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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Partitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Partitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century_to_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century_to_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>19th century to World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century_to_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Interwar Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Post-war period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Points_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Points_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Points of interest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Points_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_forms_of_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_forms_of_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Other forms of cooperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_forms_of_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Brest, Belarus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="برست (روسيا البيضاء) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برست (روسيا البيضاء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_(Belarrusia)" title="Brest (Belarrusia) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Brest (Belarrusia)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_(Bielorrusia)" title="Brest (Bielorrusia) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Brest (Bielorrusia)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest" title="Brest – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Brest" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Брест – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Брест" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82" title="Брэст – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Брэст" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Берасьце – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Берасьце" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_(%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81)" title="Брест (Беларус) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Брест (Беларус)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_(Belarus)" title="Brest (Belarus) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brest (Belarus)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A9rastse" title="Biérastse – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biérastse" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_(kapital_sa_voblast)" title="Brest (kapital sa voblast) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Brest (kapital sa voblast)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_(B%C4%9Blorusko)" title="Brest (Bělorusko) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Brest (Bělorusko)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_Belarws" title="Brest, Belarws – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brest, Belarws" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_(Hviderusland)" title="Brest (Hviderusland) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brest (Hviderusland)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_(Belarus)" title="Brest (Belarus) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brest (Belarus)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_(Valgevene)" title="Brest (Valgevene) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Brest (Valgevene)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%84_(%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Μπρεστ (Λευκορωσία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπρεστ (Λευκορωσία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Брест ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Брест ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_(Bielorrusia)" title="Brest (Bielorrusia) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Brest (Bielorrusia)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bresto_(Belorusio)" title="Bresto (Belorusio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bresto (Belorusio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_(Bielorrusia)" title="Brest (Bielorrusia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brest (Bielorrusia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="برست، بلاروس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برست، بلاروس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_(Bi%C3%A9lorussie)" title="Brest (Biélorussie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brest (Biélorussie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_y_Velaroosh" title="Brest, y Velaroosh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Brest, y Velaroosh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_Belar%C3%BAs" title="Brest, Belarús – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Brest, Belarús" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_(%EB%B2%A8%EB%9D%BC%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4)" title="브레스트 (벨라루스) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브레스트 (벨라루스)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF" title="Բրեստ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրեստ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_(B%C4%9B%C5%82oruska)" title="Brest (Běłoruska) – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Brest (Běłoruska)" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_(Bjelorusija)" title="Brest (Bjelorusija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Brest (Bjelorusija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_(Bielorusia)" title="Brest (Bielorusia) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Brest (Bielorusia)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest-Litovsk" title="Brest-Litovsk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Brest-Litovsk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Брест – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Брест" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_(Hv%C3%ADta-R%C3%BAsslandi)" title="Brest (Hvíta-Rússlandi) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Brest (Hvíta-Rússlandi)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%97st" title="Brėst – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Brėst" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%98_(%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1)" title="ברסט (בלארוס) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברסט (בלארוס)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98)" title="ბრესტი (ბელარუსი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრესტი (ბელარუსი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Брест – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Брест" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bressicia" title="Bressicia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bressicia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bresta_(Baltkrievija)" title="Bresta (Baltkrievija) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bresta (Baltkrievija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Брест – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Брест" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brestas_(Baltarusija)" title="Brestas (Baltarusija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Brestas (Baltarusija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%97st" title="Brėst – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Brėst" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breszt" title="Breszt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Breszt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_(%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Брест (Белорусија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Брест (Белорусија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_(%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8)" title="ब्रेस्त (बेलारूस) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ब्रेस्त (बेलारूस)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82" title="Брэст – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Брэст" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Брест – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Брест" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_(Wit-Rusland)" title="Brest (Wit-Rusland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brest (Wit-Rusland)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88_(%E3%83%99%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7)" title="ブレスト (ベラルーシ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブレスト (ベラルーシ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Брест – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Брест" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_(Steed_uun_Witjruslun)" title="Brest (Steed uun Witjruslun) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Brest (Steed uun Witjruslun)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_(Belarus)" title="Brest (Belarus) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brest (Belarus)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_i_Belarus" title="Brest i Belarus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Brest i Belarus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Брест – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Брест" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest" title="Brest – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Brest" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="برست (برست آیالات) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برست (برست آیالات)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brze%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Brześć – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brześć" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_(Bielorr%C3%BAssia)" title="Brest (Bielorrússia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Brest (Bielorrússia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest" title="Brest – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Brest" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest" title="Brest – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Brest" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Brest, Belarus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Брест – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брест" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82" title="Брэст – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Брэст" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_Belaroushie" title="Brest, Belaroushie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Brest, Belaroushie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brest, Belarus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_(Bielorusko)" title="Brest (Bielorusko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Brest (Bielorusko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_Belorusija" title="Brest, Belorusija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Brest, Belorusija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%94%D1%80%D1%94%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%94" title="Бєрєстьє – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Бєрєстьє" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_(Bjo%C5%82oru%C5%9B)" title="Brest (Bjołoruś) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Brest (Bjołoruś)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_(%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Брест (Белорусија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Брест (Белорусија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_Bjelorusija" title="Brest, Bjelorusija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Brest, Bjelorusija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_(Valko-Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4)" title="Brest (Valko-Venäjä) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brest (Valko-Venäjä)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brest, Belarus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Брест – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Брест" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C_(%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA)" title="แบรสต์ (ประเทศเบลารุส) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แบรสต์ (ประเทศเบลารุส)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Brest, Belarus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82" title="Брэст – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Брэст" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F" title="Берестя – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Берестя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بریسٹ، بیلاروس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بریسٹ، بیلاروس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest" title="Brest – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Brest" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Brest, Belarus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_(Vieta%E2%B8%97Rus%C3%A4n)" title="Brest (Vieta⸗Rusän) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Brest (Vieta⸗Rusän)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Brest, Belarus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="布列斯特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="布列斯特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7" title="בריסק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בריסק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="布列斯特 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="布列斯特" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brests" title="Brests – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Brests" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="布列斯特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="布列斯特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brest,_Belarus&params=52_08_05_N_23_39_25_E_region:BY-BR_tpe:city(363,000)_type:city(344470)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°08′05″N</span> <span class="longitude">23°39′25″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.13472°N 23.65694°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.13472; 23.65694</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Brześć" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Brześć (disambiguation)">Brześć (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Brest-Litovsk" redirects here. For the treaty, see <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Brest Region, Belarus</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Brest</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">Брэст</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Брест</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_largest_towns_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and largest towns in Belarus">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brest_Montage_(2017).