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aria-controls="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Signs and symptoms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cognitive_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognitive_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cognitive aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognitive_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavioral_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavioral_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Behavioral aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behavioral_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiological_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiological_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Physiological aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiological_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Social aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comorbidity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comorbidity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Comorbidity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comorbidity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_experiences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_experiences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Social experiences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_experiences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parental_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parental_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Parental influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parental_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Cultural influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Substance-induced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substance-induced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Substance-induced</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substance-induced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Psychological factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diagnosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-DSM-5_diagnostic_criteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DSM-5_diagnostic_criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>DSM-5 diagnostic criteria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DSM-5_diagnostic_criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_situations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_situations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Social situations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_situations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anxiety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anxiety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Anxiety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anxiety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Other causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differential_diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differential_diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Differential diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differential_diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychotherapies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychotherapies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Psychotherapies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychotherapies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Medications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SSRIs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SSRIs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>SSRIs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SSRIs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_drugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_drugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Other drugs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_drugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Social anxiety disorder</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%84%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="اضطراب القلق الاجتماعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اضطراب القلق الاجتماعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiofobiya" title="Sosiofobiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sosiofobiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF" title="সামাজিক উদ্বেগমূলক ব্যাধি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সামাজিক উদ্বেগমূলক ব্যাধি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C4%81-kau_put-an_chi%C3%B2ng-g%C4%81i" title="Siā-kau put-an chiòng-gāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siā-kau put-an chiòng-gāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сацыяфобія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сацыяфобія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сацыяфобія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сацыяфобія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B2bia_social" title="Fòbia social – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fòbia social" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_fobie" title="Sociální fobie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sociální fobie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhwylder_gorbryder_cymdeithasol" title="Anhwylder gorbryder cymdeithasol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Anhwylder gorbryder cymdeithasol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialfobi" title="Socialfobi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Socialfobi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soziale_Phobie" title="Soziale Phobie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Soziale Phobie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotsiaalfoobia" title="Sotsiaalfoobia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sotsiaalfoobia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastorno_de_ansiedad_social" title="Trastorno de ansiedad social – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Trastorno de ansiedad social" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socia_anksia_perturbo" title="Socia anksia perturbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Socia anksia perturbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosial_angist" title="Sosial angist – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sosial angist" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobie_sociale" title="Phobie sociale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phobie sociale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fobia_social" title="Fobia social – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fobia social" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C_%EA%B3%B5%ED%8F%AC%EC%A6%9D" title="사회 공포증 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사회 공포증" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%86%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սոցիոֆոբիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոցիոֆոբիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="सामाजिक दुर्भीति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सामाजिक दुर्भीति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijalni_anksiozni_poreme%C4%87aj" title="Socijalni anksiozni poremećaj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Socijalni anksiozni poremećaj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangguan_kecemasan_sosial" title="Gangguan kecemasan sosial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gangguan kecemasan sosial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fobia_sociale" title="Fobia sociale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fobia sociale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="חרדה חברתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חרדה חברתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социофобия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Социофобия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C4%81l%C4%81_fobija" title="Sociālā fobija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sociālā fobija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociofobija" title="Sociofobija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sociofobija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fobia_sosial" title="Fobia sosial – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Fobia sosial" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szoci%C3%A1lis_f%C3%B3bia" title="Szociális fóbia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szociális fóbia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Социјална фобија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Социјална фобија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociale_angststoornis" title="Sociale angststoornis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sociale angststoornis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%A4%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%89%E9%9A%9C%E5%AE%B3" title="社交不安障害 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="社交不安障害" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosial_fobi" title="Sosial fobi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sosial fobi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%97_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97" title="ସାମାଜିକ ଉଦବେଗ ରୋଗ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସାମାଜିକ ଉଦବେଗ ରୋଗ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fobia_spo%C5%82eczna" title="Fobia społeczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fobia społeczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transtorno_de_ansiedade_social" title="Transtorno de ansiedade social – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transtorno de ansiedade social" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fobie_social%C4%83" title="Fobie socială – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fobie socială" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социофобия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социофобия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87rregullimi_i_ankthit_shoq%C3%ABror" title="Çrregullimi i ankthit shoqëror – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çrregullimi i ankthit shoqëror" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Social anxiety disorder" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A1lna_f%C3%B3bia" title="Sociálna fóbia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sociálna fóbia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialna_anksiozna_motnja" title="Socialna anksiozna motnja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Socialna anksiozna motnja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spo%C5%82eczn%C5%8F_fobij%C5%8F" title="Społecznŏ fobijŏ – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Społecznŏ fobijŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B4%DB%8E%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DA%B5%DB%95%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8E%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="پەشێویی دڵەڕاوکێی کۆمەڵایەتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەشێویی دڵەڕاوکێی کۆمەڵایەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Социјална фобија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Социјална фобија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijalna_fobija" title="Socijalna fobija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Socijalna fobija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiaalisten_tilanteiden_pelko" title="Sosiaalisten tilanteiden pelko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sosiaalisten tilanteiden pelko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_fobi" title="Social fobi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Social fobi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diperensiya_ng_pagkabalisa_sa_pakikisalamuha" title="Diperensiya ng pagkabalisa sa pakikisalamuha – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Diperensiya ng pagkabalisa sa