CINXE.COM
AMERICAN HERITAGE
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "> <head> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-5NJQXRQ');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-MBC0436JG8"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag("config", "G-MBC0436JG8", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location","allow_ad_personalization_signals":false});</script> <meta name="description" content="American History Lives Here at American Heritage. Browse 7,000 trusted articles from 72 years of publication, info on 4,000 historic sites, and much more!" /> <meta name="abstract" content="American history lives here. The definitive American history publication since 1954 now offers its entire archive free online." /> <meta name="keywords" content="american history, u.s., united states, history, heritage, American Heritage, American Heritage Magazine" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.americanheritage.com/" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.americanheritage.com/" /> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow" /> <meta name="news_keywords" content="american history, american heritage, history, political history, cultural history, presidents" /> <meta name="rights" content="© 1949-2019 American Heritage Publishing Co. All Rights Reserved." /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 9 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <script type='text/javascript'> var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; // Add a place to store the slot name variable. googletag.slots = googletag.slots || {}; (function() { var useSSL = 'https:' == document.location.protocol; var src = (useSSL ? 'https:' : 'http:') + '//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js'; var gads = document.createElement('script'); gads.async = true; gads.type = 'text/javascript'; gads.src = src; var node = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; node.parentNode.insertBefore(gads, node); })(); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.slots["openads_zone_block_zone_8_300x250"] = googletag.defineSlot("/21706820001/", [300, 250], "js-dfp-tag-openads_zone_block_zone_8_300x250") .addService(googletag.pubads()) ; }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.slots["openads_zone_block_zone_5_300x250"] = googletag.defineSlot("/21706820001/", [300, 250], "js-dfp-tag-openads_zone_block_zone_5_300x250") .addService(googletag.pubads()) ; }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.slots["openads_zone_block_zone_1_300x250"] = googletag.defineSlot("/21706820001/", [300, 250], "js-dfp-tag-openads_zone_block_zone_1_300x250") .addService(googletag.pubads()) ; }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.slots["openads_zone_lock_leaderboard_728x90"] = googletag.defineSlot("/21706820001/", [728, 90], "js-dfp-tag-openads_zone_lock_leaderboard_728x90") .addService(googletag.pubads()) ; }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().enableAsyncRendering(); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> <link rel="icon" href="/sites/default/files/favicon_0.png" type="image/png" /> <title>AMERICAN HERITAGE</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_rLTw9WwL54_KndDB0GwYdt5-w4zboXr37F8PnzxvPrw.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_wJbbwYaj75YI1g8J5afD5zD1UiEgV7RIAv7wxlzLQPk.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_82iuBPpVShe1GdVQ8Y7TtbcBkbCRDK0RQjZT-kR2pes.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/journaleight/css/components/messages.min.css?sieael" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_rYpehW3rHRV9D2z78W4aHTsrOB5sQVkWiOsrJvn7nv8.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.6.1/css/font-awesome.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_FTfS_bqleUqpaU_7OYLFoP2XP0m793ukhKYF-nSJu0s.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_h5UVdlT8u4aBDI3tH5A55uuCXFwaySilt6Y7hGazn2g.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_eqjbgaU50AHtoE26A9F6o6_pLQ8eohqypX66GmYzn0g.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto+Slab:400,300,700&subset=latin-ext,latin,greek" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Oswald:400,300,700&subset=latin,latin-ext" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/journaleight/css/theme/color-light-indigo.min.css?sieael" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_AbpHGcgLb-kRsJGnwFEktk7uzpZOCcBY74-YBdrKVGs.css" /> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({ google_ad_client: "ca-pub-8234620345074416", enable_page_level_ads: true }); </script> <!-- Meta Pixel Code --> <script> !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s) {if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)}; if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0'; n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script', 'https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '455462789272959'); fbq('track', 'PageView'); </script> <noscript><img height="1" width="1" style="display:none" src="https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=455462789272959&ev=PageView&noscript=1" /></noscript> <!-- End Meta Pixel Code --> </head> <body class="layout-two-sidebars hff-10 navff-17 pff-10 sff-10 slff-10 wide white-content-background"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src=https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5NJQXRQ height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div id="page-container"> <header class="headers-wrapper"> <div id="pre-header" class="clearfix colored-area colored-area__light-indigo"> <div id="pre-header-inside" class="container clearfix"> <div class="row"> <div id="pre-header-first" class="col-md-12 pre-header-area clearfix"> <div class="region region-pre-header-first"> <div id="block-dfptagopenads-zone-lock-leaderboard-728x90" class="block block-dfp block-dfp-ad05778992-6b12-43f0-ba22-fc9dbb8e241f"> <div class="content"> <div id="js-dfp-tag-openads_zone_lock_leaderboard_728x90"> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('js-dfp-tag-openads_zone_lock_leaderboard_728x90'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="header" role="banner" class="clearfix"> <div id="header-inside" class="container clearfix"> <div class="row"> <div id="header-fisrt" class="col-md-6 header-area clearfix"> <div class="clearfix region region-header"> <div id="block-sitebranding" class="clearfix site-branding block block-system block-system-branding-block"> <div class="logo-and-site-name-wrapper clearfix"> <div class="logo"> <a href="/" title="Home" rel="home" class="site-branding__logo"> <img src="/sites/default/files/AH%20LOGO%202%20line%20transparent%20%281%29-1.png" alt="Home" /> </a> </div> <div class="site-slogan site-branding__slogan">Trusted Writing on History, Travel, and American Culture Since 1949</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="header-second" class="col-md-4 header-area clearfix"> <div class="region region-header-second"> <div class="search-block-form block block-search container-inline" data-drupal-selector="search-block-form" id="block-searchform" role="search"> <h2 class="block__title title">SEARCH OUR ARCHIVES!</h2> <div class="content container-inline"> <form action="/search/node" method="get" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8" class="search-form search-block-form"> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-search form-type-search js-form-item-keys form-item-keys form-no-label"> <label for="edit-keys" class="visually-hidden">Search</label> <input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." placeholder="Enter keywords to search..." data-drupal-selector="edit-keys" type="search" id="edit-keys" name="keys" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" class="form-search" /> </div> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><input class="search-form__submit button js-form-submit form-submit" data-drupal-selector="edit-submit" type="submit" id="edit-submit" value="Search" /> </div> <span class="search-form-under-text"><a href="/search/node?advanced-form-open=1">Advanced Search</a></span> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="header-third" class="col-md-2 header-area clearfix"> <div class="region region-header-third"> <div id="block-ahsocialicons" class="block block-block-content block-block-contentbe2fcc9c-de75-4ca2-9fcf-aaf9d86f0f75"> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><ul class="icons-list"><li><a class="hover-effect-1" href="https://www.facebook.com/ameriheritage/"><faicon class="fa fa-facebook"></faicon><span class="sr-only">Facebook</span></a></li> <li><a class="hover-effect-1" href="https://twitter.com/AmeriHeritage"><faicon class="fa fa-twitter"></faicon><span class="sr-only">Twitter</span></a></li> <li><a class="hover-effect-1" href="/rss.xml"><faicon class="fa fa-rss"></faicon><span class="sr-only">RSS</span></a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="navigation"> <div class="site-name site-name__header"> <a href="/" title="Home" rel="home">AMERICAN HERITAGE</a> </div> <div id="navigation-inside" class="container-fluid clearfix"> <div class="row"> <div