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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ankle_joint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ankle_joint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ankle joint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ankle_joint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ligaments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retinacula,_tendons_and_their_synovial_sheaths,_vessels,_and_nerves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retinacula,_tendons_and_their_synovial_sheaths,_vessels,_and_nerves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Retinacula, tendons and their synovial sheaths, vessels, and nerves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retinacula,_tendons_and_their_synovial_sheaths,_vessels,_and_nerves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanoreceptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanoreceptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Mechanoreceptors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanoreceptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traumatic_injury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traumatic_injury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Traumatic injury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traumatic_injury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fractures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fractures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Fractures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fractures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Imaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abnormalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abnormalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Abnormalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abnormalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other animals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ankle</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%81%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%AD%E1%88%9D%E1%8C%AD%E1%88%9A%E1%89%B5" title="ቁርጭምጭሚት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቁርጭምጭሚት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84" title="كاحل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاحل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavillar" title="Clavillar – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Clavillar" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%A8%DC%A0%DC%90" title="ܩܘܪܨܠܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܘܪܨܠܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Py%C3%B1u%C3%A3" title="Pyñuã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pyñuã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D3%80" title="ХӀатӀихинкӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ХӀатӀихинкӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayumuqu" title="Kayumuqu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Kayumuqu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagalangan_batis" title="Pagalangan batis – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pagalangan batis" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kha-ba%CC%8Dk" title="Kha-ba̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kha-ba̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokoboko" title="Bokoboko – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bokoboko" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Глезен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Глезен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gle%C5%BEanj" title="Gležanj – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gležanj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufern" title="Ufern – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ufern" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmell" title="Turmell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turmell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Туна-пусав сыппи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Туна-пусав сыппи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlezenn%C3%AD_kloub" title="Hlezenní kloub – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hlezenní kloub" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migwrn" title="Migwrn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Migwrn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankel" title="Ankel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ankel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprunggelenk" title="Sprunggelenk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sprunggelenk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8C%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%84%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%81%DE%A8" title="ތަނބިކަށި – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ތަނބިކަށި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ποδοκνημική άρθρωση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ποδοκνημική άρθρωση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobillo" title="Tobillo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tobillo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedartiko" title="Piedartiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Piedartiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkatila" title="Orkatila – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Orkatila" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="مچ پا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مچ پا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheville_(anatomie)" title="Cheville (anatomie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cheville (anatomie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankel" title="Ankel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ankel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAit%C3%ADn" title="Rúitín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rúitín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhbrann" title="Adhbrann – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Adhbrann" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocello" title="Nocello – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nocello" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiok-khw%C3%A1" title="Kiok-khwá – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kiok-khwá" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EB%AA%A9" title="발목 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발목" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="टखना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टखना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gle%C5%BEanj" title="Gležanj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gležanj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maleolo" title="Maleolo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Maleolo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergelangan_kaki" title="Pergelangan kaki – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pergelangan kaki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqatha" title="Iqatha – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Iqatha" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kkli" title="Ökkli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ökkli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caviglia" title="Caviglia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caviglia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C" title="קרסול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרסול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polok" title="Polok – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Polok" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AB" title="ಗುಲ್ಫ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗುಲ್ಫ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Кьюршлу – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Кьюршлу" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot%C4%ABte" title="Potīte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Potīte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkel_(Anatomie)" title="Enkel (Anatomie) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Enkel (Anatomie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caviggia" title="Caviggia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Caviggia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitrokely" title="Kitrokely – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kitrokely" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku_lali" title="Buku lali – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Buku lali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkel" title="Enkel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Enkel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B" title="कुर्कुच्चो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कुर्कुच्चो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%B3%E9%96%A2%E7%AF%80" title="足関節 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="足関節" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankelledd" title="Ankelledd – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ankelledd" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavilha_(anatomia)" title="Cavilha (anatomia) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cavilha (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A0%E0%AC%BF" title="ପାଦର ଗଣ୍ଠି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପାଦର ଗଣ୍ଠି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE" title="ਗਿੱਟਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਿੱਟਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%B9%D8%A7" title="گٹا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گٹا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staw_skokowy_g%C3%B3rny" title="Staw skokowy górny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Staw skokowy górny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornozelo" title="Tornozelo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tornozelo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glezn%C4%83" title="Gleznă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gleznă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaki_muqu" title="Chaki