her brothers Henry and <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Francis, Duke of Anjou</a>. During her childhood, her brother Charles IX gave her the nickname of "Margot".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the French court, she studied grammar, classics, history, and Holy Scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Margaret learned to speak Italian, Spanish, Latin and Greek in addition to her native French.<sup id="cite_ref-Pidduck_19_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pidduck_19-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was competent also in prose, poetry, horsemanship, and dance. She traveled with her family and the court in the <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX%27s_grand_tour_of_France" title="Charles IX's grand tour of France">grand tour of France</a> (1564–1566). During this period Margaret had direct experience of the dangerous and complex political situation in France, and learned from her mother the art of political mediation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1565, Catherine met with <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II's</a> chief minister <a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a> in hopes of arranging a marriage between Margaret and <a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Carlos, Prince of Asturias">Carlos, Prince of Asturias</a>. However, Alba refused any consideration of a dynastic marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-TFWoR39_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TFWoR39-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other marriage negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian of Portugal">Sebastian of Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Archduke Rudolf</a> also did not succeed. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clouet_Margerite_of_Valois.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Clouet_Margerite_of_Valois.jpg/220px-Clouet_Margerite_of_Valois.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Clouet_Margerite_of_Valois.jpg/330px-Clouet_Margerite_of_Valois.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Clouet_Margerite_of_Valois.jpg/440px-Clouet_Margerite_of_Valois.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Princess Margaret of Valois. Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet" title="François Clouet">François Clouet</a>, 16th century. Margaret was considered in her time beautiful, cultured, refined and flirtatious: for this she was called the "pearl of the Valois".</figcaption></figure> <p>During her teenage years, she and her brother Henry were very close friends. In 1568, leaving court to command the royal armies, he entrusted his 15-year-old sister with the defense of his interests with their mother.<sup id="cite_ref-Moisan_18_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moisan_18-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>His words inspired me with resolution and powers I did not think myself possessed of before. I had naturally a degree of courage, and, as soon as I recovered from my astonishment, I found I was quite an altered person. His address pleased me, and wrought in me a confidence in myself; and I found I was become of more consequence than I had ever conceived I had been.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Delighted with this mission, she fulfilled it conscientiously, but Henry showed no gratitude upon his return, according to her <i>Memoirs</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had suspicions of a secret romance between Margot and <a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry I, Duke of Guise">Henry of Guise</a> and their presumptive plan of marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Moisan_18_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moisan_18-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the royal family found this out, Catherine and Charles beat her and sent Henry of Guise away from court.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This episode is perhaps at the root of a "lasting brotherly hatred" between Margaret and her brother Henry, as well as the equally lasting cooling of relations with her mother.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some historians have hinted that the duke was Margaret's lover, but nothing confirms this.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the sixteenth century, a king's daughter had to remain a virgin until her marriage for political reasons. Surely after their marriage she was not faithful to her husband,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, it is difficult to discern what is true or invented about her extramarital affairs. Many have no basis, others were simply platonic. Most of Margaret's alleged adventures are the result of pamphlets printed with the intent to politically discredit her and her family.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The most successful defamation was <i>Le Divorce Satyrique</i> (1607), which described Margaret as a nymphomaniac. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vermillion_wedding">Vermillion wedding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_of_Valois&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vermillion wedding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry%26Margot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Henry%26Margot.jpg/220px-Henry%26Margot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Henry%26Margot.jpg/330px-Henry%26Margot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Henry%26Margot.jpg/440px-Henry%26Margot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>Henry of Navarre and Margaret of Valois</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1570, Catherine de' Medici was seeking a marriage between Margaret and <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry de Bourbon of Navarre</a>, the leading <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> (French Calvinist Protestant). It was hoped this union would strengthen family ties, as the Bourbons were part of the French royal family and the closest relatives to the reigning Valois branch, and end the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> between Catholics and Huguenots.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 11 April 1572, Margaret was betrothed to Henry. Henry was a few months younger than Margaret, and their initial impressions of each other were favorable. In one of her letters to Henry, his mother <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret" title="Jeanne d'Albret">Jeanne d'Albret</a>, queen of Navarre, wrote about Margaret: "She has frankly owned to me the favourable impression which she has formed of you. With her beauty and wit, she exercises a great influence over the Queen-Mother and the King, and Messieurs her younger brothers."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jeanne d'Albret died in June 1572, two months after the engagement, and was succeeded on the throne by Henry, so that Margaret became queen of Navarre upon the day of her wedding.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Margaret and Henry, both 19 years of age, were married on 18 August 1572 at <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame de Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marriage between a Catholic and a Huguenot was controversial. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Pope Gregory XIII</a> refused to grant a <a href="/wiki/Dispensation_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispensation (Catholic Church)">dispensation</a> for the wedding,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the different faiths of the bridal couple made for an unusual wedding service. The King of Navarre had to remain outside the cathedral during the mass, where his place was taken by Margaret's brother, the Duke of Anjou.<sup id="cite_ref-Knecht153_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knecht153-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Eudes_de_M%C3%A9zeray" title="François Eudes de Mézeray">François Eudes de Mézeray</a>, a 17th century historian, invented the anecdote that Margaret was forced to marry the King of Navarre by her brother <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a>, who pushed down her head as though she were nodding her assent. This was Bourbon propaganda to justify the subsequent annulment of the marriage, 27 years later,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> part of the myth of the <i>"Reine Margot"</i>. Margaret did not mention this in her <i>Memoirs</i>, nor did any of her contemporaries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I was set out in the most royal manner. I wore a crown on my head with the <i>coët</i>, or regal close dress of ermine, and I blazed in diamonds. My blue-coloured robe had a train to it of four ells in length, which was supported by three princesses. A platform had been raised, some height from the ground, which led from the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop%27s_Palace_of_Paris" title="Archbishop's Palace of Paris">Bishop's palace</a> to the Church of Notre Dame. It was huge with cloth of gold; and below it stood the people in throngs to view the procession, stifling with heat. We were received at the church door by the <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_de_Bourbon_(born_1523)" title="Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon (born 1523)">Cardinal de Bourbon</a>, who officiated for that day, and pronounced the nuptial benediction. After this we proceeded on the same platform to the tribune which separates the nave from the choir, where was a double staircase, one leading into the choir, the other through the nave to the church door. The King of Navarre passed by the latter and went out of church.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dubois-massacre-d%C3%A9tail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Dubois-massacre-d%C3%A9tail.jpg/220px-Dubois-massacre-d%C3%A9tail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Dubois-massacre-d%C3%A9tail.jpg/330px-Dubois-massacre-d%C3%A9tail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Dubois-massacre-d%C3%A9tail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">St. Bartholomew's Day massacre</a></i>. Catherine de' Medici emerging from the Louvre castle to inspect a heap of bodies in a painting by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Dubois" title="François Dubois">François Dubois</a>, a Huguenot painter.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Just six days later, the Catholic faction assassinated many of the Huguenots gathered in Paris for the wedding (the <a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre">St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In her <i>Memoirs</i>, Margaret remembered that she saved the lives of several prominent Protestants during the massacre by keeping them in her rooms and refusing to admit the assassins.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her eye-witness account of the massacre in <i>Memoirs</i> is the only one from the royal family.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These facts inspired <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a> for his famous novel <i><a href="/wiki/La_Reine_Margot_(novel)" title="La Reine Margot (novel)">La Reine Margot</a></i> (1845).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After St. Bartholomew's Day, Catherine de' Medici proposed to Margaret that the marriage be annulled, but she replied that this was impossible because she had already had sexual relations with Henry and was "in every sense" his wife. Later she wrote in her <i>Memoirs</i>: "I suspected the design of separating me from my husband was in order to work some mischief against him."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Libelle_(literary_genre)" title="Libelle (literary genre)">libelle</a> <i>Le Réveil-matin des Français</i>, written by an anonymous Huguenot author in 1574 against the royal family, Margaret was accused for the first time of <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a> with her brother <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This libel was another part of the myth of the <i>"Reine Margot"</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malcontent_conspiracy">Malcontent conspiracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_of_Valois&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Malcontent conspiracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CLOUET_MARGUERITE_DE_VALOIS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/CLOUET_MARGUERITE_DE_VALOIS.jpg/220px-CLOUET_MARGUERITE_DE_VALOIS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/CLOUET_MARGUERITE_DE_VALOIS.jpg/330px-CLOUET_MARGUERITE_DE_VALOIS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/CLOUET_MARGUERITE_DE_VALOIS.jpg/440px-CLOUET_MARGUERITE_DE_VALOIS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3545" data-file-height="5380" /></a><figcaption><i>Margaret, Queen of Navarre</i>. Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet" title="François Clouet">François Clouet</a>, c. 1572. Don <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a> came to the French court only to see her. Later he proclaimed "The beauty of that princess is more divine than human, but she is made to damn and ruin men rather than to save them."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1573, <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a>'s fragile mental state and constitution deteriorated further, but the <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a>, his brother <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry</a>, was <a href="/wiki/1573_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_royal_election" title="1573 Polish–Lithuanian royal election">elected king of Poland</a>. Due to Henry's support of suppressing Protestant worship, moderate Catholic lords, called <a href="/wiki/Malcontents_(France)" title="Malcontents (France)">Malcontents</a>, supported a plot to raise Charles' youngest brother, <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Francis, Duke of Anjou</a>, to the throne of France instead. Anjou appeared willing to compromise in religious affairs, making him an appealing option to those tired of violence. Allied with the Protestants, the Malcontents executed several plots to seize power.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Due to her inclination for her two elder brothers, Margaret initially denounced the plot in which her husband was involved, but later turned her coat in the hope of becoming an indispensable link between moderate Catholic supporters and her King of Navarre's Huguenot supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She actively participated in the organization of the <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a></i> together with her powerful friends <a href="/wiki/Henriette_of_Cleves" title="Henriette of Cleves">Henriette of Nevers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Catherine_de_Clermont" title="Claude Catherine de Clermont">Claude Catherine of Clermont</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1574 the conspiracy was exposed, the leaders of the plot were arrested and decapitated, including <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Boniface_de_La_Mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Boniface de La Mole">Joseph Boniface de La Mole</a>, pretended lover of Margaret.<sup id="cite_ref-Moisan_20_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moisan_20-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the failure of the conspiracy, Francis and Henry were held as prisoners at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vincennes" title="Château de Vincennes">Château de Vincennes</a>. Margaret wrote a letter pleading for her husband, the <i>Supporting Statement for Henry of Bourbon</i>. She recorded in her <i>Memoirs</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>My husband, having no counsellor to assist him, desired me to draw up his defence in such a manner that he might not implicate any person, and, at the same time, clear my brother and himself from any criminality of conduct. With God's help I accomplished this task to his great satisfaction, and to the surprise of the commissioners, who did not expect to find them so well prepared to justify themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After Charles IX's death, at the accession of Henry III of France, Francis and Henry were left at liberty (albeit under surveillance) and even allowed at court, but the new king did not forgive or forget Margaret's betrayal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_divided_family">A divided family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_of_Valois&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: A divided family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Relations between <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry</a> and Margaret deteriorated. Margaret did not get pregnant even though Henry continued to pay his <a href="/wiki/Marital_debt" title="Marital debt">marital debt</a> assiduously. But he had many mistresses and openly deceived Margaret with <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Sauve" title="Charlotte de Sauve">Charlotte de Sauve</a>, member of Queen-Mother's notorious "<a href="/wiki/Escadron_volant" class="mw-redirect" title="Escadron volant">Flying Squadron</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charlotte also provoked a quarrel between Anjou and Navarre, both her lovers, spoiling Margaret's attempt at forming an alliance between her husband and youngest brother.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This episode may give the impression that despite frequent infidelity, the marriage was a solid political alliance. In reality, Henry only approached his wife when it served his interests, and did not hesitate to abandon her if it did not. For her part, Margaret might have availed herself of the absence of jealousy of her husband to take a lover in the person of the famous <a href="/wiki/Bussy_d%27Amboise" class="mw-redirect" title="Bussy d'Amboise">Bussy d'Amboise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moisan_20_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moisan_20-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Decourt_-_Portrait_Fran%C3%A7ois-Hercule_de_Valois,_duc_d%E2%80%99Alen%C3%A7on_c._1576.