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<li id="toc-Schism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Schism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_revolutionary_years_(1979–1980)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_revolutionary_years_(1979–1980)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early revolutionary years (1979–1980)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_revolutionary_years_(1979–1980)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ideology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political faction in Iran (1975–1983)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/League_of_Struggle_for_the_Emancipation_of_the_Working_Class" title="League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class">League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the nationalist party of the same name active during the 1940s, see <a href="/wiki/Peykar_Party" title="Peykar Party">Peykar Party</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #D00204; border-bottom:2px solid #D00204; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">سازمان پیکار در راه آزادی طبقه کارگر</span></span></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Marxist_Mojahedin.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/Marxist_Mojahedin.gif/180px-Marxist_Mojahedin.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/66/Marxist_Mojahedin.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="211" data-file-height="203" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><span style="font-size:85%;">The Marxist Mojahedin eliminated the Quranic verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=96">4:96</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Olive_branch" title="Olive branch">olive branch</a> from the original emblem of the MEK</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa">Peykâr</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Hossein Rouhani<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Taghi Sahram</li> <li>Baram Aram</li> <li>Rahman Vahid Afrakhteh<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReisinezhad20188_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisinezhad20188-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1975</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1983</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Split from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mujahedin of Iran">MKO</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Peykar_(1979_newspaper)" title="Peykar (1979 newspaper)">Peykâr</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Maximum 3,000 equipped with light weapons<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERazoux2015Appendix_E:_Armed_Opposition_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERazoux2015Appendix_E:_Armed_Opposition-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">National affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Septuple_Coalition" title="Septuple Coalition">Septuple Coalition</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #D00204;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics of Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iran" title="List of political parties in Iran">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iran" title="Elections in Iran">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or simply <b>Struggle</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known by the earlier name <b>Marxist Mojahedin</b>, was a splinter group from the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mojahedin of Iran">People's Mojahedin of Iran</a> (PMOI/MEK). </p><p>Members associated with it declared that they no longer self-identify as Muslims but rather only believe in <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>. They subsequently started an <a href="/wiki/Intragroup_conflict" title="Intragroup conflict">intragroup conflict</a> with other MEK members who refused to join it (on the grounds that they still believed in Islam) and tried to <a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">purge</a> the group in to make it purely Marxist. Originating in 1972 and officially founded in 1975, by the early 1980s Peykar was no longer considered active.<sup id="cite_ref-Palgrave_Macmillan_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palgrave_Macmillan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peykar was considered "the most extreme" among all Iranian communist groups active at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ḥaqšenās-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peykar was subsequently suppressed and through imprisonment and executions, its existence came to an end by the early 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ḥaqšenās-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organization_of_Struggle_for_the_Emancipation_of_the_Working_Class&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schism">Schism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organization_of_Struggle_for_the_Emancipation_of_the_Working_Class&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Schism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid-1970s, an internal coup was launched in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran</a> with some members trying to change the organization from Muslim into a Marxist-Leninist group. This led to two rival Mojahedins, with the Marxist faction later forming Peykar.<sup id="cite_ref-Abra151_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abra151-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Dr. Allan Hassaniyan, Peykar was founded in 1975, and after the Iran revolution it moved activities to Kurdistan.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members of the faction were neither raw recruits nor ideological simpletons, conversely many of the intellectuals surviving from the early MEK days were among them. Two members of the MEK's original Ideological Team were among senior Peykar members.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian146_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian146-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time the schism happened suddenly in October 1975, the MEK was operating with a <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_cell_system" title="Clandestine cell system">clandestine cell system</a> in three branches wholly separated from each other, each headed by a <a href="/wiki/Central_committee" title="Central committee">Central Cadre</a> (CC) member. The ideological shift in the organization was completely top-to-bottom and started by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taghi_Shahram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taghi Shahram (page does not exist)">Taghi Shahram</a>, one of the three CC members. He then persuaded another CC member <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahram_Aram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahram Aram (page does not exist)">Bahram Aram</a> to leave Islam, and through him started converting the branch subordinated to him. The other CC member, <a href="/wiki/Majid_Sharif-Vaghefi" title="Majid Sharif-Vaghefi">Majid Sharif-Vaghefi</a>, refused to join and led the opposing faction whose members remained Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz71_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz71-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vahabzadeh166_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vahabzadeh166-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to infighting within the organization and Sharif-Vaghefi and his second-in-command were murdered by the Marxist faction. The purge by the Marxists continued, however its scope is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-Vahabzadeh166_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vahabzadeh166-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group claimed that they had purged almost half of the members who refused to "correct" themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz72_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz72-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rival Muslim faction, maintained that only as much as 20% of the members sided with the Marxist faction.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz71_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz71-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Peykar failed to dominate the MEK and the Muslim faction survived, partly in the provinces, in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Bazaar,_Tehran" title="Grand Bazaar, Tehran">Tehran bazaar</a> and mainly among jailed members.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian164_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian164-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1975 to 1979, Peykar was known as "the Marxist Mojahedin", before assuming the title <i>Bakhsh-e Marksisti-Leninisti-ye Sazeman-e Mojahedin-e Khalq-e Iran</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">The Marxist-Leninist Branch of the People's Mujahedin Organization of Iran</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian145_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian145-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, they modified the emblem from the beginning by dropping Islamic elements.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian163_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian163-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They called each other by the title R<i>afiq</i> (comrade) instead of B<i>aradar</i> (brother), stopped performing <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">prayers</a> and dropped '<a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">In the Name of God</a>' from their publications.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian146_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian146-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian163_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian163-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Iranian 1979 Revolution, the group adopted the name "Sazman-i Paykar dar Rah-i Azad-i Tabaqeh-i Kargar (The Fighting Organisation of the Road to Liberating the Working Class)", also known as Peykar (or Paykar).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Author Yadullah Shahibzadeh says that the Mojahedin's Marxist-Leninist faction generated several other Marxist-Leninist groups, and the most prominent of them became known as Peykar.<sup id="cite_ref-Shahibzadeh166_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shahibzadeh166-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Ervand_Abrahamian" title="Ervand Abrahamian">Ervand Abrahamian</a>, the schism between the opposing Marxist and Muslim factions of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran</a> was complicated and lasted more than a year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1989146_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1989146-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Islamic members of the Mojahedin refused to give up the Mojahedin name, and the Marxist Mojahedin later adopted the name Peykar.