id="main-navigation" class="col-md-12 navigation-area clearfix"> <nav> <div class="region region-navigation"> <div id="block-mainnavigation" class="block block-superfish block-superfishmain"> <div class="content"> <ul id="superfish-main" class="menu sf-menu sf-main sf-navbar sf-style-none"> <li id="main-menu-link-content14138a1b-98b7-4ba3-b2fc-bec1af436f73" class="active-trail sf-depth-1 menuparent"><a href="/" class="is-active sf-depth-1 menuparent">Home</a><ul><li id="main-menu-link-contente455a8af-760b-4c6e-966b-83335d309d75" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/topics/antebellum-period" class="sf-depth-2">Antebellum</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content935d90c6-0f3d-4842-8d68-22eba607afde" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/topics/civil-war" class="sf-depth-2">Civil War</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content0a213b68-5735-4083-9403-30fa2f9faaa8" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/topics/colonial-north-america" class="sf-depth-2">Colonial</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contenta1155838-289c-4147-b4a8-7cf8ffff7527" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/topics/great-depression" class="sf-depth-2">Depression & FDR</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentd4ce289c-1904-4c64-a206-888ec47fbed1" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/topics/early-republic" class="sf-depth-2">Early Republic & 1812</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contente786c4b6-308d-480a-9196-ea3f66c95927" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/topics/gilded-age" class="sf-depth-2">Gilded Age & Industry</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentc029e2b1-bc80-4a48-878a-ab888c1fceed" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/topics/reconstruction" class="sf-depth-2">Reconstruction</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content3f8a7b6f-ae8b-43d6-b553-650ca85ef85c" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/topics/american-revolution" class="sf-depth-2">Revolution</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content0f90d5bf-df95-4652-9e91-ed9065c7e372" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/topics/world-war-i" class="sf-depth-2">WWI</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content7b949e08-6f6b-4049-b786-24795c6a613e" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/topics/world-war-ii" class="sf-depth-2">WWII</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content3493b3b7-026e-4027-a7f0-3d88a6b86bd7" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/topics/cold-war" class="sf-depth-2">Cold War</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-content8bf4578a-c4af-4b64-abd7-a48fbe31c53c" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent"><a href="/magazine/archive" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Magazine</a><ul><li id="main-menu-link-contenta08b21f7-0e6a-44bd-adea-7e2b8467a4fb" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="https://www.americanheritage.com/content/novemberdecember-2024" class="sf-depth-2 sf-external">Current Issue</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentfcb411a4-5d91-4207-8481-b4ff87a434c7" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/magazine/archive" class="sf-depth-2">Archive (1949-2023)</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content98c88856-a4ee-4f40-9375-e0e22ec12cf8" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/content/featured-stories" class="sf-depth-2">Featured</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentf8ee9e64-5754-47f8-8c17-bf2b1c176bf9" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/volume/2024/year" class="sf-depth-2">2024</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentbe5a26f3-7625-4b7c-be25-77a4919c5a5d" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/volume/2023/year" class="sf-depth-2">2023</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content3c67d970-d90f-485e-8550-f23c20edf668" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/volume/2022/year" class="sf-depth-2">2022</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentd842ed5b-08d5-48fd-bf5d-4917277b3703" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/volume/2021/year" class="sf-depth-2">2021</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content45bd4c3c-8e66-48cb-a4d3-90cfd34ee29c" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/content/winter-2010" class="sf-depth-2">60th Anniv</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content4c64b1c1-f6fb-4fbe-ab08-512a5b21bfa9" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/category/article-keywords/my-brush-history" title="My Brush with History essays are among the most popular writing in the magazine" class="sf-depth-2">My Brush With History</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentd05c8180-d95e-47b1-a013-030258e96a47" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/node/133473" class="sf-depth-2">Editorial Staff</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-content2441ef5a-44b6-4f8a-85d1-d0bf6c18a87b" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent"><a href="/books-from-american-heritage" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Books</a><ul><li id="main-menu-link-contentb81a3308-2558-49a7-bc40-e07f0bb04583" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/books-from-american-heritage?field_format_value=All&field_subject_area_target_id=36279&sort_by=field_authors_target_id&sort_order=ASC" class="sf-depth-2">American History</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content8106c8ea-0682-4b56-b16a-ab0b18a51460" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/books-from-american-heritage?field_format_value=All&field_subject_area_target_id=36289&sort_by=field_authors_target_id&sort_order=ASC" class="sf-depth-2">Civil War</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentdf6cc52a-b97b-40bc-80e9-212f88f25ec0" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/books-from-american-heritage?field_format_value=All&field_subject_area_target_id=36287&sort_by=field_authors_target_id&sort_order=ASC" class="sf-depth-2">Culture</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentfb1fb646-7c24-4fb4-9506-011ffd5c6bae" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/books-from-american-heritage?field_format_value=All&field_subject_area_target_id=36283&sort_by=field_authors_target_id&sort_order=ASC" class="sf-depth-2">European History</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content34b3d3c2-f18b-472c-ad51-93a2143f987b" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/books-from-american-heritage?field_format_value=All&field_subject_area_target_id=36288&sort_by=field_authors_target_id&sort_order=ASC" class="sf-depth-2">Exploration</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentef9dea45-c9e5-4dad-a3af-c7b03d50b1f4" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/books-from-american-heritage?field_format_value=All&field_subject_area_target_id=36330&sort_by=field_authors_target_id&sort_order=ASC" class="sf-depth-2">Maritime</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content1887d9d3-89b5-4878-8a79-72605057ccee" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/books-from-american-heritage?field_format_value=All&field_subject_area_target_id=36328&sort_by=field_authors_target_id&sort_order=ASC" class="sf-depth-2">Old West</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content3d7db4ee-09e6-475a-a366-27e06ac67c1c" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/books-from-american-heritage?field_format_value=All&field_subject_area_target_id=36285&sort_by=field_authors_target_id&sort_order=ASC" class="sf-depth-2">World War II</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-content9a4146c4-15a6-4681-ba0e-7f58a9661219" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent"><a href="/contributors-user-list" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">AUTHORS</a><ul><li id="main-menu-link-content9b228c81-910d-437e-8160-79c957326458" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/contributors-user-list" class="sf-depth-2">All