Pordenone | Grove Art

<!DOCTYPE html>       <html data-locale="en" lang="en" class="no-js"> <head prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# fb: http://ogp.me/ns/fb# article: http://ogp.me/ns/article#"><script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];dataLayer.push({ "pf:selectedLanguage" : "English", "pf:licenseType" : "controlled", "pf:sitegenUUid" : "0", "pf:contentType" : "RESTRICTED", "pf:contentCategory" : "oxencycl-entry", "pf:associatedContentSets" : "all,oao_gao,ALL:staging,ifp:all,IFP:ALL:staging,no_auth,ifp:current-version,OAO:live", "pf:authorized" : "not-authorized", "pf:contentName" : "Pordenone", "pf:titleParentIdentifier" : "9781884446054", "pf:authenticationStatus" : "not-logged-in", "pf:chunkIdentifier" : "10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T068755", "pf:authAccountNumber" : "-" });</script><script type="text/javascript">function runOnDomLoaded(f) { if (!!document.domLoaded) { setTimeout(f, 0); } else { window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', f); } }</script><link as="script" rel="preconnect" href="//ajax.googleapis.com"/><link crossorigin="" as="script" rel="preconnect" href="//ajax.googleapis.com"/><link as="script" rel="dns-prefetch" href="//ajax.googleapis.com"/><link href="https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/display/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000068755" rel="canonical"/> <title>Pordenone | Grove Art</title> <script type="text/x-mathjax-config"> if (MathJax.Hub.Browser.isMSIE) { window.onload = function () {MathJax.Hub.Queue(["Typeset",MathJax.Hub])} } MathJax.Hub.Config({ extensions: ["MMLorHTML.js"], jax: ["input/MathML","output/CommonHTML","output/NativeMML"], extensions: ["mml2jax.js","MathMenu.js","MathZoom.js"] }); hasMathjax = true; mathjaxComplete = false; MathJax.Hub.signal.Interest( function (message) { if ('End Process' == message[0]) { mathjaxComplete = true; } } ); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2/MathJax.js?config=default"></script> <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"/>  <meta content="https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/display/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000068755" property="og:url"/> <meta content="Grove Art Online" property="og:site_name"/> <meta content="website" property="og:type"/> <meta content="Pordenone" property="og:title"/> <meta content=""Pordenone" published on by Oxford University Press." property="og:description"/> <meta content=""Pordenone" published on by Oxford University Press." name="description"/> <meta content="https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/cover/default" property="og:image"/> <meta content="en_US" property="og:locale"/> <meta content="summary_large_image" name="twitter:card"/> <meta content="Pordenone" name="twitter:title"/> <meta content=""Pordenone" published on by Oxford University Press." name="twitter:description"/> <meta content="10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T068755" name="dc.identifier"/>  <meta content="IE=Edge" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible"/> <meta content="width=device-width, minimum-scale=1.0, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport"/> <meta property="http://schema.org/about" content="Pordenone" /> <meta property="http://schema.org/author" content="Paolo Casadio" /> <meta rel="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/primaryTopic" href="http://oxfordindex.oup.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20151002191059450313" /> <meta rel="http://purl.org/dc/terms/source" href="https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/documentID/oao-9781884446054-e-7000068755" /> <meta property="http://purl.org/dc/terms/description" content="[Sacchis, de](, Giovanni Antonio) (b Pordenone, ?1483; d Ferrara, ?13 Jan 1539). Italian painter and draughtsman. Early historians mistakenly called him Licinio. He was the son of Angelo de Lodensanis, master mason from Corticelle (Brescia). He was active mainly as a fresco painter and became one of the most innovative and influential individual artists in northern Italy in the early to mid-16th century. His work shows a broad range of influences, including Mannerism and Venetian art, particularly that of Giorgione. In Venice in the 1530s Pordenone was Titian’s chief rival, and the expressive intensity of his painting anticipates the art of Tintoretto. Pordenone’s earliest signed and dated work, a fresco from 1506, St Michael the Archangel with SS Valerian and John the Baptist (Valeriano, Spilimbergo, S Stefano), has echoes of Gianfrancesco da Tolmezzo (fl 1482–1511), who may have been his master, as well as Bartolommeo Montagna and Pellegrino da San Daniele. Between 1506 and 1510 Pordenone executed the fresco decoration in the apse of S Lorenzo in Vacile, Spilimbergo, including the ..." /> <meta property="http://purl.org/dc/terms/identifier" content="10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T068755" /> <meta property="http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject" content="Painting" /> <meta property="http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject" content="Renaissance Art" /> <meta property="http://schema.org/dateCreated" content="2003" /> <meta property="http://schema.org/isbn" content="9781884446054" /> <meta property="http://schema.org/publisher" content="Oxford University Press" /> <meta property="http://schema.org/wordCount" content="2053" /><meta content="https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/doc/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000068755" name="citation_xml_url" /> <link href="/groveart/newsrss?t:state:client=EpHKD0LrcUDd43oduZXhTYVpSyg=:H4sIAAAAAAAAAFWOP0vEQBTE3/kHlcPGxi9ge7sbTC45LEXhuCDCof0jecaVvd317SPnNbaWfhG/kLW1nZWVsREsBmb4DcO8fcLuegcARolhEbhTGLG5JyUYKQlvCmW9EHt0KhH3tqGkzp0lL9fEySYZ3KUl1y4lMHY0X0V3sqDN+9fx697H98sWbNcwbsIqBj9U563AUf2APWqHvtNLYeu7sxoO7n5HrnBFj/AMoxr247D2l59iFBgztZapkRt2AochBX1raX3hh58CS91x6AlZdGtTdLjRmVGZmZ3qDoOelVVWVXmeT02RK2OyQSbTAcPkH5rQpByImVZlUfwA+8A2Ax8BAAA=" title="News (RSS 2.0)" type="application/rss+xml" rel="alternate"/> <script> ;(function(d, s, c) { var j = d.createElement(s), t = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0] j.src = 'https://prod-apm-public-files.s3.amazonaws.com/5.9.1/elastic-apm-rum.umd.js' j.onload = function() { function initApm() { if (!!window.elasticApm) { window.elasticApm.init(c); console.debug('Initialized Elastic APM JS from https://apm.oupprodelk.pubfactory.com'); } else { // console.debug('Waiting for Elastic APM'); setTimeout(initApm, 500); } } initApm(); } t.parentNode.insertBefore(j, t) })(document, 'script', {serviceName: 'orr-web-live', serverUrl: 'https://apm.oupprodelk.pubfactory.com'}) </script> <link type="image/x-icon" href="/groveart/fileasset/images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon"/> <link media="all" href="/groveart/skin/572e3d0ba210aa2eb6683a7aa87b2044b233be45/css/normalize.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet"/> <link media="all" href="/groveart/skin/572e3d0ba210aa2eb6683a7aa87b2044b233be45-5D4270D15E204A46E3D9F4CB681F40DA/css/style.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/groveart/assets/css/za29a1266/oup-cxs.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/groveart/assets/baseskin/z868d4a2f/css/cxs-reset.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/groveart/assets/baseskin/z2fb7dce7/css/cxs.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/groveart/assets/oup/z2b87a83d/css/mystuff.css" id="mystuffStylesheet"/> <link href="/groveart/cxs/css/oup-content.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" class="cxs"/> <link class="nocombine" media="print" href="/groveart/skin/572e3d0ba210aa2eb6683a7aa87b2044b233be45-5D4270D15E204A46E3D9F4CB681F40DA/css/print.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet"/> <script class="doNotMove" src="/groveart/assets/vendor/zdf8cf3f4/modernizr.min.js"></script> <script class="doNotMove" src="/groveart/assets/vendor/za34738ba/respond.