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1989 book "Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin", Abrahamian says that the Marxist Mojahedin had originally taken the name of the "People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran". Then in 1978, it assumed the name "Bakhsh-e Marksisti-Leninisti-ye Sazeman-e Mojahedin-e Khalq-e Iran (The Marxist-Leninist Branch of the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran)", and then during the 1979 Iran revolution it merged with Maoist groups, forming the group "Sazeman-e Paykar dar Rah-e Azadi-ye Tabaqeh-ye Kargar (The Combat Organization on the Road for the Emancipation of the Working Class)", which became known as "Paykar".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian198914–148_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian198914–148-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peykar had <a href="/wiki/Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoist</a> orientations and was joined by some other groups with such an ideology, while Peykar members who were less favorable to China formed another organization known as the Worker's Way.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian146_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian146-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1982 book "Iran Between Two Revolutions", Abrahamian described Peykar as synonymous with the "Marxist Mojahedin".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Iranian scholar Parvin Paidar, The split between the two groups strengthened the Islamic identity of the original People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslim faction accused the Marxist faction of orchestrating a "coup d'état" in the MEK.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian164_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian164-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iranian opposition were surprised by the rise of this faction within the MEK.<sup id="cite_ref-Vahabzadeh167_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vahabzadeh167-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the reorganization of the Marxist Mojahedin into Peykar in 1979, some members refused to accept the changes and formed splinter groups including the United Campaign for Fulfillment of the Working Class Aspirations (<i>etteḥād-e mobāraza dar rāh-e ārmān-e ṭabaqa-ye kārgar</i>), simply known as 'Arman', the Group for the Combat for Emancipation of the Working Class (<i>gorūh-e nabard barā-ye āzādī-e ṭabaqa-ye kārgar</i>), simply known as 'Nabard', and the <a href="/wiki/Worker%27s_Way" title="Worker's Way">Organization of Revolutionary Workers of Iran</a>, also known as 'The Worker's Way' (<i>rāh-e kārgar</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ḥaqšenās-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group <i>Arman</i> was later merged into the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Working-class_Freedom_Fighters" title="Organization of Working-class Freedom Fighters">Organization of Working-class Freedom Fighters</a> (simply known as <i>Razmandegan</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ḥaqšenās-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Abolhassan_Banisadr" title="Abolhassan Banisadr">Abolhassan Banisadr</a>, who was exiled in France at the time, slammed Peykar and labeled them as "fascists" in a tract named <i>monafeqin az didgah-e ma</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">our view of the hypocrites</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian164_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian164-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Movement_of_Iran" title="Freedom Movement of Iran">Freedom Movement of Iran</a> also denounced the faction and paid tribute to Muslim members who were murdered by the Marxists.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian164_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian164-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Left-wing organizations did not endorse the purge done by the Marxist faction. The <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedai_Guerrillas" title="Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas">Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas</a> (which was on friendly terms with the MEK) was very concerned about the issue and <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Ashraf" title="Hamid Ashraf">Hamid Ashraf</a> had strongly reacted against the assassination of Sharif-Vaghefi.<sup id="cite_ref-Vahabzadeh169_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vahabzadeh169-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservative clerics issued a fatwa that prevented Muslims from associating the Marxists, declaring that they are <i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">najis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian164_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian164-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the information compiled by <a href="/wiki/Ervand_Abrahamian" title="Ervand Abrahamian">Ervand Abrahamian</a>, the total number of members who lost their lives was 30, of whom 16 were killed in action while 10 others were executed. One member committed suicide, one was tortured to death and the other two were missing. The members of the rival Muslim faction who lost their lives were 73, more than twice.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organization_of_Struggle_for_the_Emancipation_of_the_Working_Class&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peykar was co-founded by three leading members of MEK Marxist faction, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hossein_Ahmadi-Rouhani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hossein Ahmadi-Rouhani (page does not exist)">Hossein Ahmadi-Rouhani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torab_Haghshenas" title="Torab Haghshenas">Torab Haghshenas</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alireza_Sepasi-Ashtiani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alireza Sepasi-Ashtiani (page does not exist)">Alireza Sepasi-Ashtiani</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ḥaqšenās-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the three who had ousted <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taghi_Shahram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taghi Shahram (page does not exist)">Taghi Shahram</a> from the ranks of the faction.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz72_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz72-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1978, the MEK Marxist faction was in a weak position, both organizationally and theoretically.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz121-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1978, a council of representatives met in order to reorganize the group<sup id="cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ḥaqšenās-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and came to the conclusion that they should abandon <a href="/wiki/Armed_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed struggle">armed struggle</a> and concentrate on agitating the working class against the establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz121-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 December 1978, the triumvirate officially declared existence as the Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class (named after the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Struggle_for_the_Emancipation_of_the_Working_Class" title="League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class">League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class</a> which <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> had founded in 1895). However, some refused to accept the changes and two other groups were established, namely the Group for the Combat for Emancipation of the Working Class and the United Campaign for Fulfillment of Working-class Aspirations, which were small in comparison to Peykar.<sup id="cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ḥaqšenās-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another group whose membership included elements from the MEK's Marxist faction was the <a href="/wiki/Worker%27s_Way" title="Worker's Way">Organization of Revolutionary Workers of Iran – The Worker's Way</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian146_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian146-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> was taking place, Peykar's role in the developments was marginal, because it was relatively small and unprepared for the events to come.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz121-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its activities during the final days to the revolution was limited to some political agitation.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz121-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some small Maoist groups were also merged into Peykar.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of groups joining Peykar was Comrades of Heydar Amu Oqli (<i>Goruh-e Yaran-e Heydar Amu Oqli</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hossein Rouhani was another prominent Peykar member. He ran for <a href="/wiki/Majlis_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis of Iran">Majles</a> candidate in Tehran, and caused a major scandal in 1980 by divulging for the first time secret PMoI negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a>. Ruhani also made Peykar "the first left-wing organization to personally criticize Khomeini", when he called Khomeini a "mediaeval obscurantist" and his regime "reactionary" and "fascistic." Later Ruhani was arrested and imprisoned. In May 1982 he appeared on television as one of the first of numerous opponents of the regime to recant their opposition in what is widely thought to have been the work of prison torture. Ruhani denounced his membership in Peykar, praised "the Imam" Khomeini and proclaimed that he felt freer in prison than "in the outside world."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_revolutionary_years_(1979–1980)"><span id="Early_revolutionary_years_.281979.E2.80.931980.29"></span>Early revolutionary years (1979–1980)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organization_of_Struggle_for_the_Emancipation_of_the_Working_Class&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early revolutionary years (1979–1980)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the immediate aftermath of the revolution, Peykar was able to reorganize freely.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz121-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1979, Peykar organized a "unity conference" in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> with an aim to create a <a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">united front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz122_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz122-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among participants in the conference were the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Working-class_Freedom_Fighters" title="Organization of Working-class Freedom Fighters">Organization of Working-class Freedom Fighters</a>, two other Peykar offshoots who had refused to join it,<sup id="cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ḥaqšenās-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Komala_Party_of_Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan">Komala</a> and the newly-reorganized <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Iranian_Communists_(Sarbedaran)" title="Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran)">Communist League of Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz122_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz122-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of Peykar's policy to place unity under its leadership, no agreement was achieved though it managed to <a href="/wiki/Co-option" title="Co-option">co-opt</a> two small cells without offering full-membership to them.