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<span>Developments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Developments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Developments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Alto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PARCTab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PARCTab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>PARCTab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PARCTab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinguished_researchers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinguished_researchers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distinguished researchers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinguished_researchers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">PARC (company)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83_(%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9)" title="بارك (شركة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بارك (شركة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_PARC" title="Xerox PARC – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xerox PARC" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARC" title="PARC – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="PARC" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARC" title="PARC – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="PARC" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARC_(virksomhed)" title="PARC (virksomhed) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="PARC (virksomhed)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_PARC" title="Xerox PARC – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Xerox PARC" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARC" title="PARC – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="PARC" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARC" title="PARC – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="PARC" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_PARC" title="Xerox PARC – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Xerox PARC" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="زیراکس پارک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیراکس پارک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto_Research_Center" title="Palo Alto Research Center – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Palo Alto Research Center" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%95%A8%ED%86%A0_%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%86%8C" title="팰로앨토 연구소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팰로앨토 연구소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_PARC" title="Xerox PARC – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Xerox PARC" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_Palo_Alto_Research_Center" title="Xerox Palo Alto Research Center – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Xerox Palo Alto Research Center" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7_(%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94)" title="פארק (חברה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פארק (חברה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARC" title="PARC – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="PARC" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto_Research_Center" title="Palo Alto Research Center – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Palo Alto Research Center" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_(%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF)" title="പാർക് (കമ്പനി) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാർക് (കമ്പനി)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto_Research_Center" title="Palo Alto Research Center – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Palo Alto Research Center" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="パロアルト研究所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パロアルト研究所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARC" title="PARC – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="PARC" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_PARC" title="Xerox PARC – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Xerox PARC" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_PARC" title="Xerox PARC – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Xerox PARC" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARC" title="PARC – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="PARC" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto_Research_Center" title="Palo Alto Research Center – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Palo Alto Research Center" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto_Research_Center" title="Palo Alto Research Center – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Palo Alto Research Center" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="பராக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பராக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARC_(%C5%9Firket)" title="PARC (şirket) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="PARC (şirket)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARC" title="PARC – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="PARC" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_PARC" title="Xerox PARC – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xerox PARC" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%BE%85%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="帕羅奧多研究中心 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.40278°N 122.14861°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.40278; -122.14861</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xerox_PARC&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox PARC">Xerox PARC</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American company</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">PARC</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PARC_logo_2023.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/PARC_logo_2023.png/220px-PARC_logo_2023.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/PARC_logo_2023.png/330px-PARC_logo_2023.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/PARC_logo_2023.png/440px-PARC_logo_2023.png 2x" data-file-width="1322" data-file-height="632" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerox_PARC_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Xerox_PARC_02.jpg/220px-Xerox_PARC_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Xerox_PARC_02.jpg/330px-Xerox_PARC_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Xerox_PARC_02.jpg/440px-Xerox_PARC_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Aerial view of Xerox PARC in 2020</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_(business)" title="Division (business)">Division</a> (1970–2002, 2024–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiary</a> (2002–2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/R%26D" class="mw-redirect" title="R&D">R&D</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">July 1, 1970<span class="noprint">; 54 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1970-07-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Jacob E. Goldman<sup