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> gAppName = 'orr'; gSiteIdentifier = 'GDA'; gCxsBasePath = '/cxs/'; gCurrentPagePath = 'https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/display/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/'; </script> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/meta/z6a76c159/tapestry5/font_awesome/css/font-awesome.css"/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/zbb83c97/default.css"/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/vendor/ze5c2e950/splide/splide.min.css"/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/vendor/zcb91ae9f/font-awesome/css/brands.min.css"/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/zb721ef28/FindThisResource.css"/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/za8ff4a48/ContributorDetails.css"/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/oxford/z8afeb2e/components/module/OdoPopupWidgetModule.css"/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/oxford/z41888ac9/components/ResourceSelector.css"/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/applib/z99749d88/mixins/default.css"/><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/skin/572e3d0ba210aa2eb6683a7aa87b2044b233be45-FB39D85B5DB759C9A1451CEDD6B2542A/languageFonts.css"/><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading 6 libraries synchronously in head');</script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/shared/z2891487e/js/dist/shareCitation.js synchronously in head');</script><script class="doNotMove" src="/assets/shared/z2891487e/js/dist/shareCitation.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/vendor/zaa95d746/micromodal.js/micromodal.min.js synchronously in head');</script><script class="doNotMove" src="/assets/vendor/zaa95d746/micromodal.js/micromodal.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/shared/z96255596/js/dist/shareLink.js synchronously in head');</script><script class="doNotMove" src="/assets/shared/z96255596/js/dist/shareLink.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/shared/z16dd3571/js/lightbox/lightbox.js synchronously in head');</script><script class="doNotMove" src="/assets/shared/z16dd3571/js/lightbox/lightbox.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library //platform-api.sharethis.com/js/sharethis.js#property=64ac08de0f9156001a2918be&product=custom-share-buttons synchronously in head');</script><script class="doNotMove" src="//platform-api.sharethis.com/js/sharethis.js#property=64ac08de0f9156001a2918be&product=custom-share-buttons" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/js/z71e35edf/LoginBox.js synchronously in head');</script><script class="doNotMove" src="/assets/js/z71e35edf/LoginBox.js" type="text/javascript"></script></head> <body data-page-initialized="false" data-lock-appbar="false" data-cxs-css-selector-prefix=".cxs-style-root" data-site-path="groveart" data-site-name="gao" data-my-content-title="Pordenone" class="nonConfigurableViewPage has-glossary-list bookDetail page-viewentry site-groveart unauthenticated no-configurable-layout appbar-standard pf-skin-pubfactory dctype-oxencycl-entry"> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-P4JZ9XL"height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-P4JZ9XL');</script>  <a id="jumpToContent" href="#mainContent" class="offScreen skip js-skip">Jump to Content </a> <div class="twoColumnOmega" id="contentWrapper"> <div id="headerWrap"> <div id="header"> <div id="headerUtilityBar"> <div class="expandContractButtons"> <a title="Menu" class="toggleMenu" href="#"> Menu </a> </div> <div class="nav-menu user-nav-menu js-user-nav-menu expandContractBox closed" id="loginNav"> <a class="nav-toggle user-nav-toggle ico-user js-user-nav-toggle" href="#"> <span>User Account</span> </a> <div class="top-menu-flex-links"> <div class="user-nav js-user-nav" id="userNav"> <span class="personalization-link-sign-in"> <a id="signIn" data-testid="login" href="/groveart/login?t:state:client=EpHKD0LrcUDd43oduZXhTYVpSyg=:H4sIAAAAAAAAAFWOP0vEQBTE3/kHlcPGxi9ge7sbTC45LEXhuCDCof0jecaVvd317SPnNbaWfhG/kLW1nZWVsREsBmb4DcO8fcLuegcARolhEbhTGLG5JyUYKQlvCmW9EHt0KhH3tqGkzp0lL9fEySYZ3KUl1y4lMHY0X0V3sqDN+9fx697H98sWbNcwbsIqBj9U563AUf2APWqHvtNLYeu7sxoO7n5HrnBFj/AMoxr247D2l59iFBgztZapkRt2AochBX1raX3hh58CS91x6AlZdGtTdLjRmVGZmZ3qDoOelVVWVXmeT02RK2OyQSbTAcPkH5rQpByImVZlUfwA+8A2Ax8BAAA="> Personal Profile </a> </span> </div> <div class="utilLinks nav-menu util-nav-menu js-util-nav-menu" id="utilityNav"> <ul class="null c-List__items"> <li class=" c-List__item"> <a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" href="http://oxfordartonline.com/page/subscribe" class="c-Button c-Button--primary"> <span>Subscribe</span> </a> </li> <li class=" c-List__item"> <a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" href=" http://oxfordartonline.com/page/tools-and-resources" class="c-Button c-Button--primary"> <span>Tools and Resources</span> </a> </li> <li class=" c-List__item"> <a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" href="http://oxfordartonline.com/page/about-grove-art-online" class="c-Button c-Button--primary"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class=" c-List__item"> <a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" href="http://oxfordartonline.com/page/customer-services" class="c-Button c-Button--primary"> <span>Customer Services</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="parent-portal-site-reference" id="parentPortalReference"> <a href="//www.oxfordartonline.com" class="parent-portal-site-reference-link"><i aria-hidden="true" class="left-arrow"></i> Oxford Art Online</a> </div> <div id="headerLogo"> <a href="/groveart/"> <span> Grove Art Online </span> </a> </div> <div class="site-search js-site-search sub-site" id="quickSearch"> <form role="search" class="search-form single-query-form site-search-form" id="quickLinks" action="/groveart/search"> <div class="search-scope-select"> <select name="siteToSearch" class="site-selector"> <option value="oao" class="parent-site-option"> Oxford Art Online </option> <option selected="true" value="groveart" class="child-site-option"> Grove Art Online </option> </select> </div> <input placeholder="" aria-label="Enter search query" name="q" id="q" type="text"></input> <input title="Search" name="searchBtn" id="searchBtn" value="Search" type="submit"></input> <div id="quickSearchItems"> </div> <div id="advancedSearchLink"> <a href="/groveart/advancedsearch?st=adv"> Advanced search </a> </div> <input value="true" name="isQuickSearch" type="hidden"></input> </form> </div> <div id="navigation"> <div id="navigationWrapper"> <a aria-expanded="false" title="Browse" class="toggleTaxonomy" href="#"> Browse </a> <ul id="homenav" class="closed"> <li class="browseNav expandable first"> <a data-body="art_ArtHistoryNavigation" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="art_ArtHistoryNavigation" role="button" class="showTaxonomyNav" href="#"> <span class="label"> Field</span> <span class="browseArrow"> </span> </a> <ul id="art_ArtHistoryNavigation" class="taxonomyNavigation expandContractBox"> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:1"> African Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:2"> American Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:6"> Art of the Middle East/North Africa </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:8"> Contemporary Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:9"> Early Christian/Byzantine Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:83"> East Asian Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:14"> Egyptian/Ancient Near Eastern Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:17"> Eighteenth-Century Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:21"> Greek/Roman Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:27"> Latin