pakikisalamuha" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1" title="โรคกลัวการเข้าสังคม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรคกลัวการเข้าสังคม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyal_anksiyete_bozuklu%C4%9Fu" title="Sosyal anksiyete bozukluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sosyal anksiyete bozukluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Соціофобія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соціофобія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="سماجی اضطراب کی خرابی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سماجی اضطراب کی خرابی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_ch%E1%BB%A9ng_s%E1%BB%A3_x%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i" title="Hội chứng sợ xã hội – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hội chứng sợ xã hội" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2" title="סאציעלע פאביע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סאציעלע פאביע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%A4%E6%81%90%E6%87%BC%E7%97%87" title="社交恐懼症 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="社交恐懼症" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q281928#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Anxiety disorder associated with social situations</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the disorder. For the emotion, see <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">Social anxiety</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Social anxiety disorder</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Social phobia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">Social isolation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hypervigilance" title="Hypervigilance">Hypervigilance</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">Typically during <a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">adolescence</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Genetic factors</li><li>Preexisting mental disorder</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidepressant medication">Antidepressant medication</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepines" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepines">Benzodiazepines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a></li></ul></div> <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">7% (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 36% (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-jefferies_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jefferies-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20220801_Introversion_-_Shyness_-_Social_anxiety_disorder_-_comparative_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/20220801_Introversion_-_Shyness_-_Social_anxiety_disorder_-_comparative_chart.svg/500px-20220801_Introversion_-_Shyness_-_Social_anxiety_disorder_-_comparative_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/20220801_Introversion_-_Shyness_-_Social_anxiety_disorder_-_comparative_chart.svg/960px-20220801_Introversion_-_Shyness_-_Social_anxiety_disorder_-_comparative_chart.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>Social anxiety disorder is distinct from the personality traits of <a href="/wiki/Extraversion_and_introversion" title="Extraversion and introversion">introversion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">shyness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Social anxiety disorder</b> (<b>SAD</b>), also known as <b>social phobia</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorder</a> characterized by sentiments of <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> in social situations, causing considerable <a href="/wiki/Mental_distress" title="Mental distress">distress</a> and impairing ability to function in at least some aspects of daily life.<sup id="cite_ref-NICE2025_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NICE2025-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rose_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nimh_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nimh-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These fears can be triggered by perceived or actual scrutiny from others. Individuals with social anxiety disorder fear negative evaluations from other people. </p><p>Physical symptoms often include excessive <a href="/wiki/Blushing" title="Blushing">blushing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperhidrosis" title="Hyperhidrosis">excessive sweating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">trembling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palpitations" title="Palpitations">palpitations</a>, rapid heartbeat, muscle tension, shortness of breath, and <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mayo_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Panic_attack" title="Panic attack">Panic attacks</a> can also occur under intense fear and discomfort. Some affected individuals may use <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">drugs</a> to reduce fears and inhibitions at social events. It is common for those with social phobia to <a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">self-medicate</a> in this fashion, especially if they are undiagnosed, untreated, or both; this can lead to <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol use disorder">alcohol use disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Eating disorders">eating disorders</a> or other kinds of <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use disorders</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a> guidelines, the main diagnostic criteria of social phobia are fear of being the focus of attention, or fear of behaving in a way that will be embarrassing or humiliating, avoidance and anxiety symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-who.int_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who.int-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standardized rating scales can be used to screen for social anxiety disorder and measure the severity of anxiety. </p><p>The first line of treatment for social anxiety disorder is <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a> (CBT).<sup id="cite_ref-NICE2025_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NICE2025-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rose_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pilling2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pilling2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CBT is effective in treating this disorder, whether delivered individually or in a group setting.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cognitive and behavioral components seek to change thought patterns and physical reactions to anxiety-inducing situations. </p><p>The attention given to social anxiety disorder has significantly increased since 1999 with the approval and marketing of drugs for its treatment. <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prescription drugs">Prescribed medications</a> include several classes of <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a>: <a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors">selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</a> (SSRIs), <a href="/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors</a> (SNRIs), and <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitors">monoamine oxidase inhibitors</a> (MAOIs).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other commonly used medications include <a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">beta blockers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>. Medications such as SSRIs are effective for social phobia, such as <a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">paroxetine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rose_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Liebowitz_235–249_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liebowitz_235–249-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Literary descriptions of <a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">shyness</a> can be traced back to the days of <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> around 400 B.C. Hippocrates described someone who "through bashfulness, suspicion, and timorousness, will not be seen abroad; loves darkness as life and cannot endure the light or to sit in lightsome places; his hat still in his eyes, he will neither see, nor be seen by his good will. He dare not come in company for fear he should be misused, disgraced, overshoot himself in gesture or speeches, or be sick; he thinks every man observes him."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first mention of the psychiatric term "social phobia" (<i>phobie des situations sociales</i>) was made in the early 1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-Janet_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janet-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychologists used the term "social neurosis" to describe extremely shy patients in the 1930s. After extensive work by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wolpe" title="Joseph Wolpe">Joseph Wolpe</a> on <a href="/wiki/Systematic_desensitization" title="Systematic desensitization">systematic desensitization</a>, research on phobias and their treatment grew. The idea that social phobia was a separate entity from other phobias came from the British psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Marks" title="Isaac Marks">Isaac Marks</a> in the 1960s. This was accepted by the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a> and was first officially included in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a call to action by psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Liebowitz" title="Michael Liebowitz">Michael Liebowitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical psychologist">clinical psychologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Heimberg" title="Richard Heimberg">Richard Heimberg</a>, there was an increase in attention to and research on the disorder. The DSM-IV gave social phobia the alternative name "social anxiety disorder". Research on the psychology and sociology of everyday social anxiety continued. Cognitive behavioural models and therapies were developed for social anxiety disorder. In the 1990s, paroxetine became the first prescription drug in the US approved to treat social anxiety disorder, with others following. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 10th version of the <a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Diseases" title="International Classification of Diseases">International Classification of Diseases</a> (<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a>) classifies social anxiety as a <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abnormal_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Abnormal behavior">behavioral</a> <a href="/wiki/Disorder_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Disorder (medicine)">disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognitive_aspects">Cognitive aspects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cognitive aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_model" title="Cognitive model">cognitive models</a> of social anxiety disorder, those with social phobias experience <a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">dread</a> over how they will present to others.<sup id="cite_ref-nimh_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nimh-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may feel overly <a href="/wiki/Self-conscious" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-conscious">self-conscious</a>, pay high self-attention after the activity, or have high performance standards for themselves. According to the <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychology</a> theory of <a href="/wiki/Impression_management" title="Impression management">self-presentation</a>, an affected person attempts to create a well-mannered impression towards others but believes they are unable to do so. Many times, before the potentially anxiety-provoking social situation, they may deliberately review what could go wrong and how to deal with each unexpected case. After the event, they may have the <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a> that they performed unsatisfactorily. Consequently, they will perceive anything that may have possibly been abnormal as embarrassing. These <a href="/wiki/Automatic_Negative_Thoughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic Negative Thoughts">thoughts</a> may extend for weeks or longer. <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_distortion" title="Cognitive distortion">Cognitive distortions</a> are a hallmark and are learned about in CBT (cognitive-behavioral therapy). Thoughts are often self-defeating and inaccurate. Those with social phobia tend to interpret neutral or <a href="/wiki/Ambiguous" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambiguous">ambiguous</a> conversations with a negative outlook and many studies suggest that socially anxious individuals remember more negative memories than those less distressed.