Contributors</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content4112f505-0333-4346-b6e7-4a6365d71131" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/users/wallace-stegner" class="sf-depth-2">Stegner</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentd61328b0-a792-4cf9-afa3-0fa7484bf118" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/users/stephen-e-ambrose" class="sf-depth-2">Ambrose</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content71f8ccaf-4bcb-48b6-8fe2-baf125a94ed3" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/users/bruce-catton" class="sf-depth-2">Catton</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contenta6a8cab2-b3b0-405c-9eda-0aac04d7f28a" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/users/henry-steele-commager" class="sf-depth-2">Commager</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content944c0ec4-453b-48bb-aba7-bfc73af63266" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/users/joseph-j-ellis" class="sf-depth-2">Ellis</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content8ef45b6e-55b6-4419-95de-fd5961e1bc98" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/users/james-thomas-flexner" class="sf-depth-2">Flexner</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contente3e62b24-4d7a-4ba4-a042-34d852b300ae" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/users/john-lukacs" class="sf-depth-2">Lukacs</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content446291f0-6bc8-4777-b3db-b34d796c59a8" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/users/david-mccullough" class="sf-depth-2">McCullough</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentda32d3ab-e7ac-44fe-9a06-cc6154e14a3e" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/users/james-m-mcpherson" class="sf-depth-2">McPherson</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentebe98fed-99b3-4bc8-bd41-20c1350e848e" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/users/arthur-schlesinger-jr" class="sf-depth-2">Schlesinger</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentc332000d-0bde-4167-ac41-4f9685692c69" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/users/barbara-w-tuchman" class="sf-depth-2">Tuchman</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content1277295d-a787-47b4-a337-3c5a341c83e4" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/users/geoffrey-c-ward" class="sf-depth-2">Ward</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-content1c059df6-969d-49c0-990d-b8ffe4328cf1" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent"><a href="/historic-themes" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Historic Sites</a><ul><li id="main-menu-link-contentdad1da00-9f60-45ca-98f4-9de115c6625c" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/historic-sites?field_theme_nid=19147" class="sf-depth-2"> Battlefields</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentfe150eab-104b-4377-ae33-f77ef5ab8106" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/historic-sites?field_type_nid=19186" class="sf-depth-2"> Forts & Military</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contente69c9586-2f4d-4259-a141-8fb44115f0f8" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/historic-sites?field_theme_nid=19196" class="sf-depth-2">Air And Space</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content9feb3913-02d3-41f6-96eb-5f013d5a9293" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/historic-sites?field_type_nid=19184" class="sf-depth-2">Churches</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentf38a8ae0-90be-4961-b6a5-c944f8860550" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/historic-sites?field_theme_nid=19214" class="sf-depth-2">Civil Rights</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content059f19d5-8ea2-4c22-848d-ab82ad1a1419" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/historic-sites?field_theme_nid=19151" class="sf-depth-2">Confederacy</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content7d185761-33f8-466b-abc6-a8b65023e7cf" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/historic-sites?field_theme_nid=19163" class="sf-depth-2">Native Americans</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentca17ed0d-22fc-44f3-9b7a-a6cfe9965016" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/historic-sites?field_type_nid=19202" class="sf-depth-2">Navy Ships</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentc8c79d0c-23c7-492c-8e74-c998caf9f544" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/historic-sites?field_theme_nid=19165" class="sf-depth-2">Pioneer & Rural Life</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content5dfb10af-3c79-47f2-b218-76d875ed19c1" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/historic-sites?field_type_nid=19193" class="sf-depth-2">Presidential</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contenta35b3b19-43d2-472e-857f-b08d90edc919" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/historic-sites?field_type_nid=19195" class="sf-depth-2">Trails</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-content731cdca1-3687-41bd-8aaa-c9111e0a1f36" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent"><a href="/content/american-heritage-traveler" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">TRAVEL</a><ul><li id="main-menu-link-content22b848a4-96f7-4bd2-a095-07f9f61c7d5b" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/content/guide-historic-sites-florida" class="sf-depth-2">Florida</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contenta60c1bc1-6b85-42be-96ae-8d676f6e98cf" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/content/colorado-americas-heart-gold" class="sf-depth-2">Colorado</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content7383ee13-722d-4148-b7e3-a3cd7e698b68" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/content/kentucky" class="sf-depth-2">Kentucky</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content1a4fd128-0a87-4855-80ca-57f9b9908bea" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/content/new-yorks-hudson-river-lake-champlain-region" class="sf-depth-2">New York</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content052fe36b-932d-42fe-84a3-d95e31bd8292" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/content/guide-historic-sites-north-carolina" class="sf-depth-2">North Carolina</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content1a0e351a-0d0e-430f-b51f-a28775192a6b" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/content/pony-express" class="sf-depth-2">Pony Express</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content3b7ad8ac-d73f-4f5d-b2ae-ea2f054f9a59" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/content/guide-historic-sites-texas" class="sf-depth-2">Texas</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content18c4e903-7e87-4e0f-8b67-1bd3c9446f4f" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/travel/virginia" class="sf-depth-2">Virginia</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content2ae5c75c-ab27-4200-a4fe-2d2afc04dbd9" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/content/guide-historic-sites-west-virginia" class="sf-depth-2">West Virginia</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentd90995ab-2131-4e51-ac11-7700dadb0b83" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/sites/default/files/heritage-traveler/downloads/united-states-colored-troops-civil-war-guide.pdf" class="sf-depth-2">USCT Patriots </a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content20abeee2-76cb-432e-b0bd-df1e9e8479c1" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/sites/default/files/travel/MD/MD.pdf" class="sf-depth-2">Maryland</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content994c9d32-43cf-4c94-9ee1-1f38d5ea9204" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/content/travel-jones-beach-and-how-they-dreamed-it" class="sf-depth-2">Travel Blogs</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-content6b370809-354b-4e23-b03f-a4a2d3e37a3d" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent"><a href="/search/node?keys=food" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">FOOD</a><ul><li id="main-menu-link-content60f07012-3d8b-4129-b253-f7eb5eb26925" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/dinners" class="sf-depth-2">Dinners</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentc771600e-e74e-46eb-8d72-86ac46f32ab4" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/recipes" class="sf-depth-2">Recipes</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentfc30c131-39b7-464d-ab99-16c374abbe1d" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent"><a href="/about/company" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">ABOUT</a><ul><li id="main-menu-link-content0fc56719-3142-4815-8ecc-a427537b973c" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/magazine" class="sf-depth-2">About the Magazine</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content495f0a03-a30d-4134-ab2f-22c3858c177e" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="https://www.americanheritage.com/node/133841" class="sf-depth-2 sf-external">About the Society</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content56580e75-0346-4949-a62a-93a1c9415ab9" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/company" class="sf-depth-2">Mission/History</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentfccb2715-aaff-4425-9c87-d4c424ffde9d" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/press-releases" title="News about American Heritage" class="sf-depth-2">News about Us</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-contente2934b0a-ba4f-48d7-9f90-8ed3f00e557a" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/company/management-team" class="sf-depth-2">Management</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content0d89a9d5-5538-47c7-b68c-9338dad28c90" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/advertising/media-kit" class="sf-depth-2">Advertising</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content0ac3938d-f98c-4376-b75b-94f6400d26fb" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/jobs" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Jobs</a><ul><li