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Brest_Montage_%282017%29.jpg/250px-Brest_Montage_%282017%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Brest_Montage_%282017%29.jpg/375px-Brest_Montage_%282017%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Brest_Montage_%282017%29.jpg/500px-Brest_Montage_%282017%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3658" data-file-height="5120" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>From top, left to right: Fortress church of Saint Nicholas</li><li>Fortress</li><li>Old Bank of Poland building</li><li>Seat of regional authorities</li><li>Exaltation of the Holy Cross church</li><li>City History Museum</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Brest,_Belarus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Brest"><img alt="Flag of Brest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Brest%2C_Belarus.svg/150px-Flag_of_Brest%2C_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Brest%2C_Belarus.svg/225px-Flag_of_Brest%2C_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Brest%2C_Belarus.svg/300px-Flag_of_Brest%2C_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Brest,_Belarus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Brest"><img alt="Coat of arms of Brest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brest%2C_Belarus.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brest%2C_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brest%2C_Belarus.svg/113px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brest%2C_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brest%2C_Belarus.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brest%2C_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="436" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Belarus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Brest is located in Belarus"><img alt="Brest is located in Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Relief_Map_of_Belarus.png/250px-Relief_Map_of_Belarus.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Relief_Map_of_Belarus.png/375px-Relief_Map_of_Belarus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Relief_Map_of_Belarus.png/500px-Relief_Map_of_Belarus.png 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1068" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:80.477%;left:7.494%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Brest"><img alt="Brest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Brest</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Brest in Belarus</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brest,_Belarus&params=52_08_05_N_23_39_25_E_region:BY-BR_tpe:city(363,000)_type:city(344470)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°08′05″N</span> <span class="longitude">23°39′25″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.13472°N 23.65694°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.13472; 23.65694</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Belarus" title="Regions of Belarus">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brest_Region" title="Brest Region">Brest Region</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First mentioned</th><td class="infobox-data">1019</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg_rights" title="Magdeburg rights">Magdeburg city rights</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1390<sup id="cite_ref-jb_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Chairman of the Brest City Executive Committee</th><td class="infobox-data">Siarhiej Labadzinski</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Chairman of the Brest City Council of Deputies</th><td class="infobox-data">Mikalaj Krasouski</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">145 km<sup>2</sup> (56 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">280.4 m (919.9 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2024)<sup id="cite_ref-pop_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">344,470</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,400/km<sup>2</sup> (6,200/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moscow_Time" title="Moscow Time">MSK</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">224000</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+375 (0)162</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">License plate</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://city-brest.gov.by/en/">City executive committee's official website</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Brest</b>, formerly <b>Brest-Litovsk</b> and <b>Brest-on-the-Bug, Berestia</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a city in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> at the border with <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> opposite the Polish town of <a href="/wiki/Terespol" title="Terespol">Terespol</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Bug_(river)" title="Bug (river)">Bug</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mukhavets" title="Mukhavets">Mukhavets</a> rivers meet, making it a <a href="/wiki/Border_town" title="Border town">border town</a>. It serves as the administrative center of <a href="/wiki/Brest_Region" title="Brest Region">Brest Region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brest_District" title="Brest District">Brest District</a>, though it is administratively separated from the district.<sup id="cite_ref-pop_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024, it has a population of 344,470.<sup id="cite_ref-pop_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brest is one of the oldest cities in Belarus and a historical site for many cultures, as it hosted important historical events, such as the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Brest" title="Union of Brest">Union of Brest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>. Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Brest_Fortress" title="Brest Fortress">Brest Fortress</a> was recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Hero_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Hero Fortress">Hero Fortress</a> in honour of the <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Brest_Fortress" title="Defense of Brest Fortress">defense of Brest Fortress</a> in June 1941. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, the city often passed between Poland, the principalities of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>. From the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, the city was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which later became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> from 1569. In 1795, it was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">Third Partition of Poland</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Soviet War">Polish-Soviet War</a>, the city became part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>. In 1939, the city was captured by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> and then transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> per the <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Frontier_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Soviet Frontier Treaty">German–Soviet Frontier Treaty</a>. In 1941, it was retaken by the Germans during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>. In 1944, it was retaken by the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Lublin%E2%80%93Brest_offensive" title="Lublin–Brest offensive">Lublin–Brest offensive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was part of the <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian SSR</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">breakup of the USSR</a> in 1991. Since then, Brest has been part of independent <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several theories attempt to explain the origin of the city's name. The name could originate from Slavic root <i>berest</i> '<a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">elm</a>'. It could likewise have come from the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> word <i>brasta</i> '<a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">ford</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, Belarusian speakers called the city <span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">Берасце</span></span> (<span title="Belarusian-language text"><i lang="be-Latn">Bieraście</i></span>), similar to the Ukrainian name <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">Берестя</span></span> (<span title="Ukrainian-language text"><i lang="uk">Berestia</i></span>). </p><p>Once a center of Jewish scholarship, the city has the <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> name <span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">בריסק</span></span> (<span title="Yiddish-language text"><i lang="yi-Latn">Brisk</i></span>), hence the term <a href="/wiki/Brisk_tradition_and_Soloveitchik_dynasty" title="Brisk tradition and Soloveitchik dynasty">"Brisker"</a> used to describe followers of the influential <a href="/wiki/Soloveitchik" title="Soloveitchik">Soloveitchik</a> family of <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a>. </p><p>Brest became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> in 1319.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> formed in 1569, the town became known in <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> as <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Brześć</i></span>, historically <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Brześć Litewski</i></span> (literally: "Lithuanian Brest", in contradistinction to <a href="/wiki/Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Kujawski" title="Brześć Kujawski">Brześć Kujawski</a>). <span title="Polish-language text"><span lang="pl" style="font-style: normal;">Brześć</span></span> became part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> under the name <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Brest-Litovsk</i></span> or <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Brest-Litovskii</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Брест-Литовск</span>, <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Брест-Литовский</span></span>, literally "Lithuanian Brest") in the course of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> in 1795. After World War I, and the rebirth of Poland in 1918, the government of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> renamed the city as <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Brześć nad Bugiem</i></span> ("Brest on the Bug") on 20 March 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After World War II, the city became part of the <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> with the name simplified as Brest. </p><p>Brest's coat of arms, adopted on 26 January 1991, features an arrow pointed upwards and a bow (both silver) on a sky-blue shield. An alternative coat of arms has a red shield. <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a>, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, first granted Brest a coat of arms in 1554. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brest_Lm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Brest_Lm.jpg/170px-Brest_Lm.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Brest_Lm.jpg/255px-Brest_Lm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Brest_Lm.jpg/340px-Brest_Lm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>In 1019, Brest was first mentioned in chronicles as "<i>Berestye</i>"</figcaption></figure> <p>As a town, Brest – <i>Berestij</i> in <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kievan Rus">Kievan Rus</a> – was first mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a></i> in 1019 when the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> took the stronghold from the Poles. It is one of the oldest cities in Belarus.