<sup id="cite_ref-rose_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nimh_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nimh-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behavioral_aspects">Behavioral aspects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Behavioral aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social anxiety disorder is a persistent fear of one or more situations in which the person is exposed to possible scrutiny by others and fears that they may do something or act in a way that will be humiliating or embarrassing.<sup id="cite_ref-rose_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nimh_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nimh-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It exceeds normal "shyness" as it leads to excessive social avoidance and substantial social or occupational impairment.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those who have social anxiety disorder fear being judged by others in society. In particular, individuals with social anxiety are nervous in the presence of people with authority and feel uncomfortable during physical examinations.<sup id="cite_ref-Schneier_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schneier-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People who have this disorder may behave a certain way or say something and then feel embarrassed or humiliated after. As a result, they often choose to isolate themselves from society to avoid such situations. They may also feel uncomfortable meeting people they do not know and act distant when they are with large groups of people. In some cases, they may show evidence of this disorder by avoiding eye contact, or <a href="/wiki/Blushing" title="Blushing">blushing</a> when someone is talking to them.<sup id="cite_ref-Schneier_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schneier-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physiological_aspects">Physiological aspects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Physiological aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Physiological effects may include excessive <a href="/wiki/Sweat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweat">sweating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Difficulty_breathing" class="mw-redirect" title="Difficulty breathing">difficulty breathing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shivering" title="Shivering">shaking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palpitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Palpitation">palpitations</a>, and increased <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rose_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nimh_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nimh-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_aspects">Social aspects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Social aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People with SAD avoid situations that most people consider normal. People with SAD avoid all or most social situations and hide from others, which can affect their personal relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-rose_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nimh_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nimh-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mayo_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social phobia can completely remove people from social situations due to the irrational fear of these situations. People with SAD may be addicted to social media networks, have <a href="/wiki/Sleep_deprivation" title="Sleep deprivation">sleep deprivation</a>, and feel good when they avoid human interactions.<sup id="cite_ref-mayo_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SAD can also lead to low <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>, negative thoughts, <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a>, sensitivity to criticism, and poor social skills that do not improve.<sup id="cite_ref-mayo_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People with SAD experience anxiety in a variety of social situations, from important, meaningful encounters to common situations. These people may feel more nervous in job interviews, dates, interactions with authority, or at work.<sup id="cite_ref-rose_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nimh_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nimh-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mayo_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comorbidity">Comorbidity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Comorbidity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SAD shows a high degree of <a href="/wiki/Comorbidity" title="Comorbidity">co-occurrence</a> with psychiatric disorders. In fact, a population-based study found that 66% of those with SAD had one or more additional mental health disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SAD often occurs alongside low self-esteem and most commonly <a href="/wiki/Clinical_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical depression">clinical depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinical depression is 1.49 to 3.5 times more likely to occur in those with SAD.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bittner_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bittner-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fuetsch_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuetsch-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research also indicates that the presence of certain social fears (e.g., avoidance of participating in small groups, avoidance of going to a party) are more likely to trigger comorbid depressive symptoms than other social fears.<sup id="cite_ref-rose_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety disorders</a> other than SAD are also common in people with SAD, in particular <a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">generalized anxiety disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Avoidant_personality_disorder" title="Avoidant personality disorder">Avoidant personality disorder</a> is likewise highly correlated with SAD, with comorbidity rates ranging from 25% to 89%.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To try to reduce their anxiety and alleviate depression, people with social phobia may use alcohol or other drugs, which can lead to <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use disorders</a>. It is estimated that one-fifth of people with social anxiety disorder also have <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol use disorder">alcohol use disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some research suggests SAD is unrelated to, or even protective against alcohol-related problems.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who have both alcohol use disorder and social anxiety disorder are more likely to avoid group-based treatments and to relapse compared to people who do not have this combination.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research into the causes of social anxiety and social phobia is wide-ranging, encompassing multiple perspectives from <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>. Scientists have yet to pinpoint the exact <a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">causes</a>. Studies suggest that genetics can play a part in combination with environmental factors. Social phobia is not caused by other mental disorders or substance use.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, social anxiety begins at a specific point in an individual's life. This will develop over time as the person struggles to recover. Eventually, mild social awkwardness can develop into symptoms of social anxiety or phobia. Passive social media usage may cause social anxiety in some people.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been shown that there is a two to a threefold greater risk of having social phobia if a first-degree relative also has the disorder. This could be due to <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> and/or due to children acquiring social fears and avoidance through processes of <a href="/wiki/Observational_learning" title="Observational learning">observational learning</a> or parental <a href="/wiki/Psychosocial" title="Psychosocial">psychosocial</a> education. Studies of <a href="/wiki/Identical_twins" class="mw-redirect" title="Identical twins">identical twins</a> brought up (via <a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adoption</a>) in different families have indicated that, if one twin developed social anxiety disorder, then the other was between 30 percent and 50 percent more likely than average to also develop the disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To some extent, this "heritability" may not be specific – for example, studies have found that if a parent has any kind of anxiety disorder or clinical depression, then a child is somewhat more likely to develop an anxiety disorder or social phobia.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies suggest that parents of those with social anxiety disorder tend to be more <a href="/wiki/Solitude" title="Solitude">socially isolated</a> themselves,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and shyness in adoptive parents is significantly correlated with shyness in adopted children.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Growing up with overprotective and hypercritical parents has also been associated with social anxiety disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-Schneier_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schneier-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adolescents who were rated as having an <a href="/wiki/Emotional_insecurity" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional insecurity">insecure</a> (anxious-ambivalent) attachment with their mother as infants were twice as likely to develop anxiety disorders by late adolescence, including social phobia.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A related line of research has investigated '<a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kagan#Temperament" title="Jerome Kagan">behavioural inhibition</a>' in infants – early signs of an inhibited and introspective or fearful nature. Studies have shown that around 10–15 percent of individuals show this early temperament, which appears to be partly due to genetics. Some continue to show this trait into adolescence and adulthood and appear to be more likely to develop a social anxiety disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_experiences">Social experiences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Social experiences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A previous negative social experience can be a trigger to social phobia,<sup id="cite_ref-sa-causes_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa-causes-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sa-causes2_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa-causes2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps particularly for individuals high in "<a href="/wiki/Interpersonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpersonal">interpersonal</a> sensitivity". For around half of those diagnosed with social anxiety disorder, a specific <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">traumatic</a> or humiliating social event appears to be associated with the onset or worsening of the disorder;<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this kind of event appears to be particularly related to <a href="/wiki/Specific_social_phobia" title="Specific social phobia">specific social phobia</a>, for example, regarding public speaking.