id="main-menu-link-contentec42dabf-f124-41c0-92d9-4868413b6fd5" class="sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/node/133503" class="sf-depth-3">Summer Interns</a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-content284d460f-1906-47cc-9e73-323e345aac3c" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/magazine/permissions-and-rights" class="sf-depth-2">Permissions</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content20110f9a-6801-4fed-a39d-c2c5ec6709be" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/contact" class="sf-depth-2">Contact</a></li><li id="main-menu-link-content53383f2c-b607-4fcb-ae06-551f60b28fc7" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent"><a href="/privacy-policy" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Privacy Policy</a><ul></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-contentfb1d93f8-da21-4d79-921c-311fb619d2d4" class="sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/node/133385" title="About Invention & Technology" class="sf-depth-2">Invention & Technology </a></li></ul></li><li id="main-menu-link-content0bf272cc-47ee-4e22-ac7a-2fd9eabffb1f" class="sf-depth-1 sf-no-children"><a href="/node/133386" class="sf-depth-1">Subscribe/Support</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div id="page" class="page clearfix"> <div class="container"> <div id="page-inside"> <div id="top-content"> <div id="top-content-inside" class="clearfix " > <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="region region-top-content"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main-content"> <div class="row"> <section class="col-md-6 col-md-push-2"> <div id="banner"> <div id="banner-inside" class="clearfix " > <div class="region region-banner"> <div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockmt-slider-revolution-slideshow-boxed-block-1" id="block-views-block-mt-slider-revolution-slideshow-boxed-block-1"> <div class="content"> <div><div class="view view-mt-slider-revolution-slideshow-boxed view-id-mt_slider_revolution_slideshow_boxed view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-11469c64ae75665a5532d5dfdcb18ebbbc0ca288b79abc4c522b145be4fd6e25"> <div class="view-content"> <div id="slider-revolution-main" class="slider-revolution-wrapper" data-version="5.0"> <div class="slider-revolution"> <ul> <li data-transition="fadetorightfadefromleft" data-slotamount="default" data-masterspeed="default"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/mt_slideshow/public/2024-11/John%20Lamb%20speaking%20at%20a%20Sons%20of%20Liberty%20meeting%20at%20New%20York%20City%20Hall%2C%20Dec.%2017%2C%201773%2C%20concerning%20the%20landing%20of%20British%20tea%20in%20New%20York%2C%20LOC%20%281%29_0.jpg?itok=Y5emortE" width="1170" height="610" alt="patriot resistance" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-mt-slideshow" /> <div class="tp-caption slide-caption" data-x="left" data-y="bottom" data-hoffset="0" data-voffset="-3" data-whitespace="normal" data-basealign="slide" data-start="500" data-width="full" data-transform_idle="o:1" data-transform_in="y:[100%];sX:1;sY:1;o:0;s:2000;e:Power4.easeInOut;" data-transform_out="y:[100%];s:1000;e:Power2.easeInOut;"> <h2><a href="https://www.americanheritage.com/die-now-cast">“The Die is Now Cast”</a></h2> <div class="slide-info"> <div class="slide-info-item">By <a title="View user profile." href="/users/joseph-j-ellis" lang="" about="/users/joseph-j-ellis">Joseph J. Ellis</a></div> </div></div> </li> <li data-transition="fadetorightfadefromleft" data-slotamount="default" data-masterspeed="default"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/mt_slideshow/public/2024-11/Conquista-de-M%C3%A9xico-por-Cort%C3%A9s-Tenochtitlan-Painting.jpg?itok=eR6o3ks5" width="1170" height="610" alt="wars of annihilation" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-mt-slideshow" /> <div class="tp-caption slide-caption" data-x="left" data-y="bottom" data-hoffset="0" data-voffset="-3" data-whitespace="normal" data-basealign="slide" data-start="500" data-width="full" data-transform_idle="o:1" data-transform_in="y:[100%];sX:1;sY:1;o:0;s:2000;e:Power4.easeInOut;" data-transform_out="y:[100%];s:1000;e:Power2.easeInOut;"> <h2><a href="https://www.americanheritage.com/wars-annihilation">Wars of Annihilation</a></h2> <div class="slide-info"> <div class="slide-info-item">By <a title="View user profile." href="/users/victor-davis-hanson" lang="" about="/users/victor-davis-hanson">Victor Davis Hanson</a></div> </div></div> </li> <li data-transition="fadetorightfadefromleft" data-slotamount="default" data-masterspeed="default"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/mt_slideshow/public/2024-11/Officers%20of%20the%2069th%20New%20York%20Volunteer%20Regiment%20pose%20with%20a%20cannon%20at%20Fort%20Corcoran%20in%201861.%20Michael%20Corcoran%20at%20left.%20LOC.jpg?itok=rBooXqhJ" width="1170" height="610" alt="colonel corcoran" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-mt-slideshow" /> <div class="tp-caption slide-caption" data-x="left" data-y="bottom" data-hoffset="0" data-voffset="-3" data-whitespace="normal" data-basealign="slide" data-start="500" data-width="full" data-transform_idle="o:1" data-transform_in="y:[100%];sX:1;sY:1;o:0;s:2000;e:Power4.easeInOut;" data-transform_out="y:[100%];s:1000;e:Power2.easeInOut;"> <h2><a href="https://www.americanheritage.com/controversial-career-col-corcoran">The Controversial Career of Col. Corcoran</a></h2> <div class="slide-info"> <div class="slide-info-item">By <a title="View user profile." href="/users/joseph-connor" lang="" about="/users/joseph-connor">Joseph Connor</a></div> </div></div> </li> <li data-transition="fadetorightfadefromleft" data-slotamount="default" data-masterspeed="default"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/mt_slideshow/public/2024-11/Evans%20treating%20a%20Vietnamese%20woman_0.jpg?itok=s--7C5au" width="1170" height="610" alt="nurses in vietnam" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-mt-slideshow" /> <div class="tp-caption slide-caption" data-x="left" data-y="bottom" data-hoffset="0" data-voffset="-3" data-whitespace="normal" data-basealign="slide" data-start="500" data-width="full" data-transform_idle="o:1" data-transform_in="y:[100%];sX:1;sY:1;o:0;s:2000;e:Power4.easeInOut;" data-transform_out="y:[100%];s:1000;e:Power2.easeInOut;"> <h2><a href="https://www.americanheritage.com/quiet-heroines-nurses-vietnam">Quiet Heroines: Nurses in Vietnam</a></h2> <div class="slide-info"> <div class="slide-info-item">By <a title="View user profile." href="/users/diane-carlson-evans" lang="" about="/users/diane-carlson-evans">Diane Carlson Evans</a></div> </div></div> </li> <li data-transition="fadetorightfadefromleft" data-slotamount="default" data-masterspeed="default"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/mt_slideshow/public/2024-10/5f4d221a9679a%20%281%29.jpg?itok=TpKlZ7sC" width="1170" height="610" alt="Emmett Till tragedy" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-mt-slideshow" /> <div class="tp-caption slide-caption" data-x="left" data-y="bottom" data-hoffset="0" data-voffset="-3" data-whitespace="normal" data-basealign="slide" data-start="500" data-width="full" data-transform_idle="o:1" data-transform_in="y:[100%];sX:1;sY:1;o:0;s:2000;e:Power4.easeInOut;" data-transform_out="y:[100%];s:1000;e:Power2.easeInOut;"> <h2><a href="https://www.americanheritage.com/tragedy-emmett-till">The Tragedy of Emmett Till</a></h2> <div class="slide-info"> <div class="slide-info-item">By <a title="View user profile." href="/users/ronald-collins" lang="" about="/users/ronald-collins">Ronald Collins</a></div> </div></div> </li> <li data-transition="fadetorightfadefromleft" data-slotamount="default" data-masterspeed="default"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/mt_slideshow/public/2024-10/Woodrow-Wilson%2C%20WHHA.jpg?itok=CmWcT83V" width="1170" height="610" alt="Woodrow Wilson" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-mt-slideshow" /> <div class="tp-caption slide-caption" data-x="left" data-y="bottom" data-hoffset="0" data-voffset="-3" data-whitespace="normal" data-basealign="slide" data-start="500" data-width="full" data-transform_idle="o:1" data-transform_in="y:[100%];sX:1;sY:1;o:0;s:2000;e:Power4.easeInOut;" data-transform_out="y:[100%];s:1000;e:Power2.easeInOut;"> <h2><a href="https://www.americanheritage.com/wilsonian-century">The Wilsonian Century</a></h2> <div class="slide-info"> <div class="slide-info-item">By <a title="View user profile." href="/users/michael-mandelbaum" lang="" about="/users/michael-mandelbaum">Michael Mandelbaum</a></div> </div></div> </li> <li data-transition="fadetorightfadefromleft" data-slotamount="default" data-masterspeed="default"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/mt_slideshow/public/2024-10/Rather%20clashes%20with%20Tricky%20Dick%20-%20Britannica.jpg?itok=xnSbjyl0" width="1170" height="610" alt="Nixon and Rather" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-mt-slideshow" /> <div class="tp-caption