muqu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chaki muqu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Голеностопный сустав – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Голеностопный сустав" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%83" title="गुल्फः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गुल्फः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavigghia" title="Cavigghia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cavigghia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ankle" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8E%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="گوێزینگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گوێزینگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sko%C4%8Dni_zglob" title="Skočni zglob – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Skočni zglob" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeulang_suku" title="Pigeulang suku – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pigeulang suku" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilkka" title="Nilkka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nilkka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrist" title="Vrist – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vrist" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukung-bukong" title="Bukung-bukong – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bukung-bukong" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99" title="ตาตุ่มใน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตาตุ่มใน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayak_bile%C4%9Fi" title="Ayak bileği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ayak bileği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BF%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Надп'ятково-гомілковий суглоб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Надп'ятково-гомілковий суглоб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%AE%D9%86%DB%81" title="ٹخنہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹخنہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%87%D9%82" title="ئوشۇق – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئوشۇق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%95_ch%C3%A2n" title="Cổ chân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cổ chân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalajakk" title="Jalajakk – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Jalajakk" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukong-bukongan" title="Bukong-bukongan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bukong-bukongan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%9A%E9%AA%B1%E5%AD%90" title="脚骱子 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="脚骱子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%B3%E8%85%95" title="腳腕 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="腳腕" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolk%C5%A1t%C4%97ns" title="Kolkštėns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kolkštėns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B8%9D" title="踝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="踝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekiongan" title="Kekiongan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kekiongan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q168002#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region where the foot and the leg meet</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Ankle</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ankle.jpg/250px-Ankle.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ankle.jpg/500px-Ankle.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2822" data-file-height="2339" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Human ankle</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankle_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ankle_en.svg/250px-Ankle_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ankle_en.svg/375px-Ankle_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ankle_en.svg/500px-Ankle_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="352" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Lateral view of the human ankle</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>tarsus</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000842">D000842</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/01.1.00.041%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A01.1.00.041</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=165">165</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma9665">9665</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168002" class="extiw" title="d:Q168002">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>ankle</b>, the <b>talocrural region</b><sup id="cite_ref-Moore,_Dalley_&_Agur_2013_Lower_Limb_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore,_Dalley_&_Agur_2013_Lower_Limb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <b>jumping bone</b> (informal) is the area where the <a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">foot</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Leg" title="Leg">leg</a> meet.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ankle includes three <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joints</a>: the <b>ankle joint proper</b> or <b>talocrural joint</b>, the <a href="/wiki/Subtalar_joint" title="Subtalar joint">subtalar joint</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_tibiofibular_joint" title="Inferior tibiofibular joint">inferior tibiofibular joint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Milner_1999_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milner_1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williams_&_Taunton_2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_&_Taunton_2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-del_Castillo_2012_Foot_and_Ankle_Injuries_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-del_Castillo_2012_Foot_and_Ankle_Injuries-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movements produced at this joint are dorsiflexion and <a href="/wiki/Plantarflexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantarflexion">plantarflexion</a> of the foot. In common usage, the term ankle refers exclusively to the ankle region. In medical terminology, "ankle" (without qualifiers) can refer broadly to the region or specifically to the talocrural joint.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore,_Dalley_&_Agur_2013_Lower_Limb_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore,_Dalley_&_Agur_2013_Lower_Limb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main bones of the ankle region are the <a href="/wiki/Talus_bone" title="Talus bone">talus</a> (in the foot), the <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">fibula</a> (both in the leg). The talocrural joint is a <a href="/wiki/Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">synovial</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinge_joint" title="Hinge joint">hinge joint</a> that connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula in the lower limb with the proximal end of the talus.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The articulation between the tibia and the talus bears more weight than that between the smaller fibula and the talus. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Region">Region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ankle region is found at the junction of the <a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">leg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">foot</a>. It extends downwards (<a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Proximal_and_distal" title="Anatomical terms of location">distally</a>) from the narrowest point of the lower leg and includes the parts of the foot closer to the body (proximal) to the <a href="/wiki/Heel" title="Heel">heel</a> and upper surface (<a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Dorsal_and_ventral" title="Anatomical terms of location">dorsum</a>) of the foot.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_2018_p._8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore_2018_p.-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 768">: 768 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ankle_joint">Ankle joint</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ankle joint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The talocrural joint is the only mortise and tenon joint in the human body,<sup id="cite_ref-Standring2015_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standring2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1418">: 1418 </span></sup> the term likening the skeletal structure to the <a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">woodworking joint</a> of the same name. The bony architecture of the ankle consists of three bones: the <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">fibula</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Talus_bone" title="Talus bone">talus</a>. The articular surface of the tibia may be referred to as the <i>plafond</i> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> for "ceiling").<sup id="cite_ref-Bucholz2012_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bucholz2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Medial_malleolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial malleolus">medial malleolus</a> is a bony process extending distally off the medial tibia. The distal-most aspect of the fibula is called the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_malleolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral malleolus">lateral malleolus</a>. Together, the malleoli, along with their supporting ligaments, stabilize the talus underneath the tibia. </p><p>Because the motion of the subtalar joint provides a significant contribution to positioning the foot, some authors will describe it as the lower ankle joint, and call the talocrural joint the upper ankle joint.<sup id="cite_ref-Muscolino2016_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muscolino2016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion are the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_motion" title="Anatomical terms of motion">movements</a> that take place in the ankle joint. When the foot is plantar flexed, the ankle joint also allows some movements of side to side gliding, rotation, adduction, and abduction.