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As well as direct experiences, observing or hearing about the socially negative experiences of others (e.g. a faux pas committed by someone), or verbal warnings of social problems and dangers, may also make the development of a social anxiety disorder more likely.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social anxiety disorder may be caused by the longer-term effects of not fitting in, or being <a href="/wiki/Bullied" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullied">bullied</a>, rejected, or ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shy adolescents or <a href="/wiki/Avoidant" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoidant">avoidant</a> adults have emphasized unpleasant experiences with peers<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or childhood bullying or <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one study, popularity was found to be negatively correlated with social anxiety, and children who were neglected by their peers reported higher social anxiety and <a href="/wiki/Fear_of_negative_evaluation" title="Fear of negative evaluation">fear of negative evaluation</a> than other categories of children.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Socially phobic children appear less likely to receive positive reactions from peers,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and anxious or inhibited children may isolate themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parental_influences">Parental influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Parental influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different parenting styles can also contribute to the development of Social Anxiety disorder. The common negative parenting styles, such as overcontrol and criticism can be detrimental for a child to be able to overcome difficult situations. More aggressive and harsh parenting styles that include both verbal abuse and physical punishment are linked with an insecure attachment and risk for Social Anxiety Disorder. On the contrary, positive parenting that fosters a more supportive and warm environment for the child is correlated to a decreased risk of developing this disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the biological level as well, there is strong evidence that states how children from parents with Social Anxiety Disorder have significantly increased risk to the disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_influences">Cultural influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cultural influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural">Cultural</a> factors that have been related to social anxiety disorder include a society's attitude towards shyness and avoidance, affecting the ability to form <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">relationships</a> or access employment or education, and <a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">shame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study found that the effects of parenting are different depending on the culture: American children appear more likely to develop social anxiety disorder if their parents emphasize the importance of others' opinions and use shame as a disciplinary strategy,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but this association was not found for Chinese/Chinese-American children. In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, research has indicated that shy-inhibited children are more accepted than their <a href="/wiki/Peer_group" title="Peer group">peers</a> and more likely to be considered for leadership and considered competent, in contrast to the findings in Western countries.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Purely <a href="/wiki/Demographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic">demographic</a> variables may also play a role. </p><p>Problems in developing social skills, or '<a href="/wiki/Social_fluency" title="Social fluency">social fluency</a>', may be a cause of some social anxiety disorder, through either inability or lack of <a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">confidence</a> to interact socially and gain positive reactions and acceptance from others. The studies have been mixed, however, with some studies not finding significant problems in social skills<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others have.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What does seem clear is that the socially anxious perceive their own social skills to be low.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be that the increasing need for sophisticated social skills in forming relationships or careers, and an emphasis on assertiveness and competitiveness, is making social anxiety problems more common, at least among the '<a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle classes</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10713800_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10713800-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An interpersonal or media emphasis on 'normal' or 'attractive' personal characteristics has also been argued to fuel <a href="/wiki/Perfectionism_(psychology)" title="Perfectionism (psychology)">perfectionism</a> and feelings of inferiority or insecurity regarding negative evaluation from others. The need for social acceptance or social standing has been elaborated in other lines of research relating to social anxiety.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substance-induced">Substance-induced</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Substance-induced"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> initially relieves social phobia, excessive alcohol misuse can worsen social phobia symptoms and cause panic disorder to develop or worsen during alcohol intoxication and especially during <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Alcohol withdrawal syndrome">alcohol withdrawal syndrome</a>. This effect is not unique to alcohol but can also occur with long-term use of drugs that have a similar mechanism of action to alcohol such as the <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepines" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepines">benzodiazepines</a> which are sometimes prescribed as tranquillisers.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benzodiazepines possess anti-anxiety properties and can be useful for the short-term treatment of severe anxiety. Like the anticonvulsants, they tend to be mild and well-tolerated, although there is a risk of habit-forming. Benzodiazepines are usually administered orally for the treatment of anxiety; however, occasionally lorazepam or diazepam may be given intravenously for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Panic_attack" title="Panic attack">panic attacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The World Council of Anxiety does not recommend benzodiazepines for the long-term treatment of anxiety due to a range of problems associated with long-term use including <a href="/wiki/Drug_tolerance" title="Drug tolerance">tolerance</a>, psychomotor impairment, cognitive and memory impairments, <a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">physical dependence</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome">benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome</a> upon discontinuation of benzodiazepines.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite increasing focus on the use of antidepressants and other agents for the treatment of anxiety, benzodiazepines have remained a mainstay of anxiolytic pharmacotherapy due to their robust efficacy, rapid onset of therapeutic effect, and generally favorable side effect profile.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15762816_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15762816-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatment patterns for psychotropic drugs appear to have remained stable over the past decade, with benzodiazepines being the most commonly used medication for panic disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12900305_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12900305-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many people who are addicted to alcohol or prescribed benzodiazepines when it is explained to them they have a choice between ongoing ill mental health or quitting and recovering from their symptoms decide on quitting alcohol or their benzodiazepines.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen1995_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen1995-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symptoms may temporarily worsen however, during alcohol withdrawal or benzodiazepine withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen1995_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen1995-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological_factors">Psychological factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Psychological factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research has indicated the role of 'core' or 'unconditional' negative <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">beliefs</a> (e.g. "I am inept") and 'conditional' beliefs nearer to the surface (e.g. "If I show myself, I will be rejected"). They are thought to develop based on <a href="/wiki/Personality" title="Personality">personality</a> and adverse experiences and to be activated when the person feels under threat.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent research has also highlighted that conditional beliefs may also be at play (e.g., "If people see I'm anxious, they'll think that I'm weak").<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A secondary factor is <a href="/wiki/Self-concealment" title="Self-concealment">self-concealment</a> which involves concealing the expression of one's anxiety or its underlying beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One line of work has focused more specifically on the key role of <a href="/wiki/Impression_management" title="Impression management">self-presentational</a> concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting anxiety states are seen as interfering with social performance and the ability to concentrate on interaction, which in turn creates more social problems, which strengthens the negative <a href="/wiki/Model_(abstract)" class="mw-redirect" title="Model (abstract)">schema</a>. Also highlighted has been a high focus on and <a href="/wiki/Worry" title="Worry">worry</a> about anxiety symptoms themselves and how they might appear to others.<sup id="cite_ref-clark&wells_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark&wells-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar model<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9256517_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9256517-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> emphasizes the development of a distorted mental representation of the self and overestimates of the likelihood and consequences of negative evaluation, and of the performance standards that others have. Such cognitive-behavioral models consider the role of negatively biased memories of the past and the processes of <a href="/wiki/Rumination_(psychology)" title="Rumination (psychology)">rumination</a> after an event, and fearful <a href="/wiki/Anticipation_(emotion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticipation (emotion)">anticipation</a> before it. </p><p>Studies have also highlighted the role of subtle <a href="/wiki/Avoidance_coping" title="Avoidance coping">avoidance</a> and defensive factors, and shown how attempts to avoid feared negative evaluations or use of "safety behaviors"<sup id="cite_ref-clark&wells_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark&wells-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can make social interaction more difficult and the anxiety worse in the long run.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work has been influential in the development of cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder, which has been shown to have efficacy.