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was hotly contested between the Polish rulers (kings, principal dukes and dukes of <a href="/wiki/Masovia" class="mw-redirect" title="Masovia">Masovia</a>) and Kievan Rus princes. It was recaptured by Poland in 1020, and <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise%27s_attack_on_Brest" title="Yaroslav the Wise's attack on Brest">unsuccessfully besieged</a> by Prince <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Yaroslav the Wise">Yaroslav the Wise</a> of Kiev in 1022. It was captured by Yaroslav the Wise, according to various sources, either in 1042<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192943_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalski192943-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 1044,<sup id="cite_ref-sgk399_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sgk399-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then by 1076 recaptured by King <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_II_the_Bold" title="Bolesław II the Bold">Bolesław II the Bold</a> of Poland,<sup id="cite_ref-sgk399_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sgk399-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but then lost again by his successor <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_Herman" title="Władysław I Herman">Władysław I Herman</a>. Afterwards, it often passed between the principalities of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Turov" title="Principality of Turov">Turov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Volhynia" title="Principality of Volhynia">Volhynia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192943_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalski192943-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1164, it was briefly captured by Lithuanians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192943_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalski192943-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1178, it was captured by <a href="/wiki/Casimir_II_the_Just" title="Casimir II the Just">Casimir II the Just</a> of Poland, and made the seat of his fraternal nephew <a href="/wiki/Leszek,_Duke_of_Masovia" title="Leszek, Duke of Masovia">Leszek, Duke of Masovia</a>, who, however, soon lost it to the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Minsk" title="Principality of Minsk">Principality of Minsk</a>. In 1182, Casimir II the Just captured the city once again, and built a castle there,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192943_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalski192943-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sgk399_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sgk399-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then granted it as a <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a> to his sororal nephew <a href="/wiki/Roman_the_Great" title="Roman the Great">Roman the Great</a> the following year. From 1199 it was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Galicia–Volhynia">Principality of Galicia–Volhynia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remaining under Polish suzerainty until 1205, when Roman the Great rebelled against Poland, but was <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">killed in action</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zawichost" title="Battle of Zawichost">Battle of Zawichost</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192943_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalski192943-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passing under Polish suzerainty again, in 1207, it was granted by <a href="/wiki/Leszek_the_White" title="Leszek the White">Leszek the White</a> as a fief to Princess <a href="/wiki/Anna-Euphrosyne" title="Anna-Euphrosyne">Anna-Euphrosyne</a> and her children.<sup id="cite_ref-pocz_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pocz-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1210, it was directly part of Poland, until it passed to Galicia–Volhynia either in 1215<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 1217.<sup id="cite_ref-pocz_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pocz-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1220, it passed to the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Turov" title="Principality of Turov">Principality of Pinsk</a> as a fief of Galicia–Volhynia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192945_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalski192945-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was laid waste by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongols</a> in 1241, and was not rebuilt until 1275. Possibly since the 1270s, the city was contested by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:26em; ; font-size: 82%; color: #202122;background-color: GhostWhite;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: GhostWhite;">Historical affiliations</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="no"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/VladimirsTrident.svg/10px-VladimirsTrident.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/VladimirsTrident.svg/16px-VladimirsTrident.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/VladimirsTrident.svg/21px-VladimirsTrident.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> (1170–1178)<br /> ∟ <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Volhynia" title="Principality of Volhynia">Principality of Volhynia</a> (1170–1177)<br /> ∟ <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Minsk" title="Principality of Minsk">Principality of Minsk</a> (1177–1178)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="no"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Banner_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg/20px-Banner_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Banner_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg/31px-Banner_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Banner_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg/40px-Banner_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a> (1178–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1179</span>)<br /> ∟ <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Masovia" title="Duchy of Masovia">Duchy of Masovia</a> (1178–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1179</span>)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="no"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/VladimirsTrident.svg/10px-VladimirsTrident.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/VladimirsTrident.svg/16px-VladimirsTrident.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/VladimirsTrident.svg/21px-VladimirsTrident.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></span> Kievan Rus' (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1179</span>–1182)<br /> ∟ Principality of Minsk (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1179</span>–1182)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="no"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Banner_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg/20px-Banner_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Banner_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg/31px-Banner_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Banner_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg/40px-Banner_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></span></span></span> Kingdom of Poland (1182–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1217</span>)<br /> ∟ <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Galicia–Volhynia">Principality of Galicia–Volhynia</a> (1199–1205)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="no"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alex_K_Halych-Volhynia-flag.svg/20px-Alex_K_Halych-Volhynia-flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alex_K_Halych-Volhynia-flag.svg/31px-Alex_K_Halych-Volhynia-flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alex_K_Halych-Volhynia-flag.svg/40px-Alex_K_Halych-Volhynia-flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="383" /></span></span></span> Principality of Galicia–Volhynia (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1217</span>–1246)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="no"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg/23px-Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg/35px-Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg/45px-Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> (1246–1319)<br /> ∟ Principality of Galicia–Volhynia (1246–1253)<br /> ∟ Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (1253–1319)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="no"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg/45px-Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="320" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> (1319–1320)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="no"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg/23px-Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg/35px-Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg/45px-Golden_Horde_flag_1339.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></span> Golden Horde (1320–1321)<br /> ∟ Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (1320–1321)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="no"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg/45px-Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="320" /></span></span></span> Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1321–1349)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="no"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Banner_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg/20px-Banner_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Banner_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg/31px-Banner_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Banner_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg/40px-Banner_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></span></span></span> Kingdom of Poland (1349–1351)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="no"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg/45px-Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="320" /></span></span></span> Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1351–1569)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="no"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/23px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/35px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/45px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> (1569–1795)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (1795–1812)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French occupation</a> (1812)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> Russian Empire (1812–1915)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German occupation</a> (1915–1918)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> (1918–1919)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian-Byelorussian_SSR.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian-Byelorussian_SSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian-Byelorussian_SSR.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian-Byelorussian_SSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian-Byelorussian_SSR.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian-Byelorussian_SSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Byelorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia">SSR Byelorussia</a> (1919)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> Second Polish Republic (1919–1939)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet occupation</a> (1939–1941)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German occupation</a> (1941–1944)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet occupation</a> (1944–1945)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (1945–1991)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> (1991–<i>present</i>) </p> </blockquote> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grand Duchy of Lithuania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1319, the city became part of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, and Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Gediminas" title="Gediminas">Gediminas</a> stayed in the city in the winter of 1319–1320, preparing to capture <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sgk399_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sgk399-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192947_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalski192947-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1349, it was captured by King <a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Casimir III of Poland">Casimir III of Poland</a>, however, it was restored to Lithuania in 1352.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its suburbs were burned by the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> in 1379. In 1385, it became part of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_union" title="Polish–Lithuanian union">Polish–Lithuanian union</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Civil_War_(1389%E2%80%931392)" title="Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392)">Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392)</a>, in 1390, the city was captured by Polish forces of <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o" title="Władysław II Jagiełło">Władysław II Jagiełło</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1390, Brześć became the second city in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (after the capital <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>), and the first in the lands that now are Belarus, to receive <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg_rights" title="Magdeburg rights">Magdeburg rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jb_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given its proximity to Poland, it was a significant centre for trade with Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-jb_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1409 it was a meeting place of King <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o" title="Władysław II Jagiełło">Władysław II Jagiełło</a>, Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Vytautas" title="Vytautas">Vytautas the Great</a> and Khan <a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_Khan_ibn_Tokhtamysh" title="Jalal al-Din Khan ibn Tokhtamysh">Jalal al-Din Khan ibn Tokhtamysh</a> under the Polish <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor (Poland)">Deputy Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Tr%C4%85ba" title="Mikołaj Trąba">Mikołaj Trąba</a>'s initiative, to prepare for <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%E2%80%93Teutonic_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War">war with the Teutonic Knights</a>, which resulted in the Tatars aiding Poland and Lithuania in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald" title="Battle of Grunwald">Battle of Grunwald</a> the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-sgk399_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sgk399-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192953_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalski192953-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1410 the city mustered a cavalry banner that participated in the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian military</a> victory at Grunwald. </p><p>In 1419 it became a seat of the <a href="/wiki/Starost" class="mw-redirect" title="Starost">starost</a> in the newly created <a href="/wiki/Trakai_Voivodeship" title="Trakai Voivodeship">Trakai Voivodeship</a>. Under Władysław II and Vytautas the city was significantly developed and granted privileges similar to those of the Polish city of <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sgk399_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sgk399-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192951,_53_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalski192951,_53-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1425, the city hosted a congress attended by Władysław II, Vytautas, dukes of <a href="/wiki/Masovia" class="mw-redirect" title="Masovia">Masovia</a> and Polish and Lithuanian nobles.