slide-caption" data-x="left" data-y="bottom" data-hoffset="0" data-voffset="-3" data-whitespace="normal" data-basealign="slide" data-start="500" data-width="full" data-transform_idle="o:1" data-transform_in="y:[100%];sX:1;sY:1;o:0;s:2000;e:Power4.easeInOut;" data-transform_out="y:[100%];s:1000;e:Power2.easeInOut;"> <h2><a href="https://www.americanheritage.com/standing-voting">Standing Up for Voting</a></h2> <div class="slide-info"> <div class="slide-info-item">By <a title="View user profile." href="/users/dan-rather" lang="" about="/users/dan-rather">Dan Rather</a></div> </div></div> </li> <li data-transition="fadetorightfadefromleft" data-slotamount="default" data-masterspeed="default"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/mt_slideshow/public/2024-10/FDR-September-11-1941-1024x780%20%281%29.jpg?itok=3T8yFNN0" width="1170" height="610" alt="FDR and Lindbergh" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-mt-slideshow" /> <div class="tp-caption slide-caption" data-x="left" data-y="bottom" data-hoffset="0" data-voffset="-3" data-whitespace="normal" data-basealign="slide" data-start="500" data-width="full" data-transform_idle="o:1" data-transform_in="y:[100%];sX:1;sY:1;o:0;s:2000;e:Power4.easeInOut;" data-transform_out="y:[100%];s:1000;e:Power2.easeInOut;"> <h2><a href="https://www.americanheritage.com/fdrs-war-words-lindbergh">FDR’s War of Words with Lindbergh</a></h2> <div class="slide-info"> <div class="slide-info-item">By <a title="View user profile." href="/users/paul-sparrow" lang="" about="/users/paul-sparrow">Paul Sparrow</a></div> </div></div> </li> <li data-transition="fadetorightfadefromleft" data-slotamount="default" data-masterspeed="default"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/mt_slideshow/public/2024-10/55b0cb72-6e6e-4b13-b829-49eb7caa46af-banner.jpg?itok=Lm_deTSp" width="1170" height="610" alt="Emmett Till" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-mt-slideshow" /> <div class="tp-caption slide-caption" data-x="left" data-y="bottom" data-hoffset="0" data-voffset="-3" data-whitespace="normal" data-basealign="slide" data-start="500" data-width="full" data-transform_idle="o:1" data-transform_in="y:[100%];sX:1;sY:1;o:0;s:2000;e:Power4.easeInOut;" data-transform_out="y:[100%];s:1000;e:Power2.easeInOut;"> <h2><a href="https://www.americanheritage.com/seeking-unvarnished-truth">Seeking the Unvarnished Truth</a></h2> <div class="slide-info"> <div class="slide-info-item">By <a title="View user profile." href="/users/lonnie-g-bunch" lang="" about="/users/lonnie-g-bunch">Lonnie G. Bunch</a></div> </div></div> </li> <li data-transition="fadetorightfadefromleft" data-slotamount="default" data-masterspeed="default"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/mt_slideshow/public/2024-06/lc-spcol-mdl-prints-0547.jpg?itok=deQOOl70" width="1170" height="610" alt="lafayette's tour" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-mt-slideshow" /> <div class="tp-caption slide-caption" data-x="left" data-y="bottom" data-hoffset="0" data-voffset="-3" data-whitespace="normal" data-basealign="slide" data-start="500" data-width="full" data-transform_idle="o:1" data-transform_in="y:[100%];sX:1;sY:1;o:0;s:2000;e:Power4.easeInOut;" data-transform_out="y:[100%];s:1000;e:Power2.easeInOut;"> <h2><a href="https://www.americanheritage.com/lafayettes-grand-american-tour">Lafayette's Grand American Tour</a></h2> <div class="slide-info"> <div class="slide-info-item">By <a title="View user profile." href="/users/elizabeth-reese" lang="" about="/users/elizabeth-reese">Elizabeth Reese</a></div> </div></div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main" class="clearfix " > <div class="region region-content"> <div id="block-journaleight-content" class="block block-system block-system-main-block"> <div class="content"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-frontpage view-id-frontpage view-display-id-page_1 js-view-dom-id-f984066c02d746820f8f8070e3363aa688a8403c9951d7438e1114ed4ccd95ca"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockfeatures-block-1" id="block-views-block-features-block-1"> <h2 class="block__title title">Featured Articles</h2> <div class="content"> <div><div class="view view-features view-id-features view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-400f0ce1c8e5c5779beef1eb043b302fc4d611484cef9be34ff370d791bcaaf1"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="page-features-row views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><div class="field-content Features-block-node-title"><a href="/die-now-cast" hreflang="en">“The Die is Now Cast”</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-uid"><div class="field-content Features-block-node-author">by <a href="/users/joseph-j-ellis" hreflang="en">Joseph J. Ellis</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-deck"><div class="field-content Features-block-node-deck"><p>American resistance to British authority developed with stunning speed 250 years ago in response to George III’s inflexibility. </p> </div></div></div> <div class="page-features-row views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><div class="field-content Features-block-node-title"><a href="/night-i-met-elvis" hreflang="en">The Night I Met Elvis</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-uid"><div class="field-content Features-block-node-author">by <a href="/users/curtis-wilkie" hreflang="en">Curtis Wilkie</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-deck"><div class="field-content Features-block-node-deck"><p>The young rockabilly star autographed each of our forearms.</p> </div></div></div> <div class="page-features-row views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><div class="field-content Features-block-node-title"><a href="/solving-our-political-disarray" hreflang="en">Solving Our Political Disarray</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-uid"><div class="field-content Features-block-node-author">by <a href="/users/yuval-levin" hreflang="en">Yuval Levin</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-deck"><div class="field-content Features-block-node-deck"><p>The Constitution is more than a legal code. It is also a framework for union and solidarity.</p> </div></div></div> <div class="page-features-row views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-title"><div class="field-content Features-block-node-title"><a href="/women-finally-get-full-credit" hreflang="en">Women Finally Get Full Credit</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-uid"><div class="field-content Features-block-node-author">by <a href="/users/elisabeth-griffith" hreflang="en">Elisabeth Griffith</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-deck"><div class="field-content Features-block-node-deck"><p>Fifty years ago, the Equal Credit Act was an important step in affording women control of their own finances.</p> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="view-footer"> <p><a href="/content/featured-stories" class="featured-articles-link">More Featured Articles <i class="fa fa-angle-double-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockclassic-essays-from-articles-block-2" id="block-views-block-classic-essays-from-articles-block-2"> <h2 class="block__title title">Classic Essays from Our Archives</h2> <div class="content"> <div><div class="view view-classic-essays-from-articles view-id-classic_essays_from_articles view-display-id-block_2 js-view-dom-id-925b847134dac3ac06fbcab37812298a47af45243151f753f04f22cdca6e58c9"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-nothing"><span class="field-content"><div class="new-classic-essay-main-wrap"> <div class="new-claasic-text"><h3 class="new-classic-essay-title"><a href="/treasure-carpentry-shop">The Treasure From The Carpentry Shop</a> | <a href="/content/december-1979" hreflang="en">December 1979</a>, Vol 31, No 1</h3> <span class="new-essay-by">By <a href="/users/david-mccullough" hreflang="en">David McCullough</a></span><p class="new-essay-deck">THE EXTRAORDINARY ORIGINAL DRAWINGS OF THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE </p></div> <div class="new-claasic-img"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/medium_160x100_/public/2024-05/Caisson%2B-%2Bcropped.jpg?itok=uzwk0dJ0" width="160" height="100" alt="bridge drawing" typeof="Image" class="image-style-medium-160x100-" /> </div> </div></span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-nothing"><span class="field-content"><div class="new-classic-essay-main-wrap"> <div class="new-claasic-text"><h3 class="new-classic-essay-title"><a href="/miraculous-care-providence">“The Miraculous Care Of Providence”</a> | <a href="/content/februarymarch-1982" hreflang="en">February/March 1982</a>, Vol 33, No 2</h3> <span class="new-essay-by">By <a href="/users/james-thomas-flexner" hreflang="en">James Thomas Flexner</a></span><p class="new-essay-deck">George Washington’s Narrow Escapes </p></div> <div class="new-claasic-img"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/medium_160x100_/public/2025-02/The_Death_of_General_Mercer_at_the_Battle_of_Princeton_January_3_1777.jpeg?itok=v_vSmJFy" width="160" height="100" alt="washington