id="cite_ref-JG.Obit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JG.Obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a> (1970–2023)</li><li><a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI International</a> (2023–present)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parc.com/">parc<wbr />.com</a></span> (redirects to <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sri.com/research/future-concepts-division/">www<wbr />.sri<wbr />.com<wbr />/research<wbr />/future-concepts-division<wbr />/</a></span>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parcentrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Parcentrance.jpg/220px-Parcentrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Parcentrance.jpg/330px-Parcentrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Parcentrance.jpg/440px-Parcentrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="811" /></a><figcaption>PARC entrance</figcaption></figure><p><b>SRI Future Concepts Division</b> (formerly <b>Palo Alto Research Center</b>, <b>PARC</b> and <b>Xerox PARC</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> company in <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was founded in 1969 by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldman" title="Jack Goldman">Jacob E. "Jack" Goldman</a>, chief scientist of <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox Corporation">Xerox Corporation</a>, as a division of <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a>, tasked with creating computer technology-related products and hardware systems.<sup id="cite_ref-JG.Obit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JG.Obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Xerox PARC has been foundational to numerous revolutionary computer developments, including <a href="/wiki/Laser_printing" title="Laser printing">laser printing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>, the modern <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a>, GUI (<a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Desktop_metaphor" title="Desktop metaphor">desktop paradigm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">ubiquitous computing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_paper" title="Electronic paper">electronic paper</a>, a-Si (<a href="/wiki/Amorphous_silicon" title="Amorphous silicon">amorphous silicon</a>) applications, the <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">computer mouse</a>, and VLSI (<a href="/wiki/Very-large-scale_integration" title="Very-large-scale integration">very-large-scale integration</a>) for <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EncycB_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncycB-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike Xerox's existing research laboratory in Rochester, New York, which focused on refining and expanding the company's copier business, Goldman's "Advanced Scientific & Systems Laboratory" aimed to pioneer new technologies in advanced physics, materials science, and computer science applications. </p><p>In 2002, Xerox spun off Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated as a wholly owned subsidiary.<sup id="cite_ref-X2002_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-X2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late April of 2023, Xerox announced the donation of the lab to <a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI International</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-donation_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-donation-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PARC_(company)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerox_PARC_in_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Xerox_PARC_in_1977.jpg/220px-Xerox_PARC_in_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Xerox_PARC_in_1977.jpg/330px-Xerox_PARC_in_1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Xerox_PARC_in_1977.jpg/440px-Xerox_PARC_in_1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2748" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption>Xerox PARC in 1977</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1969, Goldman talked with <a href="/wiki/George_Pake" title="George Pake">George Pake</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> specializing in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">nuclear magnetic resonance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provost_(education)" title="Provost (education)">provost</a> of <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a>, about starting a second research center for Xerox.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 1, 1970, the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center opened.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its 3,000-mile distance from Xerox headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>, afforded scientists at the new lab great freedom in their work, but it increased the difficulty of persuading management of the promise of some of their greatest achievements. </p><p>In its early years, PARC's West Coast location helped it hire many employees of the nearby <a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI</a> <a href="/wiki/Augmentation_Research_Center" title="Augmentation Research Center">Augmentation Research Center</a> (ARC) as that facility's funding began reducing from <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a>. By leasing land at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Research_Park" title="Stanford Research Park">Stanford Research Park</a>, it encouraged <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> graduate students to be involved in PARC research projects and PARC scientists to collaborate with academic seminars and projects. </p><p>Much of PARC's early success in the computer field was under the leadership of its Computer Science Laboratory manager <a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Taylor (computer scientist)">Bob Taylor</a>, who guided the lab as associate manager from 1970 to 1977, and as manager from 1977 to 1983. </p><p>Work at PARC since the early 1980s includes advances in <a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">ubiquitous computing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">aspect-oriented programming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After three decades as a division of Xerox, PARC was transformed in 2002<sup id="cite_ref-X2002_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-X2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into an independent, wholly owned subsidiary company dedicated to developing and maturing advances in science and business concepts. </p><p>Xerox announced that it would donate the lab and its related assets to <a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI International</a> in April 2023. As part of the deal, Xerox would keep most of the patent rights inside PARC, and benefit from a preferred research agreement with SRI/PARC.<sup id="cite_ref-donation_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-donation-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 18, 2024, SRI announced the research group from the PARC will become its Future Concepts division.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developments">Developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PARC_(company)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerox_Alto_mit_Rechner.