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Jean_Decourt_-_Portrait_Fran%C3%A7ois-Hercule_de_Valois%2C_duc_d%E2%80%99Alen%C3%A7on_c._1576.png/200px-Jean_Decourt_-_Portrait_Fran%C3%A7ois-Hercule_de_Valois%2C_duc_d%E2%80%99Alen%C3%A7on_c._1576.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Jean_Decourt_-_Portrait_Fran%C3%A7ois-Hercule_de_Valois%2C_duc_d%E2%80%99Alen%C3%A7on_c._1576.png/300px-Jean_Decourt_-_Portrait_Fran%C3%A7ois-Hercule_de_Valois%2C_duc_d%E2%80%99Alen%C3%A7on_c._1576.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Jean_Decourt_-_Portrait_Fran%C3%A7ois-Hercule_de_Valois%2C_duc_d%E2%80%99Alen%C3%A7on_c._1576.png/400px-Jean_Decourt_-_Portrait_Fran%C3%A7ois-Hercule_de_Valois%2C_duc_d%E2%80%99Alen%C3%A7on_c._1576.png 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois,_Duke_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="François, Duke of Anjou">François, Duke of Anjou</a>. Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Decourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Decourt">Jean Decourt</a> (1576).</figcaption></figure> <p>Anjou and Navarre finally managed to escape, one in September 1575 and the other in 1576.<sup id="cite_ref-Knecht153_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knecht153-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry did not even warn his wife of his departure. Margaret found herself confined to her chambers in the Louvre, under suspicion as her husband's accomplice. She wrote in her <i>Memoirs</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Besides, I had found a secret pleasure, during my confinement, from the perusal of good books, to which I had given myself up with a delight I never before experienced. [...] My captivity and its consequent solitude afforded me the double advantage of exciting a passion for study, and an inclination for devotion, advantages I had never experienced during the vanities and splendour of my prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Anjou, who allied himself with the Huguenots, took up arms and refused to negotiate until his sister was set free. She was therefore released and assisted her mother in the peace talks. They led to a text extremely beneficial to the Protestants and to Anjou: the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Beaulieu" title="Edict of Beaulieu">Edict of Beaulieu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry of Navarre, who had once again converted to the Protestant faith, sought to have Margaret join him in his <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a>. During this conflict, they reconciled to the point that she reported pertinent information from the court in her letters.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a> and Henry III refused to release her to her husband, fearing that Margaret would become a hostage in the hands of the Huguenots or that she would act to strengthen the alliance between Navarre and Anjou.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Catherine was persuaded that Henry of Navarre could potentially change religion yet again, and used her daughter as bait to attract him to Paris.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomatic_mission_in_Flanders">Diplomatic mission in Flanders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_of_Valois&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diplomatic mission in Flanders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1577, Margaret asked permission to go on a mission in the south of the Netherlands on behalf of her younger brother <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Francis, Duke of Anjou</a>. The Flemings, who had <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">rebelled against Spanish rule</a> in 1576, seemed willing to offer a throne to a foreign prince who was tolerant and willing to provide them with the diplomatic and military forces necessary to protect their independence. Henry III accepted the proposal of his sister because he would finally release the inconvenient duke of Anjou.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On the pretext of a bath in <a href="/wiki/Spa,_Belgium" title="Spa, Belgium">Spa</a> thermal waters, Margaret left Paris with her court. She devoted two months to her mission: at every stage of the journey, during brilliant receptions, the queen of Navarre was entertained with gentlemen hostile to Spain and, while praising his brother, she tried to persuade them to join him.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also met the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Habsburg_Netherlands" title="List of governors of the Habsburg Netherlands">governor of the Netherlands</a>, Don <a href="/wiki/Juan_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan of Austria">Juan of Austria</a>, with whom he had a friendly meeting in <a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost one quarter of her <i>Memoirs</i> are devoted to this mission. For Margaret, returning to France was dangerous due to the risk that the Spanish would capture her.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the end, despite the contacts Margaret had found, the Duke of Anjou was incapable of defeating the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After reporting her mission to her younger brother, Margaret returned to the court. The fighting multiplied between Henry III's <i><a href="/wiki/Mignons" class="mw-redirect" title="Mignons">mignons</a></i> and Anjou's supporters, in the forefront of which <a href="/wiki/Bussy_d%27Amboise" class="mw-redirect" title="Bussy d'Amboise">Bussy d'Amboise</a>, a lover of Margaret.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1578 Anjou asked to be absent. But Henry III saw in it the proof of his participation in a conspiracy: he had him arrested in the middle of the night, and kept him in his room, where Margaret joined him. As for Bussy, he was taken to the <a href="/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille">Bastille</a>. A few days later, Anjou fled again, thanks to a rope thrown out of his sister's window.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Court_of_Nérac"><span id="Court_of_N.C3.A9rac"></span>Court of Nérac</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_of_Valois&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Court of Nérac"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly afterwards, Margaret, who denied any participation in this escape, finally got permission to join her husband. Catherine also saw the years pass and still had no heir. She hoped for a new wedding and invited her son-in-law to act as a good husband. Perhaps Henry III and the Queen-Mother also hoped that Margaret could play a conciliation role in the troubled provinces of the southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marguerite_of_Valois,_Queen_of_Navarre)_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Marguerite_of_Valois%2C_Queen_of_Navarre%29_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg/260px-Marguerite_of_Valois%2C_Queen_of_Navarre%29_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Marguerite_of_Valois%2C_Queen_of_Navarre%29_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg/390px-Marguerite_of_Valois%2C_Queen_of_Navarre%29_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Marguerite_of_Valois%2C_Queen_of_Navarre%29_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg/520px-Marguerite_of_Valois%2C_Queen_of_Navarre%29_by_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="1397" /></a><figcaption>Queen Margaret of Navarre, by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hilliard" title="Nicholas Hilliard">Nicholas Hilliard</a> (1577)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%A9rac_ch%C3%A2teau_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/N%C3%A9rac_ch%C3%A2teau_2.JPG/260px-N%C3%A9rac_ch%C3%A2teau_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/N%C3%A9rac_ch%C3%A2teau_2.JPG/390px-N%C3%A9rac_ch%C3%A2teau_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/N%C3%A9rac_ch%C3%A2teau_2.JPG/520px-N%C3%A9rac_ch%C3%A2teau_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_N%C3%A9rac" title="Château de Nérac">Château de Nérac</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For her return with her husband, Margaret was accompanied by her mother and her chancellor, a renowned humanist, magistrate and poet, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Du_Faur_de_Pibrac" class="mw-redirect" title="Guy Du Faur de Pibrac">Guy Du Faur de Pibrac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This journey was an opportunity for entering the cities crossed, a way of forging closer ties with the reigning family. At the end of their journey, they finally found the <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">King of Navarre</a>. Catherine and her son-in-law agreed on the modalities of the execution of the last edict of pacification – the object of the Nérac conference in 1579. Then, the Queen-Mother returned to Paris.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After her departure, the spouses stayed briefly in <a href="/wiki/Pau,_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques" title="Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques">Pau</a> where Margaret suffered from the prohibition of Catholic worship.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They then settled in <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9rac" title="Nérac">Nérac</a>, capital of the <a href="/wiki/Albret" title="Albret">Albret</a>, which was part of the Kingdom of France and where the religious regulations and intolerance in force in <a href="/wiki/Viscounty_of_B%C3%A9arn" title="Viscounty of Béarn">Béarn</a> did not apply: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Our residence, for the most part of the time I have mentioned, was Nérac, where our Court was so brilliant that we had no cause to regret our absence from the Court of France. We had with us the <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de_Bourbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine de Bourbon">Princesse de Navarre</a>, my husband's sister; there were besides a number of ladies belonging to myself. The King my husband was attended by a numerous body of lords and gentlemen, all as gallant persons as I have seen in any Court; and we had only to lament that they were Huguenots. [...] Sometimes we took a walk in the park on the banks of the river, bordered by an avenue of trees three thousand yards in length. The rest of the day was passed in innocent amusements; and in the afternoon, or at night, we commonly had a ball.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Queen Margaret worked to create a refined court.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was indeed forming a true literary academy. Besides <a href="/wiki/Agrippa_d%27Aubign%C3%A9" title="Agrippa d'Aubigné">Agrippa d'Aubigné</a>, Navarre's companion in arms, and <a href="/wiki/Guy_Du_Faur,_Seigneur_de_Pibrac" title="Guy Du Faur, Seigneur de Pibrac">Guy Du Faur, Seigneur de Pibrac</a>, the poet <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Salluste_Du_Bartas" title="Guillaume de Salluste Du Bartas">Guillaume de Salluste Du Bartas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a><sup id="cite_ref-Moisan_20_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moisan_20-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> frequented the court. Margaret had many exchanges with the author of the <i><a href="/wiki/Essays_(Montaigne)" title="Essays (Montaigne)">Essays</a></i>. The Navarrese knight, poet, author and descendant of the first kings of Navarre, <a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_%C3%8D%C3%B1iguez_de_Medrano" title="Julián Íñiguez de Medrano">Julián Íñiguez de Medrano</a>, had been at court in Nérac with Queen Margaret of Valois; Medrano flourished during her time. The Queen, who knew how to value people of wit, believed she gained much by having him at her Nérac Court, where he was for several years both an ornament and a delight.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Julián Íñiguez de Medrano's book <a href="/wiki/La_Silva_Curiosa" title="La Silva Curiosa">La Silva Curiosa</a> is dedicated to Queen Margaret de Valois.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The court of Nérac became especially famous for the amorous adventures that occurred there, to the point of having inspired Shakespeare's <i><a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Labour%27s_Lost" title="Love's Labour's Lost">Love's Labour's Lost</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Margaret had an affair with one of the most illustrious companions of her husband, the <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne,_Duke_of_Bouillon" title="Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon">Vicomte de Turenne</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry of Navarre</a>, on his side, endeavored to conquer all the maids of honor who accompanied his wife. In 1579, a religious war, later called the "Lovers' War", broke out between the Huguenots and King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conflict was provoked by the misapplication of the last edict of pacification and by a conflict between Navarre and the lieutenant-general of the king in <a href="/wiki/Guyenne" title="Guyenne">Guyenne</a>, a province in which Henry of Navarre was governor.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the conflict, Margaret took the side of her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lasted briefly (1579–1580), thanks in part to the Queen of Navarre who suggested calling her brother, <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Francis, Duke of Anjou</a>, to lead the negotiations. They were rapid and culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fleix" title="Treaty of Fleix">peace of Fleix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morlon_-_Henry_of_Navarre_and_La_Belle_Fosseuse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Morlon_-_Henry_of_Navarre_and_La_Belle_Fosseuse.jpg/250px-Morlon_-_Henry_of_Navarre_and_La_Belle_Fosseuse.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Morlon_-_Henry_of_Navarre_and_La_Belle_Fosseuse.jpg/375px-Morlon_-_Henry_of_Navarre_and_La_Belle_Fosseuse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Morlon_-_Henry_of_Navarre_and_La_Belle_Fosseuse.jpg/500px-Morlon_-_Henry_of_Navarre_and_La_Belle_Fosseuse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Henri of Navarre and <i>La Belle Fosseuse</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>It is then that Margaret fell in love with the grand equerry of her brother, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Harlay" title="Jacques de Harlay">Jacques de Harlay</a>, lord of Champvallon.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letters she addressed to him illustrate her conception of love. She favoured <a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">platonic love</a> - which does not mean that she didn't appreciate physical love<sup id="cite_ref-Moisan,_p._24_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moisan,_p._24-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – to bring about a fusion of souls. </p><p>After the departure of Anjou, the situation of Margaret deteriorated. One of her ladies-in-waiting, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_de_Montmorency-Fosseux" title="Françoise de Montmorency-Fosseux">Françoise de Montmorency-Fosseux</a>, a 14-year-old girl known as <i>La Belle Fosseuse</i>, was conducting a passionate affair with the King of Navarre and became pregnant. Margaret proposed banishing her rival from court, but <i>La Belle Fosseuse</i> screamed that she would refuse to cooperate. She never ceased to incite Henry against his wife, hoping perhaps to be married to him. "From that moment until the hour of [his mistress's] delivery, which was a few months after, [my husband] never spoke to me. [...] We slept in separate beds in the same chamber, and had done so for some time", remembered Margaret.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Françoise finally gave birth to a daughter, but the child was stillborn. "It pleased God that she should bring forth a daughter since dead", the queen wrote in her <i>Memoirs</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scandal_in_Paris">Scandal in Paris</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_of_Valois&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Scandal in Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HenriIII-CatherinedeM%C3%A9dicis-LouisedeLoreine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HenriIII-CatherinedeM%C3%A9dicis-LouisedeLoreine.JPG/220px-HenriIII-CatherinedeM%C3%A9dicis-LouisedeLoreine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HenriIII-CatherinedeM%C3%A9dicis-LouisedeLoreine.JPG/330px-HenriIII-CatherinedeM%C3%A9dicis-LouisedeLoreine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HenriIII-CatherinedeM%C3%A9dicis-LouisedeLoreine.JPG/440px-HenriIII-CatherinedeM%C3%A9dicis-LouisedeLoreine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Henry III, the Queen-Mother and queen <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Lorraine" title="Louise of Lorraine">Louise of Lorraine</a> (detail), <a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Flemish school">Franco-Flemish school</a>, c. 1582.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1582, Margaret returned to Paris. She had failed to give her husband an heir, which would have strengthened her position. However, the real reasons for her departure were obscure. No doubt she wanted to escape from an atmosphere that became hostile, perhaps also to approach her lover Champvallon, or to support her younger brother Anjou. Moreover, King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Queen-Mother</a> urged her to return, hoping thus to attract the King of Navarre to the court of France.