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz122_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz122-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same month, the group started publishing an eponymous official weekly newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/Peykar_(1979_newspaper)" title="Peykar (1979 newspaper)">Peykar</a></i>, which was printed until October 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ḥaqšenās-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peykar supported <a href="/wiki/1979_Kurdish_rebellion_in_Iran" title="1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran">Kurdish rebellion</a> and had a tactical alliance with <a href="/wiki/Komala_Party_of_Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan">Komala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz122_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz122-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It considered the group's Kurdish rival, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan">Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan</a>, a "bourgeois party" and accused it of collusion with the Iranian government.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz123_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz123-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had a mixed view of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedai_Guerrillas" title="Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas">Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas</a> (OIPFG). While accepting the OIPFG as the largest Iranian Marxist group, Peykar criticized it for being made up of the <a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">petite bourgeoisie</a> rather than the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz123_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz123-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the OIPFG schism, Peykar sided with the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedai_Guerrillas_(Minority)" title="Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas (Minority)">Minority faction</a> and became hostile to the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedaian_(Majority)" title="Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian (Majority)">Majority faction</a>, treating the latter like the <a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party_of_Iran" title="Tudeh Party of Iran">Tudeh Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz123_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz123-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> started in September 1980, Peykar launched a propaganda campaign promoting <a href="/wiki/Anti-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war">anti-war</a> views.<sup id="cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ḥaqšenās-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the only Marxist group that did not interpret the Iraqi invasion of Iran as imperialism's preemptive action against Iranian revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, they said it was not a <a href="/wiki/Just_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Just war">just war</a> and encouraged the working class both in Iran and Iraq to unite and fight against anti-revolutionary forces in power.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This position resulted in execution of some Peykar members by the Iranian government.<sup id="cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ḥaqšenās-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_and_dissolution_(1981–1982)"><span id="Conflict_and_dissolution_.281981.E2.80.931982.29"></span>Conflict and dissolution (1981–1982)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organization_of_Struggle_for_the_Emancipation_of_the_Working_Class&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conflict and dissolution (1981–1982)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Internal factionalism, as well as suppression by the Iranian government, led to dissolution of Peykar.<sup id="cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ḥaqšenās-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to preaching secular opposition to the ruling clergy, Peykar became a principal target of suppression by the Iranian government.<sup id="cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ḥaqšenās-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1981, along with the MEK, Peykar was involved in a rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> that threatened <a href="/wiki/Tabriz_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabriz Air Base">Tabriz Air Base</a>. As a security measure two brigades from the <a href="/wiki/28th_Infantry_Division_of_Kordestan" title="28th Infantry Division of Kordestan">28th Division</a> were deployed to the region amidst the war with Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1981, when <a href="/wiki/20_June_1981_Iranian_protests" title="20 June 1981 Iranian protests">MEK unrest</a> happened, the government became determined to suppress Peykar despite the organization not supporting the MEK.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abra151_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abra151-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group adopted more radical slogans against the Iranian government, openly calling for its overthrow.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz123_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz123-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In return, the Iranian government executed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohsen_Fazel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohsen Fazel (page does not exist)">Mohsen Fazel</a>, one of the group's leader experienced in guerilla warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz123_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz123-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fazel had been arrested in January 1981 on his way to Syria to make contact to Palestinians.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_ontruimde_ambassade,_Bestanddeelnr_931-6413.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/De_ontruimde_ambassade%2C_Bestanddeelnr_931-6413.jpg/220px-De_ontruimde_ambassade%2C_Bestanddeelnr_931-6413.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/De_ontruimde_ambassade%2C_Bestanddeelnr_931-6413.jpg/330px-De_ontruimde_ambassade%2C_Bestanddeelnr_931-6413.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/De_ontruimde_ambassade%2C_Bestanddeelnr_931-6413.jpg/440px-De_ontruimde_ambassade%2C_Bestanddeelnr_931-6413.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2436" data-file-height="3664" /></a><figcaption>Iranian diplomatic mission in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, attacked by Peykar on 25 August 1981</figcaption></figure> <p>Later that month, Peykar was split into three factions as a result of internal conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz123_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz123-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One faction was in favor of adopting the new policy of supporting <a href="/wiki/Religious-Nationalists" title="Religious-Nationalists">Islamic liberals</a> who were removed from power (led by Ahmadi-Rouhani and Sepasi-Ashtiani); the other which was unrepresented in the central committed and made a bid for leadership, called itself The Revolutionary Line and accused the leadership of deviation to right-wing; the third faction which had one representative in the central committee called for the previous policies to continue and reshuffle the leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz123_44-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz123-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From August 1981 onwards, Peykar was hit hard by the security forces and two leaders of the group were arrested in February 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz123_44-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz123-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sepasi-Ashtiani died in custody while Ahmadi-Rouhani collaborated with the authorities. The latter not only appeared on television to confess and denounce Peykar, but became a born-again Muslim and collaborated with the government to uproot Peykar.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz123_44-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz123-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahmadi-Rouhani was nonetheless executed and became a "nonperson", while Peykar refused to list him as a martyr.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 April 1982, Peykar assailants attacked Iranian consulate in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, damaged the property and took 6 people inside as hostages. According to <a href="/wiki/MIPT_Terrorism_Knowledge_Base" title="MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base">MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base</a>, the hostage-taking by 18 perpetrators lasted for two hours, and hostages were released unharmed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMIPT_Terrorism_Knowledge_Base_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMIPT_Terrorism_Knowledge_Base-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crackdown of Peykar led many members of the group flee the country, while those who remained inside Iran were imprisoned or executed.<sup id="cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ḥaqšenās-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remnants of the organization, the majority of whom belonged to the new policy faction, joined members of some other minor communist groups to found the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Iran" title="Communist Party of Iran">Communist Party of Iran</a> in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ḥaqšenās-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz124_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz124-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The few members remaining in exile did not succeed in reviving the organization, and it was soon considered defunct by mid-1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ḥaqšenās-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz124_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz124-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A total number of 255 Peykar members were executed between June 1981 and June 1985, according to <i><a href="/wiki/Mojahed_(newspaper)" title="Mojahed (newspaper)">Mojahed</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some members of Peykar who were imprisoned, did not survive <a href="/wiki/1988_executions_of_Iranian_political_prisoners" title="1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners">1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners</a>. Of the incomplete list of 615 victims compiled by the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedaian_(Majority)" title="Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian (Majority)">Majority Fedaian</a>, 3 are recorded as affiliated with Peykar.