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a> defines social phobia as fear of scrutiny by other people leading to avoidance of social situations. The anxiety symptoms may present as a complaint of blushing, hand tremor, nausea, or urgency of urination. Symptoms may progress to panic attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-who.int_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who.int-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Standardized rating scales such as the <a href="/wiki/Social_Phobia_Inventory" title="Social Phobia Inventory">Social Phobia Inventory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Phobia_and_Anxiety_Inventory-Brief_form" title="Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory-Brief form">SPAI-B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liebowitz_Social_Anxiety_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale">Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Interaction_Anxiety_Scale" title="Social Interaction Anxiety Scale">Social Interaction Anxiety Scale</a> can be used to screen for social anxiety disorder and measure the severity of anxiety.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DSM-5_diagnostic_criteria">DSM-5 diagnostic criteria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: DSM-5 diagnostic criteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the DSM defines social anxiety disorder as an intense fear or anxiety of social situations, it makes clear a distinction to separate social anxiety disorder from simply social anxiety or social fear.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_situations">Social situations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Social situations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The anxiety must occur in a social setting under circumstances that are conducive to the possible scrutiny of others. <ul><li><i>For children, the DSM-5 notes that the anxiety must be in a setting with other children and not with adults.</i></li></ul></li> <li>Social situations induce and are avoided due to the intense feelings of anxiety or fear.</li> <li>Social situations must be the cause of anxiety or fear.</li></ul> <p>The DSM-5 notes that for social anxiety disorder, the fear must be attributed or correlated to social situations and not another condition.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anxiety">Anxiety</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Anxiety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The fear or anxiety is out of reasonable proportion to the context of the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The fear or anxiety affects an individual for an abnormally long time – 6 months or more.</li> <li>There is a significant negative impact on an individual's life due to fear or anxiety in a social, professional, or other life event.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>To determine a reasonable proportion, an individual’s sociocultural situation is assessed. Different cultures have individual criteria for determining a reasonable fear to a learned behavior for a particular social situation. Criteria for anxiety assess whether a fear has a significant impact on social, professional, or other life function.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_83-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_causes">Other causes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Condition is not a psychological effect induced by a substance (e.g., drugs, alcohol or other medication).</li> <li>Condition is not a psychological effect induced by another medical condition.</li> <li>Condition is not a psychological effect induced by another mental disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_83-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Performance">Performance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fear is limited to only public speaking or public performing<sup id="cite_ref-:2_83-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The DSM-5 notes that performance only type of social anxiety disorder (a subset specific version of this disorder) often affects individual’s professional lives of those involved with public speaking or public performing. These fears can arise in settings other than just an individual’s professional life but are limited to only public social performance situations.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_83-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differential_diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Differential diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The DSM-IV criteria stated that an individual cannot receive a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder if existing symptoms are better diagnosed by one of the <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum disorders">autism spectrum disorders</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Joshi_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joshi-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social anxiety disorder is often linked to <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD), leading to an assumption of a shared <a href="/wiki/Cyclothymia" title="Cyclothymia">cyclothymic</a>-anxious-sensitive disposition.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The co-occurrence of ADHD and social phobia is common, especially when <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_disengagement_syndrome" title="Cognitive disengagement syndrome">cognitive disengagement syndrome</a> is present.<sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1177/1087054706286698_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1177/1087054706286698-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychotherapies">Psychotherapies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Psychotherapies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first-line treatment for social anxiety disorder is <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a> (CBT), with medications such as <a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</a> (SSRIs) used for those who decline CBT.<sup id="cite_ref-NICE2025_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NICE2025-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rose_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combining CBT with escitalopram (a type of SSRI) is effective in treating social anxiety symptoms<sup id="cite_ref-rose_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Self-help based on principles of CBT is a second-line treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-NICE2025_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NICE2025-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is some emerging evidence for the use of <a href="/wiki/Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy" title="Acceptance and commitment therapy">acceptance and commitment therapy</a> (ACT) in the treatment of social anxiety disorder. ACT is considered an offshoot of traditional CBT and emphasizes accepting unpleasant symptoms rather than fighting against them, as well as <a href="/wiki/Psychological_flexibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological flexibility">psychological flexibility</a> – the ability to adapt to changing situational demands, to shift one's perspective, and to balance competing desires.<sup id="cite_ref-doi10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.001_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.001-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ACT may be useful as a second line treatment for this disorder in situations where CBT is ineffective or refused.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some studies have suggested social skills training can help with social anxiety.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of social skills that may be modified for social anxiety disorder include initiating conversations, establishing friendships, interacting with members of the preferred sex, constructing a speech, and assertiveness skills.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is not clear whether specific social skills techniques and training are required, rather than just support with general social functioning and exposure to social situations.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social anxiety disorder may predict subsequent development of other psychiatric disorders, such as depression.<sup id="cite_ref-rose_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nimh_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nimh-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social anxiety disorder remains under-recognized in <a href="/wiki/Primary_care" title="Primary care">primary care</a> practice, with people presenting for treatment only after the onset of <a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">complications</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Clinical_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical depression">clinical depression</a> or substance use disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medications">Medications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Medications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A comparison of the treatment effects on social anxiety disorder showed that using a medication is faster, while CBT is longer-lasting.<sup id="cite_ref-rose_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using antidepressants for treating social anxiety disorder is typically not as effective as using CBT.<sup id="cite_ref-NICE2025_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NICE2025-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SSRIs">SSRIs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: SSRIs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), a class of antidepressants, are the first choice of medication for generalized social phobia but a second-line treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-NICE2025_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NICE2025-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rose_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to older forms of medication, there is less risk of tolerability and drug dependency associated with SSRIs.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paroxetine and paroxetine CR, <a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">sertraline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">escitalopram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">venlafaxine</a> XR and <a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">fluvoxamine</a> CR (Luvox CR) are all approved and effective for treating social anxiety disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-rose_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Liebowitz_235–249_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liebowitz_235–249-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverse effect (medicine)">side-effects</a> are common during the first weeks while the body adjusts to SSRI drugs. Symptoms may include <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a> and changes in sexual behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_drugs">Other drugs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other drugs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other prescription drugs are also used, if other methods are not effective. Before the introduction of SSRIs, <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitor">monoamine oxidase inhibitors</a> (MAOIs) such as <a href="/wiki/Phenelzine" title="Phenelzine">phenelzine</a> were frequently used in the treatment of social anxiety.<sup id="cite_ref-NICE2025_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NICE2025-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence continues to indicate that MAOIs are effective in the treatment and management of social anxiety disorder and they are still used, but generally only as a last resort medication, owing to concerns about dietary restrictions, possible adverse drug interactions and a recommendation of multiple doses per day.