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Queen Margaret was initially well received by her brother, the King. Margaret maintained an active correspondence with her husband and tried to convince him to join her in Paris. But Henry of Navarre was not persuaded, and a rupturing of their relationship occurred when Margaret forced <i>La Belle Fosseuse</i> from her service on the order of the Queen-Mother.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this new break with her husband, from November 1582 to August 1583, the Queen of Navarre resumed the relationship with <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Harlay" title="Jacques de Harlay">Champvallon</a>, who had returned to Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-Moisan,_p._24_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moisan,_p._24-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the meantime, the relationship between Margaret and her brother Henry III had become very strained. While the King alternated between a dissolute life and crises of mysticism, Margaret encouraged mockery against his morals and she made enemies of two of his chief <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mignons" title="Les Mignons">mignons</a></i> the <a href="/wiki/Jean_Louis_de_Nogaret_de_La_Valette" title="Jean Louis de Nogaret de La Valette">Duke of Epernon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Joyeuse" title="Anne de Joyeuse">Duke of Joyeuse</a>, who retaliated by circulating very injurious reports about her private life.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Margaret encouraged <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Francis, Duke of Anjou</a> to continue his expedition to the Netherlands, which King Henry III wished to interrupt, fearing a war with Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ball_Henri_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ball_Henri_III.jpg/220px-Ball_Henri_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ball_Henri_III.jpg/330px-Ball_Henri_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ball_Henri_III.jpg/440px-Ball_Henri_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption> <i>Ball at the Court of Henry III</i> (detail), <a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Flemish school">Franco-Flemish school</a>, c. 1582.</figcaption></figure> <p>When she fell sick in June 1583, rumors claimed that she was pregnant by Champvallon.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry III was soon displeased by her reputation and behavior and expelled her from the court, an unprecedented and humiliating measure that scandalized Europe. The Queen's court was stopped by Henry III's guards and some of her servants were arrested and interrogated by the King himself, especially about the possible birth of a bastard child by Jacques de Harlay or an abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, warned of the rumors, the <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">King of Navarre</a> refused to receive his wife. He gave Henry III embarrassed explanations, then compensations.<sup id="cite_ref-Craveri_80_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craveri_80-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Queen of Navarre remained for eight months in uncertainty between the French and Navarre courts, waiting for the negotiations to be concluded. The Huguenot warlords found there the <i><a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a></i> they were waiting for and Navarre took advantage of it to seize <a href="/wiki/Mont-de-Marsan" title="Mont-de-Marsan">Mont-de-Marsan</a>, which Henry III agreed to cede to him to close the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 April 1584, after long negotiations, Margaret was allowed to return to her husband's court in Navarre, but she received an icy reception.<sup id="cite_ref-Craveri_80_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craveri_80-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation got worse. In June 1584, her brother Francis died and she missed her most valuable ally.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Anjou's death, Henry of Navarre became <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a> to the French throne, and he was under increased pressure to produce an heir.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1585, his new lover <a href="/wiki/Diane_d%27Andouins" class="mw-redirect" title="Diane d'Andouins">Diane d'Andouins</a>, nicknamed <i>La Belle Corisande</i>, pressed the King of Navarre to repudiate Margaret, hoping to be married to him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebellion_and_exile">Rebellion and exile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_of_Valois&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rebellion and exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MargueritedeValois.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MargueritedeValois.jpg/220px-MargueritedeValois.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MargueritedeValois.jpg/330px-MargueritedeValois.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MargueritedeValois.jpg/440px-MargueritedeValois.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Queen Margaret of Valois. 16th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1585, in an unprecedented gesture for a Queen of the sixteenth century, Margaret abandoned her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She rallied the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">Catholic League</a>, which united as well the intransigent Catholics with the people hostile to the policy of her family and her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-Craveri_80_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craveri_80-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Determined to overcome her difficulties, Margaret masterminded a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> and seized power over <a href="/wiki/Agen" title="Agen">Agen</a>, one of her <a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">appanages</a>. The Queen of Navarre spent several months fortifying the city. Recruiting troops, she sent them to the assault of the cities around Agen.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>But, tired of the Queen's demands, the Agenais revolted and agreed with the lieutenant of Henry III.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the arrival of royal troops, Margaret had to flee precipitously. Refusing her mother's pleas that she move to a royal manor, she retreated to her lofty and impregnable fortress of <a href="/wiki/Carlat" title="Carlat">Carlat</a> with Jean de Lard de Galard, seigneur d'Aubiac, her probable lover, whom she appointed captain of her guards.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a year, probably due to the approach of royal troops, Margaret took refuge in the castle of Ibois, a little to the north of <a href="/wiki/Auvergne" title="Auvergne">Auvergne</a>, as proposed to her by her mother.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But she found herself besieged by the royal troops who seized the fortress. She waited nearly a month for a decision on her fate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 13 October 1586, Margaret was imprisoned by her brother Henry III in the <a href="/wiki/Usson,_Puy-de-D%C3%B4me" title="Usson, Puy-de-Dôme">castle of Usson</a>, in Auvergne. D'Aubiac was executed, despite <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a>'s wish, in front of Margaret.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Margaret assumed she was going to die and in a "farewell" letter to the Queen-Mother, she asked that after her execution a post-mortem be held to prove that she was not, despite gossip, pregnant with d'Aubiac's child.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>But suddenly, her gaoler, the Marquis de Canillac, switched from the royal side in the civil war to that of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">Catholic League</a> and released her in early 1587.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rumors at the court of France reported that she seduced him, but most probably he was bought by her.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her freedom suited the League perfectly: her continued existence guaranteed that Henry of Navarre would remain without an heir.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MargueritedeValois_Best.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/MargueritedeValois_Best.jpg/220px-MargueritedeValois_Best.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/MargueritedeValois_Best.jpg/330px-MargueritedeValois_Best.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/MargueritedeValois_Best.jpg/440px-MargueritedeValois_Best.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="1550" /></a><figcaption>Historical wax statue of Queen Margaret of Valois produced by artist/historian George S. Stuart.</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite obtaining her freedom, Margaret decided to stay in the castle of Usson, where she spent eighteen years. Of her life in Usson, there is very little reliable information, so a lot of legends have gathered around it.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, she learned of her mother's death and of her brother Henry III's assassination in 1589. Her husband, Henry of Navarre, became king of France under the name of Henry IV. He was, however, not accepted by most of the Catholic population until he converted four years later.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time, Margaret was able to train, as she had done at Nérac, a new court of intellectuals, musicians and writers. She restored the castle and committed her time to reading many works, especially religious and esoteric ones. Even her financial condition improved when her sister-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Austria,_Queen_of_France" title="Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France">Elisabeth of Austria</a>, with whom she had always had good relations, began sending her half of her income.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1594, Margaret received a letter from her friend <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Bourdeille" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre de Bourdeille">Pierre de Bourdeille</a>, known as Brantôme, with whom she was in contact, a <a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">panegyric</a> entitled <i>Discours sur la Reine de France et de Navarre</i>. In response to the poet's work, which contained several mistakes and false rumors about her, she wrote her <i>Memoirs</i>. She was the first woman to have done so.<sup id="cite_ref-Craveri_81–82_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craveri_81–82-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have been induced to undertake writing my Memoirs the more from five or six observations which I have had occasion to make upon your work, as you appear to have been misinformed respecting certain particulars. For example, in that part where mention is made of Pau, and of my journey in France; likewise where you speak of the late Maréchal de Biron, of Agen, and of the sally of the Marquis de Canillac from that place.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Her work was dedicated to Brantôme, and it consisted of an autobiography from her infancy to 1582. The <i>Memoirs</i> were published posthumously in 1628.<sup id="cite_ref-Pidduck_19_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pidduck_19-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Queen Margaret was also visited by writers, beginning with the faithful Brantôme, but also <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_d%27Urf%C3%A9" title="Honoré d'Urfé">Honoré d'Urfé</a>, who was no doubt inspired by Margaret to create the character of Galathee in <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Astr%C3%A9e" title="L'Astrée">L'Astrée</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Scaliger" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Scaliger">Joseph Scaliger</a>, who visited Usson in 1599.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconciliation_with_Henry_and_annulment_of_marriage">Reconciliation with Henry and annulment of marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_of_Valois&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reconciliation with Henry and annulment of marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1593, Henry IV first proposed to Margaret an <a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">annulment</a> of their marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Margaret resumed contact with him to try to improve her financial situation. Her infertility was proven, but she knew that the new King needed a legitimate son to consolidate his power. For this, he needed the support of his wife because he wished to marry again.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The negotiations began after the return of peace and Henry IV's return to Catholicism. To support the invalidity of the marriage with the Pope, the King and Margaret put forward the infertility of the couple, their consanguinity, and the formal defects of the marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the talks, the Queen’s financial situation improved, but she was displeased at the idea of Henry marrying his mistress, <a href="/wiki/Gabrielle_d%27Estrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabrielle d'Estrees">Gabrielle d'Estrees</a>, mother of his son, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar,_Duke_of_Vend%C3%B4me" title="César, Duke of Vendôme">César</a>, who was legitimized in 1595, and refused to endorse what she considered to be a dishonorable remarriage: "It is repugnant to me to put in my place a woman of such low extraction and of so impure a life as the one about whom rumor speaks."<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She stopped the negotiations, but after the providential death of Gabrielle from <a href="/wiki/Eclampsia" title="Eclampsia">eclampsia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Margaret returned to her demand for reasons of conscience, in exchange for strong financial compensation and the right to retain the use of her royal title. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the trial, many witnesses reported the fake saying that Margaret had been forced by her mother and brother Charles IX to marry Henry.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Pope Clement VIII</a> pronounced the bull of annulment on 24 October 1599. Later, on 17 December 1599, the Archbishop of Arles pronounced the annulment of Henry's marriage to Margaret of Valois.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly a year later, Henry IV married <a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a> on 5 October 1600.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the annulment of their marriage, positive relations between the two former spouses continued. After twenty years of exile, Margaret entered the good graces of the King of France.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her case was not foreseen by custom, but her new position allowed her to receive visitors at Usson who were charmed by the cultural quality of this "new Parnassus" and the generosity of their hostess.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On the other hand, well-established in the Auvergne and well-informed, she did not fail to spot the schemes of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Valois,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Charles de Valois, Duke of Angoulême">Count of Auvergne</a>, bastard son of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX of France</a> and uterine sister (half-sister with the same mother) of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Henriette_de_Balzac_d%27Entragues" title="Catherine Henriette de Balzac d'Entragues">Henriette d'Entragues</a> – a mistress evicted by King Henry IV. Duly informed, in 1604 the King ordered the capture of the conspirator and the confiscation of all his property. Queen Margaret ought in her time to have inherited from Auvergne a property belonging to her mother, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a>, who had disinherited her from her brother Henry III's schemes for the benefit of this ally.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Margaret initiated a long trial and the King allowed her to return to Paris to manage her legal case.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_years_in_Paris">Last years in Paris</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_of_Valois&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Last years in Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margot_Adult_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Margot_Adult_01.jpg/220px-Margot_Adult_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Margot_Adult_01.jpg/330px-Margot_Adult_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Margot_Adult_01.jpg/440px-Margot_Adult_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption>Queen Margaret in 1605.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1605, after nineteen years in Usson, Margaret made her return to the capital. She impressed the Parisians for her appearance: her skin was red and raw, she wore an extravagant blonde wig and her clothes were twenty years out of fashion, but despite this she equally won the affection of the people.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even if she had changed little - at least as far as her tastes were concerned - she became "horribly stout", according to <a href="/wiki/Tallemant_des_R%C3%A9aux" class="mw-redirect" title="Tallemant des Réaux">Tallemant des Réaux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Paris Queen Margaret established herself as a mentor of the arts and benefactress of the poor. She was also now very devout and <a href="/wiki/Vincent_de_Paul" title="Vincent de Paul">Vincent de Paul</a> was her chaplain.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1606, she managed to win the lawsuit against her nephew and gained her entire maternal inheritance. After this, Margaret named as her heir the <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Dauphin Louis</a>. This was an extremely important political move for the Bourbon family, as it made official the dynastic transition between the Valois family, of which Queen Margaret was the last legitimate descendant, and that of Bourbon dynasty, just settled on the throne of France.