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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html lang="en" xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine","20081123035617","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1227412577"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <title>The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"/> <meta name="description" content="Nobelprize.org, Official Website of the Nobel Foundation"/> <meta name="keywords" content="Nobel, Foundation, Prize, Alfred, Museum, Literature, Physics, Chemistry, Peace, Medicine, Physiology, Economics, Laureate, Laureates, Winner, Winners, Award, Awards, Science"/> <link href="/web/20081123035617cs_/http://www.nobelprize.org/css/markup.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <link href="/web/20081123035617cs_/http://www.nobelprize.org/css/print.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print"/>  <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="/web/20081123035617js_/http://www.nobelprize.org/prog/js/sitescripts.js"></script> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="/web/20081123035617js_/http://www.nobelprize.org/prog/js/detection_flash.js"></script> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="/web/20081123035617js_/http://www.nobelprize.org/prog/js/rss_links.js"></script> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="/web/20081123035617js_/http://www.nobelprize.org/__utm.js"></script>  </head> <body id="Nobel_Prizes"> <div id="Medicine">   <div id="layout_header">  <form action="https://web.archive.org/web/20081123035617/http://search.nobelprize.org/search/nobel/" method="get" name="search_form" id="search_form"> <ul id="layout_header_top"> <li class="layout_organisation_links" id="Nobel_Foundation"><a href="/web/20081123035617/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobelfoundation/index.html">Nobel Foundation</a></li> <li class="layout_organisation_links" id="Nobel_Media"><a href="/web/20081123035617/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobelmedia/index.html">Nobel Media</a></li> <li class="layout_organisation_links" id="Nobel_Museum"><a href="/web/20081123035617/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobelmuseum/index.html">Nobel Museum</a></li> <li class="layout_organisation_links" id="Nobel_Peace"><a href="/web/20081123035617/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobelpeacecenter/index.html">Nobel Peace Center</a></li> <li class="layout_organisation_links" id="Nobel_Web"><a href="/web/20081123035617/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobelweb/index.html">Nobel Web</a></li> <li class="layout_help_links_no_line"><input name="q" type="text" maxlength="200" id="h_search" alt="Search" tabindex="1" accesskey="s"/><input type="hidden" name="i" value="en"/><input type="image" src="/web/20081123035617im_/http://www.nobelprize.org/images/layout/h_search.gif" value="Submit" alt="Submit" id="Submit"/></li> <li class="layout_help_links" id="Searchbutton"><label for="h_search"><a accesskey="4" href="/web/20081123035617/http://www.nobelprize.org/search/index.html">SEARCH</a></label></li> <li class="layout_help_links" id="Contact_Us"><a accesskey="6" href="/web/20081123035617/http://www.nobelprize.org/contact/index.html">CONTACT US</a></li> <li class="layout_help_links" id="Homepage"><a accesskey="1" href="/web/20081123035617/http://www.nobelprize.org/index.html">HOME</a></li> </ul> </form>   <div id="layout_header_logo"><a href="/web/20081123035617/http://www.nobelprize.org/index.html"><img src="/web/20081123035617im_/http://www.nobelprize.org/images/layout/logo_nobelprize.gif" alt="Nobelprize.org logo" name="logo_image" id="logo_image" class="no_line_img"/></a> </div>  <ul id="layout_main_menu"> <li id="menu_nobel_prizes"><a href="/web/20081123035617/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/">NOBEL PRIZES</a></li> <li id="menu_alfred_nobel"><a href="/web/20081123035617/http://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/">ALFRED NOBEL</a></li> <li id="menu_prize_awarders"><a href="/web/20081123035617/http://www.nobelprize.org/prize_awarders/">PRIZE AWARDERS</a></li> <li id="menu_nomination"><a href="/web/20081123035617/http://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/">NOMINATION</a></li> <li id="menu_prize_announcement"><a href="/prize_announcemen