American/Caribbean Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:10"> Medieval Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:29"> Nineteenth-Century Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:41"> Oceanic/Australian Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:42"> Pre-Columbian Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:43"> Prehistoric Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:45"> Religious Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:51"> Renaissance/Baroque Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:44"> South/Southeast Asian Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtHistory:54"> Twentieth-Century Art </a> </li> <li class="browse-group"> <h6 class="browseAll"><a href="/groveart/browse"><strong>Browse All</strong></a></h6> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="browseNav expandable"> <a data-body="art_ArtFormsAndPracticesNavigation" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="art_ArtFormsAndPracticesNavigation" role="button" class="showTaxonomyNav" href="#"> <span class="label"> Medium</span> <span class="browseArrow"> </span> </a> <ul id="art_ArtFormsAndPracticesNavigation" class="taxonomyNavigation expandContractBox"> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:1"> Aesthetics </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:2"> Archaeology </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:3"> Architecture and Urban Planning </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:4"> Art Education </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:5"> Art History and Theory </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:6"> Art Law and Crime </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:7"> Art Markets </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:34"> Art Materials and Techniques </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:8"> Arts Administration </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:9"> Books, Manuscripts, and Illustration </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:10"> Ceramics and Pottery </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:11"> Collecting, Patronage, and Display of Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:12"> Conservation and Preservation </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:13"> Digital, Multimedia, and Sound </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:15"> Fashion, Jewellery, and Body Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:16"> Film and Video </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:17"> Gardens and Landscape Design </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:18"> Glass </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:19"> Graphic Design and Typography </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:20"> Industrial and Commercial Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:21"> Installation Art, Mixed-Media, and Assemblage </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:22"> Interior Design and Furniture </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:23"> Liturgical and Ritual Objects </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:24"> Metalwork </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:25"> Painting and Drawing </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:26"> Performance Art and Dance </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:27"> Photography </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:28"> Prints and Printmaking </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:29"> Public Art, Land Art, and Environmental Art </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:30"> Publishing </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:31"> Scenography </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:32"> Sculpture and Carving </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:33"> Textiles and Embroidery </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_ArtFormsAndPractices:36"> Vernacular and Folk Art </a> </li> <li class="browse-group"> <h6 class="browseAll"><a href="/groveart/browse"><strong>Browse All</strong></a></h6> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="browseNav expandable"> <a data-body="art_TimePeriodsNavigation" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="art_TimePeriodsNavigation" role="button" class="showTaxonomyNav" href="#"> <span class="label"> Era</span> <span class="browseArrow"> </span> </a> <ul id="art_TimePeriodsNavigation" class="taxonomyNavigation expandContractBox"> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:1"> 10000–1000 BCE </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:2"> 1000–300 BCE </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:3"> 300 BCE–CE 500 </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:4"> CE 500–1000 </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:5"> 1000–1100 </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:6"> 1100–1200 </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:15"> 1200–1300 </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:7"> 1300–1400 </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:8"> 1400–1500 </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:9"> 1500–1600 </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:10"> 1600–1700 </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:11"> 1700–1800 </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:12"> 1800–1900 </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:13"> 1900–2000 </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_TimePeriods:14"> 2000– </a> </li> <li class="browse-group"> <h6 class="browseAll"><a href="/groveart/browse"><strong>Browse All</strong></a></h6> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="browseNav expandable"> <a data-body="GeographyNavigation" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="GeographyNavigation" role="button" class="showTaxonomyNav" href="#"> <span class="label"> Region</span> <span class="browseArrow"> </span> </a> <ul id="GeographyNavigation" class="taxonomyNavigation expandContractBox"> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=Geography:002"> Africa </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=Geography:142"> Asia </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=Geography:150"> Europe </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=Geography:009"> Oceania </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=Geography:019"> The Americas </a> </li> <li class="browse-group"> <h6 class="browseAll"><a href="/groveart/browse"><strong>Browse All</strong></a></h6> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="browseNav expandable"> <a data-body="PlaceNavigation" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="PlaceNavigation" role="button" class="showTaxonomyNav" href="#"> <span class="label"> Place Type</span> <span class="browseArrow"> </span> </a> <ul id="PlaceNavigation" class="taxonomyNavigation expandContractBox"> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=Place:6"> Building/Structure </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=Place:1"> City </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=Place:2"> Country </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=Place:3"> Region </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=Place:4"> Site </a> </li> <li class="browse-group"> <h6 class="browseAll"><a href="/groveart/browse"><strong>Browse All</strong></a></h6> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="browseNav expandable"> <a data-body="art_PeopleNavigation" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="art_PeopleNavigation" role="button" class="showTaxonomyNav" href="#"> <span class="label"> Occupation</span> <span class="browseArrow"> </span> </a> <ul id="art_PeopleNavigation" class="taxonomyNavigation expandContractBox"> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_People:1"> Artist, Architect, or Designer </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_People:2"> Patron, Collector, or Dealer </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_People:3"> Publisher or Printer </a> </li> <li class="taxonomyItem level0"> <a href="/groveart/browse?t0=art_People:4"> Writer