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It strengthened the friendship that had been created with Queen <a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a> to delegitimize the claims of Henriette d'Entragues, sister of Charles of Valois and lover of Henry IV, who claimed that her son was the legitimate heir due to the King's promise of marriage. Margaret often helped plan events at court and nurtured the children of Henry IV and Marie.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1608, at the birth of Prince <a href="/wiki/Gaston,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Gaston, Duke of Orléans">Gaston of France</a>, future duke of Orléans, Queen Margaret was chosen by the King himself to be the godmother.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotel_de_la_reine_margueritet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hotel_de_la_reine_margueritet.jpg/250px-Hotel_de_la_reine_margueritet.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hotel_de_la_reine_margueritet.jpg/375px-Hotel_de_la_reine_margueritet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hotel_de_la_reine_margueritet.jpg/500px-Hotel_de_la_reine_margueritet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption><i>L'Hostel de la Reine Marguerite</i> built by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bullant" title="Jean Bullant">Jean Bullant</a> in 1609, and its gardens, as shown in <a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Merian" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthäus Merian">Matthäus Merian</a> 1615 plan of Paris.</figcaption></figure> <p>She settled her household on the <a href="/wiki/Rive_Gauche" title="Rive Gauche">Left Bank</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> in the <i>Hostel de la Reyne Margueritte</i>, which is illustrated in <a href="/wiki/Merian_plan_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Merian plan of Paris">Merian's 1615 plan of Paris</a>; the <i>hostel</i> was built for her to designs by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bullant" title="Jean Bullant">Jean Bullant</a> in 1609.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The palace became a Parisian political and intellectual center. Queen Margaret gave brilliant receptions with theatrical performances and ballets that lasted until night and had great patrons; she also opened a literary lounge where she organized a company of philosophers, poets, and scholars (among them <a href="/wiki/Marie_de_Gournay" title="Marie de Gournay">Marie de Gournay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Desportes" title="Philippe Desportes">Philippe Desportes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Maynard" title="François Maynard">François Maynard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etienne_Pasquier" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Pasquier">Etienne Pasquier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_de_Viau" title="Théophile de Viau">Théophile de Viau</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubens.La_Reine_Marguerite_de_Valois.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Rubens.La_Reine_Marguerite_de_Valois.JPG/220px-Rubens.La_Reine_Marguerite_de_Valois.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Rubens.La_Reine_Marguerite_de_Valois.JPG/330px-Rubens.La_Reine_Marguerite_de_Valois.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Rubens.La_Reine_Marguerite_de_Valois.JPG/440px-Rubens.La_Reine_Marguerite_de_Valois.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1121" data-file-height="1589" /></a><figcaption>Queen Margaret in 1610. <i>Coronation of Marie de' Medici in St. Denis</i> (detail), by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, 1622–1625.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 13 May 1610, Queen Margaret attended Marie's coronation at the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a>. The following day, Henry IV was assassinated by the fanatic monk <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ravaillac" title="François Ravaillac">François Ravaillac</a> and Marie de' Medici obtained the regency for their minor child. The regent was entrusted with various diplomatic roles, including the reception of foreign ambassadors at court, the celebrations for the future marriage of Louis XIII and in the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_(France)" title="Estates General (France)">Estates General</a> in 1614, in which Margaret was charged with negotiating with clergy representatives. This was her last public assignment.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 1614, she entered <a href="/wiki/The_woman_question" title="The woman question">the woman question</a> (<i>querelle des femmes</i>) in response to <i>The Flowers of Moral Secrets</i>, a text that she considered to be misogynist, written by the Jesuit father Loryot. She wrote <i>The Learned and Subtle Discourse</i> in which she affirmed the superiority of the woman over man, arguing that God in the creation of the world started from the lower creatures up to the superiors and the woman is the last created creature, not even from the mud, like Adam, but from a rib. Furthermore, the delicacy of the aesthetic forms of women reflects only their perfection. For Queen Margaret, the world is not "made for man and man for God, but rather the world is made for man, man made for woman, and woman made for God".<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in March 1615, Margaret became dangerously ill. She died in her <i>Hostel de la Reyne Marguerite</i>, on 27 March 1615. "On 27 March – wrote <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux_de_Pontchartrain" title="Paul Phélypeaux de Pontchartrain">Paul Phélypeaux de Pontchartrain</a> – there died in Paris, Queen Margaret, the sole survivor of the race of Valois; a princess full of kindness and good intentions for the welfare and repose of the State, and who was her only enemy. She was deeply regretted".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Queen Margaret was buried in the funerary chapel of the Valois in the Basilica of Saint-Denis.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her casket has disappeared and it is not known whether it was removed and transferred when work was done at the chapel, or destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_of_Valois&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myth_of_Queen_Margot">Myth of Queen Margot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_of_Valois&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Myth of Queen Margot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Queen Margaret's life is obscured by the legend of "Queen Margot", the myth of a <a href="/wiki/Nymphomaniac" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphomaniac">nymphomaniac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incestuous</a> woman in a damned family. Many slanders were spread throughout the life of the princess, but those in <i>The Satiric Divorce</i> (<i>Le Divorce Satyrique</i>), a <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">pamphlet</a> probably written by <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Agrippa_d%27Aubign%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Théodore Agrippa d'Aubigné">Théodore Agrippa d'Aubigné</a> against Henry IV, were the ones that were most successful by being subsequently handed down as if they had been established.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1630, after the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dupes" title="Day of the Dupes">Day of the Dupes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a> and his historians initiated a campaign against <a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a>, and the systematic discrediting of all women and their political role revived Margaret's black legend.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is in the 19th century that the myth of Queen Margot was born. The nickname was invented by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas_p%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Dumas père">Alexandre Dumas père</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Moisan_7_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moisan_7-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who titled his first novel in the Valois Trilogy <i><a href="/wiki/La_Reine_Margot_(novel)" title="La Reine Margot (novel)">La Reine Margot</a></i> (1845). He described in the novel the <a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">St. Bartholomew's Day massacre</a> and the intrigues of subsequent courtiers. The historian <a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Jules Michelet</a> in contrast exploited the figure of Princess Valois to denounce the "depravity" of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Between the 19th and the 20th centuries, some historians such as Count Léo de Saint-Poincy sought to rehabilitate the figure of the Queen by trying to discern the scandals from reality and depicting her as a woman who challenged the turmoil of the civil war. To some 20th-century historians, it appeared that Margaret of Valois never felt inferior to her brothers and wanted to participate in the affairs of the kingdom. They have also addressed the political behavior of Margaret, in addition to her private life.<sup id="cite_ref-Moisan_7_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moisan_7-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, those studies remained marginal and did not affect official texts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Only since the 1990s have some historians, such as Éliane Viennot,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert J. Sealy,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Kathleen Wellman, contributed to rehabilitating the image of the last Valois and to distinguishing between the historical figure of Margaret of Valois and the legend of Queen Margot. However, literary works and cinematographic works, such as <i><a href="/wiki/La_Reine_Margot_(1994_film)" title="La Reine Margot (1994 film)">La Reine Margot</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Ch%C3%A9reau" title="Patrice Chéreau">Patrice Chéreau</a>, have continued to perpetuate the image of an obscene and lustful woman.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_literature_and_fiction">In literature and fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_of_Valois&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In literature and fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1845 novel of <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_p%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Dumas, père">Alexandre Dumas, père</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/La_Reine_Margot_(novel)" title="La Reine Margot (novel)">La Reine Margot</a></i>, is a fictionalised account of the events surrounding Margaret's marriage to Henry of Navarre.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The novel was adapted into film three times, with the <a href="/wiki/La_Reine_Margot_(1994_film)" title="La Reine Margot (1994 film)">1994 version</a> nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Costume_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Costume Design">Academy Award for Costume Design</a> (Margaret was played by <a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Adjani" title="Isabelle Adjani">Isabelle Adjani</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main action of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s early comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Labour%27s_Lost" title="Love's Labour's Lost">Love's Labour's Lost</a></i> (1594–1595) is possibly based on an attempt at reconciliation made in 1578 between Margaret and Henry.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Margaret appears in <a href="/wiki/Jean_Plaidy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Plaidy">Jean Plaidy</a>'s novel, <i>Myself, My Enemy</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a fictional memoir of Queen <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Maria_of_France" title="Henrietta Maria of France">Henrietta Maria</a>, consort of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a>. She also features in Plaidy's <i>Catherine de Medici</i> trilogy which focuses on her mother, Catherine de' Medici, mostly in the second book <i>The Italian Woman</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also in the third book, <i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Jezebel_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Jezebel (novel)">Queen Jezebel</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sophie_Perinot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sophie Perinot (page does not exist)">Sophie Perinot</a>'s 2015 novel <i>Médicis Daughter</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781250072092" title="Special:BookSources/9781250072092">9781250072092</a>) covers Margaret's adolescence and the early days of her marriage. </p><p>Margaret of Valois has a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Meyerbeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a> opera <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Huguenots" title="Les Huguenots">Les Huguenots</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That was one of the signature roles of the Australian soprano <a href="/wiki/Joan_Sutherland" title="Joan Sutherland">Joan Sutherland</a>, who performed it for her farewell performance for the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Opera">Australian Opera</a> in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also appears in the opera comique <i><a href="/wiki/Le_pr%C3%A9_aux_clercs" title="Le pré aux clercs">Le pré aux clercs</a></i>, by Ferdinand Herold. </p><p>Margot was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Liddiard" title="Rebecca Liddiard">Rebecca Liddiard</a> in the series finale of the television series <i><a href="/wiki/Reign_(TV_series)" title="Reign (TV series)">Reign</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is portrayed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Velge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippine Velge (page does not exist)">Philippine Velge</a> in the second season of the television series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Serpent_Queen" title="The Serpent Queen">The Serpent Queen</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_of_Valois&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Margaret of Valois</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Count_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Charles, Count of Angoulême">Charles, Count of Angoulême</a><sup id="cite_ref-Anselme210_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anselme210-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a><sup id="cite_ref-Anselme131_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anselme131-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Savoy" title="Louise of Savoy">Louise of Savoy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Anselme210_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anselme210-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII of France</a><sup id="cite_ref-Anselme126_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anselme126-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Claude_of_France" title="Claude of France">Claude, Duchess of Brittany</a><sup id="cite_ref-Anselme131_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anselme131-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany" title="Anne of Brittany">Anne, Duchess of Brittany</a><sup id="cite_ref-Anselme126_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anselme126-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Margaret of Valois</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Piero_the_Unfortunate" title="Piero the Unfortunate">Piero de' Medici</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tomas7_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomas7-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Urbino" title="Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino">Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino</a><sup id="cite_ref-Whale43_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whale43-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Alfonsina_Orsini" title="Alfonsina Orsini">Alfonsina Orsini</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tomas7_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomas7-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/John_III,_Count_of_Auvergne" class="mw-redirect" title="John III, Count of Auvergne">John III, Count of Auvergne</a><sup id="cite_ref-Whale43_131-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whale43-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne" title="Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne">Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne</a><sup id="cite_ref-Whale43_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whale43-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Bourbon,_Duchess_of_Bourbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeanne de Bourbon, Duchess of Bourbon">Jeanne of Bourbon</a><sup id="cite_ref-Whale43_131-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whale43-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_of_Valois&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France%27s_wives_and_mistresses" title="Henry IV of France's wives and mistresses">Henry IV of France's wives and mistresses</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_of_Valois&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>Leur divorce fut royal</i>", wrote the historian Anaïs Bazin, cited by <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Beuve" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainte-Beuve">Sainte-Beuve</a> in his 1852 article on "La Reine Marguerite, ses mémoires et ses lettres" in vol. 6 of the <i>Causeries du lundi</i> (4th ed., Garnier Frères, n.d., p. 198).