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Xerox_Alto_mit_Rechner.JPG/220px-Xerox_Alto_mit_Rechner.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Xerox_Alto_mit_Rechner.JPG/330px-Xerox_Alto_mit_Rechner.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Xerox_Alto_mit_Rechner.JPG/440px-Xerox_Alto_mit_Rechner.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Xerox Alto</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PARC_Tab.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/PARC_Tab.png/220px-PARC_Tab.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/PARC_Tab.png/330px-PARC_Tab.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/PARC_Tab.png/440px-PARC_Tab.png 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>PARC Tab</figcaption></figure> <p>PARC's developments in information technology served for a long time as standards for much of the computing industry. Many advancements made at the center were not equaled or surpassed for two decades. Xerox PARC has been the inventor and incubator of many elements of modern computing, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laser_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser printer">Laser printers</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Computer-generated <a href="/wiki/Bitmap" title="Bitmap">bitmap</a> graphics</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> featuring <a href="/wiki/Skeuomorph" title="Skeuomorph">skeuomorphic</a> windows and icons, operated with a <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bravo_(editor)" title="Bravo (editor)">Bravo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/WYSIWYG" title="WYSIWYG">WYSIWYG</a> modal text editor<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpress" title="Interpress">Interpress</a>, a resolution-independent graphical page-description language and the precursor to <a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> as a local-area computer network<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fully formed <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming"> object-oriented programming (OOP)</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Class-based_programming" title="Class-based programming">class-based</a> inheritance, the most popular OOP model) in the <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a> <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> and integrated development environment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prototype-based_programming" title="Prototype-based programming">Prototype-based programming</a> (the second most popular inheritance model in OOP) in the <a href="/wiki/Self_(programming_language)" title="Self (programming language)">Self</a> programming language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller" title="Model–view–controller">Model–view–controller</a> software architecture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AspectJ" title="AspectJ">AspectJ</a>, an aspect-oriented programming (AOP) extension for the Java programming language</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alto">Alto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PARC_(company)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Alto" title="Xerox Alto">Xerox Alto</a></div> <p>Most of these developments were included in the Alto, which added the <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">computer mouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fn_1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn_1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These developments unified into a single model most aspects of now-standard personal computers use. The integration of Ethernet<sup id="cite_ref-EncycB_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncycB-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into the computer prompted the development of the <a href="/wiki/PARC_Universal_Packet" title="PARC Universal Packet">PARC Universal Packet</a> architecture, which is structured much like the modern Internet's architecture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PARCTab">PARCTab</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PARC_(company)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: PARCTab"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PARCTab is an experimental mobile computer as an early experiment in <a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubiquitous Computing">Ubiquitous Computing</a> or UbiComp.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its appearance resembles a <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDA</a>. Its functionality depends on the user's location, by receiving location-specific information via infrared sensors from gateway nodes installed in a particular location.<sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has a touch screen, stylus, and <a href="/wiki/Handwriting_recognition" title="Handwriting recognition">handwriting recognition</a>. Xerox designed the similar and larger PARCPad. Both devices were developed around the same time as the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Newton" title="Apple Newton">Apple Newton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distinguished_researchers">Distinguished researchers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PARC_(company)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distinguished researchers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_PARC" title="List of people associated with PARC">List of people associated with PARC</a></div> <p>PARC's distinguished researchers include four <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> winners: <a href="/wiki/Butler_Lampson" title="Butler Lampson">Butler Lampson</a> (1992), <a href="/wiki/Alan_Kay" title="Alan Kay">Alan Kay</a> (2003), <a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Thacker" title="Charles P. Thacker">Charles P. Thacker</a> (2009), and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a> (2022). The <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM) Software System Award recognized the Alto system in 1984, <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a> in 1987, <a href="/wiki/InterLisp" class="mw-redirect" title="InterLisp">InterLisp</a> in 1992, and the <a href="/wiki/Remote_procedure_call" title="Remote procedure call">remote procedure call</a> in 1994. Lampson, Kay, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Taylor (computer scientist)"> Bob Taylor</a>, and Thacker received the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a>'s prestigious <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize" title="Charles Stark Draper Prize">Charles Stark Draper Prize</a> in 2004 for their work on the Alto. <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Conway" title="Lynn Conway">Lynn Conway</a> was recognized by the <a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a> for her work on <a href="/wiki/Very-large-scale_integration" title="Very-large-scale integration">VLSI</a> (2023).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PARC_(company)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xerox has been heavily criticized, particularly by business historians, for failing to properly commercialize and profitably exploit PARC's innovations.