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization_and_leadership">Organization and leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organization_of_Struggle_for_the_Emancipation_of_the_Working_Class&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Organization and leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Actual membership of Peykar was small while the group did not attempt to recruit new members.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz121-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had thousands of supporters, but the number of members who played a role in leading it was probably between 30 and 50.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz121-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Razoux" title="Pierre Razoux">Pierre Razoux</a> estimates that the group had 3,000 members at peak, mainly scattered through <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iran" title="Northern Iran">North</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The group had a five-member <a href="/wiki/Central_committee" title="Central committee">central committee</a>, of which only two members –<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hossein_Ahmadi-Rouhani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hossein Ahmadi-Rouhani (page does not exist)">Hossein Ahmadi-Rouhani</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alireza_Sepasi-Ashtiani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alireza Sepasi-Ashtiani (page does not exist)">Alireza Sepasi-Ashtiani</a>– are known and the names of the other three was never made public.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz121-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other leading members of the group included <a href="/wiki/Torab_Haghsehnas" class="mw-redirect" title="Torab Haghsehnas">Torab Haghsehnas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pouran_Bazargan" title="Pouran Bazargan">Pouran Bazargan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohsen_Fazel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohsen Fazel (page does not exist)">Mohsen Fazel</a>, Qassem Abedini, Ebrahim Nazari and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morteza_Aladpoush&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morteza Aladpoush (page does not exist)">Morteza Aladpoush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz121-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peykar had an affiliated <a href="/wiki/Student_wing" title="Student wing">student wing</a> named Trailblazing Students Supporting Peykar (<i>Sazman-e Daneshamouzan-e Pishtaz Havadar-e Peykar</i>), as well as a teacher's wing named Organization of Trailblazing Teachers Supporting Peykar (<i>Sazman-e Mo'alleman-e Pishtaz Havadar-e Peykar</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organization_of_Struggle_for_the_Emancipation_of_the_Working_Class&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peykar espoused <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> and from 1979 to 1982, it was considered "the main standard-bearer of <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> in Iran".<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz121-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been also described as having <a href="/wiki/Trotskyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyist">Trotskyist</a> views.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organization was extremely hostile to policies of both the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz121-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it maintained that the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> was the principal enemy of the revolution in Iran, Peykar considered the Soviets an <a href="/wiki/Imminent_threat" class="mw-redirect" title="Imminent threat">imminent threat</a> to Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz121-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They called the Soviet Union a "socialist-imperialist power" and regarded the <a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party_of_Iran" title="Tudeh Party of Iran">Tudeh Party</a> a Soviet "<a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">fifth column</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz121-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only communist state that the group favored was the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">People's Socialist Republic of Albania</a>, which it took as a role model.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrooz121-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Maziar_Behrooz" title="Maziar Behrooz">Maziar Behrooz</a>, the group was "staunchly <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a>–<a href="/wiki/Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoist</a> from its inception" and their understanding of Marxism was "at best, infantile, superficial and shallow" in comparison to the <a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party_of_Iran" title="Tudeh Party of Iran">Tudeh Party of Iran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedai_Guerrillas" title="Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas">Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s essay <i><a href="/wiki/On_Contradiction" title="On Contradiction">On Contradiction</a></i> served as a major influence on the faction.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian163_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian163-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The faction first publicized its positions in late 1975 with a publication named <i>Manifesto of Ideological Positions of Organization of Iranian People's Mojahedin (Marxist-Leninist)</i>. It stated that "in honest efforts to resolve the most basic problems of the revolution, we arrived at the truth of Marxism-Leninism", adding that "In spite of all the innovations that our Organization introduced to religious thought and in spite of all the efforts it made to revive and revitalize its [i.e., Islam's] historical content and upgrade its archaic principles and methods to the latest scientific contributions [to the study] of society".<sup id="cite_ref-Vahabzadeh166_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vahabzadeh166-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The manifesto further explains the reason behind leaving Islam as: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Religion has no answer to the fundamental question 'why should one struggle against oppression?' In fact, an individual can be highly devout and extremely observant of religious precepts, yet remain passive... If you examine carefully the <a href="/wiki/Koran" class="mw-redirect" title="Koran">Koran</a> and the other Islamic texts, you will see that they are somewhat ambiguous on this issue and recommend resistance only in dire situations; i.e. when one has actually been physically expelled from one's town or territory... Thus Islam leaves unanswered the question 'why should I struggle?' Marxism, on the other hand, has no difficulties answering it; for struggle is the essence of <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">dialectical materialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian157_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian157-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership">Membership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organization_of_Struggle_for_the_Emancipation_of_the_Working_Class&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Group members and their future political affiliations (if any) are: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li>Jalil Ahmadian (Peykar)<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian131_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian131-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Morteza Aladpoush (Peykar)<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian131_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian131-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ebrahim Avakh (Worker's Way)<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian131_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian131-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bahman Bazargani (—)<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian131_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian131-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Masoud Esmaeilkhani (—)<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian131_61-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian131-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ebrahim Jowhari (Worker's Way)<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian131_61-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian131-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fathollah Khamenei (—)<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian132_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian132-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mehdi Khosrowshahi (Worker's Way)<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian132_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian132-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mohammad Khansari (Peykar)<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian132_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian132-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hossein Qazi (Worker's Way)<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian132_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian132-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hassan Rahi (—)<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian132_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian132-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mohammad Rahmani (Peykar)<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian132_62-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian132-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mojtaba Taleqani (—)<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian157_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian157-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Vahid Afrakhteh (—; executed in 1976)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li>Kazem Shafiiha (—)<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian133_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian133-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mohammad Shafiiha (Peykar)<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian147_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian147-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Taghi Shahram (Peykar)<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian133_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian133-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Alireza Tashayod (Worker's Way)<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian133_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian133-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Alireza Zomorrodian (Peykar)<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian133_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian133-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hossein Ahmadi-Rouhani (Peykar)<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian146_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian146-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Torab Haqshenas (Peykar)<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian146_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian146-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bahram Aram (—; killed in