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wellman, <i>Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France</i>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moisan, <i>L'exil auvergnat de Marguerite de Valois (la reine Margot)</i>, p. 7, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moshe Sluhovsky, «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8133469/History_as_Voyeurism_from_Marguerite_De_Valois_to_La_Reine_Margot"><i>History as Voyeurism: from Marguerite De Valois to La Reine Margot</i></a>», Rethinking History, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merki, <i>La Reine Margot et la fin des Valois</i>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lareinemargotetl00merkuoft/page/368">369-383</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sealy, <i>The Myth of the Reine Margot</i>, pp. 23-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moisan, pp. 192-195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casanova, <i>Regine per caso</i>, pp. 103-107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wellman277-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wellman277_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wellman, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamen199774-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamen199774_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamen1997">Kamen 1997</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht1988207-208-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht1988207-208_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnecht1988">Knecht 1988</a>, p. 207-208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, <i>Queen Margot</i>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruno Méniel, <i>Éthiques et formes littéraires à la Renaissance</i>, H. Champion, 2006, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pidduck_19-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pidduck_19_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pidduck_19_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pidduck, <i>La Reine Margot</i>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moisan, pp. 14–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TFWoR39-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TFWoR39_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>The French Wars of Religion, 1559–1598</i>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moisan_18-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moisan_18_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moisan_18_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moisan, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Memoirs</i>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mourgue, p. 10; Williams, pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wellman, p. 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garrisson, <i>Marguerite de Valois</i>, p. 39–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Craveri, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Williams, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pitts, <i>Henri IV of France: His Reign and Age</i>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boucher, <i>Deux épouses et reines à la fin du XVIe siècle</i>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knecht153-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knecht153_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knecht153_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">R.J. Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Viennot, <i>Marguerite de Valois. “La reine Margot”</i>, p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Memoirs</i>, pp. 55-56; Boucher, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>The French religious wars: 1562–1598</i>, pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pitts, pp. 61–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Memoirs</i>, pp. 65–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Craveri, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Memoirs</i>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Viennot, <i>Marguerite de Valois</i>, p. 313; Moisan, p. 192; Pidduck, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wellman, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Memoirs</i>, pp. 68–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boucher, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moisan_20-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moisan_20_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moisan_20_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moisan_20_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moisan, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Memoirs</i>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buisseret, <i>Henry IV, King of France</i>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Memoirs</i>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Memoirs</i>, p. 112–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt, p. 105–6; Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, p. 186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Memoirs</i>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Memoirs</i>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pitts, pp. 81–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 222–224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt, <i>The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629</i>, pp. 121–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Memoirs</i>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Memoirs</i>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pitts, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 259–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Memoirs</i>, pp. 210–211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Viennot, <i>Marguerite de Valois</i>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYumpu.com" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yumpu.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yumpu.com/es/document/view/13130380/otro-enigma-en-torno-a-julian-iniguez-de-medrano-las-dos-orcavellas">"Otro enigma en torno a Julián Iñíguez de Medrano: las dos Orcavellas"</a>. <i>yumpu.com</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yumpu.com&rft.atitle=Otro+enigma+en+torno+a+Juli%C3%A1n+I%C3%B1%C3%ADguez+de+Medrano%3A+las+dos+Orcavellas&rft.au=Yumpu.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yumpu.com%2Fes%2Fdocument%2Fview%2F13130380%2Fotro-enigma-en-torno-a-julian-iniguez-de-medrano-las-dos-orcavellas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+of+Valois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedrano1608" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Medrano, Julian Iniguez de (1608). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=msdcAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP7"><i>La silva curiosa, en que se tratan diversas cosas sotilissimas ...</i></a> (in Spanish). Orry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+silva+curiosa%2C+en+que+se+tratan+diversas+cosas+sotilissimas+...&rft.pub=Orry&rft.date=1608&rft.aulast=Medrano&rft.aufirst=Julian+Iniguez+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmsdcAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPP7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+of+Valois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Craveri, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although inaccurate, this name for the war relates to a series of scandals at the Navarre court and to the notion that Henry of Navarre took up arms in response to jibes about his love life from the French court.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Memoirs</i>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Memoirs</i>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Memoirs</i>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moisan, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moisan,_p._24-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moisan,_p._24_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moisan,_p._24_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moisan, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Memoirs</i>, pp. 224–228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Memoirs</i>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moisan, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 283–285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 289–290; Moisan, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Craveri, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moisan, pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moisan, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Craveri_80-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Craveri_80_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craveri_80_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craveri_80_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Craveri, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 302–303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlin, <i>Marguerite of Navarre</i>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moisan, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moisan, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Viennot, <i>Marguerite de Valois</i>, p. 307; Boucher, p. 388</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moisan, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, pp. 254–55; Henry III wrote to his secretary Villeroy: "The Queen my mother wishes me to hang Obyac  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] in the presence of this miserable creature [Margaret] in the courtyard of the Château d'Usson"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sealy, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Viennot, <i>Marguerite de Valois</i>, pp. 234–235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/summary/Henry-IV-king-of-France">"Henry IV"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Henry+IV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fsummary%2FHenry-IV-king-of-France&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+of+Valois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 341–342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Craveri_81–82-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Craveri_81–82_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Craveri, <i>Amanti e regine</i>, pp. 81–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Memoirs</i>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moisan, p. 144; Boucher, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buisseret, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Éliane Viennot, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/rhren_0181-6799_1996_num_43_1_2078">Autour d'un « démariage » célèbre : dix lettres inédites de Marguerite de Valois</a>» in <i>Bulletin de l'Association d'étude sur l'humanisme, la réforme et la renaissance</i>, 1996, vol. 43, n°43, p.5-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Williams, pp. 354–355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buisseret, p. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boucher, p.378–383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buisseret, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2009" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Jonathan (2009). <i>Culture and Power: Tuscany and Its Universities 1537-1609</i>. Brill. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Power%3A+Tuscany+and+Its+Universities+1537-1609&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+of+Valois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Craveri, pp. 82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, pp. 361–363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wellman, p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Castarède, <i>La triple vie de la reine Margot</i>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Craveri, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pitts, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It was eventually demolished and partially replaced in 1640 by the <i>Hôtel de La Rochefoucauld</i>. Currently the building no longer exists. Now is located the École National Supériore des Beaux Arts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruevisconti.com/Histoire/lotissementdesmarais/Histoire_cartes.html">"Histoire de la rue par les cartes"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Craveri, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Craveri, p. 83; Wellman, p. 312-314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Williams, p. 385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Castarède, pp. 236–237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Castarède, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moisan, p. 7; Casanova, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casanova, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moisan_7-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moisan_7_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moisan_7_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moisan, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casanova, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert J. Sealy suggested that many of Margaret's supposed sexual partners, such as Auvergnate barons, Lignerac, Aubiac and Canillac, were not her lovers but only political allies (Sealy, p. 121).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coward, D. (1997). Note on the Text. In A. Dumas, <i>La Reine Margot</i> (p. xxv). Oxford: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v134238"><i>Queen Margot</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMovie" title="AllMovie">AllMovie</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dobson, M. and Wells, S. <i>The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare</i>, Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaidy1983" class="citation book cs1">Plaidy, Jean (25 April 1983). <i>Myself My Enemy</i>. Putnam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-12877-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-12877-6"><bdi>978-0-399-12877-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myself+My+Enemy&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1983-04-25&rft.isbn=978-0-399-12877-6&rft.aulast=Plaidy&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+of+Valois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaidy2024" class="citation book cs1">Plaidy, Jean (25 April 2024). <i>The Italian Woman: A Catherine De' Medici Novel</i>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-8652-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-8652-4"><bdi>978-1-4516-8652-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Woman%3A+A+Catherine+De%27+Medici+Novel&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2024-04-25&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-8652-4&rft.aulast=Plaidy&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+of+Valois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaidy2013" class="citation book cs1">Plaidy, Jean (12 March 2013). <i>Queen Jezebel: A Catherine De' Medici Novel</i>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-8654-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-8654-8"><bdi>978-1-4516-8654-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Jezebel%3A+A+Catherine+De%27+Medici+Novel&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2013-03-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-8654-8&rft.aulast=Plaidy&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+of+Valois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Johnson, Arleigh (August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historicalnovelsociety.org/reviews/queen-jezebel/">"Queen Jezebel by Jean Plaidy"</a>. <i>The Historical Novels Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Novels+Review&rft.atitle=Queen+Jezebel+by+Jean+Plaidy&rft.date=2013-08&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Arleigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoricalnovelsociety.org%2Freviews%2Fqueen-jezebel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+of+Valois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoomis2011" class="citation news cs1">Loomis, George (21 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/22/arts/22iht-LOOMIS22.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Les Huguenots,' Making Operatic History Again"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Les+Huguenots%2C%27+Making+Operatic+History+Again&rft.date=2011-06-21&rft.aulast=Loomis&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F06%2F22%2Farts%2F22iht-LOOMIS22.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+of+Valois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Australia." <i>The 1991 World Book Year Book.</i> Chicago:<a href="/wiki/World_Book,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="World Book, Inc.">World Book, Inc.</a>, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7166-0491-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7166-0491-4">0-7166-0491-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://starrymag.com/reign-all-it-cost-her/">"Reign – All It Cost Her"</a>. <i>Starry Constellation Magazine</i>. 22 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Starry+Constellation+Magazine&rft.atitle=Reign+%E2%80%93+All+It+Cost+Her&rft.date=2017-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstarrymag.com%2Freign-all-it-cost-her%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+of+Valois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anselme131-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anselme131_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anselme131_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anselme, pp. 131–132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whale43-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whale43_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whale43_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whale43_131-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whale43_131-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whale, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anselme210-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anselme210_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anselme210_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anselme, pp. 210–211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anselme126-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anselme126_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anselme126_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anselme, pp. 126–128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tomas7-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tomas7_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tomas7_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomas, p. 7</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_of_Valois&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnselme1726" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anselme de Sainte-Marie, Père (1726). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k76026j/f149.image"><i>Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France</i></a> [<i>Genealogical and chronological history of the royal house of France</i>] (in French). Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Paris: La compagnie des libraires.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogique+et+chronologique+de+la+maison+royale+de+France&rft.place=Paris&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=La+compagnie+des+libraires&rft.date=1726&rft.aulast=Anselme+de+Sainte-Marie&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A8re&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k76026j%2Ff149.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+of+Valois" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Bourdeille,_seigneur_de_Brant%C3%B4me" title="Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de Brantôme">Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de Brantôme</a>, <i>Illustrious Dames of the Court of the Valois Kings.</i> Translated by Katharine Prescott Wormeley. New York: Lamb, 1912. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/23700937">OCLC 347527.</a></li> <li>Jacqueline Boucher, <i>Deux épouses et reines à la fin du XVIe siècle: Louise de Lorraine et Marguerite de France</i>, Saint-Étienne, Presses universitaires de Saint-Étienne, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2862720807" title="Special:BookSources/978-2862720807">978-2862720807</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li>David Buisseret, <i>Henry IV, King of France</i>, New York: Routledge, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-445635-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-04-445635-2">0-04-445635-2</a>.</li> <li>Cesarina Casanova, <i>Regine per caso. Donne al governo in età moderna</i>, Bari, Editori Laterza, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-581-0991-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-581-0991-5">978-88-581-0991-5</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li> <li>Jean Castarède, <i>La triple vie de la reine Margot</i>, Éditions France-Empire, Paris, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7048-0708-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-7048-0708-6">2-7048-0708-6</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li>Benedetta Craveri, <i>Amanti e regine. Il potere delle donne</i>, Milano, Adelphi, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-459-2302-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-459-2302-9">978-88-459-2302-9</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li> <li>Janine Garrisson, <i>Marguerite de Valois</i>, Paris, Fayard, 1994. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNancy_Goldstone2015" class="citation book cs1">Nancy Goldstone (2015). <i>The Rival Queens: Catherine de' Medici, her daughter Marguerite de Valois and the Betrayal that Ignited a Kingdom</i> (Paperback). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-780-22477-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-780-22477-0"><bdi>978-1-780-22477-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rival+Queens%3A+Catherine+de%27+Medici%2C+her+daughter+Marguerite+de+Valois+and+the+Betrayal+that+Ignited+a+Kingdom&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-780-22477-0&rft.au=Nancy+Goldstone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+of+Valois" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Haldane" title="Charlotte Haldane">Charlotte Haldane</a>, <i>Queen of Hearts: Marguerite of Valois, 1553–1615</i>, London: Constable, 1968.</li> <li>Marc P. Holt, <i>The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamen1997" class="citation book cs1">Kamen, Henry (1997). <i>Philip of Spain</i>. Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip+of+Spain&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Kamen&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+of+Valois" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Knecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert J. Knecht">Robert J. Knecht</a>, <i>The French Wars of Religion, 1559–1598</i>, 1989</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Knecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert J. Knecht">Robert J. Knecht</a>, <i>Catherine de' Medici.</i> London and New York: Longman, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-08241-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-08241-2">0-582-08241-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht1988" class="citation book cs1">Knecht, Robert J. (1988). <i>Henry II, King of France 1547-1559</i>. Duke University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+II%2C+King+of+France+1547-1559&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+of+Valois" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Michel Moisan, <i>L'exil auvergnat de Marguerite de Valois (la reine Margot) : Carlat-Usson, 1585–1605</i>, Editions Creer, 1999. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li>Alain Mourgue, <i>Margot, reine d'Usson</i>, Editions Le Manuscrit, 2008. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li>Julianne Pidduck, <i>La Reine Margot</i>, London and New York, I.B. Tauris, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84511-100-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-84511-100-1">1-84511-100-1</a>.</li> <li>Vincent J. Pitts, <i>Henri IV of France; His Reign and Age</i>, JHU Press, 2009.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaintsbury1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Saintsbury" title="George Saintsbury">Saintsbury, George</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Marguerite de Valois"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Marguerite_de_Valois">"Marguerite de Valois" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). pp. 705–706 see para 3. <q>III. The third Marguerite (1553–1615), called more particularly Marguerite de Valois.....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marguerite+de+Valois&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=705-706+see+para+3&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Saintsbury&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+of+Valois" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Robert J. Sealy, <i>The Myth of Reine Margot: Toward the Elimination of a Legend</i>, Peter Lang Publishing, 1994.</li> <li>Nicola Mary Sutherland, <i>The Massacre of St. Bartholomew and the European conflict, 1559–1572</i> (1973)</li> <li>Natalie R. Tomas, <i>The Medici Women: Gender and Power in Renaissance Florence.</i> Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-0777-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-0777-1">0-7546-0777-1</a>.</li> <li>Éliane Viennot, <i> Marguerite de Valois. La reine Margot</i>, Paris, Perrin, 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-262-02377-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-262-02377-8">2-262-02377-8</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li>Éliane Viennot, <i>Margherita di Valois. La vera storia della regina Margot</i>, 1994, Mondadori, Milano <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-04-37694-5" title="Special:BookSources/88-04-37694-5">88-04-37694-5</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li> <li>Kathleen Wellman, <i>Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France</i>, 2013</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhale1914" class="citation book cs1">Whale, Winifred Stephens (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/latrmoillefami00whalrich#page/n65"><i>The La Trémoille family</i></a>. Boston, Houghton Mifflin. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+La+Tr%C3%A9moille+family&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Boston%2C+Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Whale&rft.aufirst=Winifred+Stephens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flatrmoillefami00whalrich%23page%2Fn65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMargaret+of+Valois" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hugh Noel Williams, <i>Queen Margot, wife of Henry of Navarre</i>, New York, Harper and brothers, 1907.</li> <li>Marguerite of Valois, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsofmarguer00marg">Memoirs of Marguerite de Valois, written by herself</a></i>, New York, Merrill & Baker, 1800</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_of_Valois&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_de_Valois" class="extiw" title="commons:Marguerite de Valois">Marguerite de Valois</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1328">Works by Margaret of Valois</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22Margaret+of+France%22+OR+%22Marguerite+de+Valois%22+OR+%22Margaret+of+Valois%22+OR+%28%221553%E21615%22+AND+%28Valois+OR+Margaret+OR+France%29%29%29">Works by or about Margaret of Valois</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><i>Memoirs of Marguerite de Valois</i> (in English): <ul><li>New York, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>, 1892, translated by Violet Fane. View at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gluBsPuBwBIC&pg=PP15">[1]</a>.</li> <li>Boston, L. C. Page, 1899 . View at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3841/3841-h/3841-h.htm">[2]</a> or Google Books <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MEAcI-cTXfAC&pg=PR3">[3]</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060823035902/http://www.cybersybils.net/Delamare.jpg">Image</a> at cybersybils.net</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060823035608/http://pandemonium.tiscali.de/pub/gutenberg/3/8/4/3841/3841-h/images/marguerite.jpg">Image</a> at pandemonium.tiscali.de</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Margaret of Valois </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Angoul%C3%AAme" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Valois-Angoulême">House of Valois, Angoulême branch</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">Capetian dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 14 May 1553</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 27 March 1615</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">French royalty</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_de_Navarre" title="Marguerite de Navarre">Marguerite of Angoulême</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Navarrese_consorts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Navarrese consorts">Queen consort of Navarre</a> </b><br />1572–1599 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Lorraine" title="Louise of Lorraine">Louise of Lorraine</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_consorts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of French consorts">Queen consort of France</a> </b><br />1589–1599 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:House_of_Bourbon_(France)" title="Template:House of Bourbon (France)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:House_of_Bourbon_(France)" title="Template talk:House of Bourbon (France)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:House_of_Bourbon_(France)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:House of Bourbon (France)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="House_of_Bourbon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Henry_IV_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Margaret of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_France_(1602%E2%80%931644)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth of France (1602–1644)">Elisabeth, Queen of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_of_France" title="Christine of France">Christine, Duchess of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Henri,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans">Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Gaston, Duke of Orléans">Gaston, Duke of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Maria" class="mw-redirect" title="Henrietta Maria">Henrietta Maria, Queen of England, Ireland and Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Siblings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Henri, Duke of Beaumont (1551–1553)</li> <li>Louis, Count of Marle (1555–1557)</li> <li>Madeleine (1556)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bourbon" title="Catherine of Bourbon">Catherine, Duchess of Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Illegitimate children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar,_Duke_of_Vend%C3%B4me" title="César, Duke of Vendôme">César, Duke of Vendôme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Henriette_de_Bourbon" title="Catherine Henriette de Bourbon">Catherine Henriette, Duchess of Elbeuf</a></li> <li>Alexandre, Chevalier de Vendôme</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Duke_of_Verneuil" title="Henri, Duke of Verneuil">Henri, Duke of Verneuil</a></li> <li>Gabrielle Angelique, Duchess of La Valette and Epernon</li> <li>Antoine, Count of Moret</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontevraud_Abbey" title="Fontevraud Abbey">Jeanne Baptiste, Abess of Fontevraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelles_Abbey" title="Chelles Abbey">Marie Henriette, Abess of Chelles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Marie_Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Duchess_of_Montpensier" title="Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier">Anne Marie Louise, Duchess of Montpensier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Marguerite Louise d'Orléans">Marguerite Louise, Grand Duchess of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Marguerite_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Élisabeth Marguerite d'Orléans">Élisabeth Marguerite, Duchess of Alençon and Angoulême</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Madeleine_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Françoise Madeleine d'Orléans">Françoise Madeleine, Duchess of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Anne_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Marie Anne d'Orléans">Princess Marie Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Gaston,_Duke_of_Valois" title="Jean Gaston, Duke of Valois">Jean Gaston, Duke of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Philippe, Duke of Orléans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Louis_XIII" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Infanta Ana Maria Mauricia of Spain</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Philippe, Duke of Orléans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Dauphin" title="Louis, Grand Dauphin">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Anne_%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Anne Élisabeth of France">Princess Anne Élisabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Anne_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Marie Anne of France">Princess Marie Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France_(1667%E2%80%931672)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Thérèse of France (1667–1672)">Princess Marie Therèse, Madame Royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Charles,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou">Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Louis François, Duke of Anjou">Louis François, Duke of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Marie Louise d'Orléans">Marie Louise, Queen of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Charles,_Duke_of_Valois" title="Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois">Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Marie_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Anne Marie d'Orléans">Anne Marie, Queen of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe Charles, Duke of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Charlotte_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans">Élisabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Great <br /> grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Louis, Duke of Burgundy">Louis, Duke of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">King Felipe of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Berry_(1686%E2%80%931714)" title="Charles, Duke of Berry (1686–1714)">Charles, Duke of Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1703%E2%80%931752)" title="Louis, Duke of Orléans (1703–1752)">Louis, Duke of Orléans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Louis_XIV" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Infanta María Teresa of Spain</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_d%27Aubign%C3%A9,_Marquise_de_Maintenon" title="Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon">Françoise d'Aubigné, Marchioness of Maintenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Dauphin" title="Louis, Grand Dauphin">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Anne_%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Anne Élisabeth of France">Princess Anne Élisabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Anne_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Marie Anne of France">Princess Marie Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France_(1667%E2%80%931672)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Thérèse of France (1667–1672)">Princess Marie Therèse, Madame Royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Charles,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou">Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Louis François, Duke of Anjou">Louis François, Duke of Anjou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Illegitimate<br />children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Anne_de_Bourbon" title="Marie Anne de Bourbon">Marie Anne, Princess of Conti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Count_of_Vermandois" title="Louis, Count of Vermandois">Louis, Count of Vermandois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste,_Duke_of_Maine" title="Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine">Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_C%C3%A9sar,_Count_of_Vexin" title="Louis César, Count of Vexin">Louis César, Count of Vexin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Fran%C3%A7oise,_Princess_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louise Françoise, Princess of Condé">Louise Françoise, Duchess of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Marie_Anne_de_Bourbon" title="Louise Marie Anne de Bourbon">Louise Marie Anne, Mademoiselle de Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Marie_de_Bourbon" title="Françoise Marie de Bourbon">Françoise Marie, Duchess of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Alexandre,_Count_of_Toulouse" title="Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse">Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_de_Maisonblanche" title="Louise de Maisonblanche">Louise, Baroness of La Queue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Louis, Duke of Burgundy">Louis, Duke of Burgundy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">King Felipe V of Spain</a></i> <sup><small>p</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Berry_(1686%E2%80%931714)" title="Charles, Duke of Berry (1686–1714)">Charles, Duke of Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste,_Prince_of_Dombes" title="Louis Auguste, Prince of Dombes">Louis Auguste, Prince of Dombes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Charles,_Count_of_Eu" title="Louis Charles, Count of Eu">Louis Charles, Count of Eu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Fran%C3%A7oise_de_Bourbon,_Mademoiselle_du_Maine" title="Louise Françoise de Bourbon, Mademoiselle du Maine">Louise Françoise, Mademoiselle du Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jean_Marie_de_Bourbon,_Duke_of_Penthi%C3%A8vre" title="Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre">Louis Jean Marie, Duke of Penthièvre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Great<br />grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Brittany_(1704%E2%80%931705)" title="Louis, Duke of Brittany (1704–1705)">Louis, Duke of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Brittany_(1707%E2%80%931712)" title="Louis, Duke of Brittany (1707–1712)">Louis, Duke of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis I of Spain</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li>Felipe of Spain <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li>Felipe of Spain <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VI of Spain">Ferdinand VI of Spain</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li>Francisco of Spain <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Victoria_of_Spain" title="Mariana Victoria of Spain">Mariana Víctoria, Queen of Portugal</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Philip, Duke of Parma">Philip, Duke of Parma</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Teresa_Rafaela_of_Spain" title="María Teresa Rafaela of Spain">Maria Teresa Rafaela, Dauphine of France</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Luis,_Count_of_Chinch%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Luis, Count of Chinchón">Luis, Count of Chinchón</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Antonia_Ferdinanda_of_Spain" title="Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain">Maria Antonietta, Queen of Sardinia</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans">Charles, Duke of Alençon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans">Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Alençon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Alexandre,_Prince_of_Lamballe" title="Louis Alexandre, Prince of Lamballe">Louis Alexandre, Prince of Lamballe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Louis_XV" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Leszczy%C5%84ska" title="Marie Leszczyńska">Maria Carolina Sophia Felicity Leszczyńska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Élisabeth of France">Louise Élisabeth, Duchess of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henriette_of_France_(1727%E2%80%931752)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henriette of France (1727–1752)">Princess Henriette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_of_France_(1728%E2%80%931733)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Louise of France (1728–1733)">Princess Louise (1728–1733)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1729%E2%80%931765)" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Philippe, Duke of Anjou">Philippe, Duke of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Adélaïde">Marie Adélaïde, Duchess of Louvois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoire_of_France_(1733%E2%80%931799)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoire of France (1733–1799)">Princess Victoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_of_France_(1734%E2%80%931782)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie of France (1734–1782)">Sophie, Duchess of Louvois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France" title="Thérèse of France">Princess Thérèse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_of_France_(1737%E2%80%931787)" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise of France (1737–1787)">Princess Louise (1737–1787)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se,_Madame_Royale_(1746%E2%80%931748)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Thérèse, Madame Royale (1746–1748)">Princess Marie Therèse, Madame Royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Z%C3%A9phyrine_of_France" title="Marie Zéphyrine of France">Princess Marie Zéphyrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Burgundy_(1751%E2%80%931761)" title="Louis, Duke of Burgundy (1751–1761)">Louis, Duke of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier,_Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="Xavier, Duke of Aquitaine">Xavier, Duke of Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotilde_of_France" title="Clotilde of France">Clothilde, Queen of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" title="Élisabeth of France">Princess Élisabeth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Illegitimate children <br /> included</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Vintimille" title="Charles de Vintimille">Charles de Vintimille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Louise_O%27Murphy" title="Marie-Louise O'Murphy">Agathe Louise de Saint-Antoine</a></li> <li>Philippe, Duke of Narbonne-Lara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_comte_de_Narbonne-Lara" title="Louis, comte de Narbonne-Lara">Louis, comte de Narbonne-Lara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Louis_XVI" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se,_Duchess_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême">Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophie_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_B%C3%A9atrice_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Sophie Hélène Béatrice of France">Princess Sophie Hélène</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Louis_XVII" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Note" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Note</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wrap">Louis had no children; he died aged 10 in 1795. His uncle, the future <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a>, proclaimed himself regent but both titles were disputed.</span></li></ul> <ul><li>See <i><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration in France</a></i>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Louis_XVIII" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Spouse(s)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Jos%C3%A9phine_of_Savoy" title="Marie Joséphine of Savoy">Princess Marie Joséphine of Savoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Charles_X_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Savoy" title="Maria Theresa of Savoy">Maria Theresa of Savoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_d%27Artois_(1776%E2%80%931783)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie d'Artois (1776–1783)">Sophie, <i>Mademoiselle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Berry" title="Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry">Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry</a></li> <li>Marie Thérèse, Mademoiselle d'Angoulême</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Princess Louise Élisabeth</li> <li>Prince Louis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_d%27Artois" title="Princess Louise d'Artois">Louise Marie Thérèse, Duchess of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Henri, Count of Chambord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Notes</span></dt> <dd><sup><small>1</small></sup> also an <a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">Infante or Infanta of Spain</a></dd> <dd><sup><small>2</small></sup> also an <a href="/wiki/Archduke" title="Archduke">Archduchess of Austria</a></dd> <dd><sup><small>3</small></sup> both</dd> <dd><sup><small>p</small></sup> <span class="wrap">Philip was the first Bourbon king of Spain, the country's present ruling house.</span></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_consorts_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_consorts" title="Template:French consorts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_consorts" title="Template talk:French consorts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_consorts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French consorts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_consorts_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Royal consorts of France</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_queens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Frankish queens">List of Frankish queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_royal_consorts" title="List of French royal consorts">List of French royal consorts</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingians</a> (509–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clotilde" title="Clotilde">Clotilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultragotha" title="Ultragotha">Ultragotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntheuc" title="Guntheuc">Guntheuc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radegund" title="Radegund">Radegund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingund" title="Ingund">Ingund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aregund" title="Aregund">Aregund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingoberga" title="Ingoberga">Ingoberga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merofleda" title="Merofleda">Merofleda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcovefa" title="Marcovefa">Marcovefa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudechild" title="Theudechild">Theudechild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austregilde" title="Austregilde">Austregilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audovera" title="Audovera">Audovera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galswintha" title="Galswintha">Galswintha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredegund" title="Fredegund">Fredegund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunhilda_of_Austrasia" title="Brunhilda of Austrasia">Brunhilda of Austrasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrude" title="Bertrude">Bertrude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichilde" title="Sichilde">Sichilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomentrude" title="Gomentrude">Gomentrude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanthild" title="Nanthild">Nanthild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragintrudis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragintrudis">Ragintrudis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfefundis" class="mw-redirect" title="Wulfefundis">Wulfefundis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertechildis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertechildis">Bertechildis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthild_of_Chelles" title="Balthild of Chelles">Balthild of Chelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilichild_(wife_of_Childeric_II)" title="Bilichild (wife of Childeric II)">Bilichild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrothildis" title="Chrothildis">Chrothildis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Robertians" title="Robertians">Robertians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosonids" title="Bosonids">Bosonids</a> (751–987)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertrada_of_Laon" title="Bertrada of Laon">Bertrada of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerberga,_wife_of_Carloman_I" title="Gerberga, wife of Carloman I">Gerberga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderata_of_the_Lombards" title="Desiderata of the Lombards">Desiderata of the Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_(queen)" title="Hildegard (queen)">Hildegard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastrada" title="Fastrada">Fastrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luitgard_(Frankish_queen)" title="Luitgard (Frankish queen)">Luitgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermengarde_of_Hesbaye" title="Ermengarde of Hesbaye">Ermengarde of Hesbaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_of_Bavaria_(died_843)" title="Judith of Bavaria (died 843)">Judith of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermentrude_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Ermentrude of Orléans">Ermentrude of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richilde_of_Provence" title="Richilde of Provence">Richilde of Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Paris" title="Adelaide of Paris">Adelaide of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richardis" title="Richardis">Richardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odrate_of_Troyes" title="Théodrate of Troyes">Théodrate of Troyes</a><sup><i>R</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederuna" title="Frederuna">Frederuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadgifu_of_Wessex" title="Eadgifu of Wessex">Eadgifu of Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Vermandois" title="Beatrice of Vermandois">Beatrice of Vermandois</a><sup><i>R</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_of_France" title="Emma of France">Emma of France</a><sup><i>B</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerberga_of_Saxony" title="Gerberga of Saxony">Gerberga of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Italy" title="Emma of Italy">Emma of Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a> (987–1328)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Aquitaine" title="Adelaide of Aquitaine">Adelaide of Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozala_of_Italy" title="Rozala of Italy">Rozala of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Burgundy" title="Bertha of Burgundy">Bertha of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Arles" title="Constance of Arles">Constance of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Frisia" title="Matilda of Frisia">Matilda of Frisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Kiev" title="Anne of Kiev">Anne of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Holland" title="Bertha of Holland">Bertha of Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrade_of_Montfort" title="Bertrade of Montfort">Bertrade of Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Maurienne" title="Adelaide of Maurienne">Adelaide of Maurienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Castile" title="Constance of Castile">Constance of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adela_of_Champagne" title="Adela of Champagne">Adela of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Hainault" title="Isabella of Hainault">Isabella of Hainault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_France" title="Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of France">Ingeborg of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Merania" title="Agnes of Merania">Agnes of Merania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile" title="Blanche of Castile">Blanche of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Provence" title="Margaret of Provence">Margaret of Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_France" title="Isabella of Aragon, Queen of France">Isabella of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Brabant,_Queen_of_France" title="Marie of Brabant, Queen of France">Marie of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_I_of_Navarre" title="Joan I of Navarre">Joan I of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Burgundy,_Queen_of_France" title="Margaret of Burgundy, Queen of France">Margaret of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementia_of_Hungary" title="Clementia of Hungary">Clementia of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_II,_Countess_of_Burgundy" title="Joan II, Countess of Burgundy">Joan II, Countess of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Burgundy" title="Blanche of Burgundy">Blanche of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Luxembourg,_Queen_of_France" title="Marie of Luxembourg, Queen of France">Marie of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_%C3%89vreux" title="Joan of Évreux">Joan of