princeton" typeof="Image" class="image-style-medium-160x100-" /> </div> </div></span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-nothing"><span class="field-content"><div class="new-classic-essay-main-wrap"> <div class="new-claasic-text"><h3 class="new-classic-essay-title"><a href="/few-parchment-pages-two-hundred-years-later">A Few Parchment Pages Two Hundred Years Later</a> | <a href="/content/mayjune-1987" hreflang="en">May/June 1987</a>, Vol 38, No 4</h3> <span class="new-essay-by">By <a href="/users/richard-b-morris" hreflang="en">Richard B. Morris</a></span><p class="new-essay-deck">The framers of the Constitution were proud of what they had done but might be astonished that their words still carry so much weight. A distinguished scholar tells us how the great charter has survived and flourished. </p></div> <div class="new-claasic-img"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/medium_160x100_/public/2023-06/Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States.jpg?itok=r21I3NXA" width="160" height="100" alt="framers" typeof="Image" class="image-style-medium-160x100-" /> </div> </div></span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-nothing"><span class="field-content"><div class="new-classic-essay-main-wrap"> <div class="new-claasic-text"><h3 class="new-classic-essay-title"><a href="/i-had-prayed-god-thing-was-fiction">"I Had Prayed to God That This Thing Was Fiction…"</a> | <a href="/content/february-1990" hreflang="en">February 1990</a>, Vol 41, No 1</h3> <span class="new-essay-by">By <a href="/users/william-wilson" hreflang="en">William Wilson</a></span><p class="new-essay-deck">He didn’t want the job, but felt he should do it. For the first time, the soldier who tracked down the My Lai story for the office of the inspector general in 1969 tells what it was like to do some of this era’s grimmest detective work. </p></div> <div class="new-claasic-img"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/medium_160x100_/public/2024-06/Ridenhour.jpg?itok=P84kvNat" width="160" height="100" alt="my lai" typeof="Image" class="image-style-medium-160x100-" /> </div> </div></span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-nothing"><span class="field-content"><div class="new-classic-essay-main-wrap"> <div class="new-claasic-text"><h3 class="new-classic-essay-title"><a href="/history">On History</a> | <a href="/content/february-1964" hreflang="en">February 1964</a>, Vol 15, No 2</h3> <span class="new-essay-by">By <a href="/users/john-f-kennedy" hreflang="en">John F. Kennedy</a></span><p class="new-essay-deck">"Americans are united by their history and by a faith in progress, justice, and freedom," writes President Kennedy </p></div> <div class="new-claasic-img"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/medium_160x100_/public/2022-11/ezgif-1-9d7d73e55a.jpg?itok=0jvuGSLa" width="160" height="100" alt="jfk" typeof="Image" class="image-style-medium-160x100-" /> </div> </div></span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-nothing"><span class="field-content"><div class="new-classic-essay-main-wrap"> <div class="new-claasic-text"><h3 class="new-classic-essay-title"><a href="/man-century">The Man of the Century</a> | <a href="/content/mayjune-1994" hreflang="en">May/June 1994</a>, Vol 45, No 3</h3> <span class="new-essay-by">By <a href="/users/arthur-schlesinger-jr" hreflang="en">Arthur Schlesinger Jr.</a></span><p class="new-essay-deck">Of all the Allied leaders, argues FDR's biographer, only Roosevelt saw clearly the shape of the new world they were fighting to create. </p></div> <div class="new-claasic-img"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/medium_160x100_/public/default_images/ah-with-bg_5.png?itok=5xuFi-V6" width="160" height="100" alt="American Heritage Logo" title="American Heritage Logo" typeof="Image" class="image-style-medium-160x100-" /> </div> </div></span></div></div> </div> <div class="view-footer"> <div class="haw-read-more"><a href="/classic-essays">Read More Essays >></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-ahtodayinhistoryblock" class="block block-ah-today-in-history block-ah-today-in-history-block"> <div class="content"> <!-- printing the History Events--> <div class="today-in-history-block-wrapper"> <ul class="today-in-history-ul"> <h2 class=" block__title"><a href="/today-in-history">Today in History</a></h2> <li> <div class="today-in-history-title">John Glenn orbits the Earth</div> <div class="today-in-history-teaser"> <p>Astronaut John Glenn becomes the first American to orbit Earth aboard <em>Friendship 7</em>, one of the Project Mercury spacecraft.</p> </div> </li> <li> <div class="today-in-history-title">Battle of Olustee</div> <div class="today-in-history-teaser"> <p>Confederate forces are victorious at the Battle of Olustee, the largest Civil War battle fought in the state of Florida. Many African-American Union soldiers, including the Massachusetts 54th Regiment, fought in the battle.</p> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="tih-footer"><a href="/today-in-history">TODAY IN HISTORY >></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockbooks-block-2" id="block-views-block-books-block-2"> <h2 class="block__title title">SUPPORT THIS WEBSITE BY BUYING A NEW EBOOK!</h2> <div class="content"> <div><div class="view view-books view-id-books view-display-id-block_2 js-view-dom-id-788c6b2727f26f69f1048cc5835c637cebc6f196c351dd3d2d18a759223a3cb6"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-view-grid horizontal cols-5 clearfix"> <div class="views-row clearfix row-1"> <div class="views-col col-1" style="width: 20%;"><div class="views-field views-field-field-cover"><div class="field-content"> <a href="/node/132501" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/b/public/2017-01/137640463.jpeg?itok=l8EMd0zi" width="100" height="150" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-b" /> </a> </div></div></div> <div class="views-col col-2" style="width: 20%;"><div class="views-field views-field-field-cover"><div class="field-content"> <a href="/book/civil-war-american-heritage-history" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/b/public/2017-02/1210676379.jpeg?itok=bRHVzzqQ" width="100" height="150" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-b" /> </a> </div></div></div> <div class="views-col col-3" style="width: 20%;"><div class="views-field views-field-field-cover"><div class="field-content"> <a href="/book/eyewitness-world-war-ii" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/b/public/2017-02/cover11.jpg?itok=mNaEb7C7" width="100" height="150" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-b" /> </a> </div></div></div> <div class="views-col col-4" style="width: 20%;"><div class="views-field views-field-field-cover"><div class="field-content"> <a href="/book/indian-wars" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/b/public/2017-02/2025143189.jpeg?itok=cQU8oWZA" width="100" height="150" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-b" /> </a> </div></div></div> <div class="views-col col-5" style="width: 20%;"><div class="views-field views-field-field-cover"><div class="field-content"> <a href="/book/vietnam-war-best-american-heritage" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/b/public/2020-09/Grosvenor%2C%20Vietnam.jpg?itok=GEd_SBhw" width="100" height="150" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-b" /> </a> </div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="view-footer"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <aside class="col-md-2 col-md-pull-6"> <section id="sidebar-first" class="sidebar clearfix " > <div class="region region-sidebar-first"> <div id="block-fronttopcurrentissue" class="block block-block-content block-block-content40cef32e-5e50-4444-8353-e8f2619e3393"> <h2 class="block__title title">NEW ISSUE</h2> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><div id="leftHome1"> <div id="currentIssueCover"><a href="https://www.americanheritage.com/content/novemberdecember-2024"><img alt="American Heritage Fall 2024" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="a045e1e8-798b-49a2-978c-e37c92abb7ca" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/NovemberDecember%202024%20v2_0.png" width="1074" height="1390" loading="lazy" /></a></div> <p><a href="https://www.americanheritage.com/content/novemberdecember-2024">Current Issue</a><br /><span class="front-top-current-issue"><a href="https://www.nationalhistorical.org/civicrm/contribute/transact?reset=1&id=9" target="_blank">Free Subscription</a></span><br /><span class="front-top-current-issue"><a href="/magazine/archive">Archive (1949-2024)</a><br /><a href="https://www.americanheritage.com/volume/2024/year">2024 issues</a></span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockrecent-contributors-block-1" id="block-views-block-recent-contributors-block-1"> <h2 class="block__title title">Recent Contributors</h2> <div class="content"> <div><div class="view view-recent-contributors view-id-recent_contributors view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-470a4b5eda2b7a7d3cfbaab988fb406aa3dc3b598c253ca8f8b3a9669ea996de"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-user-picture"><div