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bony arch formed by the tibial plafond and the two malleoli is referred to as the ankle "<a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">mortise</a>" (or talar mortise). The mortise is a rectangular socket.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore,_Dalley_&_Agur_2013_Lower_Limb_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore,_Dalley_&_Agur_2013_Lower_Limb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ankle is composed of three joints: the talocrural joint (also called talotibial joint, tibiotalar joint, talar mortise, talar joint), the <a href="/wiki/Subtalar_joint" title="Subtalar joint">subtalar joint</a> (also called talocalcaneal), and the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_tibiofibular_joint" title="Inferior tibiofibular joint">Inferior tibiofibular joint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Milner_1999_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milner_1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williams_&_Taunton_2007_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_&_Taunton_2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-del_Castillo_2012_Foot_and_Ankle_Injuries_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-del_Castillo_2012_Foot_and_Ankle_Injuries-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The joint surface of all bones in the ankle is covered with articular <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a>. </p><p>The distances between the bones in the ankle are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-ImaiIkoma2015_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ImaiIkoma2015-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Talus - medial malleolus : 1.70 ± 0.13 mm</li> <li>Talus - tibial plafond: 2.04 ± 0.29 mm</li> <li>Talus - lateral malleolus: 2.13 ± 0.20 mm</li></ul> <p>Decreased distances indicate <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligaments">Ligaments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ligaments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:919_Ankle_Feet_Joints.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/919_Ankle_Feet_Joints.jpg/250px-919_Ankle_Feet_Joints.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/919_Ankle_Feet_Joints.jpg/330px-919_Ankle_Feet_Joints.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/919_Ankle_Feet_Joints.jpg/500px-919_Ankle_Feet_Joints.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="1677" /></a><figcaption>Ligaments of ankle and feet</figcaption></figure> <p>The ankle joint is bound by the strong <a href="/wiki/Deltoid_ligament" title="Deltoid ligament">deltoid ligament</a> and three lateral ligaments: the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_talofibular_ligament" title="Anterior talofibular ligament">anterior talofibular ligament</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_talofibular_ligament" title="Posterior talofibular ligament">posterior talofibular ligament</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Calcaneofibular_ligament" title="Calcaneofibular ligament">calcaneofibular ligament</a>. </p> <ul><li>The <i>deltoid ligament</i> supports the medial side of the joint, and is attached at the <a href="/wiki/Medial_malleolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial malleolus">medial malleolus</a> of the tibia and connect in four places to the <a href="/wiki/Talar_shelf" class="mw-redirect" title="Talar shelf">talar shelf</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Calcaneus" title="Calcaneus">calcaneus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcaneonavicular_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcaneonavicular ligament">calcaneonavicular ligament</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Navicular_tuberosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Navicular tuberosity">navicular tuberosity</a>, and to the medial surface of the talus.</li> <li>The <i>anterior</i> and <i>posterior talofibular ligaments</i> support the lateral side of the joint from the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_malleolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral malleolus">lateral malleolus</a> of the fibula to the dorsal and ventral ends of the talus.</li> <li>The <i>calcaneofibular ligament</i> is attached at the lateral malleolus and to the lateral surface of the calcaneus.</li></ul> <p>Though it does not span the ankle joint itself, the syndesmotic ligament makes an important contribution to the stability of the ankle. This ligament spans the <a href="/wiki/Syndesmosis" title="Syndesmosis">syndesmosis</a>, i.e. the articulation between the medial aspect of the distal fibula and the lateral aspect of the distal tibia. An isolated injury to this ligament is often called a <a href="/wiki/High_ankle_sprain" title="High ankle sprain">high ankle sprain</a>. </p><p>The bony architecture of the ankle joint is most stable in <a href="/wiki/Dorsiflexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsiflexion">dorsiflexion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, a <a href="/wiki/Sprained_ankle" title="Sprained ankle">sprained ankle</a> is more likely to occur when the ankle is plantar-flexed,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as ligamentous support is more important in this position. The classic ankle sprain involves the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_talofibular_ligament" title="Anterior talofibular ligament">anterior talofibular ligament</a> (ATFL), which is also the most commonly injured ligament during <a href="/wiki/Inversion_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inversion (kinesiology)">inversion</a> sprains. Another ligament that can be injured in a severe ankle sprain is the <a href="/wiki/Calcaneofibular_ligament" title="Calcaneofibular ligament">calcaneofibular ligament</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retinacula,_tendons_and_their_synovial_sheaths,_vessels,_and_nerves"><span id="Retinacula.2C_tendons_and_their_synovial_sheaths.2C_vessels.2C_and_nerves"></span>Retinacula, tendons and their synovial sheaths, vessels, and nerves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Retinacula, tendons and their synovial sheaths, vessels, and nerves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of tendons pass through the ankle region. Bands of connective tissue called <i>retinacula</i> (singular: <i>retinaculum</i>) allow the tendons to exert force across the angle between the leg and foot without lifting away from the angle, a process called bowstringing.<sup id="cite_ref-Muscolino2016_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muscolino2016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Superior_extensor_retinaculum_of_foot" title="Superior extensor retinaculum of foot">superior extensor retinaculum of foot</a> extends between the anterior (forward) surfaces of the tibia and fibula near their lower (distal) ends. It contains the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_tibial_artery" title="Anterior tibial artery">anterior tibial artery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anterior_tibial_vein" title="Anterior tibial vein">vein</a> and the tendons of the <a href="/wiki/Tibialis_anterior_muscle" title="Tibialis anterior muscle">tibialis anterior muscle</a> within its tendon sheath and the unsheathed tendons of <a href="/wiki/Extensor_hallucis_longus_muscle" title="Extensor hallucis longus muscle">extensor hallucis longus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extensor_digitorum_longus_muscle" title="Extensor digitorum longus muscle">extensor digitorum longus</a> muscles. The <a href="/wiki/Deep_peroneal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep peroneal nerve">deep peroneal nerve</a> passes under the retinaculum while the <a href="/wiki/Superficial_peroneal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Superficial peroneal nerve">superficial peroneal nerve</a> is outside of it. The <a href="/wiki/Inferior_extensor_retinaculum_of_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior extensor retinaculum of foot">inferior extensor retinaculum of foot</a> is a Y-shaped structure. Its lateral attachment is on the calcaneus, and the band travels towards the anterior tibia where it is attached and blends with the superior extensor retinaculum. Along with that course, the band divides and another segment attaches to the <a href="/wiki/Plantar_aponeurosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantar aponeurosis">plantar aponeurosis</a>. The tendons which pass through the superior extensor retinaculum are all sheathed along their paths through the inferior extensor retinaculum and the tendon of the <a href="/wiki/Fibularis_tertius_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibularis tertius muscle">fibularis tertius muscle</a> is also contained within the retinaculum. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Flexor_retinaculum_of_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexor retinaculum of foot">flexor retinaculum of foot</a> extends from the medial malleolus to the medical process of the calcaneus, and the following structures in order from medial to lateral: the tendon of the <a href="/wiki/Tibialis_posterior_muscle" title="Tibialis posterior muscle">tibialis posterior muscle</a>, the tendon of the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_longus_muscle" title="Flexor digitorum longus muscle">flexor digitorum longus muscle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_tibial_artery" title="Posterior tibial artery">posterior tibial artery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Posterior_tibial_vein" title="Posterior tibial vein">vein</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tibial_nerve" title="Tibial nerve">tibial nerve</a>, and the tendon of the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_hallucis_longus_muscle" title="Flexor hallucis longus muscle">flexor hallucis longus muscle</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Peroneal_retinacula" class="mw-redirect" title="Peroneal retinacula">fibular retinacula</a> hold the tendons of the <a href="/wiki/Fibularis_longus" title="Fibularis longus">fibularis longus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fibularis_brevis" title="Fibularis brevis">fibularis brevis</a> along the lateral aspect of the ankle region. The superior fibular retinaculum extends from the deep transverse fascia of the leg and lateral malleolus to calcaneus. The inferior fibular retinaculum is a continuous extension from the inferior extensor retinaculum to the calcaneus.