or Scholar </a> </li> <li class="browse-group last"> <h6 class="browseAll"><a href="/groveart/browse"><strong>Browse All</strong></a></h6> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div id="personalNav"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div style="display: none;" id="navDrop"> <div class="t-invisible"></div> <a title="Close" href="#" class="closeNav">Close</a> </div> </div> <div id="columnWrapper"> <div class="clearfix" id="pageBody">  <div id="topControls"> <div data-component="ActionBar" class="c-ActionBar pageLinks stickyMenu" id="pageLinks"> <ul class="extendedToolsModule stickyMenu"> <li> </li> </ul> <form class="hidden" action="" id="hhToggleForm"> <label for="hitHighlightToggle">Highlight search term</label> <input id="hitHighlightToggle" name="hitHighlightToggle" checked="checked" type="checkbox"></input> </form> <ul class="actions c-ActionBar__actions m-0 p-0 flex flex-col"> <li class="cite "><button class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--contrast c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--formatQuote c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium ico-cite " type="ICON_ONLY" tabIndex="0" data-href="/groveart/oxford/cite/$002f10.1093$002fgao$002f9781884446054.001.0001$002foao-9781884446054-e-7000068755/9781884446054?t:state:client=EpHKD0LrcUDd43oduZXhTYVpSyg=:H4sIAAAAAAAAAFWOP0vEQBTE3/kHlcPGxi9ge7sbTC45LEXhuCDCof0jecaVvd317SPnNbaWfhG/kLW1nZWVsREsBmb4DcO8fcLuegcARolhEbhTGLG5JyUYKQlvCmW9EHt0KhH3tqGkzp0lL9fEySYZ3KUl1y4lMHY0X0V3sqDN+9fx697H98sWbNcwbsIqBj9U563AUf2APWqHvtNLYeu7sxoO7n5HrnBFj/AMoxr247D2l59iFBgztZapkRt2AochBX1raX3hh58CS91x6AlZdGtTdLjRmVGZmZ3qDoOelVVWVXmeT02RK2OyQSbTAcPkH5rQpByImVZlUfwA+8A2Ax8BAAA=" title="Cite" width="500" height="auto" rel="nofollow" onclick="return showNewLightbox(this, '500', 'auto', 'Cite', 'citeLightbox', 'Cite content', '39')" data-testid="cite"> <span class="">Cite</span> </button> </li><li class="save tagged first"> <a title="Save article to your personal profile" href="/groveart/login?t:state:client=EpHKD0LrcUDd43oduZXhTYVpSyg=:H4sIAAAAAAAAAFWOP0vEQBTE3/kHlcPGxi9ge7sbTC45LEXhuCDCof0jecaVvd317SPnNbaWfhG/kLW1nZWVsREsBmb4DcO8fcLuegcARolhEbhTGLG5JyUYKQlvCmW9EHt0KhH3tqGkzp0lL9fEySYZ3KUl1y4lMHY0X0V3sqDN+9fx697H98sWbNcwbsIqBj9U563AUf2APWqHvtNLYeu7sxoO7n5HrnBFj/AMoxr247D2l59iFBgztZapkRt2AochBX1raX3hh58CS91x6AlZdGtTdLjRmVGZmZ3qDoOelVVWVXmeT02RK2OyQSbTAcPkH5rQpByImVZlUfwA+8A2Ax8BAAA=" tabIndex="0" type="ICON_ONLY" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--contrast c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--save c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium ico-save "> <span class="">Bookmark</span> </a> </li><li class="share last"><button data-href="#" class="toggle-sharing" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="shareThisMenu"><span class="">Share</span></button> <div id="shareThisMenu" class="sharethis_inline_share_toolbox"> <button data-testid="share-on-facebook" data-url="https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/groveart/display/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000068755" data-title="Grove Art Online" data-network="facebook" data-datatype="logShare" data-service="facebook" title="Facebook" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--service c-Button--medium c-Button--contained c-Icon c-Icon--facebook c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium st-custom-button service-facebook ">Facebook </button> <button data-testid="share-on-linkedin" data-url="https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/groveart/display/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000068755" data-title="Grove Art Online" data-network="linkedin" data-datatype="logShare" data-service="linkedin" title="LinkedIn" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--service c-Button--medium c-Button--contained c-Icon c-Icon--linkedin c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium st-custom-button service-linkedin ">LinkedIn </button> <button data-testid="share-on-twitter" data-url="https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/groveart/display/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000068755" data-title="Grove Art Online" data-network="twitter" data-datatype="logShare" data-service="twitter" title="Twitter" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--service c-Button--medium c-Button--contained c-Icon c-Icon--twitter c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium st-custom-button service-twitter ">Twitter </button> </div> </li><li onclick="return showExistingDataAsLightbox('shareLinkModalBody', '600px', '380px', 'Share Link', 'shareLinkModal', 'Email or copy this link', '39')" class="email"><button data-href="mailto:?subject=Link%20to%20Pordenone&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordartonline.com%2Fgroveart%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.001.0001%2Foao-9781884446054-e-7000068755" class="ico-email c-IconButton c-IconButton--contrast c-IconButton--email" title="Email Page" aria-label="Email Page" target="_blank" role="button" type="button" data-component="IconButton" data-url="https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/display/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000068755" data-service="email" data-datatype="logShare" referrer="origin-when-cross-origin"> <span class="">Email</span> </button> <div class="display-none pl-1 pr-1" id="shareLinkModalBody"> <h2 class="fw-4 f-3">Share Link</h2> <hr/> <div class="mb-3">Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend</div> <a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" type="button" role="button" target="_blank" class="c-Button c-Button--large c-Button--contained c-Icon c-Icon--mailOutline c-Icon--before c-Icon--primary c-Icon--small mb-4 pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2" href="mailto:?subject=Link%20to%20Pordenone&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordartonline.com%2Fgroveart%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.001.0001%2Foao-9781884446054-e-7000068755">Email </a> <div class="mb-3">or copy the link directly:</div> <div> <textarea data-role="shareLinkCopyText" aria-label="The link itself" readonly="true" class="pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2 border-primary border-top border-right border-bottom border-left text-align-left Input__field--multiline" style="width: 100%; min-height: 50px;" type="text">https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/display/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000068755</textarea> <div data-role="shareLinkCopyError" class="display-none share-link-copied-confirmation color-error">The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button.</div> <div class="position-relative width-fit-content"><div><div data-role="shareLinkCopyConfirmation" class="share-link-copied-confirmation fade-out-supported fade-out-hidden"></div><div class="display-none" data-role="shareLinkCopyConfirmationMessage">Link copied successfully</div></div><button class="display-block c-Button c-Button--large c-Button--contained c-Icon c-Icon--contentCopy c-Icon--before c-Icon--primary c-Icon--small mt-3 mb-3 pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2" aria-label="Copy the link to your clipboard" data-role="shareLinkCopyButton">Copy link</button></div> </div> <hr/> </div> </li></ul> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" value="Search within..." id="searchWithinLabel"></input> <input type="hidden" value="Click to display" id="popoutContentLabel"></input> <div class="expandContractButtons"> <a title="Sign in" class="toggleScroll toggleLogin" href="#">Sign in</a> <a title="Article Navigation" class="toggleScroll toggleArticleNav" id="articleNavMobileToggle" href="#"> Article Navigation </a> </div> <div class="column-one expandContractBox closed stickyMenu c-Drawer c-Drawer--permenant" id="columnOne"> <div class="multi-auth noauth" id="login"> <div class="component component-content-item component-login-box "> <div class="flex flex-col flex@sm-row flex-1 unauthenticated" id="loginPanel">  <div id="loginwrapper1"> <span class="signin-flex"> <span class="subscriber-sign-in-label">Sign in</span> <span class="get-help-with-access"> <a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" target="_self" href="https://www.oxfordartonline.com/page/customer-services"> Get help with access </a> </span> </span>  <div class="authType userPassAuth"> <form onsubmit="return validate_form(this)" method="post" action="/LOGIN" id="usernameForm"> <input class="t-invisible" value="/groveart/display/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000068755" name="dest" type="hidden"></input> <div id="usernameFormError" class="error-header display-none">You could not be signed in, please check and try again.