action)<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian146_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian146-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Puran Bazargan (Peykar)<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian147_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian147-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Alireza Sepasi-Ashtiani (Peykar)<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian147_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian147-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Leila Zomorrodian (—; killed in action in 1976)<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian148_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian148-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sedigheh Rezaei (—; killed in action)<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian148_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian148-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hasan Aladpoush (—; killed in action in 1976)<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian148_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian148-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mahbubeh Motahedin (—; killed in action in 1976)<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian148_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian148-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organization_of_Struggle_for_the_Emancipation_of_the_Working_Class&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span 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section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">سازمان پیکار در راه آزادی طبقه کارگر</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Sâzmân-e peykâr dar râh-e âzâdî-ye tabaqe-ye kârgar</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[sɒːzˈmɒːne<span class="wrap"> </span>pʰejˈkʰɒːɹ<span class="wrap"> </span>d̪ær‿ˈrɒːhe<span class="wrap"> </span>ɒːzɒːˈd̪iːje<span class="wrap"> </span>t̪ʰæbæˈʁeje<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰɒːɹˈɡʲæɹ]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">پيکار</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Peykâr</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[pʰejˈkʰɒːɹ]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Immediately after the revolution, when the Marxist Mojahedin renamed itself Peykar"<sup id="cite_ref-Abra151_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abra151-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organization_of_Struggle_for_the_Emancipation_of_the_Working_Class&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1999">Abrahamian 1999</a>, p. 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisinezhad20188-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReisinezhad20188_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReisinezhad2018">Reisinezhad 2018</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERazoux2015Appendix_E:_Armed_Opposition-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERazoux2015Appendix_E:_Armed_Opposition_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRazoux2015">Razoux 2015</a>, Appendix E: Armed Opposition: "PEYKAR (DISSIDENT MARXIST WING OF THE MUJAHIDIN EKHALQ) Leader Hossein Ruhani (arrested 1982). Maximum strength (from 1980 to 1982): 3,000 fighter equipped with light weapon"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJebnounKiaKirk2013" class="citation book cs1">Jebnoun, Noureddine; Kia, Mehrdad; Kirk, Mimi, eds. (2013). <i>Modern Middle East Authoritarianism: Roots, Ramifications, and Crisis</i>. Routledge. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-00731-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-00731-7"><bdi>978-1-135-00731-7</bdi></a>. <q>In 1975, the Mojahedin split into two factions. One faction denounced Islam and declared its loyalty to Marxism-Leninism through a Maoist interpretation. This faction renamed itself Peykar (Struggle) and emerged as one of the most active leftist revolutionary organizations during the 1979 revolution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Middle+East+Authoritarianism%3A+Roots%2C+Ramifications%2C+and+Crisis&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-00731-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganization+of+Struggle+for+the+Emancipation+of+the+Working+Class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palgrave_Macmillan-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Palgrave_Macmillan_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArash_Reisinezhad2018" class="citation book cs1">Arash Reisinezhad (2018). <i>The Shah of Iran, the Iraqi Kurds, and the Lebanese Shia</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07FBB6L8Y">B07FBB6L8Y</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shah+of+Iran%2C+the+Iraqi+Kurds%2C+and+the+Lebanese+Shia&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB07FBB6L8Y%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.au=Arash+Reisinezhad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganization+of+Struggle+for+the+Emancipation+of+the+Working+Class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ḥaqšenās-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ḥaqšenās_8-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFḤaqšenās2011">Ḥaqšenās 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abra151-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abra151_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abra151_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abra151_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1999">Abrahamian 1999</a>, p. 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooshang_Amirahmadi2019" class="citation book cs1">Hooshang Amirahmadi (2019). <i>Postrevolutionary Iran</i>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XK2bDwAAQBAJ&dq=marxist+mojahedin+peykar&pg=PT42">url</a>. <q>It might be worth noting that Peykar had its origins within the Mojahedin. It once constituted the Marxist wing of the organization.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postrevolutionary+Iran&rft.pages=url&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Hooshang+Amirahmadi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganization+of+Struggle+for+the+Emancipation+of+the+Working+Class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iran at War: 1500-1988 (General Military) by Kaveh Farrokh, page 450|quote="The Marxist branch was to name itself as the Paykar Group following the Iranian revolution"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Democratic Islamic Republic of Iran in Exile The Mojahedin-e Khalq and its Struggle for Survival James A. Piazza|quote="Paykar, the Neo-Marxist splinter group which broke away from the Mojahedin prior to the revolution."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Shah of Iran, the Iraqi Kurds, and the Lebanese Shia By Arash Reisinezhad, page 337|quote="While the remaining primary members of MEK, including Masoud Rajavi, were imprisoned, some of the early members of MEK ... formed a new Marxist organization, later known as Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class or simply Peykar."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan_Hassaniyan2021" class="citation book cs1">Allan Hassaniyan (2021). <i>Kurdish Politics in Iran: Crossborder Interactions and Mobilisation since 1947</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 142. <q>a splinter organization from the People's Mojahedin of Iran (MEK). Peykar was a Marxist-Leninist organisation founded in 1975, and in the post-revolutionary era it moved its activities to Kurdistan</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurdish+Politics+in+Iran%3A+Crossborder+Interactions+and+Mobilisation+since+1947&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Allan+Hassaniyan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganization+of+Struggle+for+the+Emancipation+of+the+Working+Class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrahamian146-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian146_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian146_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian146_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian146_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian146_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian146_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian146_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1989">Abrahamian 1989</a>, p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behrooz71-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz71_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz71_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrooz1999">Behrooz 1999</a>, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vahabzadeh166-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vahabzadeh166_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vahabzadeh166_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vahabzadeh166_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVahabzadeh2010">Vahabzadeh 2010</a>, pp. 166–168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behrooz72-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz72_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz72_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrooz1999">Behrooz 1999</a>, p. 72–73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrahamian164-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian164_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian164_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian164_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian164_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian164_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1989">Abrahamian 1989</a>, p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrahamian145-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian145_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1989">Abrahamian 1989</a>, p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrahamian163-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian163_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian163_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian163_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1989">Abrahamian 1989</a>, p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfshar1985" class="citation book cs1">Afshar, Halehr (1985). <i>Iran A Revolution in Turmoil</i>. Springer. p. 151. <q>The Marxist offshoot from the Sazman-i Mojahedin-i Khalq-i Iran. From 1975 to 1979, this organization was known as the Marxist Mojahedin. After the revolution, it adopted the title of Sazman-i Paykar dar Rah-i Azad-i Tabaqeh-i Kargar (The Fighting Organisation of the Road to Liberating the Working Class). It is now known simply as Kaykar (Battle)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+A+Revolution+in+Turmoil&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Afshar&rft.aufirst=Halehr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganization+of+Struggle+for+the+Emancipation+of+the+Working+Class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPouya_Alimagham2020" class="citation book cs1">Pouya Alimagham (2020). <i>Contesting the Iranian Revolution: The Green Uprisings</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 153. <q>sided with the Marxist faction during the schism that produced two groups - one that stayed true to its original Islamic worldview and the other, the Marxist Mujahedin, which eventually became Paykar</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contesting+the+Iranian+Revolution%3A+The+Green+Uprisings&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Pouya+Alimagham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganization+of+Struggle+for+the+Emancipation+of+the+Working+Class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis_J._Goldberg1993" class="citation book cs1">Ellis J. Goldberg (1993). <i>Rules and Rights in the Middle East: Democracy, Law, and Society</i>. University of Washington Press. p. 213. <q>Converting to Marxism in the mid-1970s, he had led the Mojahedin's Marxist offshoot, which, after the revolution, adopted the name Sazeman-e Paykar dar Rah-e Azadi-ye Tabaqeh-ye Kargar (Combat organization on the road to the emancipation of the working class) - better known as Paykar.