<sup id="cite_ref-Standring2015_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standring2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1418–9">: 1418–9 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanoreceptors">Mechanoreceptors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mechanoreceptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mechanoreceptors of the ankle send proprioceptive sensory input to the central nervous system (CNS).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muscle spindles are thought to be the main type of mechanoreceptor responsible for proprioceptive attributes from the ankle.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The muscle spindle gives feedback to the CNS system on the current length of the muscle it innervates and to any change in length that occurs. </p><p>It was hypothesized that muscle spindle feedback from the ankle dorsiflexors played the most substantial role in <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a> relative to other muscular receptors that cross at the ankle joint. However, due to the multi-planar range of motion at the ankle joint there is not one group of muscles that is responsible for this.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This helps to explain the relationship between the ankle and balance. </p><p>In 2011, a relationship between proprioception of the ankle and balance performance was seen in the CNS. This was done by using a fMRI machine in order to see the changes in brain activity when the receptors of the ankle are stimulated.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This implicates the ankle directly with the ability to balance. Further research is needed in order to see to what extent does the ankle affect balance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, the role of the ankle in locomotion has been discussed by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>. There is no question that ankle push-off is a significant force in <a href="/wiki/Gait_(human)" title="Gait (human)">human gait</a>, but how much energy is used in leg swing as opposed to advancing the whole-body <a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">center of mass</a> is not clear.<sup id="cite_ref-ZelikAdamczyk2016_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZelikAdamczyk2016-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankle_sprain_--_Smart-Servier_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ankle_sprain_--_Smart-Servier_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Ankle_sprain_--_Smart-Servier_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ankle_sprain_--_Smart-Servier_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Ankle_sprain_--_Smart-Servier_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ankle_sprain_--_Smart-Servier_%28cropped%29.jpg/960px-Ankle_sprain_--_Smart-Servier_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8192" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>A diagram illustrating varying severity of ankle sprain</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traumatic_injury">Traumatic injury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Traumatic injury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of all major joints, the ankle is the most commonly injured. If the outside surface of the foot is twisted under the leg during weight bearing, the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_collateral_ligament_of_ankle_joint" title="Lateral collateral ligament of ankle joint">lateral ligament</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_talofibular_ligament" title="Anterior talofibular ligament">anterior talofibular portion</a>, is subject to tearing (a <a href="/wiki/Sprain" title="Sprain">sprain</a>) as it is weaker than the medial ligament and it resists <a href="/wiki/Inversion_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inversion (kinesiology)">inward rotation</a> of the talocrural joint.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_2018_p._8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore_2018_p.-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 825">: 825 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fractures">Fractures</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fractures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Ankle_fracture" title="Ankle fracture">Ankle fracture</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ankle_fracture&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bimalleolar_fracture_legend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bimalleolar_fracture_legend.jpg/250px-Bimalleolar_fracture_legend.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bimalleolar_fracture_legend.jpg/330px-Bimalleolar_fracture_legend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bimalleolar_fracture_legend.jpg/440px-Bimalleolar_fracture_legend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Fracture of both sides of the ankle with dislocation as seen on anteroposterior X-ray. (1) fibula, (2) tibia, (arrow) medial malleolus, (arrowhead) lateral malleolus</figcaption></figure> <p><br /> An <a href="/wiki/Ankle_fracture" title="Ankle fracture">ankle fracture</a> is a break of one or more of the bones that make up the <a href="/wiki/Ankle_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankle joint">ankle joint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ankle_fracture_OI2019_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ankle_fracture_OI2019-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symptoms may include pain, swelling, <a href="/wiki/Bruising" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruising">bruising</a>, and an inability to walk on the injured leg.<sup id="cite_ref-Ankle_fracture_OI2019_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ankle_fracture_OI2019-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complications may include an associated <a href="/wiki/High_ankle_sprain" title="High ankle sprain">high ankle sprain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compartment_syndrome" title="Compartment syndrome">compartment syndrome</a>, stiffness, <a href="/wiki/Malunion" title="Malunion">malunion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_arthritis" title="Post-traumatic arthritis">post-traumatic arthritis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ankle_fracture_OI2019_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ankle_fracture_OI2019-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ankle_fracture_Stat2019_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ankle_fracture_Stat2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ankle fractures may result from excessive stress on the joint such as from rolling an ankle or from <a href="/wiki/Blunt_trauma" title="Blunt trauma">blunt trauma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ankle_fracture_OI2019_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ankle_fracture_OI2019-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ankle_fracture_Stat2019_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ankle_fracture_Stat2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Types of ankle fractures include lateral <a href="/wiki/Malleolus" title="Malleolus">malleolus</a>, medial malleolus, posterior malleolus, <a href="/wiki/Bimalleolar_fracture" title="Bimalleolar fracture">bimalleolar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trimalleolar_fracture" title="Trimalleolar fracture">trimalleolar fractures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ankle_fracture_OI2019_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ankle_fracture_OI2019-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_ankle_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa ankle rule">Ottawa ankle rule</a> can help determine the need for X-rays.<sup id="cite_ref-Ankle_fracture_Stat2019_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ankle_fracture_Stat2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Special X-ray views called stress views help determine whether an ankle fracture is unstable. </p><p>Treatment depends on the fracture type. Ankle stability largely dictates non-operative vs. operative treatment. Non-operative treatment includes splinting or casting while operative treatment includes fixing the fracture with metal implants through an open reduction internal fixation (<a href="/wiki/ORIF" class="mw-redirect" title="ORIF">ORIF</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Ankle_fracture_OI2019_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ankle_fracture_OI2019-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significant recovery generally occurs within four months while completely recovery usually takes up to one year.<sup id="cite_ref-Ankle_fracture_OI2019_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ankle_fracture_OI2019-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Ankle fractures are common, occurring in over 1.8 per 1000 adults and 1 per 1000 children per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Ankle_fracture_Stat2019_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ankle_fracture_Stat2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ankle_fracture_Yeu2016_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ankle_fracture_Yeu2016-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In North America this figure increases to more than 14 in ever 10,000 patients admitted to the Emergency Room.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They occur most commonly in young males and older females.<sup id="cite_ref-Ankle_fracture_Stat2019_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ankle_fracture_Stat2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imaging">Imaging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Imaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The initial evaluation of suspected ankle pathology is usually by <a href="/wiki/Projectional_radiography" title="Projectional radiography">projectional radiography</a> ("X-ray"). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:X-ray_of_frontal_tibiotalar_surface_angle_(TTS).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/X-ray_of_frontal_tibiotalar_surface_angle_%28TTS%29.jpg/130px-X-ray_of_frontal_tibiotalar_surface_angle_%28TTS%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/X-ray_of_frontal_tibiotalar_surface_angle_%28TTS%29.jpg/195px-X-ray_of_frontal_tibiotalar_surface_angle_%28TTS%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/X-ray_of_frontal_tibiotalar_surface_angle_%28TTS%29.jpg/260px-X-ray_of_frontal_tibiotalar_surface_angle_%28TTS%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption>Tibiotalar surface angle (TTS)</figcaption></figure> <p>Varus or valgus deformity, if suspected, can be measured with the frontal tibiotalar surface angle (TTS), formed by the mid-longitudinal tibial axis (such as through a line bisecting the tibia at 8 and 13 cm above the tibial plafond) and the talar surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Nosewicz2012_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nosewicz2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An angle of less than 84 degrees is regarded as <i>talipes varus</i>, and an angle of more than 94 degrees is regarded as <i>talipes valgus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For ligamentous injury, there are three main landmarks on X-rays: The first is the <i>tibiofibular clear space</i>, the horizontal distance from the lateral border of the posterior tibial malleolus to the medial border of the fibula, with greater than 5 mm being abnormal. The second is <i>tibiofibular overlap</i>, the horizontal distance between the medial border of the fibula and the lateral border of the anterior tibial prominence, with less than 10 mm being abnormal. The final measurement is the <i>medial clear space</i>, the distance between the lateral aspect of the medial malleolus and the medial border of the talus at the level of the talar dome, with a measurement greater than 4 mm being abnormal. Loss of any of these normal anatomic spaces can indirectly reflect ligamentous injury or occult fracture, and can be followed by MRI or CT.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abnormalities">Abnormalities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Abnormalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Clubfoot" title="Clubfoot">Clubfoot</a> or talipes equinovarus, which occurs in one to two of every 1,000 live births, involves multiple abnormalities of the foot.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14989573_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14989573-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Equinus refers to the downard deflection of the ankle, and is named for the walking on the toes in the manner of a horse.<sup id="cite_ref-Källén2014_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Källén2014-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This does not occur because it is accompanied by an inward rotation of the foot (<a href="/wiki/Varus_deformity" title="Varus deformity">varus deformity</a>), which untreated, results in walking on the sides of the feet. Treatment may involve manipulation and casting or surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14989573_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14989573-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ankle joint equinus, normally in adults, relates to restricted ankle joint range of motion(ROM).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calf muscle stretching exercises are normally helpful to increase the ankle joint dorsiflexion and used to manage clinical symptoms resulting from ankle equinus.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Occasionally a human ankle has a <b>ball-and-socket ankle joint</b> and fusion of the talo-navicular joint.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word ankle or ancle is common, in various forms, to <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, probably connected in origin with the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">angulus</i></span>, or <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">αγκυλος</span></span>, meaning bent.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Other_animals"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been suggested that dexterous control of toes has been lost in favour of a more precise voluntary control of the ankle joint.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankle&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leg" title="Leg">Leg</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankle&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Moore,_Dalley_&_Agur_2013_Lower_Limb-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore,_Dalley_&_Agur_2013_Lower_Limb_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore,_Dalley_&_Agur_2013_Lower_Limb_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore,_Dalley_&_Agur_2013_Lower_Limb_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMooreDalleyAgur2013" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Keith L.; Dalley, Arthur F.; Agur, A. M. R. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Le5bc5F0sYC&pg=PA508">"Lower Limb"</a>. <i>Clinically Oriented Anatomy</i> (7th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. <span class="nowrap">508–</span>669. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4511-1945-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4511-1945-9"><bdi>978-1-4511-1945-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lower+Limb&rft.btitle=Clinically+Oriented+Anatomy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E508-%3C%2Fspan%3E669&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4511-1945-9&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Keith+L.&rft.au=Dalley%2C+Arthur+F.&rft.au=Agur%2C+A.+M.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Le5bc5F0sYC%26pg%3DPA508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWebMD2009" class="citation book cs1">WebMD (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t8UfI3BH78wC&pg=PA22">"ankle"</a>. <i>Webster's New World Medical Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-544-18897-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-544-18897-6"><bdi>978-0-544-18897-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ankle&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+New+World+Medical+Dictionary&rft.pages=22&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-544-18897-6&rft.au=WebMD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt8UfI3BH78wC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milner_1999-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milner_1999_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milner_1999_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMilner1999" class="citation book cs1">Milner, Brent K. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SugSpeNpAN4C&pg=PA258">"Musculoskeletal Imaging"</a>. In Gay, Spencer B.; Woodcock, Richard J. (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radiologyrecall00spen/page/258"><i>Radiology Recall</i></a></span>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radiologyrecall00spen/page/258">258–383</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-683-30663-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-683-30663-7"><bdi>978-0-683-30663-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Musculoskeletal+Imaging&rft.btitle=Radiology+Recall&rft.pages=258-383&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-683-30663-7&rft.aulast=Milner&rft.aufirst=Brent+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSugSpeNpAN4C%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_&_Taunton_2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_&_Taunton_2007_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_&_Taunton_2007_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsTaunton2007" class="citation book cs1">Williams, D. S. Blaise; Taunton, Jack (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2utRky2VO0UC&pg=PA420">"Foot, ankle and lower leg"</a>. In Kolt, Gregory S.; Snyder-Mackler, Lynn (eds.). <i>Physical Therapies in Sport and Exercise</i>. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. <span class="nowrap">420–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-10351-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-443-10351-3"><bdi>978-0-443-10351-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foot%2C+ankle+and+lower+leg&rft.btitle=Physical+Therapies+in+Sport+and+Exercise&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E420-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-443-10351-3&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=D.+S.+Blaise&rft.au=Taunton%2C+Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2utRky2VO0UC%26pg%3DPA420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-del_Castillo_2012_Foot_and_Ankle_Injuries-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-del_Castillo_2012_Foot_and_Ankle_Injuries_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-del_Castillo_2012_Foot_and_Ankle_Injuries_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFdel_Castillo2012" class="citation book cs1">del Castillo, Jorge (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rpoH-KYE93IC&pg=PP745">"Foot and Ankle Injuries"</a>. 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Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-544-18897-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-544-18897-6"><bdi>978-0-544-18897-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ankle+joint&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+New+World+Medical+Dictionary&rft.pages=22&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-544-18897-6&rft.au=WebMD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt8UfI3BH78wC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore_2018_p.-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_2018_p._8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_2018_p._8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoore2018" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Keith (2018). <i>Clinically oriented anatomy</i>. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4963-4721-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4963-4721-3"><bdi>978-1-4963-4721-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinically+oriented+anatomy&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4963-4721-3&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Standring2015-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Standring2015_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Standring2015_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Standring2015" class="citation book cs1">Susan Standring (7 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b7FVCgAAQBAJ&pg=1418"><i>Gray's Anatomy E-Book: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-6851-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-6851-5"><bdi>978-0-7020-6851-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gray%27s+Anatomy+E-Book%3A+The+Anatomical+Basis+of+Clinical+Practice&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2015-08-07&rft.isbn=978-0-7020-6851-5&rft.au=Susan+Standring&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db7FVCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3D1418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bucholz2012-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bucholz2012_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_P._Barei2012" class="citation book cs1">David P. Barei (29 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OhVSFNEIanIC&pg=RA1-PA464">"56. Pilon Fractures"</a>. In Robert W. Bucholz (ed.). <i>Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults: Two Volumes Plus Integrated Content Website (Rockwood, Green, and Wilkins' Fractures)</i>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. <span class="nowrap">1928–</span>1971. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4511-6144-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4511-6144-1"><bdi>978-1-4511-6144-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=56.+Pilon+Fractures&rft.btitle=Rockwood+and+Green%27s+Fractures+in+Adults%3A+Two+Volumes+Plus+Integrated+Content+Website+%28Rockwood%2C+Green%2C+and+Wilkins%27+Fractures%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1928-%3C%2Fspan%3E1971&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2012-03-29&rft.isbn=978-1-4511-6144-1&rft.au=David+P.+Barei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOhVSFNEIanIC%26pg%3DRA1-PA464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muscolino2016-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Muscolino2016_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muscolino2016_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_E._Muscolino2016" class="citation book cs1">Joseph E. 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Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. <span class="nowrap">284–</span>292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-39935-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-39935-7"><bdi>978-0-323-39935-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kinesiology+-+E-Book%3A+The+Skeletal+System+and+Muscle+Function&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E284-%3C%2Fspan%3E292&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2016-08-21&rft.isbn=978-0-323-39935-7&rft.au=Joseph+E.+Muscolino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D08fjDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_H_Volker2018" class="citation web cs1">Joseph H Volker (2018-08-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.earthslab.com/anatomy/ankle-joint-talocrural-joint/">"Ankle Joint"</a>. <i>Earth's Lab</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earth%27s+Lab&rft.atitle=Ankle+Joint&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft.au=Joseph+H+Volker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.earthslab.com%2Fanatomy%2Fankle-joint-talocrural-joint%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ImaiIkoma2015-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ImaiIkoma2015_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFImaiIkomaKidoMaki2015" class="citation journal cs1">Imai, Kan; Ikoma, Kazuya; Kido, Masamitsu; Maki, Masahiro; Fujiwara, Hiroyoshi; Arai, Yuji; Oda, Ryo; Tokunaga, Daisaku; Inoue, Nozomu; Kubo, Toshikazu (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4490633">"Joint space width of the tibiotalar joint in the healthy foot"</a>. <i>Journal of Foot and Ankle Research</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13047-015-0086-5">10.1186/s13047-015-0086-5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1757-1146">1757-1146</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4490633">4490633</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26146520">26146520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Foot+and+Ankle+Research&rft.atitle=Joint+space+width+of+the+tibiotalar+joint+in+the+healthy+foot&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4490633%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1757-1146&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26146520&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13047-015-0086-5&rft.aulast=Imai&rft.aufirst=Kan&rft.au=Ikoma%2C+Kazuya&rft.au=Kido%2C+Masamitsu&rft.au=Maki%2C+Masahiro&rft.au=Fujiwara%2C+Hiroyoshi&rft.au=Arai%2C+Yuji&rft.au=Oda%2C+Ryo&rft.au=Tokunaga%2C+Daisaku&rft.au=Inoue%2C+Nozomu&rft.au=Kubo%2C+Toshikazu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4490633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gatt, A. and Chockalingam, N., 2011. 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University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Medicine (AMC-UvA). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789463750479" title="Special:BookSources/9789463750479"><bdi>9789463750479</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acute+and+chronic+aspects+of+hindfoot+trauma&rft.pub=University+of+Amsterdam%2C+Faculty+of+Medicine+%28AMC-UvA%29&rft.date=2018-09-25&rft.isbn=9789463750479&rft.au=T.L.+Nosewicz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvansSchucany2006" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, JM; Schucany, WG (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618742">"Radiological evaluation of a high ankle sprain"</a>. <i>Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center)</i>. <b>19</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">402–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08998280.2006.11928206">10.1080/08998280.2006.11928206</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618742">1618742</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17106502">17106502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+%28Baylor+University.+Medical+Center%29&rft.atitle=Radiological+evaluation+of+a+high+ankle+sprain.&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E402-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1618742%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17106502&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08998280.2006.11928206&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Schucany%2C+WG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1618742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid14989573-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid14989573_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid14989573_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGore_AI,_Spencer_JP2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gore AI, Spencer JP (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14989573">"The newborn foot"</a>. <i>Am Fam Physician</i>. <b>69</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">865–</span>72. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14989573">14989573</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+Fam+Physician&rft.atitle=The+newborn+foot.&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E865-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14989573&rft.au=Gore+AI%2C+Spencer+JP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F14989573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Källén2014-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Källén2014_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKällén2014" class="citation book cs1">Källén, Bengt (2014). 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"Corticospinal projections to lower limb motoneurons in man". <i>Experimental Brain Research</i>. <b>89</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">649–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00229889">10.1007/bf00229889</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1644127">1644127</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24650165">24650165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Experimental+Brain+Research&rft.atitle=Corticospinal+projections+to+lower+limb+motoneurons+in+man&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E649-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24650165%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1644127&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00229889&rft.aulast=Brouwer&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Ashby%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">anatomical terminology</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankle&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson,_Stephen_A.Calais-Germain,_Blandine1993" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Stephen A.; Calais-Germain, Blandine (1993). <i>Anatomy of Movement</i>. Chicago: Eastland Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-939616-17-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-939616-17-6"><bdi>978-0-939616-17-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+Movement&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Eastland+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-939616-17-6&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Stephen+A.&rft.au=Calais-Germain%2C+Blandine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcKinley,_Michael_P.Martini,_FredericTimmons,_Michael_J.2000" class="citation book cs1">McKinley, Michael P.; Martini, Frederic; Timmons, Michael J. (2000). <i>Human Anatomy</i>. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-010011-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-010011-5"><bdi>978-0-13-010011-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Anatomy&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+N.J&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-13-010011-5&rft.au=McKinley%2C+Michael+P.&rft.au=Martini%2C+Frederic&rft.au=Timmons%2C+Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarieb,_Elaine_Nicpon2000" class="citation book cs1">Marieb, Elaine Nicpon (2000). <i>Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology</i>. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-4940-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-4940-5"><bdi>978-0-8053-4940-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Human+Anatomy+and+Physiology&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Benjamin+Cummings&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8053-4940-5&rft.au=Marieb%2C+Elaine+Nicpon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkle" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankle&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide3Bubu.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dorsum of Foot. Ankle joint. Deep dissection."><img alt="Dorsum of Foot. Ankle joint. Deep dissection." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Slide3Bubu.JPG/120px-Slide3Bubu.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Slide3Bubu.JPG/250px-Slide3Bubu.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dorsum of Foot. Ankle joint. Deep dissection.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide2bubu.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dorsum of Foot. Ankle joint. Deep dissection."><img alt="Dorsum of Foot. Ankle joint. Deep dissection." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Slide2bubu.JPG/120px-Slide2bubu.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Slide2bubu.JPG/250px-Slide2bubu.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dorsum of Foot. Ankle joint. Deep dissection.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide2tat.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ankle joint. Deep dissection. Anterior view."><img alt="Ankle joint. Deep dissection. Anterior view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Slide2tat.JPG/120px-Slide2tat.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Slide2tat.JPG/180px-Slide2tat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Slide2tat.JPG/240px-Slide2tat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ankle joint. Deep dissection. Anterior view.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide2coco.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dorsum of Foot. Ankle joint. Deep dissection."><img alt="Dorsum of Foot. Ankle joint. Deep dissection." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Slide2coco.JPG/120px-Slide2coco.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Slide2coco.JPG/180px-Slide2coco.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Slide2coco.JPG/240px-Slide2coco.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dorsum of Foot. Ankle joint. Deep dissection.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankle&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ankles" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ankles">Ankles</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/ankle" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/ankle">ankle</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArdizzoneValmassy2005" class="citation web cs1">Ardizzone, Remy; Valmassy, Ronald L. (October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100104133833/http://podiatrytoday.com/article/4627">"How To Diagnose Lateral Ankle Injuries"</a>. Podiatry Today. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.podiatrytoday.com/article/4627">the original</a> on January 4, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+To+Diagnose+Lateral+Ankle+Injuries&rft.pub=Podiatry+Today&rft.date=2005-10&rft.aulast=Ardizzone&rft.aufirst=Remy&rft.au=Valmassy%2C+Ronald+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.podiatrytoday.com%2Farticle%2F4627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnkle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaddad" class="citation web cs1">Haddad, Steven L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/menus/foot.cfm">"Foot & Ankle"</a>. Your orthopaedic connection (American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323145859/http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/menus/foot.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="Face">Face</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forehead" title="Forehead">Forehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">Cheek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin" title="Chin">Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyebrow" title="Eyebrow">Eyebrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">Jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">Occiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">Scalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(anatomy)" title="Temple (anatomy)">Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_apple" title="Adam's apple">Adam's apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">Throat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nape" title="Nape">Nape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">Torso</a> (Trunk)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">Abdomen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waist" title="Waist">Waist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midriff" title="Midriff">Midriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">Navel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral column">Vertebral column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_back" title="Human back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">Nipple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">Genitalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">Limbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">Arm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axilla" title="Axilla">Axilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">Elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">Wrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Fingernail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">Thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_finger" title="Index finger">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_finger" title="Middle finger">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_finger" title="Ring finger">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_finger" title="Little finger">Little</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">Leg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buttocks" title="Buttocks">Buttocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">Hip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">Thigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_(leg)" title="Calf (leg)">Calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">Foot</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ankle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heel" title="Heel">Heel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe" title="Toe">Toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Toenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(foot)" title="Sole (foot)">Sole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Joints_and_ligaments_of_the_human_leg84" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Joints_of_lower_limbs" title="Template:Joints of lower limbs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Joints_of_lower_limbs" title="Template talk:Joints of lower limbs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Joints_of_lower_limbs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Joints of lower limbs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Joints_and_ligaments_of_the_human_leg84" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">Joints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">ligaments</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">human leg</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">Hip</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>femoral</i> (<a href="/wiki/Iliofemoral_ligament" title="Iliofemoral ligament">iliofemoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubofemoral_ligament" title="Pubofemoral ligament">pubofemoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischiofemoral_ligament" title="Ischiofemoral ligament">ischiofemoral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligament_of_head_of_femur" title="Ligament of head of femur">head of femur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_acetabular_ligament" title="Transverse acetabular ligament">transverse acetabular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetabular_labrum" title="Acetabular labrum">acetabular labrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_of_hip_joint" title="Capsule of hip joint">capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zona_orbicularis" title="Zona orbicularis">zona orbicularis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">Knee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">Tibiofemoral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articular_capsule_of_the_knee_joint" title="Articular capsule of the knee joint">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_meniscofemoral_ligament" title="Anterior meniscofemoral ligament">Anterior meniscofemoral ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_meniscofemoral_ligament" title="Posterior meniscofemoral ligament">Posterior meniscofemoral ligament</a></li> <li><i>extracapsular:</i> popliteal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_popliteal_ligament" title="Oblique popliteal ligament">oblique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcuate_popliteal_ligament" title="Arcuate popliteal ligament">arcuate</a></li></ul></li> <li>collateral <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medial_collateral_ligament" title="Medial collateral ligament">medial/tibial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibular_collateral_ligament" title="Fibular collateral