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1440, a <a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Sejm of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Sejm of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> was held in the city, at which <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV Jagiellon</a> was chosen Grand Duke of Lithuania.<sup id="cite_ref-sgk399_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sgk399-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192953_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalski192953-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1446, a meeting of Casimir IV, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and Polish senators regarding the political affiliation of <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a> took place in the city, and in 1454 Casimir IV met with Lithuanian nobility to convince them to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%931466)" title="Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)">Polish–Teutonic War</a> on the side of Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-sgk399_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sgk399-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192953,_55_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalski192953,_55-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish—Lithuanian_Commonwealth"><span id="Polish.E2.80.94Lithuanian_Commonwealth"></span>Polish—Lithuanian Commonwealth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Polish—Lithuanian Commonwealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1500, it was burned again by <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a>. From 1513, the city was administratively located in the <a href="/wiki/Podlaskie_Voivodeship_(1513%E2%80%931795)" title="Podlaskie Voivodeship (1513–1795)">Podlaskie Voivodeship</a>. In 1566, following the decree of <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a>, a new <a href="/wiki/Voivodeships_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Voivodeships of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">voivodeship</a> was created – <a href="/wiki/Brest_Litovsk_Voivodeship" title="Brest Litovsk Voivodeship">Brest Litovsk Voivodeship</a>. </p><p>During the union of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a> under king <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III Vasa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_union" title="Polish–Swedish union">Polish–Swedish union</a>), diets were held there. In 1594 and 1596, it was the meeting-place of two remarkable councils of regional bishops of the <a href="/wiki/Roman-Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Catholic Church">Roman-Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>. The 1596 council <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Brest" title="Union of Brest">established</a> the <a href="/wiki/Uniate_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniate Church">Uniate Church</a> (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian Greek Catholic Church</a> in Belarus and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>). A <a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> was held in the city in 1653.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A royal mint was founded in the city by King <a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">John II Casimir Vasa</a> in 1665. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biera%C5%9Bcie_Lito%C5%ADskaje._%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_(E._Dahlbergh,_1657)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Biera%C5%9Bcie_Lito%C5%ADskaje._%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%28E._Dahlbergh%2C_1657%29_%282%29.jpg/220px-Biera%C5%9Bcie_Lito%C5%ADskaje._%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%28E._Dahlbergh%2C_1657%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Biera%C5%9Bcie_Lito%C5%ADskaje._%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%28E._Dahlbergh%2C_1657%29_%282%29.jpg/330px-Biera%C5%9Bcie_Lito%C5%ADskaje._%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%28E._Dahlbergh%2C_1657%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Biera%C5%9Bcie_Lito%C5%ADskaje._%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%28E._Dahlbergh%2C_1657%29_%282%29.jpg/440px-Biera%C5%9Bcie_Lito%C5%ADskaje._%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%28E._Dahlbergh%2C_1657%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2044" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>Siege of Brześć by <a href="/wiki/Erik_Dahlbergh" title="Erik Dahlbergh">E. Dahlbergh</a>, 1657</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1657, and again in 1706, the town and castle were captured by the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Army" title="Swedish Army">Swedish Army</a> during its <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Swedish wars">invasions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. Then, in an attack from the other direction, on 13 January 1660, the invading <a href="/wiki/Streltsy" title="Streltsy">Streltsy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Andreyevich_Khovansky_(Tararui)" title="Ivan Andreyevich Khovansky (Tararui)">Ivan Andreyevich Khovansky</a> took the <a href="/wiki/Brest_Castle_(Belarus)" title="Brest Castle (Belarus)">Brest Castle</a> in an early morning surprise attack, the town having been captured earlier, and massacred the 1,700 defenders and their families (according to an Austrian observer, Captain Rosestein). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Partitions">Partitions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Partitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 23 July 1792, the defending <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ducal_Lithuanian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army">Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army</a>, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Szymon_Zabie%C5%82%C5%82o" title="Szymon Zabiełło">Szymon Zabiełło</a>, and the invading <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> fought a battle near Brześć. On 19 September 1794, the area between Brest and <a href="/wiki/Terespol" title="Terespol">Terespol</a> was the site of another <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brest_(1794)" title="Battle of Brest (1794)">battle</a> won by the Russian invaders led by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a> over a Polish-Lithuanian division under General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karol_Sierakowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karol Sierakowski (page does not exist)">Karol Sierakowski</a>. Thereafter, Brest was annexed by Russia when <a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">the Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth was partitioned for the third time</a> in 1795. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century_to_World_War_I">19th century to World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 19th century to World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Russian rule in the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Brest_Fortress" title="Brest Fortress">Brest Fortress</a> was built in and around the city. The Russians demolished the <a href="/wiki/Brest_Castle_(Belarus)" title="Brest Castle (Belarus)">Polish Royal Castle</a> and most Old Town "to make room" for the fortress.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The main Jewish synagogue in the city, the <a href="/wiki/Choral_Synagogue_(Brest)" title="Choral Synagogue (Brest)">Choral Synagogue</a>, was completed c. 1862. In 1895, a massive fire rendered 15,000 people homeless, and dozens were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bfc_Brest_train_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bfc_Brest_train_station.jpg/220px-Bfc_Brest_train_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bfc_Brest_train_station.jpg/330px-Bfc_Brest_train_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bfc_Brest_train_station.jpg/440px-Bfc_Brest_train_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption>Brest railway station during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, c. 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the town was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">Imperial German Army</a> under <a href="/wiki/August_von_Mackensen" title="August von Mackensen">August von Mackensen</a> on 25 August 1915, during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Retreat (Russian)">Great Retreat of 1915</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after Brest fell into German hands, <a href="/wiki/War_poet" class="mw-redirect" title="War poet">war poet</a> <a href="/wiki/August_Stramm" title="August Stramm">August Stramm</a>, who has been called "the first of the <a href="/wiki/Expressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Expressionist">Expressionists</a>" and one of "the most innovative poets of the First World War,"<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was shot in the head during an attack on nearby Russian positions on 1 September 1915. </p><p>In March 1918, in the Brest Fortress at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Bug_(river)" title="Bug (river)">Bug</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mukhavets" title="Mukhavets">Mukhavets</a> rivers on the city' western outskirts, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Russia%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> was signed, ending the war between <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> and transferring the city and its surrounding region to the <a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">sphere of influence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. This treaty was subsequently annulled by the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> treaties which ended the war and even more so by events and developments in <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a>. During 1918, the city became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Volhynia_Governorate" title="Volhynia Governorate">Volhynia Governorate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> as a result of negotiations and own treaty between the delegation of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Central_Rada" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Central Rada">Ukrainian Central Rada</a> and Central Powers.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_Poland">Interwar Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interwar Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biera%C5%9Bcie,_Bulvarny,_Bank._%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5,_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B,_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_(1930)_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Biera%C5%9Bcie%2C_Bulvarny%2C_Bank._%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5%2C_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%281930%29_%283%29.jpg/220px-Biera%C5%9Bcie%2C_Bulvarny%2C_Bank._%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5%2C_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%281930%29_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Biera%C5%9Bcie%2C_Bulvarny%2C_Bank._%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5%2C_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%281930%29_%283%29.jpg/330px-Biera%C5%9Bcie%2C_Bulvarny%2C_Bank._%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5%2C_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%281930%29_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Biera%C5%9Bcie%2C_Bulvarny%2C_Bank._%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5%2C_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%281930%29_%283%29.jpg/440px-Biera%C5%9Bcie%2C_Bulvarny%2C_Bank._%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5%2C_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%281930%29_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2181" /></a><figcaption>Bank of Poland between the wars</figcaption></figure> <p>On 9 February 1919, Polish troops entered the city, and it returned to <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>, which regained independence three months earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192996_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalski192996-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPszczółkowski20146_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPszczółkowski20146-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> it was occupied by the Soviet Russians on 1 August 1920,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPszczółkowski20146–7_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPszczółkowski20146–7-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and recaptured by the Poles on 20 August,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192996_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalski192996-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with borders formally recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Riga" title="Treaty of Riga">Treaty of Riga</a> of 1921. In 1921, it became the temporary capital of the <a href="/wiki/Polesie_Voivodeship" title="Polesie Voivodeship">Polesie Voivodeship</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%84sk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pińsk">Pińsk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPszczółkowski20147_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPszczółkowski20147-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192997_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalski192997-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was renamed Brześć nad Bugiem (<i>Brest on the Bug</i>) on 20 March 1923. </p><p>The city was developed significantly and a number of representative public buildings were erected in <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modernist</a> styles, especially at <i>Ulica Unii Lubelskiej</i> (<a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Union of Lublin</a> Street, now Lenin Street), including the Bank of Poland, Tax Chamber, Regional Chamber of the State Control, Healthcare Fund and Voivodeship Office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPszczółkowski201413,_15,_17,_29–30_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPszczółkowski201413,_15,_17,_29–30-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable projects include the officials' housing estate, stylistically inspired by historic <a href="/wiki/Manor_houses_of_Polish_nobility" title="Manor houses of Polish nobility">manor houses of Polish nobility</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">garden city movement</a>, and the Warburg Residential Colony, dedicated to poor Jews who had lost their homes in World War I, founded by Felix M. Warburg, chairman of the Joint Distribution Committee of American Funds for Jewish War Sufferers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPszczółkowski201418–21,_30–32_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPszczółkowski201418–21,_30–32-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1929, city limits were greatly expanded.