<sup id="cite_ref-NICE2025_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NICE2025-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid26917855_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26917855-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RIMAs have been found to be less efficacious for social anxiety disorder than irreversible MAOIs like phenelzine.<sup id="cite_ref-Liebowitz_235–249_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liebowitz_235–249-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some people with a form of social phobia called performance phobia have been helped by <a href="/wiki/Beta-blocker" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-blocker">beta-blockers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">propranolol</a>, commonly used to control high blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-rose_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a>, antidepressants called 'tricyclics', <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotic</a> drugs, and <a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum" title="Hypericum perforatum">St. John's wort</a> should not be used.<sup id="cite_ref-NICE2025_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NICE2025-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th align="left">Country </th> <th align="left">Prevalence </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">United States </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2–7%<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">England </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.4% (children)<sup id="cite_ref-statistics1_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics1-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Scotland </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.8% (children)<sup id="cite_ref-statistics1_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics1-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Wales </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.6% <p>(children)<sup id="cite_ref-statistics1_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics1-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Australia </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1–2.7%<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Brazil </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.7–7.9%<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">India </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12.8% (adolescents)<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Iran </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.8%<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Israel </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.5%<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Nigeria </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.4% (university students)<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Sweden </td> <td style="text-align:center;">15.6% (university students)<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Turkey </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.6% (university students)<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Poland </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7–9% (2002)<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Taiwan </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7% children (2002~2008)<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Social anxiety disorder is known to appear at an early age in most cases. Fifty percent of those who develop this disorder have developed it by the age of 11, and 80% have developed it by age 20.<sup id="cite_ref-SteinLancet2008_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SteinLancet2008-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This early age of onset may lead to people with social anxiety disorder being particularly vulnerable to depressive illnesses, substance use, and other psychological conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-SteinLancet2008_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SteinLancet2008-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Comorbidity_Survey" title="National Comorbidity Survey">National Comorbidity Survey</a> of over 8,000 American correspondents in 1994 revealed 12-month and lifetime prevalence rates of 7.9 percent and 13.3 percent, respectively; this makes it the third most prevalent psychiatric disorder after depression and alcohol use disorder, and the most common of the anxiety disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to US <a href="/wiki/Epidemiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidemiological">epidemiological</a> data from the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health" title="National Institute of Mental Health">National Institute of Mental Health</a>, social phobia affects 15 million adult Americans in any given year.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates vary within 2 percent and 7 percent of the US adult population.<sup id="cite_ref-surg-gen-prevalence_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-surg-gen-prevalence-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mean onset of social phobia is 10 to 13 years.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Onset after age 25 is rare and is typically preceded by panic disorder or major depression.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social anxiety disorder occurs more often in females than males.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prevalence of social phobia appears to be increasing among white, married, and well-educated individuals. As a group, those with generalized social phobia are less likely to graduate from high school and are more likely to rely on government financial assistance or have poverty-level salaries.<sup id="cite_ref-fda-demographics_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fda-demographics-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surveys carried out in 2002 show the youth of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> have a prevalence rate of 0.4 percent, 1.8 percent, and 0.6 percent, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-europe-prevalence_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europe-prevalence-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Canada, the prevalence of self-reported social anxiety for <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Scotian">Nova Scotians</a> older than 14 years was 4.2 percent in June 2004 with women (4.6 percent) reporting more than men (3.8 percent).<sup id="cite_ref-sa-nova-scotia_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa-nova-scotia-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, social phobia is the 8th and 5th leading disease or illness for males and females between 15 and 24 years of age as of 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-sa-australia_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa-australia-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the difficulty in separating social phobia from poor social skills or shyness, some studies have a large range of prevalence.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The table also shows higher prevalence in Sweden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although social anxiety disorder has been under study for decades, the underlying neurobiology is not well understood.<sup id="cite_ref-rose_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">Neurotransmitters</a> under research include serotonin, <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rose_6-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-doru_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doru-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a> technologies are in use to clarify brain regions involved.<sup id="cite_ref-rose_6-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-doru_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doru-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amygdala is a primary brain structure involved in SAD, as explored in imaging studies.<sup id="cite_ref-rose_6-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-doru_125-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doru-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parenting that is intrusive or controlling and stressful life events may increase the risk for SAD development during childhood, extending into adult years.<sup id="cite_ref-rose_6-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetic factors</a> may have a role, although genetic <a href="/wiki/Biomarker" title="Biomarker">biomarkers</a> are not specifically identified.<sup id="cite_ref-rose_6-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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(December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/59/12/1794.long">"Nuclear Neuroimaging in Social Anxiety Disorder: A Review"</a>. <i>Journal of Nuclear Medicine</i>. <b>59</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">1794–</span>1800. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2967%2Fjnumed.118.212795">10.2967/jnumed.118.212795</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30291197">30291197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nuclear+Medicine&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Neuroimaging+in+Social+Anxiety+Disorder%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1794-%3C%2Fspan%3E1800&rft.date=2018-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2967%2Fjnumed.118.212795&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30291197&rft.aulast=Doruyter&rft.aufirst=AG&rft.au=Dupont%2C+P&rft.au=Stein%2C+DJ&rft.au=Lochner%2C+C&rft.au=Warwick%2C+JM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjnm.snmjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F59%2F12%2F1794.long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+anxiety+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEtkinWager2007" class="citation journal cs1">Etkin A, Wager TD (1 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3318959">"Functional Neuroimaging of Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis of Emotional Processing in PTSD, Social Anxiety Disorder, and Specific Phobia"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Psychiatry</i>. <b>164</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1476–</span>1488. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.2007.07030504">10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030504</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-953X">0002-953X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3318959">3318959</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17898336">17898336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Functional+Neuroimaging+of+Anxiety%3A+A+Meta-Analysis+of+Emotional+Processing+in+PTSD%2C+Social+Anxiety+Disorder%2C+and+Specific+Phobia&rft.volume=164&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1476-%3C%2Fspan%3E1488&rft.date=2007-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3318959%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0002-953X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17898336&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.2007.07030504&rft.aulast=Etkin&rft.aufirst=Amit&rft.au=Wager%2C+Tor+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3318959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+anxiety+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBelzerMcKeeLiebowitz2005" class="citation journal cs1">Belzer KD, McKee MB, Liebowitz MR (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512115815/http://www.primarypsychiatry.com/aspx/articledetail.aspx?articleid=247">"Social Anxiety Disorder: Current Perspectives on Diagnosis and Treatment"</a>. <i>Primary Psychiatry</i>. <b>12</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">40–</span>53. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primarypsychiatry.com/aspx/articledetail.aspx?articleid=247">the original</a> on 12 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Primary+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Social+Anxiety+Disorder%3A+Current+Perspectives+on+Diagnosis+and+Treatment&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Belzer&rft.aufirst=K.+D.&rft.au=McKee%2C+M.+B.&rft.au=Liebowitz%2C+M.