class="field-content"> <a href="/users/katie-hickman" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/front_page_contributor_w_150px_/public/pictures/2022-11/Katie-Hickman-Profile.jpg?itok=cmt3ApNk" width="150" height="201" alt="hickman" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-front-page-contributor-w-150px-" /> </a> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"> <a title="View user profile." href="/users/katie-hickman" lang="" about="/users/katie-hickman">Katie Hickman</a></span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-user-picture"><div class="field-content"> <a href="/users/elizabeth-becker" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/front_page_contributor_w_150px_/public/pictures/2023-10/elizabeth-becker-199x300.jpg?itok=0-uyA8_g" width="150" height="226" alt="elizabeth becker" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-front-page-contributor-w-150px-" /> </a> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"> <a title="View user profile." href="/users/elizabeth-becker" lang="" about="/users/elizabeth-becker">Elizabeth Becker</a></span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-user-picture"><div class="field-content"> <a href="/users/adam-hochschild" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/front_page_contributor_w_150px_/public/pictures/2023-06/DSC_0005-e1484253940385-997x1024.jpg?itok=D2_N9677" width="150" height="188" alt="hoschild" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-front-page-contributor-w-150px-" /> </a> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"> <a title="View user profile." href="/users/adam-hochschild" lang="" about="/users/adam-hochschild">Adam Hochschild</a></span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-user-picture"><div class="field-content"> <a href="/users/h-w-brands" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/front_page_contributor_w_150px_/public/pictures/2020-11/henry_w_brands_profile_image.jpeg?itok=k4tWewwg" width="150" height="225" alt="H. W. Brands" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-front-page-contributor-w-150px-" /> </a> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"> <a title="View user profile." href="/users/h-w-brands" lang="" about="/users/h-w-brands">H. W. Brands</a></span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-user-picture"><div class="field-content"> <a href="/users/kai-bird" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/front_page_contributor_w_150px_/public/pictures/2023-03/KAI_BIRD_author_photo_by_Stephen_Frietch.jpg?itok=YUNbzAEr" width="150" height="177" alt="Kai Bird" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-front-page-contributor-w-150px-" /> </a> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"> <a title="View user profile." href="/users/kai-bird" lang="" about="/users/kai-bird">Kai Bird</a></span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-user-picture"><div class="field-content"> <a href="/users/peter-cozzens" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/front_page_contributor_w_150px_/public/pictures/2017-01/Cozzens_Peter.jpg?itok=jEhYu7io" width="150" height="189" alt="Peter Cozzens" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-front-page-contributor-w-150px-" /> </a> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"> <a title="View user profile." href="/users/peter-cozzens" lang="" about="/users/peter-cozzens">Peter Cozzens</a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="more-link"><a href="https://www.americanheritage.com/contributors-user-list">See More Authors</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </aside> <aside class="col-md-4"> <section id="sidebar-second" class="sidebar clearfix " > <div class="region region-sidebar-second"> <div id="block-dfptagopenads-zone-block-zone-1-300x250" class="block block-dfp block-dfp-ad9866bd14-fbc9-4220-9d00-5cdf5bdf48ec"> <div class="content"> <div id="js-dfp-tag-openads_zone_block_zone_1_300x250"> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('js-dfp-tag-openads_zone_block_zone_1_300x250'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-donationad" class="block block-block-content block-block-contenta3a2f0aa-e26a-49be-ba15-931a4617a12e"> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="slider"><a class="photo anc" href="https://www.nationalhistorical.org/civicrm/contribute/transact?reset=1&id=1" target="_parent"><img alt="Help us save" class="img_tag" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/020118HelpSaveAH-01.jpg" /></a> <a class="photo" href="https://www.nationalhistorical.org/civicrm/contribute/transact?reset=1&id=9" target="_parent"><img alt="Free Subscription" class="img_tag" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/020118FreeSubscriptions-01.jpg" /></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-dfptagopenads-zone-block-zone-5-300x250" class="block block-dfp block-dfp-ad4289ec23-3529-4dcb-992e-aac3a0956a55"> <div class="content"> <div id="js-dfp-tag-openads_zone_block_zone_5_300x250"> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('js-dfp-tag-openads_zone_block_zone_5_300x250'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockarticles-by-tags-cloud-block-1" id="block-views-block-articles-by-tags-cloud-block-1-4"> <h2 class="block__title title">Articles on Popular Subjects</h2> <div class="content"> <div><div class="view view-articles-by-tags-cloud view-id-articles_by_tags_cloud view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-cf0f045864bd9b6e9da917afec43aa4d1468dec8399be932a5f8651a329698b2"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/world-war-ii" hreflang="en">World War II</a> (1, 511)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/george-washington" hreflang="en">George Washington</a> (991)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/civil-war" hreflang="en">Civil War</a> (908)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/literature" hreflang="en">Literature</a> (866)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/new-york" hreflang="en">New York</a> (863)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/abraham-lincoln" hreflang="en">Abraham Lincoln</a> (787)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/art-culture" hreflang="en">Art & Culture</a> (771)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/franklin-roosevelt" hreflang="en">Franklin Roosevelt</a> (736)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/thomas-jefferson" hreflang="en">Thomas Jefferson</a> (703)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/american-revolution" hreflang="en">American Revolution</a> (593)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/journalism" hreflang="en">Journalism</a> (567)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/theodore-roosevelt" hreflang="en">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (480)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/john-adams" hreflang="en">John Adams</a> (455)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/world-war-i" hreflang="en">World War I</a> (445)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/us-army" hreflang="en">U.S. Army</a> (433)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/cold-war" hreflang="en">Cold War</a> (414)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/african-american-history" hreflang="en">African-American History</a> (412)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/personal-history" hreflang="en">Personal history</a> (410)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/new-york-city" hreflang="en">New York City</a> (404)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/andrew-jackson" hreflang="en">Andrew Jackson</a> (395)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/john-f-kennedy" hreflang="en">John F. Kennedy</a> (394)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/us-navy" hreflang="en">U.S. Navy</a> (387)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/native-americans" hreflang="en">Native Americans</a> (381)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/artists" hreflang="en">Artists</a> (377)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/vietnam-war" hreflang="en">Vietnam War</a> (372)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/congress-us" hreflang="en">Congress (U.S.)