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rules+and+Rights+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Democracy%2C+Law%2C+and+Society&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Ellis+J.+Goldberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganization+of+Struggle+for+the+Emancipation+of+the+Working+Class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiro2013" class="citation book cs1">Hiro, Dilip (2013). <i>Iran Under the Ayatollahs (Routledge Revivals)</i>. Routledge. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-04381-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-04381-0"><bdi>978-1-135-04381-0</bdi></a>. <q>Marxist-Leninist Mujahedin. Soon after the revolution it acquired a new name: Sazman-e Paykar dar Rah-e Azadi-e Tabaqah-e Kargar (The Combat Organisation on the Road to the Liberation of the Working Class), commonly known as Paykar, Combat</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+Under+the+Ayatollahs+%28Routledge+Revivals%29&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-04381-0&rft.aulast=Hiro&rft.aufirst=Dilip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganization+of+Struggle+for+the+Emancipation+of+the+Working+Class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shahibzadeh166-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shahibzadeh166_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahibzadeh2019">Shahibzadeh 2019</a>, p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1989146-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian1989146_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1989">Abrahamian 1989</a>, p. 146: "The 1975 conversion of the Mojahedin from Islam to Marxism was not the result of a sudden coup, as some claimed; it was rather the culmination of a slow and painful soul-searching process that lasted more than one year."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSHIREEN_T._HUNTER2014" class="citation book cs1">SHIREEN T. HUNTER (2014). <i>Iran Divided The Historical Roots of Iranian Debates on Identity, Culture, and Governance in the Twenty-First Century</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 78. <q>The Islamic wing of the Mojahedin refused to give up the name, and eventually the Marxist Mojahedin adopted the name Peykar (Struggle)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+Divided+The+Historical+Roots+of+Iranian+Debates+on+Identity%2C+Culture%2C+and+Governance+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.au=SHIREEN+T.+HUNTER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganization+of+Struggle+for+the+Emancipation+of+the+Working+Class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalleh_Ghorashi2014" class="citation book cs1">Halleh Ghorashi (2014). <i>Ways to Survive, Battles to Win: Iranian Women Exiles in the Netherlands and United States</i>. Nova Science Pub Inc. p. 57. <q>However, when the imprisoned cadres faithful to the original orientation of the organization were released after the revolution, the Marxist branch dropped the name Mojahedin-Khalq and chose the new name The Fighting Organization on the Road for the Liberation of the Working Class (Peykar dar Rah-e Azadi-e Tabaghey-e Kargar, hereafter Peykar)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ways+to+Survive%2C+Battles+to+Win%3A+Iranian+Women+Exiles+in+the+Netherlands+and+United+States&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Pub+Inc&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Halleh+Ghorashi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganization+of+Struggle+for+the+Emancipation+of+the+Working+Class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohsen_M_Milani1994" class="citation book cs1">Mohsen M Milani (1994). <i>The Making Of Iran's Islamic Revolution From Monarchy To Islamic Republic</i>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BnhQDwAAQBAJ&dq=marxist+mojahedin+peykar&pg=PT101">url</a>. <q>The Marxist faction staged a coup and purged the non-Marxist elements. In 1978, the Marxist faction renamed itself Peykar and resumed its activities, and the Moslem members recaptured the leadership of the Mojahedin</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+Of+Iran%27s+Islamic+Revolution+From+Monarchy+To+Islamic+Republic&rft.pages=url&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Mohsen+M+Milani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganization+of+Struggle+for+the+Emancipation+of+the+Working+Class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_C._Cloninger2017" class="citation book cs1">Susan C. Cloninger (2017). <i>Understanding Angry Groups: Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Their Motivations and Effects on Society</i>. Praeger. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PiwRDgAAQBAJ&dq=marxist+mojahedin+peykar&pg=PA347">url</a>. <q>The Marxist group was later renamed Sazman-e Peykar dar Rah-e Azadi Tabagheh Kargar or simply Peykar (The Organization for the Liberation of the Working Class), but the Islamic Mojahedin retained the original name.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Angry+Groups%3A+Multidisciplinary+Perspectives+on+Their+Motivations+and+Effects+on+Society&rft.pages=url&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Susan+C.+Cloninger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganization+of+Struggle+for+the+Emancipation+of+the+Working+Class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian198914–148-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrahamian198914–148_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1989">Abrahamian 1989</a>, pp. 14–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Iran Between Two Revolutions</i> by Ervand Abrahamian, Princeton University Press, 1982, p.558|quote="Paykar organization" (Marxist Mujahedin)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParvin_Paidar1995" class="citation book cs1">Parvin Paidar (1995). <i>Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 202. <q>In 1976, the Mojaedin split into two opposing sections. A group of Mojahedin denounced the path of armed struggle and the reference to Islam, and split to set up a secular guerilla organisation by the name of Peykar Khalgh. This split served to strengthen the Islamic identity of the original Mojahedin Khalgh Organisation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+the+Political+Process+in+Twentieth-Century+Iran&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Parvin+Paidar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganization+of+Struggle+for+the+Emancipation+of+the+Working+Class" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vahabzadeh167-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vahabzadeh167_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVahabzadeh2010">Vahabzadeh 2010</a>, p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vahabzadeh169-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vahabzadeh169_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVahabzadeh2010">Vahabzadeh 2010</a>, p. 169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1982">Abrahamian 1982</a>, pp. 480–481<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAbrahamian1982 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behrooz121-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz121_39-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrooz1999">Behrooz 1999</a>, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVahabzadeh2010">Vahabzadeh 2010</a>, p. 173–174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoroujerdiRahimkhani2018">Boroujerdi & Rahimkhani 2018</a>, p. 332</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahamian, Ervand, <i>Tortured Confessions</i>, University of California Press, (1999), p.151-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behrooz122-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz122_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz122_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz122_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz122_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrooz1999">Behrooz 1999</a>, p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behrooz123-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz123_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz123_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz123_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz123_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz123_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz123_44-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz123_44-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz123_44-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz123_44-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrooz1999">Behrooz 1999</a>, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahibzadeh2019">Shahibzadeh 2019</a>, p. 195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahibzadeh2019">Shahibzadeh 2019</a>, p. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRazoux2015">Razoux 2015</a>, p. 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRazoux2015">Razoux 2015</a>, p. 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1999">Abrahamian 1999</a>, p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1999">Abrahamian 1999</a>, p. 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1999">Abrahamian 1999</a>, p. 