Évreux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a> (1328–1589)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joan_the_Lame" title="Joan the Lame">Joan of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Navarre,_Queen_of_France" title="Blanche of Navarre, Queen of France">Blanche of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_I,_Countess_of_Auvergne" title="Joan I, Countess of Auvergne">Joan I, Countess of Auvergne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Bourbon" title="Joanna of Bourbon">Joanna of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabeau_of_Bavaria" title="Isabeau of Bavaria">Isabeau of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Anjou" title="Marie of Anjou">Marie of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Savoy" title="Charlotte of Savoy">Charlotte of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany" title="Anne of Brittany">Anne of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_France,_Duchess_of_Berry" title="Joan of France, Duchess of Berry">Joan of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France" title="Mary Tudor, Queen of France">Mary Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_of_France" title="Claude of France">Claude of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria" title="Eleanor of Austria">Eleanor of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Austria,_Queen_of_France" title="Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France">Elisabeth of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Lorraine" title="Louise of Lorraine">Louise of Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></i> <i>(1422–1453)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1589–1792)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Margaret of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Anne of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Maria Theresa of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Leszczy%C5%84ska" title="Marie Leszczyńska">Marie Leszczyńska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1804–1814; 1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie Louise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1814–1815; 1815–1830)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marie_Jos%C3%A9phine_of_Savoy" title="Marie Joséphine of Savoy">Marie Joséphine of Savoy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se,_Duchess_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême">Marie-Thérèse</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">House of Orléans</a> (1830–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Naples_and_Sicily" title="Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily">Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1852–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo" title="Eugénie de Montijo">Eugénie de Montijo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Consorts to debatable or disputed rulers are in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_consorts_of_Navarre" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navarrese_royal_consorts" title="Template:Navarrese royal consorts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navarrese_royal_consorts" title="Template talk:Navarrese royal consorts"><abbr title="Discuss this 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toda_of_Pamplona" title="Toda of Pamplona">Toda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andregoto_Gal%C3%ADndez" title="Andregoto Galíndez">Andregoto Galíndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Teresa Ramírez">Teresa Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urraca_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Urraca Fernández">Urraca Fernández</a></li> <li>Jimena Fernández</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muniadona_of_Castile" title="Muniadona of Castile">Muniadona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie,_Queen_of_Navarre" title="Stephanie, Queen of Navarre">Stephanie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Placentia,_Queen_of_Navarre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Placentia, Queen of Navarre (page does not exist)">Placentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felicia_of_Roucy" title="Felicia of Roucy">Felicia</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Aquitaine,_Queen_of_Aragon_and_Navarre" title="Agnes of Aquitaine, Queen of Aragon and Navarre">Agnes of Aquitaine</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Aragon" title="Bertha of Aragon">Bertha of Aragon</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urraca_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Urraca of León and Castile">Urraca of León and Castile</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_L%27Aigle" title="Margaret of L'Aigle">Margaret of L'Aigle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urraca_of_Castile,_Queen_of_Navarre" title="Urraca of Castile, Queen of Navarre">Urraca of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancha_of_Castile,_Queen_of_Navarre" title="Sancha of Castile, Queen of Navarre">Sancha of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Toulouse" title="Constance of Toulouse">Constance of Toulouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Champagne" title="Count of Champagne">House of Champagne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Bourbon,_Queen_of_Navarre" title="Margaret of Bourbon, Queen of Navarre">Margaret of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_France,_Queen_of_Navarre" title="Isabella of France, Queen of Navarre">Isabella of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Artois" title="Blanche of Artois">Blanche of Artois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Burgundy,_Queen_of_France" title="Margaret of Burgundy, Queen of France">Margaret of Burgundy</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementia_of_Hungary" title="Clementia of Hungary">Clementia of Hungary</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_II,_Countess_of_Burgundy" title="Joan II, Countess of Burgundy">Joan II, Countess of Burgundy</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Burgundy" title="Blanche of Burgundy">Blanche of Burgundy</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Luxembourg,_Queen_of_France" title="Marie of Luxembourg, Queen of France">Marie of Luxembourg</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_%C3%89vreux" title="Joan of Évreux">Joan of Évreux</a><sup>F</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%89vreux" title="House of Évreux">House of Évreux</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Valois,_Queen_of_Navarre" title="Joan of Valois, Queen of Navarre">Joan of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Castile,_Queen_of_Navarre" title="Eleanor of Castile, Queen of Navarre">Eleanor of Castile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juana_Enr%C3%ADquez" title="Juana Enríquez">Juana Enríquez</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Cleves" title="Agnes of Cleves">Agnes of Cleves</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Albret" title="Albret">House of Albret</a> - Lower Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_de_Navarre" title="Marguerite de Navarre">Marguerite de Navarre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> - Lower Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Margaret of Valois</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Anne of Austria</a><sup>F</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>A</sup>Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_royal_consorts" title="List of Aragonese royal consorts">Queen of Aragon</a>. <sup>F</sup>Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_royal_consorts" title="List of French royal consorts">Queen of France</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Duchesses_of_Vendôme" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Duchesses_of_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Template:Duchesses of Vendôme"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Duchesses_of_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Template talk:Duchesses of Vendôme"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Duchesses_of_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Duchesses of Vendôme"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Duchesses_of_Vendôme" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Duchess of Vendôme">Duchesses of Vendôme</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Wives of hereditary Dukes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_d%27Alen%C3%A7on" title="Françoise d'Alençon">Françoise d'Alençon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret" title="Jeanne d'Albret">Jeanne d'Albret</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Margaret of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_of_Lorraine,_Duchess_of_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Françoise of Lorraine, Duchess of Vendôme">Françoise of Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Anne_de_Bourbon,_Duchess_of_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Marie Anne de Bourbon, Duchess of Vendôme">Marie Anne de Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Jos%C3%A9phine_of_Savoy" title="Marie Joséphine of Savoy">Marie Joséphine of Savoy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_fr_Bourbon-Vendome_moderne.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Blason_fr_Bourbon-Vendome_moderne.svg/50px-Blason_fr_Bourbon-Vendome_moderne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Blason_fr_Bourbon-Vendome_moderne.svg/75px-Blason_fr_Bourbon-Vendome_moderne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Blason_fr_Bourbon-Vendome_moderne.svg/100px-Blason_fr_Bourbon-Vendome_moderne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Courtesy title</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Henriette_of_Belgium" title="Princess Henriette of Belgium">Henriette of Belgium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philomena,_Countess_of_Paris" title="Philomena, Countess of Paris">Philomena de Tornos Steinhart</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catherine_de&#039;_Medici" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Template:Catherine de' Medici"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Catherine de' Medici (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catherine de' Medici"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catherine_de&#039;_Medici" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Urbino" title="Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino">Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne" title="Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne">Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> (husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II of France</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois" title="Elisabeth of Valois">Elisabeth, Queen of Spain</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_of_Valois" title="Claude of Valois">Claude, Duchess of Lorraine</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Valois_(1549%E2%80%931550)" title="Louis of Valois (1549–1550)">Louis, Duke of Orléans</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX of France</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III of France</a> (son)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Margaret, Queen of France and Navarre</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Francis, Duke of Anjou</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_Henry_II_of_France" title="Descendants of Henry II of France">Descendants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynasties/<br />Groups in her life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Medici" title="House of Medici">House of Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Guise" title="House of Guise">House of Guise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">French Catholic Leagues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People in her life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarice_de%27_Medici" title="Clarice de' Medici">Clarice de' Medici</a> (paternal aunt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> (cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Passerini" title="Silvio Passerini">Cardinal Silvio Passerini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fernel" title="Jean Fernel">Jean Fernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_of_Lorraine" title="Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine">Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a> (daughter-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis, Duke of Guise">Francis, Duke of Guise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis I, Prince of Condé">Louis I, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_l%27H%C3%B4pital" title="Michel de l'Hôpital">Michel de l'Hôpital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_of_Navarre" title="Antoine of Navarre">Antoine of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude,_Duke_of_Guise" title="Claude, Duke of Guise">Claude, Duke of Guise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret" title="Jeanne d'Albret">Jeanne III of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry I, Duke of Guise">Henry I, Duke of Guise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_II_de_Coligny" title="Gaspard II de Coligny">Admiral Gaspard de Coligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_de_Poitiers" title="Diane de Poitiers">Diane de Poitiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Florence_(1529%E2%80%931530)" title="Siege of Florence (1529–1530)">Siege of Florence (1529–1530)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloquy_of_Poissy" title="Colloquy of Poissy">Colloquy of Poissy (1561)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Saint-Germain" title="Edict of Saint-Germain">Edict of Saint-Germain (1562)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Vassy" title="Massacre of Vassy">Massacre of Vassy (1562)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Amboise" title="Edict of Amboise">Edict of Amboise (1563)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_of_Meaux" title="Surprise of Meaux">Surprise of Meaux (1567)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Longjumeau" title="Peace of Longjumeau">Treaty of Longjumeau (1568)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (1572)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Beaulieu" title="Edict of Beaulieu">Edict of Beaulieu (1576)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places in her life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Medici_Riccardi" title="Palazzo Medici Riccardi">Palazzo Medici Riccardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chenonceau" title="Château de Chenonceau">Château de Chenonceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Amboise" title="Château d'Amboise">Château d'Amboise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Palace of Fontainebleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvre_Palace" title="Louvre Palace">Palais du Louvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_of_Blois" title="Château of Blois">Château of Blois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patron of the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici%27s_patronage_of_the_arts" title="Catherine de' Medici's patronage of the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici%27s_building_projects" title="Catherine de' Medici's building projects">Building projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici%27s_court_festivals" title="Catherine de' Medici's court festivals">Court Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" class="extiw" title="commons:Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220845#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220845#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220845#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121407748">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/78750412">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/15061/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfrQcvRHJR4VQvGKMdYT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118577700">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50043680">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120277296">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120277296">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621066">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Marguerite <regina di Navarra ; 1553-1615>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV118069">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35768288">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701994&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX826053">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069936072">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=148282">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/pm134f7725qb4s9">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810570227905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/118489">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264902205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14368313">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02578001?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/af822104-3b11-41fb-92d6-b592b3f6cc4b">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/b596ce9b-9e3e-4a35-9d55-5fc7da187bdf">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1078590">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118577700.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118577700">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028443039">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sz0cwt">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_of_Valois&oldid=1258013364">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_of_Valois&oldid=1258013364</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1553_births" title="Category:1553 births">1553 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1615_deaths" title="Category:1615 deaths">1615 deaths</a></li><li><a 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