</div> <div class="formRow authenticationField" id="usernameRow"> <label for="username">Username</label> <input autocomplete="authentication-username" aria-required="true" name="user" id="username" placeholder="Username" type="text"></input> <div id="usernameError" class="error-message display-none">Please enter your Username</div> </div> <div class="formRow authenticationField" id="passwordRow"> <label for="password">Password</label> <input autocomplete="authentication-password" aria-required="true" name="pass" id="password" placeholder="Password" type="password"></input> <div id="passwordError" class="error-message display-none">Please enter your Password</div> </div> <div class="flex-box"> <div class="formRow" id="submitRow"><input value="Sign in" id="usernameSubmit" type="submit"></input></div> <div id="login-links"> <a href="https://academic.oup.com/my-account/forgot-password" target="_blank" title="Forgot password?">Forgot password?</a> <br/> <a href="/groveart/page/subscribe?t:state:client=EpHKD0LrcUDd43oduZXhTYVpSyg=:H4sIAAAAAAAAAFWOP0vEQBTE3/kHlcPGxi9ge7sbTC45LEXhuCDCof0jecaVvd317SPnNbaWfhG/kLW1nZWVsREsBmb4DcO8fcLuegcARolhEbhTGLG5JyUYKQlvCmW9EHt0KhH3tqGkzp0lL9fEySYZ3KUl1y4lMHY0X0V3sqDN+9fx697H98sWbNcwbsIqBj9U563AUf2APWqHvtNLYeu7sxoO7n5HrnBFj/AMoxr247D2l59iFBgztZapkRt2AochBX1raX3hh58CS91x6AlZdGtTdLjRmVGZmZ3qDoOelVVWVXmeT02RK2OyQSbTAcPkH5rQpByImVZlUfwA+8A2Ax8BAAA=">Don't have an account?</a> </div> </div> <input aria-label="Site to search" aria-hidden="true" class="hidden" value="groveart" name="subSite"></input></form> </div> </div> <div id="loginwrapper2"> <div class="authType shibbolethAuth"> <a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" href="https://shibboleth2sp.sams.oup.com/shib?dest=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/SHIBBOLETH?dest=%2Fgroveart%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.001.0001%2Foao-9781884446054-e-7000068755">Sign in via your Institution</a> </div> <div class="authType libraryCardAuth"> <div id="libcardwrapper"> <form method="post" action="/LIBRARY" id="libcardForm"> <div id="libcardFormError" class="error-header display-none">You could not be signed in, please check and try again.</div> <input value="/groveart/display/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000068755" name="dest" aria-hidden="true" type="hidden"></input> <div class="formRow" id="libcardNumRow"> <label for="lcnum">Sign in with your library card</label> <input name="lib_card" id="lcnum"></input> <div id="lcnumError" class="error-message display-none">Please enter your library card number</div> </div> <div class="formRow" id="libcardSubmitRow"><input onclick="validate_libcard_form(event);" value="Sign in" id="libcardSubmit" type="submit"></input></div> <input aria-label="Site to search" aria-hidden="true" class="hidden" value="groveart" name="subSite"></input></form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="searchWithinDocument" class="module searchModule"> <form id="searchWithinDocumentForm" action="/groveart/search"> <input value="" name="source" id="source" type="hidden"></input> <label style="display: none;" for="q_within"> Search within... </label> <input placeholder="Search within..." name="q" id="q_within" type="text"></input> <input title="Search" value="GO" id="searchWithinDocumentSubmit" type="submit"></input> </form> </div> <div id="leftColumn"> <div class="module expanded" id="inThisEntryModule"> <h2 class="moduleToggle moduleLabel">Article contents</h2> <nav class="toc" id="iteWrapper"><ul class=" toc single-level"><li class="sections"><a href="#oao-9781884446054-e-7000068755-div1-7000068756">1. Early works, c. 1500–19.</a></li><li class="sections"><a href="#oao-9781884446054-e-7000068755-div1-7000068757">2. Mature period, 1519–33.</a></li><li class="sections"><a href="#oao-9781884446054-e-7000068755-div1-7000068758">3. Late works, 1534–9.</a></li><li class="sections"><a href="#oao-9781884446054-e-7000068755-section-2">See also</a></li><li class="bibliography "><a href="#oao-9781884446054-e-7000068755-bibliography-1">Bibliography</a></li></ul><ul class="non-toc"><li class="related-link"><a href="#Externalresources">External resources</a></li></ul></nav> </div> <div class="glossary-sidebar"> <a href="/groveart/abbreviations" class="glossary-sidebar-link">Abbreviations</a> </div> <div> </div> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mainContent" class="mainBase"> <div id="readPanel"> <a class="summary-toggle ico-summary js-summary-toggle phoneOnly" href="#"><span>Show Summary Details</span></a> <p></p> <p></p> <div class="entryContent"> <div class="component component-content-item component-version-banner "> </div> <div class="cxs-content-root pattern-library-style-root"> <div class="cxs-style-root"> <div class="app-orr site-GDA"> <div class="bodyCssRoot" id="contentBody"><footer class="pdf"><div class="pageNumber">Page <span class="pageCounter"></span> of <span class="totalPages"></span></div><div class="message"> <div class="pattern-library-style-root"> <p>Printed from Grove Art Online. Grove is a registered trademark. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a single article for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy).</p> </div> <p>date: 27 February 2025</p></div></footer><div class="responsiveSkin ifp-doc-type-oxencycl-entry" data-release-version="2.2.12" data-product-code="OAO" id="contentPanel"><div class="chunkHead"><div class="chunkHeadMain"><div class="headwordGroup"><h1 class="headword typePerson"><a id="oao-9781884446054-e-7000068755-milestone-3000506563"></a><span class="name">Pordenone</span><span class="altHeadwordGroup"> [<span class="altHeadword"><span class="name">Sacchis, de</span>]</span></span><span class="altHeadwordGroup"> (<span class="altHeadword">, <span class="name">Giovanni Antonio</span></span>)</span><img alt="locked" class="availabilityMarker locked" src="/groveart/cxs/img/locked.svg"/></h1><div class="headwordInfo"><span class="ency">(<em>b</em> Pordenone, ?<span class="date">1483</span>; <em>d</em> Ferrara, ?<span class="date">13 Jan 1539</span>).</span></div></div><div class="pdftitle"><div class="headwordGroup"><h1 class="headword typePerson"><a id="oao-9781884446054-e-7000068755-milestone-3000506563"></a><span class="name">Pordenone</span><span class="altHeadwordGroup"> [<span class="altHeadword"><span class="name">Sacchis, de</span>]</span></span><span class="altHeadwordGroup"> (<span class="altHeadword">, <span class="name">Giovanni Antonio</span></span>)</span><img alt="locked" class="availabilityMarker locked" src="/groveart/cxs/img/locked.svg"/></h1><div class="headwordInfo"><span class="ency">(<em>b</em> Pordenone, ?<span class="date">1483</span>; <em>d</em> Ferrara, ?<span class="date">13 Jan 1539</span>).