</a> (371)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/revolutionary-war" hreflang="en">Revolutionary War</a> (359)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/business-finance" hreflang="en">Business & Finance</a> (358)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/woodrow-wilson" hreflang="en">Woodrow Wilson</a> (356)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/california" hreflang="en">California</a> (347)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/dwight-d-eisenhower" hreflang="en">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (347)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/photography" hreflang="en">Photography</a> (341)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/washington-dc-0" hreflang="en">Washington DC</a> (341)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/alexander-hamilton" hreflang="en">Alexander Hamilton</a> (339)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/harry-s-truman" hreflang="en">Harry S. Truman</a> (324)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/music" hreflang="en">Music</a> (323)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/architecture" hreflang="en">Architecture</a> (322)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/boston-ma" hreflang="en">Boston (MA)</a> (313)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/massachusetts" hreflang="en">Massachusetts</a> (312)</div> <div class="views-row"><a href="/category/article-keywords/virginia" hreflang="en">Virginia</a> (311)</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-dfptagopenads-zone-block-zone-8-300x250" class="block block-dfp block-dfp-ad4f835e7d-c607-4914-83d7-9fdcbec7b6eb"> <div class="content"> <div id="js-dfp-tag-openads_zone_block_zone_8_300x250"> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('js-dfp-tag-openads_zone_block_zone_8_300x250'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer id="footer" class="clearfix"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6 footer-area " > <div class="region region-footer"> <div id="block-aboutamericanheritagefrontpage" class="block block-block-content block-block-content8ec613a7-1047-47f8-af88-15c8944d2c8c"> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h1 class="about-ah-front" style="font-family: 'Oswald',Helvetica Neue,Arial,sans-serif;">About American Heritage</h1> <p>For 70 years, <em>American Heritage </em>has been the leading magazine of U.S. history, politics, and culture. <strong><em><a href="/about/magazine">Read more about the magazine >></a></em></strong></p> <p>The magazine was forced to suspend print publication in 2013, but a group of volunteers saved the archives and relaunched it in digital form in 2017. <strong><em><a href="https://www.nationalhistorical.org/civicrm/contribute/transact?reset=1&id=9">Free subscription >></a></em></strong> </p> <p>Please consider a donation to help us keep this American treasure alive. <strong><em><a href="https://www.nationalhistorical.org/civicrm/contribute/transact?reset=1&id=1">Support with a donation>></a></em></strong></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 footer-area " > <div class="region region-footer-third"> <div id="block-staytunedwithus" class="block block-block-content block-block-contentf337ca2e-88c0-48a5-a919-5bcbc606de69"> <h2 class="block__title title">Stay tuned with us</h2> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><ul class="icons-list"><li><a class="hover-effect-1" href="https://www.facebook.com/ameriheritage/"><faicon class="fa fa-facebook"></faicon><span class="sr-only">Facebook</span></a></li> <li><a class="hover-effect-1" href="https://twitter.com/AmeriHeritage"><faicon class="fa fa-twitter"></faicon><span class="sr-only">Twitter</span></a></li> <li><a class="hover-effect-1" href="http://www.linkedin.com/company/AmeriHeritage"><faicon class="fa fa-linkedin"></faicon><span class="sr-only">Linkedin</span></a></li> <li><a class="hover-effect-1" href="http://www.youtube.com/AmeriHeritage/"><faicon class="fa fa-youtube"></faicon><span class="sr-only">Youtube</span></a></li> <li><a class="hover-effect-1" href="/rss.xml"><faicon class="fa fa-rss"></faicon><span class="sr-only">RSS</span></a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <div id="subfooter" class="clearfix"> <div id="subfooter-inside" class="container clearfix"> <div class="row row--md-vcentered"> <div class="col-md-4 subfooter-area first"> <div class="region region-sub-footer-first"> <div id="block-copyright" class="block block-block-content block-block-content367510b9-2c00-45cd-b1d7-f766d2b0a1b0"> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>© Copyright 1949-2024 <strong>American Heritage Publishing Co</strong>. All Rights Reserved. To license content, please contact licenses [at] americanheritage.com.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4 subfooter-area second"> <div class="region region-sub-footer-second"> <div id="block-journaleight-sitebranding" class="clearfix site-branding block block-system block-system-branding-block"> <div class="logo-and-site-name-wrapper clearfix"> <div class="site-name site-branding__name"> <a href="/" title="Home" rel="home">AMERICAN HERITAGE</a> </div> <div class="site-slogan site-branding__slogan">Trusted Writing on History, Travel, and American Culture Since 1949</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4 subfooter-area third"> <div class="region region-sub-footer-third"> <nav aria-labelledby="block-footermenulinks-menu" id="block-footermenulinks" class="block block-menu navigation menu--menu-footer-menu-links"> <h2 class="visually-hidden block__title title" id="block-footermenulinks-menu">Footer menu links</h2> <div class="content"> <div class="menu-toggle-target menu-toggle-target-show" id="show-block-footermenulinks"></div> <div class="menu-toggle-target" id="hide-block-footermenulinks"></div> <a class="menu-toggle" href="#show-block-footermenulinks">Menu</a> <a class="menu-toggle menu-toggle--hide" href="#hide-block-footermenulinks">Menu</a> <ul class="clearfix menu"> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="http://www.ahsociety.org/">About the Society</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/advertising/media-kit" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/103845">Advertise With Us</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/contact" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/132668">Contact Us</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/magazine/permissions-and-rights" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/54017">Licensing & Permissions</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="https://www.americanheritage.com/node/132706">Privacy Policy</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/search/node" data-drupal-link-system-path="search/node">Search</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/content/terms-of-use" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/62535">Terms of Use</a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div id="block-popupcsstemporary" class="block block-block-content block-block-content0494e128-1648-4059-9b9f-5469c88db990"> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><style> <!--/*--><![CDATA[/* ><!--*/ #popup-dialog-window #popup-header{ display: block !important; } /*--><!]]>*/ </style></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="toTop"><i class="fa fa-long-arrow-up"></i></div> </div> <script type='text/javascript'> window._taboola = window._taboola || []; _taboola.push({flush: true}); </script> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":true,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"classy\/base,classy\/messages,core\/normalize,google_analytics\/google_analytics,journaleight\/bootstrap,journaleight\/color-light-indigo,journaleight\/flexslider,journaleight\/fontawesome,journaleight\/fonts-oswald,journaleight\/fonts-roboto-slab,journaleight\/global-styling,journaleight\/local-stylesheets,journaleight\/messages,journaleight\/node-styles,journaleight\/slider-revolution-boxed-init,journaleight\/to-top,modal_blocks\/modal_block,openads\/openadgeneral,popup_dialog\/dialog_box,superfish\/superfish,superfish\/superfish_smallscreen,superfish\/superfish_supersubs,system\/base,views\/views.module","theme":"journaleight","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":{"\/search\/node":true},"google_analytics":{"account":"G-MBC0436JG8","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackTel":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|exe|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|sea|sit|tar|tgz|torrent|txt|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|z|zip"},"enabled":1,"journaleight":{"sliderRevolutionBoxedInit":{"sliderRevolutionSlideshowBoxedEffectTime":5000,"sliderRevolutionSlideshowBoxedInitialHeight":610},"flexsliderMainInit":{"slideshowEffect":"fade","slideshowEffectTime":10000},"flexsliderInternalBannerSliderInit":{"internalBannerEffect":"slide"},"flexsliderBreakingSliderInit":{"breakingEffect":"fade","breakingEffectTime":5000}},"superfish":{"superfish-main":{"id":"superfish-main","sf":{"pathClass":"active-trail","pathLevels":0,"animation":{"opacity":"show","height":"show"},"speed":"fast","disableHI":true},"plugins":{"smallscreen":{"mode":"window_width","title":"Main navigation"},"supersubs":true}}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"f4b19a80655ce8eb5b674152b3cc38177d5da0628a87c6db29007166cbc3bbc3"}}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_Yd2RzHbuNFz2K6AHRMq7HYiuwK68OGQr8ynSL6usHNM.js"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_un9jFyQ3etxYgXfgu8FiQXZP99XedApd9I4Nla9QxYY.js"></script> <script src="/themes/journaleight/js/revolution/js/jquery.themepunch.tools.min.js?v=5.2.3"></script> <script src="/themes/journaleight/js/revolution/js/jquery.themepunch.revolution.min.js?v=5.2.3"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_CmpKEpOtk9AkKyU_Z0uyoEncSVy1irDv_38nEsUMLVI.js"></script> </body> </html>