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMIPT_Terrorism_Knowledge_Base-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMIPT_Terrorism_Knowledge_Base_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMIPT_Terrorism_Knowledge_Base">MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behrooz124-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz124_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behrooz124_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrooz1999">Behrooz 1999</a>, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1999">Abrahamian 1999</a>, p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1999">Abrahamian 1999</a>, p. 216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRazoux2015">Razoux 2015</a>, p. 544</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoroujerdiRahimkhani2018">Boroujerdi & Rahimkhani 2018</a>, p. 337</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZabir2011">Zabir 2011</a>, p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrooz1999">Behrooz 1999</a>, pp. 72–73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrahamian157-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian157_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian157_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1989">Abrahamian 1989</a>, p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrahamian131-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian131_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian131_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian131_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian131_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian131_61-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian131_61-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1989">Abrahamian 1989</a>, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrahamian132-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian132_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian132_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian132_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian132_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian132_62-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian132_62-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1989">Abrahamian 1989</a>, p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoss1978">Moss 1978</a>, p. 241<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMoss1978 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrahamian133-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian133_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian133_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian133_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian133_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1989">Abrahamian 1989</a>, p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrahamian147-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian147_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian147_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian147_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1989">Abrahamian 1989</a>, p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrahamian148-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian148_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian148_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian148_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian148_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbrahamian1989">Abrahamian 1989</a>, p. 148</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organization_of_Struggle_for_the_Emancipation_of_the_Working_Class&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian1989" class="citation cs2">Abrahamian, Ervand (1989), <i>Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin</i>, I.B. Tauris, Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-077-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-077-3"><bdi>978-1-85043-077-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Islam%3A+The+Iranian+Mojahedin&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris%2C+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-077-3&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganization+of+Struggle+for+the+Emancipation+of+the+Working+Class" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian1999" class="citation cs2">Abrahamian, Ervand (1999), <i>Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran</i>, University of California Press, p. 130, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21623-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21623-5"><bdi>978-0-520-21623-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tortured+Confessions%3A+Prisons+and+Public+Recantations+in+Modern+Iran&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21623-5&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=Ervand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganization+of+Struggle+for+the+Emancipation+of+the+Working+Class" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehrooz1999" class="citation cs2">Behrooz, Maziar (1999), <i>Rebels With A Cause: The Failure of the Left in Iran</i>, Bloomsbury Academic, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-381-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-381-1"><bdi>978-1-86064-381-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebels+With+A+Cause%3A+The+Failure+of+the+Left+in+Iran&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-381-1&rft.aulast=Behrooz&rft.aufirst=Maziar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganization+of+Struggle+for+the+Emancipation+of+the+Working+Class" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoroujerdiRahimkhani2018" class="citation cs2">Boroujerdi, Mehrzad; Rahimkhani, Kourosh (2018), <i>Postrevolutionary Iran: A Political Handbook</i>, Syracuse University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5432-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5432-2"><bdi>978-0-8156-5432-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postrevolutionary+Iran%3A+A+Political+Handbook&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-5432-2&rft.aulast=Boroujerdi&rft.aufirst=Mehrzad&rft.au=Rahimkhani%2C+Kourosh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganization+of+Struggle+for+the+Emancipation+of+the+Working+Class" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFḤaqšenās2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ḥaqšenās, Torāb (27 October 2011) [15 December 1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/communism-iii">"COMMUNISM iii. In Persia after 1953"</a>. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Fasc. 1. Vol. VI. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 105–112<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=COMMUNISM+iii.+In+Persia+after+1953&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.series=Fasc.+1&rft.pages=105-112&rft.pub=Bibliotheca+Persica+Press&rft.date=2011-10-27&rft.aulast=%E1%B8%A4aq%C5%A1en%C4%81s&rft.aufirst=Tor%C4%81b&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcommunism-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganization+of+Struggle+for+the+Emancipation+of+the+Working+Class" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMIPT_Terrorism_Knowledge_Base" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131223134023/http://start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198204140006"><i>GTD ID 198204140006</i></a>, MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198204140006">the original</a> on 23 December 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GTD+ID+198204140006&rft.pub=MIPT+Terrorism+Knowledge+Base&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstart.umd.edu%2Fgtd%2Fsearch%2FIncidentSummary.aspx%3Fgtdid%3D198204140006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganization+of+Struggle+for+the+Emancipation+of+the+Working+Class" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRazoux2015" class="citation cs2">Razoux, Pierre (2015), <i>The Iran-Iraq War</i>, translated by Nicholas Elliott, Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-91571-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-91571-8"><bdi>978-0-674-91571-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iran-Iraq+War&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-674-91571-8&rft.aulast=Razoux&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganization+of+Struggle+for+the+Emancipation+of+the+Working+Class" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReisinezhad2018" class="citation cs2">Reisinezhad, Arash (2018), <i>The Shah of Iran, the Iraqi Kurds, and the Lebanese Shia</i>, Palgrave Macmillan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shah+of+Iran%2C+the+Iraqi+Kurds%2C+and+the+Lebanese+Shia&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Reisinezhad&rft.aufirst=Arash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganization+of+Struggle+for+the+Emancipation+of+the+Working+Class" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahibzadeh2019" class="citation cs2">Shahibzadeh, Yadullah (2019), <i>Marxism and Left-Wing Politics in Europe and Iran</i>, Palgrave Macmillan Cham, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-92522-6">10.1007/978-3-319-92522-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-92522-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-92522-6"><bdi>978-3-319-92522-6</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158481376">158481376</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marxism+and+Left-Wing+Politics+in+Europe+and+Iran&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+Cham&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158481376%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-92522-6&rft.isbn=978-3-319-92522-6&rft.aulast=Shahibzadeh&rft.aufirst=Yadullah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganization+of+Struggle+for+the+Emancipation+of+the+Working+Class" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVahabzadeh2010" class="citation cs2">Vahabzadeh, Peyman (2010), <i>Guerrilla Odyssey: Modernization, Secularism, Democracy, and the Fadai Period of National Liberation In Iran, 1971–1979</i>, Syracuse University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5147-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5147-5"><bdi>978-0-8156-5147-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guerrilla+Odyssey%3A+Modernization%2C+Secularism%2C+Democracy%2C+and+the+Fadai+Period+of+National+Liberation+In+Iran%2C+1971%E2%80%931979&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-5147-5&rft.aulast=Vahabzadeh&rft.aufirst=Peyman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganization+of+Struggle+for+the+Emancipation+of+the+Working+Class" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZabir2011" class="citation cs2">Zabir, Sepehr (2011), <i>Iran Since the Revolution (RLE Iran A)</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-61069-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-61069-8"><bdi>978-0-415-61069-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+Since+the+Revolution+%28RLE+Iran+A%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-61069-8&rft.aulast=Zabir&rft.aufirst=Sepehr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganization+of+Struggle+for+the+Emancipation+of+the+Working+Class" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organization_of_Struggle_for_the_Emancipation_of_the_Working_Class&action=edit&section=14" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran_defunct_parties" title="Template:Iran defunct parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran_defunct_parties" title="Template talk:Iran defunct parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran_defunct_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran defunct parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_political_organizations_in_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iran" title="List of political parties in Iran">political organizations in Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics of Iran</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar monarchy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Iran)" title="Social Democratic Party (Iran)">Social Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party_(Persia)" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party (Persia)">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Persia)" title="Democrat Party (Persia)">Democrat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Socialists_Party" title="Moderate Socialists Party">Moderate Socialists Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_and_Progress_Party_(Persia)" title="Union and Progress Party (Persia)">Union and Progress Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Progress_of_Iran" title="Society for the Progress of Iran">Progressives Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Socialist_Party_(Persia)" title="Unified Socialist Party (Persia)">Unified Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Reformers_Party" title="Social Reformers Party">Social Reformers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_Council" title="Learned