</span></div></div></div><div class="creatorInfo"><ul><li data-role="author">Paolo Casadio</li></ul></div></div><div class="chunkHeadMeta"><ul class="metadataFields"><li class="doi"><a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T068755">https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T068755</a></li><li class="onlinePubDate"><span class="label">Published online: </span>2003</li></ul><div class="versionInfo"><h3>Updated in this version</h3><p>updated bibliography, 26 May 2010; updated and revised, 31 March 2000</p></div></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="contentRestrictedMessage"> <script> $j('.paywall-link-container .paywall-link').trigger('click'); </script> <p style="padding: 1em; border: 1px solid #cfd5e4;">You do not currently have access to this article</p> <div style="width: 50%; padding: 2em 1em 1em 0; float: left"> <h4 style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cfd5e4; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.75em; padding-bottom: 0.5em">Login</h4> <p>Please <a href="https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/?url=%2Fgroveart%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.001.0001%2Foao-9781884446054-e-7000068755">login</a> to access the full content.</p> </div> <div style="width: 50%; padding: 2em 0 1em 1em; float: left"> <h4 style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cfd5e4; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.75em; padding-bottom: 0.5em">Subscribe</h4> <p>Please <a href="/page/subscribe">subscribe</a> to access the full content.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footerWrap"> <div id="footer"> <div id="footerAccounts"> <a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" target="_blank" href="http://www.oup.com/" id="footerPublisher"> <span>Oxford University Press</span> </a> </div> <div id="footerDetail"> <div id="footerCopyright"> Copyright © Oxford University Press <link media="screen" type="text/css" href="/fileasset/styles/oup-overrides.css" rel="stylesheet"><link media="screen" type="text/css" href="/fileasset/styles/gao-overrides.css" rel="stylesheet"> 2025. Grove is a registered trademark. </div> <div id="printFooterCopyright"> <div class="pattern-library-style-root"> <p>Printed from Grove Art Online. Grove is a registered trademark. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a single article for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy).</p> </div> <p>date: 27 February 2025</p> </div> <ul class="null c-List__items" id="footerNav"> <li class=" c-List__item first"> <a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" href="https://global.oup.com/cookiepolicy/" class="c-Button c-Button--primary"> <span>Cookie Policy</span> </a> </li> <li class=" c-List__item"> <a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" href="https://global.oup.com/privacy" class="c-Button c-Button--primary"> <span>Privacy Policy</span> </a> </li> <li class=" c-List__item"> <a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" href="http://oxfordartonline.com/page/privacy-policy-and-legal-notice" class="c-Button c-Button--primary"> <span>Legal Notice</span> </a> </li> <li class=" c-List__item"> <a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/page/contact-us" class="c-Button c-Button--primary"> <span>Contact Us</span> </a> </li> <li class=" c-List__item"> <a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/page/help" class="c-Button c-Button--primary"> <span>Help</span> </a> </li> <li class=" c-List__item last"> <a href="//www.oxfordartonline.com/page/accessibility" class="c-Button c-Button--primary"> <span>Accessibility</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div><script language="Javascript">var pfpagetags='&event_type=RESTRICTED&source_title_id=&doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T068755&parent_title=OxfordArtOnline';</script> <div style="display: none" id="debug"> <ul> <li id="xForwarded">[8.222.208.146]</li> <li id="modifiedRemoteAddr">8.222.208.146</li> </ul> </div> <script language="Javascript">var accountJsession = 'account_id=&jsessionid=9914C3860A238E998563D1B9BE83303A&turnaway_id=USERPASS_NONE,IP_BADCRED,LIBCARD_NONE,SHIB_NONE,REFERRER_NONE&siteid=GDA&supplier_tag=Safari&authzrequired=true&authentication_method='; var NTPT_PGEXTRA= typeof pfpagetags === 'undefined' ? accountJsession : accountJsession + pfpagetags;</script><script async="async" src="//ouptag.scholarlyiq.com/ntpagetag.js" language="Javascript"></script><noscript id="page_tag"><img async="async" alt="" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0" width="1" height="1" src="//ouptag.scholarlyiq.com/ntpagetag.gif?js=0"/></noscript><div class="hidden" id="createAnnotation"> <button class="ico-annot" data-signinmessage="Please sign in to create annotations."> Sign in to annotate </button> </div> <div class="popup annotationsPopup hidden c-Dialog c-Dialog--xs" id="annotationsPopup"> <div class="popupHeader popup-header flex flex-justify-end"> <a class="dialog_close close c-IconButton c-IconButton--primary c-IconButton--close"> <span> Close </span></a> </div> <div class="popupContent popup-content scroll"> <div class="shell">  <div data-container-type="zone" id="viewAnnotationZone"> </div>  <form name="viewAnnotationForm" class="annotationsForm hidden" data-validate="submit" data-generator="tapestry/core/form" data-update-zone="viewAnnotationZone" action="/groveart/oso/viewentry.viewannotations.viewannotationform?t:ac=10.1093$002fgao$002f9781884446054.001.0001$002foao-9781884446054-e-7000068755&t:state:client=EpHKD0LrcUDd43oduZXhTYVpSyg=:H4sIAAAAAAAAAFWOP0vEQBTE3/kHlcPGxi9ge7sbTC45LEXhuCDCof0jecaVvd317SPnNbaWfhG/kLW1nZWVsREsBmb4DcO8fcLuegcARolhEbhTGLG5JyUYKQlvCmW9EHt0KhH3tqGkzp0lL9fEySYZ3KUl1y4lMHY0X0V3sqDN+9fx697H98sWbNcwbsIqBj9U563AUf2APWqHvtNLYeu7sxoO7n5HrnBFj/AMoxr247D2l59iFBgztZapkRt2AochBX1raX3hh58CS91x6AlZdGtTdLjRmVGZmZ3qDoOelVVWVXmeT02RK2OyQSbTAcPkH5rQpByImVZlUfwA+8A2Ax8BAAA=" method="post" id="viewAnnotationForm"><input value="10.1093$002fgao$002f9781884446054.001.0001$002foao-9781884446054-e-7000068755" name="t:ac" type="hidden"></input><input value="EpHKD0LrcUDd43oduZXhTYVpSyg=:H4sIAAAAAAAAAFWOP0vEQBTE3/kHlcPGxi9ge7sbTC45LEXhuCDCof0jecaVvd317SPnNbaWfhG/kLW1nZWVsREsBmb4DcO8fcLuegcARolhEbhTGLG5JyUYKQlvCmW9EHt0KhH3tqGkzp0lL9fEySYZ3KUl1y4lMHY0X0V3sqDN 9fx697H98sWbNcwbsIqBj9U563AUf2APWqHvtNLYeu7sxoO7n5HrnBFj/AMoxr247D2l59iFBgztZapkRt2AochBX1raX3hh58CS91x6AlZdGtTdLjRmVGZmZ3qDoOelVVWVXmeT02RK2OyQSbTAcPkH5rQpByImVZlUfwA 8A2Ax8BAAA=" name="t:state:client" type="hidden"></input><input value="MubLOaBMYwpzwOVHtPGQgjbXndA=:H4sIAAAAAAAAAEWOMQrCQBBFV0EbsdHSxsJO2FQ22tgICkGEgIXdJDvElWRm2VmTeAIv4wG8lHdwu1T/Nf/9//mpUavVmoWTq8X2QMG/tk0kIOIAwTKJ7tkaUeLVnn2pwUFxRx3AocTWRhfssbJ5zNoxIQXRR2sM0uriuUCR7JnXViR6bu/lvFt8x0M1SNWk4DjL1RlqDGqWPqCBpAIqkyx4S+Wuc0FN+xMnI3/cIFwBuAAAAA==" name="t:formdata" type="hidden"></input> <input value="" name="annotationIds" type="hidden"></input> <input value="/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000068755" name="redirectOnDeleteSuccess" type="hidden"></input> <input class="display-none" value="" id="viewAnnotationFormSubmit" type="submit"></input> </form>  <form name="editAnnotationForm" class="annotationsForm hidden" data-validate="submit" data-generator="tapestry/core/form" action="/groveart/oso/viewentry.viewannotations.editannotationform?t:ac=10.1093$002fgao$002f9781884446054.001.0001$002foao-9781884446054-e-7000068755&t:state:client=EpHKD0LrcUDd43oduZXhTYVpSyg=:H4sIAAAAAAAAAFWOP0vEQBTE3/kHlcPGxi9ge7sbTC45LEXhuCDCof0jecaVvd317SPnNbaWfhG/kLW1nZWVsREsBmb4DcO8fcLuegcARolhEbhTGLG5JyUYKQlvCmW9EHt0KhH3tqGkzp0lL9fEySYZ3KUl1y4lMHY0X0V3sqDN+9fx697H98sWbNcwbsIqBj9U563AUf2APWqHvtNLYeu7sxoO7n5HrnBFj/AMoxr247D2l59iFBgztZapkRt2AochBX1raX3hh58CS91x6AlZdGtTdLjRmVGZmZ3qDoOelVVWVXmeT02RK2OyQSbTAcPkH5rQpByImVZlUfwA+8A2Ax8BAAA=" method="post" id="editAnnotationForm"><input value="10.1093$002fgao$002f9781884446054.001.0001$002foao-9781884446054-e-7000068755" name="t:ac" type="hidden"></input><input value="EpHKD0LrcUDd43oduZXhTYVpSyg=:H4sIAAAAAAAAAFWOP0vEQBTE3/kHlcPGxi9ge7sbTC45LEXhuCDCof0jecaVvd317SPnNbaWfhG/kLW1nZWVsREsBmb4DcO8fcLuegcARolhEbhTGLG5JyUYKQlvCmW9EHt0KhH3tqGkzp0lL9fEySYZ3KUl1y4lMHY0X0V3sqDN 9fx697H98sWbNcwbsIqBj9U563AUf2APWqHvtNLYeu7sxoO7n5HrnBFj/AMoxr247D2l59iFBgztZapkRt2AochBX1raX3hh58CS91x6AlZdGtTdLjRmVGZmZ3qDoOelVVWVXmeT02RK2OyQSbTAcPkH5rQpByImVZlUfwA 8A2Ax8BAAA=" name="t:state:client" type="hidden"></input><input