ligament">fibular/lateral</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>intracapsular:</i> cruciate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament" title="Anterior cruciate ligament">anterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_cruciate_ligament" title="Posterior cruciate ligament">posterior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meniscus_(anatomy)" title="Meniscus (anatomy)">menisci</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medial_meniscus" title="Medial meniscus">medial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_meniscus" title="Lateral meniscus">lateral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_ligament_of_knee" title="Transverse ligament of knee">transverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterolateral_ligament" title="Anterolateral ligament">anterolateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">Patellofemoral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patellar_tendon" title="Patellar tendon">Patellar tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrapatellar_fat_pad" title="Infrapatellar fat pad">Infrapatellar fat pad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tibiofibular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Superior_tibiofibular_joint" title="Superior tibiofibular joint">Superior tibiofibular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_ligament_of_the_head_of_the_fibula" title="Anterior ligament of the head of the fibula">anterior of the head of the fibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_ligament_of_the_head_of_the_fibula" title="Posterior ligament of the head of the fibula">posterior of the head of the fibula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inferior_tibiofibular_joint" title="Inferior tibiofibular joint">Inferior tibiofibular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_tibiofibular_ligament" title="Anterior tibiofibular ligament">Anterior tibiofibular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_tibiofibular_ligament" title="Posterior tibiofibular ligament">Posterior tibiofibular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interosseous_membrane_of_leg" title="Interosseous membrane of leg">Interosseous membrane of leg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">Foot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Talocrural and ankle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>medial:</i> <a href="/wiki/Deltoid_ligament" title="Deltoid ligament">medial of talocrural joint/deltoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deltoid_ligament" title="Deltoid ligament">anterior tibiotalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltoid_ligament" title="Deltoid ligament">posterior tibiotalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltoid_ligament" title="Deltoid ligament">tibiocalcaneal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltoid_ligament" title="Deltoid ligament">tibionavicular</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>lateral:</i> <a href="/wiki/Lateral_collateral_ligament_of_ankle_joint" title="Lateral collateral ligament of ankle joint">lateral collateral of ankle joint</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_talofibular_ligament" title="Anterior talofibular ligament">anterior talofibular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_talofibular_ligament" title="Posterior talofibular ligament">posterior talofibular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcaneofibular_ligament" title="Calcaneofibular ligament">calcaneofibular</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subtalar_joint" title="Subtalar joint">Subtalar/talocalcaneal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_talocalcaneal_ligament" title="Anterior talocalcaneal ligament">anterior</a>/<a href="/wiki/Posterior_talocalcaneal_ligament" title="Posterior talocalcaneal ligament">posterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_talocalcaneal_ligament" title="Lateral talocalcaneal ligament">lateral</a>/<a href="/wiki/Medial_talocalcaneal_ligament" title="Medial talocalcaneal ligament">medial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interosseous_talocalcaneal_ligament" title="Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament">interosseous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transverse_tarsal_joint" title="Transverse tarsal joint">Transverse tarsal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Talocalcaneonavicular_joint" title="Talocalcaneonavicular joint">Talocalcaneonavicular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_talonavicular_ligament" title="Dorsal talonavicular ligament">dorsal talonavicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_calcaneonavicular_ligament" title="Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament">plantar calcaneonavicular/spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifurcated_ligament" title="Bifurcated ligament">bifurcated (calcaneonavicular)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calcaneocuboid_joint" title="Calcaneocuboid joint">Calcaneocuboid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_calcaneocuboid_ligament" title="Dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament">dorsal calcaneocuboid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_plantar_ligament" title="Long plantar ligament">long plantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_calcaneocuboid_ligament" title="Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament">plantar calcaneocuboid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifurcated_ligament" title="Bifurcated ligament">bifurcated (calcaneocuboid)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distal <a href="/wiki/Intertarsal_joints" title="Intertarsal joints">intertarsal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cuneonavicular_joint" title="Cuneonavicular joint">Cuneonavicular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_cuneonavicular_ligaments" title="Plantar cuneonavicular ligaments">plantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_cuneonavicular_ligaments" title="Dorsal cuneonavicular ligaments">dorsal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cuboideonavicular_joint" title="Cuboideonavicular joint">Cuboideonavicular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_cuboideonavicular_ligament" title="Plantar cuboideonavicular ligament">plantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_cuboideonavicular_ligament" title="Dorsal cuboideonavicular ligament">dorsal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intercuneiform_joints" title="Intercuneiform joints">Intercuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_intercuneiform_ligaments" title="Plantar intercuneiform ligaments">plantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_intercuneiform_ligaments" title="Dorsal intercuneiform ligaments">dorsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interosseous_intercuneiform_ligaments" title="Interosseous intercuneiform ligaments">interosseous intercuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interosseous_cuneometatarsal_ligaments" title="Interosseous cuneometatarsal ligaments">interosseous cuneometatarsal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tarsometatarsal_joints" title="Tarsometatarsal joints">Tarsometatarsal/Lisfranc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_tarsometatarsal_ligaments" title="Plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments">plantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_tarsometatarsal_ligaments" title="Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments">dorsal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intermetatarsal_joints" title="Intermetatarsal joints">Intermetatarsal/metatarsal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_metatarsal_ligaments" title="Plantar metatarsal ligaments">plantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_metatarsal_ligaments" title="Dorsal metatarsal ligaments">dorsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interosseous_metatarsal_ligaments" title="Interosseous metatarsal ligaments">interosseous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_metatarsal_ligament" title="Transverse metatarsal ligament">superficial transverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_metatarsal_ligament" title="Transverse metatarsal ligament">deep transverse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metatarsophalangeal_joints" title="Metatarsophalangeal joints">Metatarsophalangeal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantar_ligaments_of_metatarsophalangeal_joints&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plantar ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joints (page does not exist)">plantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_ligaments_of_metatarsophalangeal_joints" title="Collateral ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joints">collateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interphalangeal_joints_of_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Interphalangeal joints of foot">Interphalangeal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantar_ligaments_of_interphalangeal_joints_of_foot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plantar ligaments of interphalangeal joints of foot (page does not exist)">plantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_ligaments_of_interphalangeal_joints_of_foot" title="Collateral ligaments of interphalangeal joints of foot">collateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arches_of_the_foot" title="Arches of the foot">Arches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arches_of_the_foot" title="Arches of the foot">Longitudinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arches_of_the_foot" title="Arches of the foot">Transverse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168002#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1617" 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href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A01.1.00.041">Terminologia Anatomica</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ankle&oldid=1281241000">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ankle&oldid=1281241000</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ankle" 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