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xerox management failed to see the global potential of many of PARC's inventions, but this was mostly a problem with its computing research, a relatively small part of PARC's operations. </p><p>One notable example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI), initially developed at PARC for the Alto and then sold as the <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Star" title="Xerox Star">Xerox 8010 Information System</a> workstation (with office software called Star) by the Xerox Systems Development Department. It heavily influenced future system design, but was deemed a failure because Xerox only sold about 25,000 units of the computer. A small group from PARC led by <a href="/wiki/David_Liddle" title="David Liddle">David Liddle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Irby" title="Charles Irby">Charles Irby</a> formed <a href="/wiki/Metaphor_Computer_Systems" title="Metaphor Computer Systems">Metaphor Computer Systems</a>. Metaphor Computer Systems extended the Star desktop concept into an animated graphic and communicating office-automation model and sold the company to <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. </p><p>Several GUI engineers left to join <a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a> to work on <a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Lisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a>. Technologies pioneered by its <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials scientists</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">liquid-crystal display</a> (LCD), some major innovations in <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical disc</a> technology, and laser printing were actively and successfully introduced by Xerox to the business and consumer markets.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> has said that the Xerox graphical interface has notably influenced Microsoft and Apple. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> said that "Xerox could have owned the entire computer industry, could have been the IBM of the nineties, could have been the Microsoft of the nineties."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PARC_(company)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/28px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/42px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/56px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/32px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/48px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/64px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="1885" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Portal:San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GlobalView" title="GlobalView">GlobalView</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_PARC" title="List of people associated with PARC">List of people associated with PARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerCloud_Systems" title="PowerCloud Systems">PowerCloud Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_Daybreak" title="Xerox Daybreak">Xerox Daybreak</a> (a.k.a. Xerox Windows 6085)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PARC_(company)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-JG.Obit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JG.Obit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JG.Obit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Markoff2011" class="citation news cs1">John Markoff (December 21, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/22/business/jacob-e-goldman-founder-of-xerox-lab-dies-at-90.html">"Jacob Goldman, Founder of Xerox Lab, Dies at 90"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jacob+Goldman%2C+Founder+of+Xerox+Lab%2C+Dies+at+90&rft.date=2011-12-21&rft.au=John+Markoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F12%2F22%2Fbusiness%2Fjacob-e-goldman-founder-of-xerox-lab-dies-at-90.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APARC+%28company%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parc.com/util/contact.html">Contact</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140823005123/http://www.parc.com/util/contact.html">Archived</a> 2014-08-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." PARC. Retrieved on November 11, 2010. "PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) 3333 Coyote Hill Road Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parc.com/util/directions.html">driving & public transportation directions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140829170028/http://www.parc.com/util/directions.html">Archived</a> 2014-08-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." PARC. Retrieved on November 11, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parc.com/util/map.html">map</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808223714/http://www.parc.com/util/map.html">Archived</a> 2014-08-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." PARC. Retrieved on November 11, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViki" class="citation web cs1">Viki, Tendayi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/tendayiviki/2017/07/01/as-xerox-parc-turns-forty-seven-the-lesson-learned-is-that-business-models-matter/">"As Xerox PARC Turns 47, The Lesson Learned Is That Business Models Matter"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=As+Xerox+PARC+Turns+47%2C+The+Lesson+Learned+Is+That+Business+Models+Matter&rft.aulast=Viki&rft.aufirst=Tendayi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Ftendayiviki%2F2017%2F07%2F01%2Fas-xerox-parc-turns-forty-seven-the-lesson-learned-is-that-business-models-matter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APARC+%28company%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncycB-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncycB_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncycB_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Xerox-PARC">"Xerox PARC"</a>. <q>PARC, Palo Alto Research Center ... and Ethernet</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Xerox+PARC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FXerox-PARC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APARC+%28company%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-X2002-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-X2002_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-X2002_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerworld.com/article/2515846/computer-hardware/xerox-parc-turns-40--marking-four-decades-of-tech-innovations.html">"Xerox PARC turns 40: Marking four decades of tech innovations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a></i>. September 20, 2010. <q>spun off by Xerox in January 2002</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Xerox+PARC+turns+40%3A+Marking+four+decades+of+tech+innovations&rft.date=2010-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Farticle%2F2515846%2Fcomputer-hardware%2Fxerox-parc-turns-40--marking-four-decades-of-tech-innovations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APARC+%28company%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-donation-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-donation_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-donation_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavitz2023" class="citation news cs1">Savitz, Eric J. (April 24, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barrons.com/articles/xerox-parc-lab-sri-international-e1d46fe">"Xerox Gives Legendary PARC Lab to SRI International"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Barron%27s_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barron's (newspaper)">Barron's</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230425002458/https://www.barrons.com/amp/articles/xerox-parc-lab-sri-international-e1d46fe">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Barron%27s&rft.atitle=Xerox+Gives+Legendary+PARC+Lab+to+SRI+International&rft.date=2023-04-24&rft.aulast=Savitz&rft.aufirst=Eric+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barrons.com%2Farticles%2Fxerox-parc-lab-sri-international-e1d46fe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APARC+%28company%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillan" class="citation magazine cs1">McMillan, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2011/12/goldma/">"Jack Goldman, Founder of Xerox PARC, Dies"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028">1059-1028</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Jack+Goldman%2C+Founder+of+Xerox+PARC%2C+Dies&rft.issn=1059-1028&rft.aulast=McMillan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2011%2F12%2Fgoldma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APARC+%28company%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViki" class="citation web cs1">Viki, Tendayi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/tendayiviki/2017/07/01/as-xerox-parc-turns-forty-seven-the-lesson-learned-is-that-business-models-matter/">"As Xerox PARC Turns 47, The Lesson Learned Is That Business Models Matter"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=As+Xerox+PARC+Turns+47%2C+The+Lesson+Learned+Is+That+Business+Models+Matter&rft.aulast=Viki&rft.aufirst=Tendayi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Ftendayiviki%2F2017%2F07%2F01%2Fas-xerox-parc-turns-forty-seven-the-lesson-learned-is-that-business-models-matter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APARC+%28company%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sri.com/future-concepts-division/sri-announces-its-newest-division-the-future-concepts-division-and-a-renewed-focus-for-the-parc-campus-that-draws-on-its-heritage/">"SRI announces its new Future Concepts division — and a renewed focus for the PARC campus that draws on its heritage"</a>. <i>SRI International</i>. January 18, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SRI+International&rft.atitle=SRI+announces+its+new+Future+Concepts+division+%E2%80%94+and+a+renewed+focus+for+the+PARC+campus+that+draws+on+its+heritage&rft.date=2024-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sri.com%2Ffuture-concepts-division%2Fsri-announces-its-newest-division-the-future-concepts-division-and-a-renewed-focus-for-the-parc-campus-that-draws-on-its-heritage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APARC+%28company%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-xerox-alto-struts-its-stuff-on-its-40th-birthday">"The Xerox Alto Struts Its Stuff on Its 40th Birthday"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>.org (IEEE Spectrum)</i>. November 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE.org+%28IEEE+Spectrum%29&rft.atitle=The+Xerox+Alto+Struts+Its+Stuff+on+Its+40th+Birthday&rft.date=2017-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fthe-xerox-alto-struts-its-stuff-on-its-40th-birthday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APARC+%28company%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn_1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn_1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Xerox PARC became the first research group to widely adopt the mouse invented by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Augmentation_Research_Center" title="Augmentation Research Center">Augmentation Research Center</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Research Institute">Stanford Research Institute</a> (now <a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI International</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California" title="Menlo Park, California">Menlo Park, California</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/buxtoncollection/detail.aspx?id=51">"PARCtab"</a>. <i>Buxton Collection</i>. Microsoft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231217180913/https://www.microsoft.com/buxtoncollection/detail.aspx?id=51">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buxton+Collection&rft.atitle=PARCtab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fbuxtoncollection%2Fdetail.aspx%3Fid%3D51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APARC+%28company%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-computerhistory-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-computerhistory_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/36785/Xerox-PARCTab-Prototype/">"Xerox PARCTab Prototype - PDA"</a>. <i>Computing History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computing+History&rft.atitle=Xerox+PARCTab+Prototype+-+PDA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computinghistory.org.uk%2Fdet%2F36785%2FXerox-PARCTab-Prototype%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APARC+%28company%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rauterberg.employee.id.tue.nl/presentations/HCI-history/">"History of HCI"</a>. <i>Homepage of Matthias Rauterberg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Homepage+of+Matthias+Rauterberg&rft.atitle=History+of+HCI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frauterberg.employee.id.tue.nl%2Fpresentations%2FHCI-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APARC+%28company%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invent.org/inductees/lynn-conway">"Lynn Conway | The National Inventors Hall of Fame"</a>. <i>www.invent.org</i>. June 17, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.invent.org&rft.atitle=Lynn+Conway+%7C+The+National+Inventors+Hall+of+Fame&rft.date=2024-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.invent.org%2Finductees%2Flynn-conway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APARC+%28company%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_K._SmithRobert_C._Alexander1988" class="citation book cs1">Douglas K. Smith; Robert C. Alexander (1988). <i>Fumbling the Future: How Xerox Invented, then Ignored, the First Personal Computer</i>. William Morrow & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0688069599" title="Special:BookSources/978-0688069599"><bdi>978-0688069599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fumbling+the+Future%3A+How+Xerox+Invented%2C+then+Ignored%2C+the+First+Personal+Computer&rft.pub=William+Morrow+%26+Co&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0688069599&rft.au=Douglas+K.+Smith&rft.au=Robert+C.+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APARC+%28company%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130702222006/http://www.parc.com/about/">"Milestones, PARC, a Xerox company"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parc.com/about/milestones.html">the original</a> on July 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milestones%2C+PARC%2C+a+Xerox+company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parc.com%2Fabout%2Fmilestones.