value="msnJRPL2IGbq7c7LnRi3Qo5DXWY=:H4sIAAAAAAAAAFvzloG1XJdBK784Xz8sM7XcNa+kqNKqDMhKzMvLL0ksyczPK9ZDsDNTGIqLGBzyi9L1EgsSkzNS9UoSC1KLgZpM9ZLzi1JzMpOAdG5Bfl5qXkmxnkdmSkpqnkpAUX5yanFxcGlSbmZxMdCYqHYF4QrpHWxMDIw+DNzJ+UBb83P8EnNTSxiEfLISyxL1cxLz0vWDS4oy89KtKwpKGHgQbvBMKddkUMPv4pLUipLEotREkGtN8bo2KbE4Vc8xCSiYmFzilpmak6ISnFpSWqAaepj7oejxPxhOLGSoY2AEOYkDZglpznEk1TkYoXd4XYpJ2rd555gYGCoKyrUZNIizPN6AoRjkeJYSBi6EGEn6Qdo5ANZGTOA0AgAA" name="t:formdata" type="hidden"></input> <input value="" name="annotationId" type="hidden"></input> <input value="/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000068755" name="redirectOnEditSuccess" type="hidden"></input> <fieldset class="p-3 m-0"> <legend>Edit Annotation</legend> <div class="annotatedText text-body1 bg-grey-light"></div> <textarea id="textarea" class="form-control annotatedTextarea hidden" name="textarea"></textarea> <textarea placeholder="Comment ..." id="textarea_0" class="form-control comment w-1 border border-radius text-body1" name="textarea_0"></textarea>   <p class="rules text-caption"> Character limit <span class="count">500</span>/500 </p> <div class="formActions"> <button value=" Delete" class="delete button delete-btn c-Button c-Button--contained c-Button--primary" type="button"> Delete</button> <button value=" Cancel" class="cancel button cancel-btn c-Button c-Button--outlined c-Button--primary" type="button"> Cancel</button> <button value=" Save" class="save button save-btn c-Button c-Button--contained c-Button--primary" type="submit"> Save</button> </div> <input class="display-none" value="" id="editAnnotationFormSubmit" type="submit"></input> </fieldset> </form>  <form name="annotationsForm" class="annotationsForm hidden" data-validate="submit" data-generator="tapestry/core/form" action="/groveart/oso/viewentry.viewannotations.annotationsform?t:ac=10.1093$002fgao$002f9781884446054.001.0001$002foao-9781884446054-e-7000068755&t:state:client=EpHKD0LrcUDd43oduZXhTYVpSyg=:H4sIAAAAAAAAAFWOP0vEQBTE3/kHlcPGxi9ge7sbTC45LEXhuCDCof0jecaVvd317SPnNbaWfhG/kLW1nZWVsREsBmb4DcO8fcLuegcARolhEbhTGLG5JyUYKQlvCmW9EHt0KhH3tqGkzp0lL9fEySYZ3KUl1y4lMHY0X0V3sqDN+9fx697H98sWbNcwbsIqBj9U563AUf2APWqHvtNLYeu7sxoO7n5HrnBFj/AMoxr247D2l59iFBgztZapkRt2AochBX1raX3hh58CS91x6AlZdGtTdLjRmVGZmZ3qDoOelVVWVXmeT02RK2OyQSbTAcPkH5rQpByImVZlUfwA+8A2Ax8BAAA=" method="post" id="annotationsForm"><input value="10.1093$002fgao$002f9781884446054.001.0001$002foao-9781884446054-e-7000068755" name="t:ac" type="hidden"></input><input value="EpHKD0LrcUDd43oduZXhTYVpSyg=:H4sIAAAAAAAAAFWOP0vEQBTE3/kHlcPGxi9ge7sbTC45LEXhuCDCof0jecaVvd317SPnNbaWfhG/kLW1nZWVsREsBmb4DcO8fcLuegcARolhEbhTGLG5JyUYKQlvCmW9EHt0KhH3tqGkzp0lL9fEySYZ3KUl1y4lMHY0X0V3sqDN 9fx697H98sWbNcwbsIqBj9U563AUf2APWqHvtNLYeu7sxoO7n5HrnBFj/AMoxr247D2l59iFBgztZapkRt2AochBX1raX3hh58CS91x6AlZdGtTdLjRmVGZmZ3qDoOelVVWVXmeT02RK2OyQSbTAcPkH5rQpByImVZlUfwA 8A2Ax8BAAA=" name="t:state:client" type="hidden"></input><input value="C4zruz9zIkzmnsqO0C5xHG/GfRA=:H4sIAAAAAAAAAJWSvUoDQRSFbwJaJBLQYGVjEUH82SUhabQxRcQiSGBRxEZmd6+bkc3MuHOTXRtb38InEGv7FHa+gw9ga2XhrJE1EgjZai4z3HM+zpmnD1iKm1CXWtrnHOOOoOjuYGQmJoQkRlwKbWkM0fsZiUWUKEZ90BEcySiwmGJeHy1iCrXZbVmejDDkrjkHSgoUpK0T7vsoar1Ieqi1M3QHXGsjd/mwWU02XpaLUOhC2ZPGXIanbIAEa90bNmJ2yERgOxRxERwmiqCaoTgpykXPoMQNsBfkR+H/0t/CPQDBavbUEf5EzYa9PGlkUpX/aPE+7CxOlamsTAPFu7A9X4MwMWbIruppIa25hbhMo9V2zSXz6Jhj6NccpKHaOhuX39dfv2ZaSJEKaeqlP5u8SO28SDOfZPzsN68/H9+KAInKYd+YZFqaxm/k2k/XK998dZdGIgMAAA==" name="t:formdata" type="hidden"></input> <input value="" name="selectionStartXPath" type="hidden"></input> <input value="" name="selectionEndXPath" type="hidden"></input> <input value="0" name="selectionStart" type="hidden"></input> <input value="0" name="selectionEnd" type="hidden"></input> <input value="/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000068755" name="redirectOnCreateSuccess" type="hidden"></input>   <fieldset class="p-3 m-0"> <legend>@!</legend> <div class="annotatedText p-2 mb-2 bg-grey-light border-radius text-body1"></div> <textarea id="textarea_1" class="form-control annotatedTextarea hidden" name="textarea_1"></textarea> <textarea placeholder="Comment ..." id="textarea_2" class="form-control comment w-1 border border-radius text-body1" name="textarea_2"></textarea>   <p class="rules text-caption"> Character limit <span class="count">500</span>/500 </p> <div class="formActions text-align-right"> <button value="Close" class="cancel button cancel-btn c-Button c-Button--outlined c-Button--primary" type="button"> Close </button> <button value="Save" class="save button save-btn c-Button c-Button--contained c-Button--primary" type="submit"> Save </button> </div> </fieldset> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="glossaryList" id="glossaryList"> <div class="cxs-content-root pattern-library-style-root"> <div class="cxs-style-root"> <div class="app-orr site-GDA"> <footer class="pdf"><div class="pageNumber">Page <span class="pageCounter"></span> of <span class="totalPages"></span></div><div class="message"></div></footer><div class="pageNumbersIncluded responsiveSkin ifp-doc-type-glossaryTerm" data-release-version="2.2.12" data-product-code="DEFAULT" id="contentPanel"> <div class="glossaryList"><div id="oao-9781884446054-miscMatter-1-abbrevExpansion-4317"><span class="tooltipContainer"><span class="tooltipExpansion"> floruit [flourished]</span></span></div></div> <div class="chunkHead"><div class="chunkHeadMain"><div class="pdftitle"></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <script type="text/javascript">var require = {"shim":{"baseapp/components/FullContentLink":["jquery"],"baseapp/components/PdfJsInlineView":["jquery"],"oxford-common/jquery-cookies":["jquery"],"baseapp/components/AddToDownloadButton":["jquery"],"skin/testfordeletion":["jquery","modernizr"],"t5/core/typeahead":["jquery"],"oxford-common/oupapp":["jquery","oxford-common/jquery-cookies","baseapp/combined"],"baseapp/components/TitleFilter":["jquery"],"baseapp/components/ContainerBlock":["jquery"],"skin/oreafh":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/oreamh":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/oreant":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/oreash":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orebus":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orecla":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orecli":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orecom":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orecri":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/oreeco":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/oreedu":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/oreesc":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orefst":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/oreisa":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orelah":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orelin":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orelit":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/oreneu":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orenhs":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orephy":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orepls":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orepol":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orepsy":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orepub":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orerel":["jquery","modernizr"],"baseapp/combined":["jquery","jquery-ui","modernizr","t5/core/typeahead"],"skin/whoswho":["jquery","modernizr"],"baseapp/components/TreeFilterSelectComponent":["jquery"],"baseapp/components/AuthProviders":["jquery"],"baseapp/combined-skin":["jquery","jquery-ui","t5/core/typeahead","modernizr"],"baseapp/components/OrderBillingAndShipping":["jquery"],"jquery-ui":["jquery"],"baseapp/components/AdvancedSearch":["jquery"],"baseapp/components/RedeemTokenCredit":["jquery"],"oxford-common/TableOfContents":["jquery"],"baseapp/components/ContentBox":["jquery"],"baseapp/combined-skin-min":["jquery","jquery-ui","t5/core/typeahead","modernizr"],"baseapp/components/CitedByWidget":["jquery"],"baseapp/components/MyCartAddDiscountCode":["jquery"],"baseapp/components/thiss-ds":["jquery"],"skin/oresw":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/testm":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orr-ppv":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/tomtest":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/aasc":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/odnb":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/ofso":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/test":["jquery","modernizr"],"baseapp/components/GlossaryList":["jquery"],"baseapp/components/configurable/ContainerBlock":["jquery","jquery-ui"],"skin/anb":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/ben":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/gao":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/gmo":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/oao":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/omo":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/ore":["jquery","modernizr"],"skin/orr":["jquery","modernizr"],"baseapp/cxs":["jquery","baseapp/combined"]},"baseUrl":"/modules.gz","paths":{"baseapp/cxs":"/cxs/js/oup-content"}}; </script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading 5 libraries synchronously in body, before Tapestry imports');</script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/shared/z7f586f90/js/dist/shareLinkEventListeners.js synchronously in body, before Tapestry imports');</script><script src="/assets/shared/z7f586f90/js/dist/shareLinkEventListeners.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/shared/zfb8a630e/js/dist/myContentAndMySearches.js synchronously in body, before Tapestry imports');</script><script src="/assets/shared/zfb8a630e/js/dist/myContentAndMySearches.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/shared/za9306a39/js/dist/jumpToMainContentFallback.js synchronously in body, before Tapestry imports');</script><script src="/assets/shared/za9306a39/js/dist/jumpToMainContentFallback.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/skins/zb1a64513/pubfactory/skin/js/legacySkinMyContentAndMySearchesEventListeners.js synchronously in body, before Tapestry imports');</script><script src="/assets/skins/zb1a64513/pubfactory/skin/js/legacySkinMyContentAndMySearchesEventListeners.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/js/za00ac3d0/oupapp-sync.js synchronously in body, before Tapestry imports');</script><script src="/assets/js/za00ac3d0/oupapp-sync.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/js/z16bce79a/personalizationDropDown.js synchronously in body, before Tapestry imports');</script><script src="/assets/js/z16bce79a/personalizationDropDown.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/vendor/z569b5820/require.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/meta/z8f1eb79c/tapestry5/underscore-1.8.3.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/meta/z48b58321/tapestry5/scriptaculous_1_9_0/prototype.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/meta/z4346aae9/tapestry5/scriptaculous_1_9_0/scriptaculous.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/meta/zca7ee6c7/tapestry5/scriptaculous_1_9_0/effects.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/meta/zd746764f/tapestry5/t53-compatibility.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/meta/z8c546d97/tapestry5/jquery.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/meta/z7ce7dcdb/tapestry5/jquery-noconflict.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">require(["t5/core/pageinit"], function(pi) { pi(["/assets/oxford/z9e95cb1c/components/module/OdoPopupWidgetModule.js","/assets/js/z7e6b6ccb/cookie.js","/assets/shared/zbdc84be0/js/cxs.js","/assets/oxford/z4d166333/components/OupGlossaryList.js","/assets/arachne/z4dd3765e/arachne.js"], [["t5/core/pageinit:evalJavaScript","$$('.email a').each(function(el){$(el).observe('click', function() { ntptEventTag('ev=EMAIL&account_id=&jessionid=9914C3860A238E998563D1B9BE83303A&turnaway_id=USERPASS_NONE,IP_BADCRED,LIBCARD_NONE,SHIB_NONE,REFERRER_NONE&source_title_id=&siteid=GDA&supplier_tag=Safari&parent_title=OxfordArtOnline'); }) });"],["t5/core/pageinit:evalJavaScript","$$('.print.first a').each(function(el){$(el).observe('click', function() { ntptEventTag('ev=PRINT&account_id=&jessionid=9914C3860A238E998563D1B9BE83303A&turnaway_id=USERPASS_NONE,IP_BADCRED,LIBCARD_NONE,SHIB_NONE,REFERRER_NONE&source_title_id=&siteid=GDA&supplier_tag=Safari&parent_title=OxfordArtOnline'); }) });"],["t5/core/pageinit:evalJavaScript","$$('.save a').each(function(el){$(el).observe('click', function() { ntptEventTag('ev=SAVE&account_id=&jessionid=9914C3860A238E998563D1B9BE83303A&turnaway_id=USERPASS_NONE,IP_BADCRED,LIBCARD_NONE,SHIB_NONE,REFERRER_NONE&source_title_id=&siteid=GDA&supplier_tag=Safari&parent_title=OxfordArtOnline'); }) });"],["t5/core/pageinit:evalJavaScript","$$('.cite a').each(function(el){$(el).observe('click', function() { ntptEventTag('ev=CITATION&account_id=&jessionid=9914C3860A238E998563D1B9BE83303A&turnaway_id=USERPASS_NONE,IP_BADCRED,LIBCARD_NONE,SHIB_NONE,REFERRER_NONE&source_title_id=&siteid=GDA&supplier_tag=Safari&parent_title=OxfordArtOnline'); }) });"],["t5/core/pageinit:evalJavaScript","$$('#collectionListDownload .downloadBookListOfCategoryAsPdf').each(function(el){$(el).observe('click', function() { ntptEventTag('ev=BROWSE_PDF&account_id=&jessionid=9914C3860A238E998563D1B9BE83303A&turnaway_id=USERPASS_NONE,IP_BADCRED,LIBCARD_NONE,SHIB_NONE,REFERRER_NONE&source_title_id=&siteid=GDA&supplier_tag=Safari&parent_title=OxfordArtOnline'); }) });"],["t5/core/pageinit:evalJavaScript","$$('#collectionListDownload #downloadSearchResultAsPdfLink').each(function(el){$(el).observe('click', function() { ntptEventTag('ev=SEARCH_PDF&account_id=&jessionid=9914C3860A238E998563D1B9BE83303A&turnaway_id=USERPASS_NONE,IP_BADCRED,LIBCARD_NONE,SHIB_NONE,REFERRER_NONE&source_title_id=&siteid=GDA&supplier_tag=Safari&parent_title=OxfordArtOnline'); }) });"],["t5/core/pageinit:evalJavaScript","$$('.extendedToolsModule li a').each(function(el){$(el).observe('click', function() { ntptEventTag('ev=FULLTEXT_PDF&account_id=&jessionid=9914C3860A238E998563D1B9BE83303A&turnaway_id=USERPASS_NONE,IP_BADCRED,LIBCARD_NONE,SHIB_NONE,REFERRER_NONE&source_title_id=&siteid=GDA&supplier_tag=Safari&parent_title=OxfordArtOnline'); }) });"],"oup-core/ViewEntry","baseapp/AbstractViewPage","oxford-common/jquery-cookies","oxford-common/oupapp","oxford-common/cookies","hideElementsUntilJsHasLoaded","baseapp/combined","skin/gao","modernizr","baseapp/components/CitedByWidget","t5/core/zone","baseapp/annotation-engine",["baseapp/annotation-engine:init",{"personalizationSupport":false,"loginBoxHeight":"250","loginBoxWidth":"550","contentRoot":"contentBody"}],"baseapp/components/GlossaryList","baseapp/cxs",["t5/core/pageinit:focus","textarea"]]); });</script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading 5 libraries synchronously in body, after Tapestry imports');</script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/shared/zbe047af3/js/dist/collapser.js synchronously in body, after Tapestry imports');</script><script src="/assets/shared/zbe047af3/js/dist/collapser.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/vendor/z5ec668da/jquery-ui/jquery-ui.min.js synchronously in body, after Tapestry imports');</script><script src="/assets/vendor/z5ec668da/jquery-ui/jquery-ui.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/responsive/zaec9e2ea/js/configurable-layout.js synchronously in body, after Tapestry imports');</script><script src="/assets/responsive/zaec9e2ea/js/configurable-layout.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/vendor/z5a39f990/slick-slider.js synchronously in body, after Tapestry imports');</script><script src="/assets/vendor/z5a39f990/slick-slider.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">console.debug('Loading library /assets/shared/ze49061c8/js/dist/imageLazyLoader.js synchronously in body, after Tapestry imports');</script><script src="/assets/shared/ze49061c8/js/dist/imageLazyLoader.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">  </script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Pordenone | Grove Art