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.primarypsychiatry.com%2Faspx%2Farticledetail.aspx%3Farticleid%3D247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+anxiety+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeidelTurner2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Beidel" title="Deborah Beidel">Beidel DC</a>, Turner SM (2007). "Clinical Presentation of Social Anxiety Disorder in Adults.". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037/11533-001"><i>Shy children, phobic adults: Nature and treatment of social anxiety disorders</i></a> (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association. pp. <span class="nowrap">11–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F11533-001">10.1037/11533-001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59147-452-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59147-452-4"><bdi>978-1-59147-452-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Clinical+Presentation+of+Social+Anxiety+Disorder+in+Adults.&rft.btitle=Shy+children%2C+phobic+adults%3A+Nature+and+treatment+of+social+anxiety+disorders&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F11533-001&rft.isbn=978-1-59147-452-4&rft.aulast=Beidel&rft.aufirst=Deborah+C.&rft.au=Turner%2C+Samuel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1037%2F11533-001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+anxiety+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerentLemley1993" class="citation book cs1">Berent J, Lemley A (1993). <i>Beyond shyness: how to conquer social anxieties</i>. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-74137-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-74137-3"><bdi>0-671-74137-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+shyness%3A+how+to+conquer+social+anxieties&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-671-74137-3&rft.aulast=Berent&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Lemley%2C+Amy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+anxiety+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoyle2018" class="citation journal cs1">Boyle LE (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277953618300959">"The (un)habitual geographies of Social Anxiety Disorder"</a>. <i>Social Science & Medicine</i>. <b>231</b>: <span class="nowrap">31–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2018.03.002">10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.03.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-9536">0277-9536</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29525271">29525271</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1509802">1509802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+%26+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+%28un%29habitual+geographies+of+Social+Anxiety+Disorder&rft.volume=231&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=0277-9536&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1509802%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29525271&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2018.03.002&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Louise+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0277953618300959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+anxiety+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruch1989" class="citation journal cs1">Bruch MA (1989). "Familial and developmental antecedents of social phobia: Issues and findings". <i>Clinical Psychology Review</i>. <b>9</b>: <span class="nowrap">37–</span>47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0272-7358%2889%2990045-7">10.1016/0272-7358(89)90045-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-7358">0272-7358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Psychology+Review&rft.atitle=Familial+and+developmental+antecedents+of+social+phobia%3A+Issues+and+findings&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0272-7358%2889%2990045-7&rft.issn=0272-7358&rft.aulast=Bruch&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+anxiety+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Burns" title="David D. Burns">Burns, D. D.</a> (1999). <i>Feeling Good: the new mood therapy</i> (Rev. ed.). New York: Avon. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-380-81033-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-380-81033-6">0-380-81033-6</a>.</li> <li>Crozier, W. R., & Alden, L. E. (2001). <i>International Handbook of Social Anxiety: Concepts, Research, and Interventions Relating to the Self and Shyness</i>. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-49129-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-49129-2">0-471-49129-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuan2024" class="citation journal cs1">Guan Y (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fshsconf%2F202419303013">"Social Anxiety Disorder: A General Overview"</a>. <i>SHS Web of Conferences</i>. <b>193</b>: 03013. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fshsconf%2F202419303013">10.1051/shsconf/202419303013</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SHS+Web+of+Conferences&rft.atitle=Social+Anxiety+Disorder%3A+A+General+Overview&rft.volume=193&rft.pages=03013&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fshsconf%2F202419303013&rft.aulast=Guan&rft.aufirst=Yongxin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1051%252Fshsconf%252F202419303013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+anxiety+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hales, R. E., & Yudofsky, S. C. (Eds.). (2003). Social phobia. In <i>Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry</i> (4th ed., pp. 572–580). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarteinsdottir_I.Svensson_A.Svedberg_M.Anderberg_U.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Marteinsdottir I., Svensson A., Svedberg M., et al. (2007). "The role of life events in social phobia". <i>Nordic Journal of Psychiatry</i>. <b>61</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">207–</span>212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08039480701352546">10.1080/08039480701352546</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0803-9488">0803-9488</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17523033">17523033</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11620169">11620169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nordic+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+role+of+life+events+in+social+phobia&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E212&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0803-9488&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11620169%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17523033&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08039480701352546&rft.au=Marteinsdottir+I.&rft.au=Svensson+A.&rft.au=Svedberg+M.&rft.au=Anderberg+U.&rft.au=von+Knorring+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+anxiety+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpenceRapee2016" class="citation journal cs1">Spence SH, Rapee RM (2016). "The etiology of social anxiety disorder: An evidence-based model". <i><a href="/wiki/Behaviour_Research_and_Therapy" title="Behaviour Research and Therapy">Behaviour Research and Therapy</a></i>. <b>86</b>: <span class="nowrap">50–</span>67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brat.2016.06.007">10.1016/j.brat.2016.06.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27406470">27406470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behaviour+Research+and+Therapy&rft.atitle=The+etiology+of+social+anxiety+disorder%3A+An+evidence-based+model&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.brat.2016.06.007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27406470&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Susan+H.&rft.au=Rapee%2C+Ronald+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+anxiety+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q281928" class="extiw" title="d:Q281928">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F40.1">F40.1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F93.2">F93.2</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=300.23">300.23</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D010698">D010698</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/SNOMED_CT" title="SNOMED CT">SNOMED CT</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snomed.info/id/25501002">25501002</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000957.htm">000957</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/social-anxiety-disorder-pro">Social anxiety disorder</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mental_disorders_(Classification)713" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style 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href="/wiki/Classification_of_mental_disorders" title="Classification of mental disorders">Classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Adult_personality_and_behavior713" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Adult personality and behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sexual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ego-dystonic_sexual_orientation" title="Ego-dystonic sexual orientation">Ego-dystonic sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anhedonia" title="Sexual anhedonia">Sexual anhedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anorexia" title="Sexual anorexia">Sexual anorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturation_disorder" title="Sexual maturation disorder">Sexual maturation disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_relationship_disorder" title="Sexual relationship disorder">Sexual relationship disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder" title="Factitious disorder">Factitious disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self" title="Factitious disorder imposed on self">Munchausen syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_intimacy" title="Fear of intimacy">Fear of intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_explosive_disorder" title="Intermittent explosive disorder">Intermittent explosive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excoriation_disorder" title="Excoriation disorder">Dermatillomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptomania" title="Kleptomania">Kleptomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyromania" title="Pyromania">Pyromania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichotillomania" title="Trichotillomania">Trichotillomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">Personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Childhood_and_learning713" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders_diagnosed_in_childhood" title="Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood">Childhood and learning</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conduct_disorder" title="Conduct disorder">Conduct disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oppositional_defiant_disorder" title="Oppositional defiant disorder">ODD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder" title="Separation anxiety disorder">Separation anxiety disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement disorders">Movement disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypic_movement_disorder" title="Stereotypic movement disorder">Stereotypic</a></li></ul></li> <li>Social functioning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinhibited_attachment_disorder" title="Disinhibited attachment disorder">DAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_attachment_disorder" title="Reactive attachment disorder">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_mutism" title="Selective mutism">Selective mutism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_disorder" title="Speech disorder">Speech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluttering" title="Cluttering">Cluttering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttering" title="Stuttering">Stuttering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tic_disorder" title="Tic disorder">Tic disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">Intellectual disability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_intellectual_disability" title="X-linked intellectual disability">X-linked intellectual disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lujan%E2%80%93Fryns_syndrome" title="Lujan–Fryns syndrome">Lujan–Fryns syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological development<br />(<a href="/wiki/Developmental_disability" title="Developmental disability">developmental disabilities</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder" title="Pervasive developmental disorder">Pervasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_developmental_disorder" title="Specific developmental disorder">Specific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mood_(affective)713" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">Mood</a> (affective)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_I_disorder" title="Bipolar I disorder">Bipolar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_II_disorder" title="Bipolar II disorder">Bipolar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified">Bipolar NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothymia" title="Cyclothymia">Cyclothymia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_depression" title="Atypical depression">Atypical depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthymia" title="Dysthymia">Dysthymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melancholic_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Melancholic depression">Melancholic depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">Seasonal affective disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">Mania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurological_and_symptomatic713" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neurological and symptomatic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">Autism spectrum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-functioning_autism" title="High-functioning autism">High-functioning autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">PDD-NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savant_syndrome" title="Savant syndrome">Savant syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_neurocognitive_disorder" title="HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder">AIDS dementia complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild_cognitive_impairment" title="Mild cognitive impairment">Mild cognitive impairment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pick%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick's disease">Pick's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundowning" title="Sundowning">Sundowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">Vascular dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandering_(dementia)" title="Wandering (dementia)">Wandering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">Delirium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_brain_syndrome" title="Organic brain syndrome">Organic brain syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome" title="Post-concussion syndrome">Post-concussion syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurotic,_stress-related_and_somatoform713" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">Neurotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a>-related and <a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">somatoform</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment disorder</a> with depressed mood</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phobia" title="Phobia">Phobia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia">Agoraphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_phobia" title="Childhood phobia">Childhood phobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">Social anxiety</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropophobia">Anthropophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_social_phobia" title="Specific social phobia">Specific social phobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_phobia" title="Specific phobia">Specific phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claustrophobia" title="Claustrophobia">Claustrophobia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">OCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_attack" title="Panic attack">Panic attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">Panic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">Paranoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Acute stress reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">PTSD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_disorder" title="Dissociative disorder">Dissociative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization_disorder" title="Depersonalization-derealization disorder">Depersonalization-derealization disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder" title="Dissociative identity disorder">Dissociative identity disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_amnesia" title="Dissociative amnesia">Dissociative amnesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_fugue" title="Dissociative fugue">Dissociative fugue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified">Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_specified_dissociative_disorder" title="Other specified dissociative disorder">Other specified dissociative disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">Somatic symptom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_dysmorphic_disorder" title="Body dysmorphic disorder">Body dysmorphic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_disorder" title="Conversion disorder">Conversion disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganser_syndrome" title="Ganser syndrome">Ganser syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globus_pharyngeus" title="Globus pharyngeus">Globus pharyngeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizure" title="Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure">Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pregnancy" title="False pregnancy">False pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochondriasis" title="Hypochondriasis">Hypochondriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosophobia" title="Nosophobia">Nosophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_pain" title="Psychogenic pain">Psychogenic pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatization_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatization disorder">Somatization disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Physiological_and_physical_behavior713" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physiological and physical behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">Anorexia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">Bulimia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumination_syndrome" title="Rumination syndrome">Rumination syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_specified_feeding_or_eating_disorder" title="Other specified feeding or eating disorder">Other specified feeding or eating disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonorganic <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersomnia" title="Hypersomnia">Hypersomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasomnia" title="Parasomnia">Parasomnia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Night_terror" title="Night terror">Night terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightmare" title="Nightmare">Nightmare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep_behavior_disorder" title="Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder">REM sleep behavior disorder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorders_of_childbirth" title="Psychiatric disorders of childbirth">Postnatal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">Postpartum depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis" title="Postpartum psychosis">Postpartum psychosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction#Sexual_desire_disorders" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual desire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hypoactive sexual desire disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Psychoactive_substances,_substance_abuse_and_substance-related713" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">Psychoactive</a> substances, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a> and substance-related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Drug overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_intoxication" title="Substance intoxication">Intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebound_effect" title="Rebound effect">Rebound effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis" title="Stimulant psychosis">Stimulant psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Substance dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Schizophrenia,_schizotypal_and_delusional713" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">schizotypal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">delusional</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delusional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">Delusional disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folie_%C3%A0_deux" title="Folie à deux">Folie à deux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">Psychosis</a> and<br />schizophrenia-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brief_reactive_psychosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Brief reactive psychosis">Brief reactive psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder" title="Schizoaffective disorder">Schizoaffective disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophreniform_disorder" title="Schizophreniform disorder">Schizophreniform disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schizophrenia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_schizophrenia" title="Childhood schizophrenia">Childhood schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disorganized_schizophrenia" title="Disorganized schizophrenia">Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoneurotic_schizophrenia" title="Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia">Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple-type_schizophrenia" title="Simple-type schizophrenia">Simple-type schizophrenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catatonia" title="Catatonia">Catatonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Symptoms_and_uncategorized713" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Symptoms and uncategorized</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impulse-control_disorder" title="Impulse-control disorder">Impulse-control disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%BCver%E2%80%93Bucy_syndrome" title="Klüver–Bucy syndrome">Klüver–Bucy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Psychomotor agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypy" title="Stereotypy">Stereotypy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caregiver_burden" title="Caregiver burden">Caregiver burden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomophobia" title="Nomophobia">Nomophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problematic_social_media_use" title="Problematic social media use">Problematic social media use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_addiction" title="Television addiction">Television addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_addiction" title="Video game addiction">Video game addiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disciplines involved</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_anthropology" title="Digital anthropology">Digital anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital sociology">Digital sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_ergonomics" title="Cognitive ergonomics">Cognitive 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated<br />psychiatric conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">Obsessive–compulsive disorder</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social anxiety disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">Anorexia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_image_disturbance" title="Body image disturbance">Body image disturbance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">Narcissistic personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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