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPszczółkowski20149_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPszczółkowski20149-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the twenty years of Poland's sovereignty, of the total of 36 brand new schools established in the city, there were ten public, and five private <a href="/wiki/Jewish_day_school" title="Jewish day school">Jewish schools</a> inaugurated, with <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> as the language of instruction. The first-ever Jewish school in Brześć history opened in 1920, almost immediately after Poland's return to independence. In 1936 Jews constituted 41.3% of the Brześć population or 21,518 citizens. Some 80.3% of private enterprises were run by Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jerzy_Tomaszewski_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jerzy_Tomaszewski-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stosunki_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stosunki-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Polish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Army">Polish Army</a> troops of the 9th Military District along with its headquarters were stationed in Brześć Fortress. </p><p>The city had an overwhelmingly Jewish population in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Partition" title="Russian Partition">Russian Partition</a>: 30,000 out of 45,000 total population according to Russian 1897 census, which fell to 21,000 out of 50,000 according to the <a href="/wiki/Polish_census_of_1931" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish census of 1931">Polish census of 1931</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Browning_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browning-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-121-0011A-23,_Polen,_Siegesparade,_Guderian,_Kriwoschein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-121-0011A-23%2C_Polen%2C_Siegesparade%2C_Guderian%2C_Kriwoschein.jpg/260px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-121-0011A-23%2C_Polen%2C_Siegesparade%2C_Guderian%2C_Kriwoschein.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-121-0011A-23%2C_Polen%2C_Siegesparade%2C_Guderian%2C_Kriwoschein.jpg/390px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-121-0011A-23%2C_Polen%2C_Siegesparade%2C_Guderian%2C_Kriwoschein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-121-0011A-23%2C_Polen%2C_Siegesparade%2C_Guderian%2C_Kriwoschein.jpg/520px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-121-0011A-23%2C_Polen%2C_Siegesparade%2C_Guderian%2C_Kriwoschein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_military_parade_in_Brest-Litovsk" title="German–Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk">German–Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk</a> at the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a>. In the centre are Major General <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Heinz Guderian</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> and Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Krivoshein" title="Semyon Krivoshein">Semyon Krivoshein</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In early September 1939, the Polish government evacuated a portion of the Polish <a href="/wiki/Gold_reserve" title="Gold reserve">gold reserve</a> from <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> to Brześć, and then further southeast to <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aniatyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Śniatyn">Śniatyn</a> at the Poland-<a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> border, from where it was transported via Romania and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> to territory controlled by <a href="/wiki/Franco-Polish_alliance_(1921)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Polish alliance (1921)">Polish-allied</a> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the German <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a> in 1939, the city was defended by a small garrison of four infantry battalions under General <a href="/wiki/Konstanty_Plisowski" title="Konstanty Plisowski">Konstanty Plisowski</a> against General <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Heinz Guderian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/XIX_Army_Corps" title="XIX Army Corps">XIX Panzer Corps</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Litewski" title="Battle of Brześć Litewski">four days of heavy fighting</a>, the Polish forces withdrew southwards on 17 September. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a> began on the same day. As a result, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> entered the city at the end of September 1939 following the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>'s Secret Protocol, and a joint <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_military_parade_in_Brest-Litovsk" title="German–Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk">Nazi-Soviet military parade</a> took place on 22 September 1939. While Belarusians consider it a reunification of the Belarusian nation under one constituency (the <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> at that time), Poles consider it the date when the city was lost. During the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">Soviet control</a> (1939–41), the Polish population was subject to arrests, executions and mass deportations to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic</a>. Many Poles were imprisoned in the local prison, and then moved to a prison in <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ez_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ez-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is suspected that they were murdered by the Soviets in the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyn massacre</a> in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-ez_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ez-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Brest_Ghetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Brest Ghetto">Brest Ghetto</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Brest_District" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holocaust in the Brest District">The Holocaust in the Brest District</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FAMILY_PICTURE_OF_MENAHEM_BEGIN_(TOP_L)_WITH_SISTER_RACHEL_AND_LATE_BROTHER_HERZL_WITH_THEIR_PARENTS_IN_THEIR_HOME_TOWN_IN_POLAND._%D7%AA%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%97D690-049.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/FAMILY_PICTURE_OF_MENAHEM_BEGIN_%28TOP_L%29_WITH_SISTER_RACHEL_AND_LATE_BROTHER_HERZL_WITH_THEIR_PARENTS_IN_THEIR_HOME_TOWN_IN_POLAND._%D7%AA%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%97D690-049.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/FAMILY_PICTURE_OF_MENAHEM_BEGIN_%28TOP_L%29_WITH_SISTER_RACHEL_AND_LATE_BROTHER_HERZL_WITH_THEIR_PARENTS_IN_THEIR_HOME_TOWN_IN_POLAND._%D7%AA%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%97D690-049.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/FAMILY_PICTURE_OF_MENAHEM_BEGIN_%28TOP_L%29_WITH_SISTER_RACHEL_AND_LATE_BROTHER_HERZL_WITH_THEIR_PARENTS_IN_THEIR_HOME_TOWN_IN_POLAND._%D7%AA%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%97D690-049.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3066" data-file-height="2052" /></a><figcaption>The Begin family of the Brest-Litovsk Jewish community in 1932. Top left to right Herzl; Menahem; Rachel. In front their parents. Only Menahem and Rachel survived the Holocaust</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7_%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7_%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90.jpg/220px-%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7_%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7_%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90.jpg/330px-%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7_%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7_%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90.jpg/440px-%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7_%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A monument in memory of the Jews of Brest who were murdered in the Holocaust. In <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Shaul_cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiryat Shaul cemetery">Kiryat Shaul cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 22 June 1941, Brest Fortress and the city were attacked by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> on the first day of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The fortress <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Brest_Fortress" title="Defense of Brest Fortress">held out for six days</a>. Nearly all its Soviet army defenders perished. The Germans placed Brest under the administration of the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a></i>. The remaining municipal Jewish population (about 20,000) was sequestered in the <a href="/wiki/Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Ghetto" title="Brześć Ghetto">Brest ghetto</a> established by the German authorities in December 1941 and later murdered in October 1942. Only seven Jews survived the Nazi executions.<sup id="cite_ref-Browning_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browning-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Germans also operated a Nazi prison, a <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a> "education" camp for men and women, a forced labour camp for Jews, the AGSSt 3 prisoner-of-war assembly center, the Dulag 314 transit <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_II" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II">POW camp</a> for <a href="/wiki/Italian_Military_Internees" title="Italian Military Internees">Italians</a>, the Stalag 397 POW camp for Soviet POWs and a subcamp of the Stalag 360 POW camp in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance movement</a>, including the Polesie District of the <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a>, was active in the city. </p><p>The city was re-occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> on 28 July 1944, and eventually annexed from Poland the following year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_period">Post-war period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-war period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1945, the <i>Związek Obrońców Wolności</i> ("Freedom Defenders Association") Polish resistance organization was founded in the city, with its activities including secret Polish schooling, rescuing historical Polish monuments from devastation and organising aid for repressed people and those in a difficult material situation.<sup id="cite_ref-kktl_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kktl-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization was crushed by the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> in 1948, and its members were deported to <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor in the Soviet Union">forced labour</a> camps for 25 years.<sup id="cite_ref-kktl_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kktl-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 2019, a mass grave containing the remains of 1,214 people were found in the Brest Ghetto area during a construction project. Most are believed to have been Jews murdered by Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brest lies astride the <a href="/wiki/Mukhavets" title="Mukhavets">Mukhavets</a> River which flows west through the city, dividing it into north and south, and meets the <a href="/wiki/Bug_(river)" title="Bug (river)">Bug River</a> in the Brest Fortress. The river flows slowly and gently. Today the river looks quite broad in Brest. The terrain is fairly flat around Brest. The river has an extremely broad <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplain</a>, that is about 2 to 3 kilometres (1 to 2 miles) across. Brest was subject to flooding in the past. One of the worst floods in recorded history occurred in 1974.