Council">Learned Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_Party" title="Revival Party">Revival Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformers%27_Party" title="Reformers' Party">Reformers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Iran)" title="Socialist Party (Iran)">Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Persia" title="Communist Party of Persia">Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Communist_League_of_Persia" title="Young Communist League of Persia">Young Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_in_Iran" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Iran">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrat_Hunchakian_Party" title="Social Democrat Hunchakian Party">Social Democrat Hunchakian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Republican_Party_of_Iran" title="Revolutionary Republican Party of Iran">Revolutionary Republican Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Pahlavi monarchy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran-e-No_Party" title="Iran-e-No Party">New Iran Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Iran)" title="Progress Party (Iran)">Progress Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(Iran)" title="Justice Party (Iran)">Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peykar_Party" title="Peykar Party">Peykar Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherland_Party_(Iran)" title="Motherland Party (Iran)">Motherland Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_Party" title="Jungle Party">Jungle Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Party" title="Azure Party">Azure Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(Iran)" title="National Union Party (Iran)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Will_Party" title="National Will Party">National Will Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Democratic_Party" title="Azerbaijani Democratic Party">Azerbaijani Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_of_Iran" title="Democrat Party of Iran">Democrat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_God-Worshipping_Socialists" title="Movement of God-Worshipping Socialists">Movement of God-Worshipping Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_of_Progressive_Parties" title="United Front of Progressive Parties">United Front of Progressive Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Unity_Party" title="Iran Unity Party">Iran Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comrades_Party" title="Comrades Party">Comrades Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_Party" title="Aria Party">Aria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Muslim_Warriors" title="Society of Muslim Warriors">Society of Muslim Warriors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilers_Party_of_the_Iranian_Nation" title="Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation">Toilers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(Iran)" title="Third Force (Iran)">Third Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Iranian_Socialists" title="League of Iranian Socialists">League of Iranian Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Communist_Revolutionaries_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Organization of Communist Revolutionaries (Marxist–Leninist)">Organization of Communist Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Nations_Party" title="Islamic Nations Party">Islamic Nations Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAMA_(political_party)" title="JAMA (political party)">JAMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Communist_Militants" title="Union of Communist Militants">Union of Communist Militants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Iranian_Communists_(Sarbedaran)" title="Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran)">Union of Iranian Communists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedai_Guerrillas" title="Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas">Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Front_(Iran)" title="People's Democratic Front (Iran)">People's Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Working-class_Freedom_Fighters" title="Organization of Working-class Freedom Fighters">Organization of Working-class Freedom Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalists%27_Party" title="Nationalists' Party">Nationalists' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Novin_Party" title="Iran Novin Party">New Iran Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Iran)" title="People's Party (Iran)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians%27_Party" title="Iranians' Party">Iranians' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastakhiz_Party" title="Rastakhiz Party">Rastakhiz Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Islamic_Parties" title="Coalition of Islamic Parties">Coalition of Islamic Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintuple_Coalition" title="Quintuple Coalition">Quintuple Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition_(Iran)" title="Grand coalition (Iran)">Grand coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_the_Cooperation_of_the_People_with_the_President" title="Office for the Cooperation of the People with the President">Office for the Cooperation of the People with the President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym_Group" title="Eponym Group">Eponym Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_People%27s_Republic_Party" title="Muslim People's Republic Party">Muslim People's Republic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Front_(Iran)" title="National Democratic Front (Iran)">National Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Movement_of_Iran" title="Radical Movement of Iran">Radical Movement of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Organization_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="People's Revolutionary Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran">People's Revolutionary Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azadegan_Organization" title="Azadegan Organization">Azadegan Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Iran" title="Front for the Liberation of Iran">Front for the Liberation of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republican_Party" title="Islamic Republican Party">Islamic Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojahedin_of_the_Islamic_Revolution_Organization" title="Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization">Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Oppressed_and_Deprived" title="Coalition of the Oppressed and Deprived">Coalition of the Oppressed and Deprived</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Imam%27s_Line_groups" title="Coalition of Imam's Line groups">Coalition of Imam's Line groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Defence_of_Revolution_Values" title="Association for Defence of Revolution Values">Association for Defence of Revolution Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Reconciliation_Party" title="Islamic Reconciliation Party">Islamic Reconciliation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojahedin_of_the_Islamic_Revolution_of_Iran_Organization" title="Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution of Iran Organization">Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution of Iran Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Iran_Participation_Front" title="Islamic Iran Participation Front">Islamic Iran Participation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker-communist_Party_of_Iran" title="Worker-communist Party of Iran">Worker-communist Party of Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Iranian_political_parties" title="Template:Iranian political parties">Active parties</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1988_executions_of_Iranian_political_prisoners" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1988_executions_of_Iranian_political_prisoners" title="Template:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1988_executions_of_Iranian_political_prisoners" title="Template talk:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1988_executions_of_Iranian_political_prisoners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1988_executions_of_Iranian_political_prisoners" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/1988_executions_of_Iranian_political_prisoners" title="1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners">1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Order</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Raisi" title="Ebrahim Raisi">Ebrahim Raisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Pourmohammadi" title="Mostafa Pourmohammadi">Mostafa Pourmohammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mohammadi_Gilani" title="Mohammad Mohammadi Gilani">Mohammad Mohammadi Gilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majid_Ansari" title="Majid Ansari">Majid Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asadollah_Lajevardi" title="Asadollah Lajevardi">Asadollah Lajevardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alireza_Avayi" title="Alireza Avayi">Alireza Avayi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influential sponsors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Khomeini" title="Ahmad Khomeini">Ahmad Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Rafsanjan%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar Rafsanjanī">Akbar Rafsanjanī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Karim_Mousavi_Ardebili" title="Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili">Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reyshahri" title="Mohammad Reyshahri">Mohammad Reyshahri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Rezaee" title="Mohsen Rezaee">Mohsen Rezaee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussein-Ali_Montazeri" title="Hussein-Ali Montazeri">Hussein-Ali Montazeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadiq_al-Shirazi" title="Sadiq al-Shirazi">Sadiq al-Shirazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related parties and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedaian_(Majority)" title="Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian (Majority)">Organization of Iranian People's Fedaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedaian_Organisation_(Minority)" title="Fedaian Organisation (Minority)">Fedaian Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party_of_Iran" title="Tudeh Party of Iran">Tudeh Party of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker%27s_Way" title="Worker's Way">Worker's Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komalah_(CPI)" title="Komalah (CPI)">Komalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Iran" title="Communist Party of Iran">Communist Party of Iran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buried</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khavaran_cemetery" title="Khavaran cemetery">Khavaran cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_of_Khavaran" title="Mothers of Khavaran">Mothers of Khavaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raheleh_Rahemipour" title="Raheleh Rahemipour">Raheleh Rahemipour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:1988_executions_of_Iranian_political_prisoners" title="Category:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners">Category:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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