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APARC+%28company%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobson2020" class="citation news cs1">Robson, David (June 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200608-what-is-the-competency-trap">"How to avoid the 'competency trap'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=How+to+avoid+the+%27competency+trap%27&rft.date=2020-06-09&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fworklife%2Farticle%2F20200608-what-is-the-competency-trap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APARC+%28company%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFried2017" class="citation news cs1">Fried, Ina (February 27, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/bill-gates-credits-xerox-not-apple-for-windows-1513300647-aa8e162f-23a8-47f8-b514-f9d6377ddc51.html">"Bill Gates credits Xerox, not Apple, for Windows"</a>. <i>Axios</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Axios&rft.atitle=Bill+Gates+credits+Xerox%2C+not+Apple%2C+for+Windows&rft.date=2017-02-27&rft.aulast=Fried&rft.aufirst=Ina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2Fbill-gates-credits-xerox-not-apple-for-windows-1513300647-aa8e162f-23a8-47f8-b514-f9d6377ddc51.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APARC+%28company%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PARC_(company)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Michael A. Hiltzik, <i>Dealers of Lightning: Xerox PARC and the Dawn of the Computer Age</i> (<a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, New York, 1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88730-989-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88730-989-5">0-88730-989-5</a></li> <li>Douglas K. Smith, Robert C. Alexander, <i>Fumbling the Future: How Xerox Invented, Then Ignored, the First Personal Computer</i> (<a href="/wiki/William_Morrow_and_Company" title="William Morrow and Company">William Morrow and Company</a>, New York, 1988) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58348-266-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-58348-266-0">1-58348-266-0</a></li> <li>M. Mitchell Waldrop, <i>The Dream Machine: J.C.R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computing Personal</i> (<a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Penguin</a>, New York, 2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-89976-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-89976-3">0-670-89976-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Rheingold" title="Howard Rheingold">Howard Rheingold</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tools_for_Thought" title="Tools for Thought">Tools for Thought</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>, 2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-68115-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-68115-3">0-262-68115-3</a></li> <li>Todd R. Weiss, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com/article/2515846/computer-hardware/xerox-parc-turns-40--marking-four-decades-of-tech-innovations.html">Xerox PARC turns 40: Making four decades of tech innovation</a>" Computerworld, 2010</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PARC_(company)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Xerox_PARC" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Xerox PARC">Xerox PARC</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parc.com/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digibarn.com/friends/curbow/star/index.html">Xerox Star Historical Documents</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mackido.com/Interface/ui_history.html">MacKiDo article</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11299/107717">Oral history interview with Terry Allen Winograd</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>, Minneapolis</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11299/107640">Oral history interview with Paul A. Strassmann</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>, Minneapolis</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11299/107235">Oral history interview with William Crowther</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>, Minneapolis</li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=PARC_(company)&params=37_24_10_N_122_08_55_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°24′10″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°08′55″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.40278°N 122.14861°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.40278; -122.14861</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">Implementations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber_Smalltalk" title="Amber Smalltalk">Amber</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_Smalltalk" title="Dolphin Smalltalk">Dolphin Smalltalk</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemstone (database)">GemStone/S</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GNU_Smalltalk" title="GNU Smalltalk">GNU Smalltalk</a></i>°</li> <li>Smalltalk/X</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squeak" title="Squeak">Squeak</a>° <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharo" title="Pharo">Pharo</a>°</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/VisualAge" title="VisualAge">VisualAge</a> Smalltalk</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisualWorks" title="VisualWorks">VisualWorks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dialect_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect (computing)">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>F-Script</i>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Smalltalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Smalltalk">Little Smalltalk</a></i>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak_(programming_language)" title="Newspeak (programming language)">Newspeak</a>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OMeta#OMeta/Squeak" title="OMeta">OMeta/Squeak</a></i>°</li> <li><i>Pocket Smalltalk</i>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_(programming_language)" title="Self (programming language)">Self</a>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/StepTalk" class="mw-redirect" title="StepTalk">StepTalk</a></i>°</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strongtalk" title="Strongtalk">Strongtalk</a></i>°</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a> <a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">platforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Croquet_Project" title="Croquet Project">Croquet Project</a></i>° → <i><a href="/wiki/Open_Cobalt" title="Open Cobalt">Open Cobalt</a></i>°</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">Graphical user interfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller" title="Model–view–controller">Model–view–controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphic_(software)" title="Morphic (software)">Morphic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA/Web" title="AIDA/Web">AIDA/Web</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemstone (database)">GemStone/S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose_(analysis)" title="Moose (analysis)">Moose</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaside_(software)" title="Seaside (software)">Seaside</a>°</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">Workstation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xerox_Alto" title="Xerox Alto">Xerox Alto</a></i></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cincom_Systems" title="Cincom Systems">Cincom Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemstone (database)">Gemstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></li> <li>Object Arts</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xerox PARC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Designers" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L._Peter_Deutsch" title="L. Peter Deutsch">L. Peter Deutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adele_Goldberg_(computer_scientist)" title="Adele Goldberg (computer scientist)">Adele Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Ingalls" title="Dan Ingalls">Dan Ingalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kaehler" title="Ted Kaehler">Ted Kaehler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Kay" title="Alan Kay">Alan Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Merry" title="Diana Merry">Diana Merry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ungar" title="David Ungar">David Ungar</a></li> <li>Scott Wallace</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Bak_(computer_programmer)" title="Lars Bak (computer programmer)">Lars Bak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilad_Bracha" title="Gilad Bracha">Gilad Bracha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urs_H%C3%B6lzle" title="Urs Hölzle">Urs Hölzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Lombardi" title="Julian Lombardi">Julian Lombardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_P._McCahill" title="Mark P. McCahill">Mark P. McCahill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Raab" class="mw-redirect" title="Andreas Raab">Andreas Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_P._Reed" title="David P. Reed">David P. Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trygve_Reenskaug" title="Trygve Reenskaug">Trygve Reenskaug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Smith_(computer_scientist)" title="David A. Smith (computer scientist)">David Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Tesler" title="Larry Tesler">Larry Tesler</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><i>Italics</i> <b>= discontinued</b></li> <li><b>° = <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></b><br /><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_book_class2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia book"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750428#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750428#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750428#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000406345659">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/138581110">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/305995-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83185348">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35129224">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/4645">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007362638405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500460232">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/10983">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/175411484">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Xerox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Xerox" title="Template:Xerox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Xerox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Xerox (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Xerox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Xerox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Xerox" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._Wilson_(entrepreneur)" title="Joseph C. Wilson (entrepreneur)">Joseph C. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Carlson" title="Chester Carlson">Chester Carlson</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerox_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Xerox_logo.svg/150px-Xerox_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Xerox_logo.svg/225px-Xerox_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Xerox_logo.svg/300px-Xerox_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="219" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporate</a> <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">Directors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Keith Cozza (chairman)</li> <li>John Visentin (vice chairman and CEO)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_PARC" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox PARC">Xerox PARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affiliated_Computer_Services" title="Affiliated Computer Services">ACS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct, divested or acquired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Data_Systems" title="Scientific Data Systems">Scientific Data Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diablo_Data_Systems" title="Diablo Data Systems">Diablo Data Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujifilm_Business_Innovation" title="Fujifilm Business Innovation">Fuji Xerox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Workstations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_Alto" title="Xerox Alto">Alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_Star" title="Xerox Star">Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_Daybreak" title="Xerox Daybreak">Daybreak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minicomputers<br />and servers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_Sigma_9" title="Xerox Sigma 9">Xerox Sigma 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_500_series" title="Xerox 500 series">Xerox 500 series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scanners<br />and printers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_914" title="Xerox 914">Xerox 914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_2700" title="Xerox 2700">Xerox 2700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_9700" title="Xerox 9700">Xerox 9700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_Phaser" title="Xerox Phaser">Phaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DocuTech" title="DocuTech">DocuTech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prototypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_NoteTaker" title="Xerox NoteTaker">NoteTaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynabook" title="Dynabook">Dynabook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bravo_(editor)" title="Bravo (editor)">Bravo (editor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_Network_Systems" title="Xerox Network Systems">Xerox Network Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpress" title="Interpress">Interpress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time-Sharing_System" title="Universal Time-Sharing System">UTS/CP-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_Operating_System" title="Xerox Operating System">Xerox OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_(operating_system)" title="Pilot (operating system)">Pilot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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