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplain</a> was reclaimed with <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_mining" title="Hydraulic mining">hydraulic mining</a>. In the 1980s, big cutter-suction <a href="/wiki/Dredgers" class="mw-redirect" title="Dredgers">dredgers</a> mined sand and clay from the riverbed to build up the banks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 2000s, two new residential areas were developed in the southwest of Brest. </p><p>To the east of Brest, the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Bug_Canal" title="Dnieper–Bug Canal">Dnieper–Bug Canal</a> was built in the mid-nineteenth century to join the river to <a href="/wiki/Pina_(river)" title="Pina (river)">Pina</a>, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Pripyat_(river)" title="Pripyat (river)">Pripyat River</a> which in turn drains into the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a>. Thus Brest has a shipping route all the way to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. If not for a dam and neglected <a href="/wiki/Weir" title="Weir">weirs</a> west of Brest, north-western European shipping would be connected with the Black Sea also. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brest has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> but slightly leans towards oceanic due to the irregular winter temperatures that mostly hover around the freezing point. However, summers are warm and influenced by its inland position compared to areas nearer the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Brest (1991–2020, extremes 1888–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7<br />(76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br />(87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1<br />(89.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3<br />(93.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.6<br />(97.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7<br />(98.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4<br />(93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4<br />(79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">36.7<br />(98.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7<br />(35.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2<br />(66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0<br />(42.8) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.3<br />(27.9) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.2<br />(29.8) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2<br />(48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2<br />(66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(38.1) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8<br />(30.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.7<br />(47.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.5<br />(23.9) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8<br />(25.2) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8<br />(30.6) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3<br />(39.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br />(48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(34.2) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.9<br />(26.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.9<br />(40.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #2727FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−35.5<br />(−31.9) </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−28.1<br />(−18.6) </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22.6<br />(−8.7) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.2<br />(20.8) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.2<br />(24.4) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1<br />(35.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(34.3) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.8<br />(27.0) </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.9<br />(14.2) </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−19.2<br />(−2.6) </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25.1<br />(−13.2) </td> <td style="background: #2727FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−35.5<br />(−31.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36<br />(1.4) </td> <td style="background: #C5FFC5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35<br />(1.4) </td> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33<br />(1.3) </td> <td style="background: #C2FFC2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67<br />(2.6) </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68<br />(2.7) </td> <td style="background: #83FF83; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83<br />(3.3) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62<br />(2.4) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #C0FFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42<br />(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #C2FFC2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40<br />(1.6) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">600<br />(23.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6<br />(2.4) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3<br />(1.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(0.4) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4<br />(1.6) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7<br />(2.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #3333FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">160 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #2626FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">67 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000B1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">87 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">76 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #4F4F4F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.3 </td> <td style="background: #818181; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.6 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">139.4 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198.6 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">267.9 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">282.1 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">284.7 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">268.0 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">182.4 </td> <td style="background: #B6B661; color:#000000;" class="notheme">119.6 </td> <td style="background: #5C5C5C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.1 </td> <td style="background: #414141; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">35.8 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,935.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #C0C025; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36 </td> <td style="background: #F1F112; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18 </td> <td style="background: #AFAF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net<sup id="cite_ref-pogoda_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pogoda-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belarus Department of Hydrometeorology (percent sun from 1949–1951 and 1953–2000)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:30em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr valign="top"><td style="padding:0 0.5em"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1897</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">46,568</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">41,400</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−11.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1959</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">73,614</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+77.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">121,629</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+65.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1979</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">177,249</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+45.7%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1989</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">258,016</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+45.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1999</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">286,400</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2009</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">309,764</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2019</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">338,979</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.4%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: pop-stat.mashke.org<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Points_of_interest">Points of interest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Points of interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Row_brest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Row_brest.jpg/220px-Row_brest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Row_brest.jpg/330px-Row_brest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Row_brest.jpg/440px-Row_brest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption>Rowing course in Brest</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BFring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/BFring.jpg/220px-BFring.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/BFring.jpg/330px-BFring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/BFring.jpg/440px-BFring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A southern stretch of the ring <a href="/wiki/Barracks" title="Barracks">barracks</a> of the Citadel with a projecting semi-tower on the left</figcaption></figure> <p>A majestic Soviet-era war memorial was constructed on the site of the 1941 battle to commemorate the known and unknown defenders of the Brest Fortress. This war memorial is the largest tourist attraction in the city. The <a href="/wiki/Berestye_Archeological_Museum" title="Berestye Archeological Museum">Berestye Archeological Museum</a> of the old city is located on the southern island of the <a href="/wiki/Hero-Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Hero-Fortress">Hero-Fortress</a>. It has objects and huts dating from the 11th – 13th century that were unearthed during the 1970s. </p><p>The Museum of Rescued Art Treasures has a collection of paintings and icons. <a href="/wiki/Brest_City_Park" title="Brest City Park">Brest City Park</a> is over 100 years old and underwent renovations from 2004 to 2006 as part of a ceremony marking the park's centennial. In July 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Monument_of_Brest" title="Millennium Monument of Brest">Millennium Monument of Brest</a> was unveiled. Sovetskaya Street is a popular tourist destination in Brest; it was dramatically reconstructed in 2007–2009. Other important landmarks include the <a href="/wiki/Brest_Railway_Museum" title="Brest Railway Museum">Brest Railway Museum</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brest is home to two Universities: <a href="/wiki/A.S._Pushkin_Brest_State_University" title="A.S. Pushkin Brest State University">A.S. Pushkin Brest State University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brest_State_Technical_University" title="Brest State Technical University">Brest State Technical University</a>. There is also a branch of <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_National_Technical_University" title="Belarusian National Technical University">Belarusian National Technical University</a>. </p><p>Among the secondary specialized educational institutions of the city: </p> <ul><li>Brest State Railway College</li> <li>Brest State Medical College</li> <li>Brest State Musical College named after G. Shirmy</li> <li>Brest State Regional College of the Olympic Reserve</li> <li>Brest State Polytechnic College - a branch of the Brest State Technical University</li> <li>Brest State Professional-Technical College of Instrument Engineering</li> <li>Brest State College of Transport and Service</li> <li>Brest State College of Light Industry</li> <li>Brest State College of Builders</li> <li>Brest State Trade and Technology College</li> <li>Brest State College of Communications</li> <li>Brest State College of Service Industry</li> <li>Brest branch of the capital's private educational institution "College of Business and Law."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Being situated on the main railway line connecting Berlin and Moscow, and a <a href="/wiki/International_E-road_network" title="International E-road network">transcontinental highway</a> (the <a href="/wiki/M1_highway_(Belarus)" title="M1 highway (Belarus)">M1 highway</a> is part of the <a href="/wiki/European_route_E30" title="European route E30">European route E30</a> running from <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a> to <a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a>, where it links with <a href="/wiki/AH6_(highway)" title="AH6 (highway)">Asian Highway 6</a> leading to <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a>), Brest became a principal border crossing out of the Soviet Union in the postwar era. Today it links the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a>. </p><p>The city of Brest is served by <a href="/wiki/Brest-Tsentralny_railway_station" title="Brest-Tsentralny railway station">Brest-Tsentralny railway station</a>. Because of the <a href="/wiki/Break-of-gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Break-of-gauge">break-of-gauge</a> at Brest, where the Russian <a href="/wiki/Broad_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad gauge">broad gauge</a> meets the European <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a>, all passenger trains, coming from <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, must have their <a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">bogies</a> <a href="/wiki/Bogie_exchange" title="Bogie exchange">replaced</a> here, to travel on across <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>. The freight must be <a href="/wiki/Transloading" title="Transloading">transloaded</a> from cars of one gauge to cars of another. Some of the land in the Brest rail yards remains contaminated due to the transhipment of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> materials here since Soviet days. However, cleanup operations have been taking place.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The local airport, <a href="/wiki/Brest_Airport" title="Brest Airport">Brest Airport</a> (code BQT), operates flights on a seasonal schedule to <a href="/wiki/Khrabrovo_Airport" title="Khrabrovo Airport">Kaliningrad</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Russian Federation and seasonal charter flights to <a href="/wiki/Burgas_Airport" title="Burgas Airport">Burgas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antalya_Airport" title="Antalya Airport">Antalya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BrestFlights_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrestFlights-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%9A_%22%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%22_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/%D0%94%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%9A_%22%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%22_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%D0%94%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%9A_%22%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%22_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/%D0%94%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%9A_%22%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%22_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%D0%94%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%9A_%22%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%22_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/%D0%94%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%9A_%22%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%22_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-%D0%94%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%9A_%22%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%22_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Regional_Sport_Complex_Brestsky" title="Regional Sport Complex Brestsky">Regional Sport Complex Brestsky</a>, Brest's largest stadium</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/HC_Meshkov_Brest" title="HC Meshkov Brest">HC Meshkov Brest</a> is<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the most successful team of the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Men%27s_Handball_Championship" title="Belarusian Men's Handball Championship">Belarusian Men's Handball Championship</a>, as well as the current<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> (2018–19) champions. Also, there is a Women's handball club in Brest – <a href="/wiki/HC_Victoria-Berestie" title="HC Victoria-Berestie">HC Victoria-Berestie</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/HK_Brest" title="HK Brest">HK Brest</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Extraleague" title="Belarusian Extraleague">Belarusian Extraleague</a> are the local pro hockey team. </p><p>Another popular sport in Brest is football. <a href="/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Brest" title="FC Dynamo Brest">FC Dynamo Brest</a> is a local club playing in <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Premier_League" title="Belarusian Premier League">Belarusian Premier League</a>. </p><p>The sports venues are located on the northern riverside on the <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fill" title="Hydraulic fill">hydraulic fill</a>, consisting of an indoor track-and-field centre, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest_Ice_Rink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brest Ice Rink (page does not exist)">Brest Ice Rink</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Belarus' first outdoor baseball stadium. On the opposite riverside is a large rowing course opened in 2007, home of the National Center for Olympic Training in Rowing. It meets international requirements and can host international competitions. Moreover, it has accommodation and training facilities, favourable location, 3 kilometres (2 miles) away from the border crossing along Warsaw Highway (the <a href="/wiki/European_route_E30" title="European route E30">European route E30</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are some newspapers in Brest: <a href="/wiki/Brestskaya_Gazeta" title="Brestskaya Gazeta">Brestskaya Gazeta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brestskiy_Kurier" title="Brestskiy Kurier">Brestskiy Kurier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vecherniy_Brest" title="Vecherniy Brest">Vecherniy Brest</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Belarus" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Belarus">List of twin towns and sister cities in Belarus</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">Sister cities</a> of Brest include:<sup id="cite_ref-twins_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twins-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a>, Russia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dorogomilovo_District" title="Dorogomilovo District">Dorogomilovo District (Moscow)</a>, Russia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a>, Russia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>, Russia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kovrov" title="Kovrov">Kovrov</a>, Russia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malgobek" title="Malgobek">Malgobek</a>, Russia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nevsky_District" title="Nevsky District">Nevsky District (Saint Petersburg)</a>, Russia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Tagil" title="Nizhny Tagil">Nizhny Tagil</a>, Russia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</a>, Russia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a>, Russia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a>, Russia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a>, Russia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tyumen" title="Tyumen">Tyumen</a>, Russia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk" title="Ivano-Frankivsk">Ivano-Frankivsk</a>, Ukraine</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lutsk" title="Lutsk">Lutsk</a>, Ukraine</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, Ukraine</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Siedlce_County" title="Siedlce County">Siedlce County</a>, Poland</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gmina_Terespol" title="Gmina Terespol">Terespol</a>, Poland</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Baienfurt" title="Baienfurt">Baienfurt</a>, Germany</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Baindt" title="Baindt">Baindt</a>, Germany</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Berg,_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Berg, Baden-Württemberg">Berg</a>, Germany</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ravensburg" title="Ravensburg">Ravensburg</a>, Germany</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Weingarten,_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Weingarten, Württemberg">Weingarten</a>, Germany</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Baiyin" title="Baiyin">Baiyin</a>, China</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Xiaogan" title="Xiaogan">Xiaogan</a>, China</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a>, Georgia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a>, Azerbaijan</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Coevorden" title="Coevorden">Coevorden</a>, Netherlands</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Port-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Port-sur-Saône">Port-sur-Saône</a>, France</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Subotica" title="Subotica">Subotica</a>, Serbia</li></ul> </div> <p>Former twin towns: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82a_Podlaska" title="Biała Podlaska">Biała Podlaska</a>, Poland</li></ul> <p>In March 2022, the Polish city of Biała Podlaska suspended its partnership with Brest as a reaction to the Belarusian involvement in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_forms_of_cooperation">Other forms of cooperation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other forms of cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brest maintains partnership with:<sup id="cite_ref-twins_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twins-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ashdod" title="Ashdod">Ashdod</a>, Israel</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Boto%C8%99ani" title="Botoșani">Botoșani</a>, Romania</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>, France</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ludza_Municipality" title="Ludza Municipality">Ludza</a>, Latvia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maldon_District" title="Maldon District">Maldon</a>, England, United Kingdom</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pleven" title="Pleven">Pleven</a>, Bulgaria</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minor planet</a>, <a href="/wiki/3232_Brest" class="mw-redirect" title="3232 Brest">3232 Brest</a>, discovered by the Soviet astronomer <a href="/wiki/Lyudmila_Ivanovna_Chernykh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyudmila Ivanovna Chernykh">Lyudmila Ivanovna Chernykh</a> in 1974, is named after the city.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Brest,_Belarus" title="Category:People from Brest, Belarus">Category:People from Brest, Belarus</a></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menachem_Begin_1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Menachem_Begin_1978.jpg/220px-Menachem_Begin_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Menachem_Begin_1978.jpg/330px-Menachem_Begin_1978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Menachem_Begin_1978.jpg/440px-Menachem_Begin_1978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="1850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yehoshua_Leib_Diskin" title="Yehoshua Leib Diskin">Yehoshua Leib Diskin</a>, Rabbi of Brisk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a>, late Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_D%C4%85browski" title="Jarosław Dąbrowski">Jarosław Dąbrowski</a>, Polish revolutionary and general</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dubinsky" title="David Dubinsky">David Dubinsky</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/International_Ladies_Garment_Workers%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Ladies Garment Workers' Union">International Ladies Garment Workers' Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Dy%C5%84ko" title="Andrej Dyńko">Andrej Dyńko</a> (b. 1974), journalist and editor<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Gruenberg" title="Louis Gruenberg">Louis Gruenberg</a>, composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karpol" title="Nikolay Karpol">Nikolay Karpol</a>, Russian women's volleyball coach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Kolendo" title="Jerzy Kolendo">Jerzy Kolendo</a>, Polish classical archaeologist and historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Kopp" title="Harry Kopp">Harry Kopp</a> (1880–1943), American lawyer and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Masherov" title="Pyotr Masherov">Pyotr Masherov</a>, secretary of Belarusian committee of the Communist Party of Soviet Union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulia_Nesterenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Yulia Nesterenko">Yulia Nesterenko</a>, Olympian women's 100 m champion</li> <li>Dzmitryj Rubašeŭski (nom de guerre (“Hans”))(1992-2022), Belarusian volunteer <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_involvement_in_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian involvement in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">killed in action</a> defending Ukraine during <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">the 2022 Russian invasion</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sharon" title="Nathan Sharon">Nathan Sharon</a> (1925–2011), Israeli biochemist, expert on lectins</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Shutov" class="mw-redirect" title="Gennady Shutov">Hienadz Shutau</a> (1975 – 2020), a protestor killed during the protests against the <a href="/wiki/2020_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2020 Belarusian presidential election">2020 Belarusian presidential election</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Soloveitchik" title="Soloveitchik">Soloveitchik</a> rabbinical family associated with the <a href="/wiki/Brisk_yeshivas" class="mw-redirect" title="Brisk yeshivas">Brisk yeshivas</a>, and descendant Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Soloveitchik" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Soloveitchik">Joseph Soloveitchik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Steinman" title="David B. Steinman">David B. Steinman</a>, American structural engineer; the designer of the <a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Bridge" title="Mackinac Bridge">Mackinac Bridge</a> called "Big Mac"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyaksandr_Tsvikievich" class="mw-redirect" title="Alyaksandr Tsvikievich">Aliaksandar Cvikievič</a> (1888 – 1937), Belarusian politician, historian, jurist, philosopher and a victim of <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Stalin's purges</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganna_Walska" title="Ganna Walska">Ganna Walska</a>, Polish opera singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liubov_Charkashyna" title="Liubov Charkashyna">Liubov Charkashyna</a>, Belarusian bronze medallist in the individual all-around rhythmic gymnastics competition at the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Aaron_ben_Meir_of_Brest" title="Aaron ben Meir of Brest">Aaron ben Meir of Brest</a>, eighteenth-century rabbi</li> <li>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Aharon_Leib_Shteinman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aharon Leib Shteinman">Aharon Leib Shteinman</a>, haredi rabbi in Israel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Szweber" title="Sara Szweber">Sara Szweber</a>, Bundist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_European_cities_in_different_languages:_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of European cities in different languages: B">Names of European cities in different languages: B</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Brest</b>: <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <span lang="be">Брэст</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="be-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Belarusian" title="Help:IPA/Belarusian">[brɛs̪t̪]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Брест</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[brʲes̪t̪]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Берестя</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Berestia</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="uk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">[beˈrɛsʲtʲɐ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/db\/LL-Q8798_%28ukr%29-Tohaomg-%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F.wav\/LL-Q8798_%28ukr%29-Tohaomg-%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Tohaomg-\u0411\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044f.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/LL-Q8798_%28ukr%29-Tohaomg-%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F.wav/LL-Q8798_%28ukr%29-Tohaomg-%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q8798_(ukr)-Tohaomg-%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F.wav" title="File:LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Tohaomg-Берестя.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: <i lang="lt">Brasta</i>; <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Brześć</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ˈbʐɛɕt͡ɕ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/01\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-Brze%C5%9B%C4%87.wav\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-Brze%C5%9B%C4%87.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-Brze\u015b\u0107.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-Brze%C5%9B%C4%87.wav/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-Brze%C5%9B%C4%87.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q809_(pol)-Olaf-Brze%C5%9B%C4%87.wav" title="File:LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-Brześć.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">בריסק</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Yiddish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">Brisk</i></span><br /><b>Brest-Litovsk</b>: Russian: <span lang="ru">Брест-Литовск</span>, <small><abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'Lithuanian Brest'; <a href="/wiki/Tara%C5%A1kievica" title="Taraškievica">Taraškievica</a> Belarusian: <span lang="be">Берасьце Літоўскае</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">Bieraście Litoŭskaje</i></span>; Lithuanian: <i lang="lt">Lietuvos Brasta</i>; Polish: <i lang="pl">Brześć Litewski</i>, Yiddish: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">בריסק דליטא</span><br /><b>Brest-on-the-Bug</b>: Polish: <i lang="pl">Brześć nad Bugiem</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-jb-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jb_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jb_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jb_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBardach1980" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bardach, Juliusz (1980). "Miasta na prawie magdeburskim w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim od schyłku XIV do połowy XVII stulecia". <i>Kwartalnik Historyczny</i> (in Polish). Vol. 87, no. 1. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kwartalnik+Historyczny&rft.atitle=Miasta+na+prawie+magdeburskim+w+Wielkim+Ksi%C4%99stwie+Litewskim+od+schy%C5%82ku+XIV+do+po%C5%82owy+XVII+stulecia&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Bardach&rft.aufirst=Juliusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pop-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pop_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240402055418/https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_89355/">"Численность населения на 1 января 2024 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2023 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа"</a>. <i>belsat.gov.by</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_89355/">the original</a> on 2 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=belsat.gov.by&rft.atitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+1+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+2024+%D0%B3.+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B0+2023+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belstat.gov.by%2Fofitsialnaya-statistika%2Fsolialnaya-sfera%2Fnaselenie-i-migratsiya%2Fnaselenie%2Fstatisticheskie-izdaniya%2Findex_89355%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050509081415/http://www.brest-belarus.com/History_1900_2005.shtml#section10">"BREST-LITOVSK, BREST, BRISK, BRESTYE, BERESTIE, BERESTOV, BRZESC, sometimes Russia or Poland and now Belarus - Jewish Genealogy - Searching for our ancestors"</a>. <i>www.brest-belarus.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brest-belarus.com/History_1900_2005.shtml#section10">the original</a> on 9 May 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.brest-belarus.com&rft.atitle=BREST-LITOVSK%2C+BREST%2C+BRISK%2C+BRESTYE%2C+BERESTIE%2C+BERESTOV%2C+BRZESC%2C+sometimes+Russia+or+Poland+and+now+Belarus+-+Jewish+Genealogy+-+Searching+for+our+ancestors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brest-belarus.com%2FHistory_1900_2005.shtml%23section10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Lituanica" title="Encyclopedia Lituanica">Encyclopedia Lituanica</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a>, Vol. I, p. 409. LCC74-114275</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuziasLabourdette2010" class="citation book cs1">Auzias, Dominique; Labourdette, Jean-Paul (2010). "Brest et sa région". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GTMVnlCyezAC"><i>Biélorussie</i></a>. Country Guides. Petit Futé. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782746937796" title="Special:BookSources/9782746937796"><bdi>9782746937796</bdi></a>. <q><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">D'abord russe, ensuite polonaise, en 1319, Brest est conquis par le prince Gedimin et rattaché au grand-duché de Lituanie.</i></span> [At first Russian, then Polish, Brest in 1319 was conquered by Prince <a href="/wiki/Gediminas" title="Gediminas">Gediminas</a> and absorbed into the grand Duchy of Lithuania.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brest+et+sa+r%C3%A9gion&rft.btitle=Bi%C3%A9lorussie&rft.series=Country+Guides&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Petit+Fut%C3%A9&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9782746937796&rft.aulast=Auzias&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft.au=Labourdette%2C+Jean-Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGTMVnlCyezAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kancelaria Sejmu RP (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WDU19230390269">Dz.U. 1923 nr 39 poz. 269 </a> ISAP Archive. Link to PDF document.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318223102/http://www.minskguide.travel/about_belarus/brest_the_third_oldest_city_of_belarus.html">"Brest as a tourist destination – private Minsk tours"</a>. 20 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minskguide.travel/about_belarus/brest_the_third_oldest_city_of_belarus.html">the original</a> on 18 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brest+as+a+tourist+destination+%E2%80%93+private+Minsk+tours&rft.date=2011-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minskguide.travel%2Fabout_belarus%2Fbrest_the_third_oldest_city_of_belarus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalski192943-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192943_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192943_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192943_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192943_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192943_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMondalski1929">Mondalski 1929</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sgk399-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sgk399_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sgk399_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sgk399_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sgk399_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sgk399_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sgk399_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sgk399_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sgk399_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom I</i> (in Polish). Warszawa. 1880. p. 399.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C5%82ownik+geograficzny+Kr%C3%B3lestwa+Polskiego+i+innych+kraj%C3%B3w+s%C5%82owia%C5%84skich%2C+Tom+I&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=399&rft.date=1880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Вялікае Княства Літоўскае. Энцыклапедыя</i> (in Belarusian). Vol. 1. Minsk. 2007. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-985-11-0393-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-985-11-0393-1"><bdi>978-985-11-0393-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5+%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5.+%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F&rft.place=Minsk&rft.pages=313&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-985-11-0393-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pocz-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pocz_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pocz_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poczet.com/bialy.htm">"Leszek I Biały"</a>. <i>Poczet.com</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Poczet.com&rft.atitle=Leszek+I+Bia%C5%82y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poczet.com%2Fbialy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDroba1881" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Droba, Ludwik (1881). <i>Stosunki Leszka Białego z Rusią i Węgrami</i> (in Polish). Kraków: <a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_Jagiello%C5%84ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniwersytet Jagielloński">Uniwersytet Jagielloński</a>. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stosunki+Leszka+Bia%C5%82ego+z+Rusi%C4%85+i+W%C4%99grami&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Uniwersytet+Jagiello%C5%84ski&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Droba&rft.aufirst=Ludwik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalski192945-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192945_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMondalski1929">Mondalski 1929</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalecki2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Halecki, Oskar (2013). <i>Dzieje Unii Jagiellońskiej. Tom I. W wiekach średnich</i> (in Polish). Warszawa: Instytut Historyczny <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego</a>, Wydawnictwo Neriton. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7543-277-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7543-277-0"><bdi>978-83-7543-277-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dzieje+Unii+Jagiello%C5%84skiej.+Tom+I.+W+wiekach+%C5%9Brednich&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Instytut+Historyczny+Uniwersytetu+Warszawskiego%2C+Wydawnictwo+Neriton&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-83-7543-277-0&rft.aulast=Halecki&rft.aufirst=Oskar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalski192947-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192947_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMondalski1929">Mondalski 1929</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halecki, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalecki2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Halecki, Oskar (2013). <i>Dzieje Unii Jagiellońskiej. Tom I. W wiekach średnich</i> (in Polish). Warszawa: Instytut Historyczny <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego</a>, Wydawnictwo Neriton. pp. 133–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7543-277-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7543-277-0"><bdi>978-83-7543-277-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dzieje+Unii+Jagiello%C5%84skiej.+Tom+I.+W+wiekach+%C5%9Brednich&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=133-134&rft.pub=Instytut+Historyczny+Uniwersytetu+Warszawskiego%2C+Wydawnictwo+Neriton&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-83-7543-277-0&rft.aulast=Halecki&rft.aufirst=Oskar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halecki, p. 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalski192953-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192953_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192953_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMondalski1929">Mondalski 1929</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalski192951,_53-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192951,_53_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMondalski1929">Mondalski 1929</a>, pp. 51, 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halecki, p. 229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalski192953,_55-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192953,_55_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMondalski1929">Mondalski 1929</a>, pp. 53, 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonopczyński1948" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Konopczyński, Władysław (1948). <i>Chronologia sejmów polskich 1493–1793</i> (in Polish). Kraków: <a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences">Polska Akademia Umiejętności</a>. p. 153.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronologia+sejm%C3%B3w+polskich+1493%E2%80%931793&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Polska+Akademia+Umiej%C4%99tno%C5%9Bci&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Konopczy%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1895/05/19/archives/brestlitovsks-disastrous-fire.html">"Brest-Litovsk's Disastrous Fire"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 19 May 1895. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Brest-Litovsk%27s+Disastrous+Fire.&rft.date=1895-05-19&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1895%2F05%2F19%2Farchives%2Fbrestlitovsks-disastrous-fire.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Robson, Stuart (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/firstworldwar0000robs_r5x1"><i>The First World War</i></a> (1 ed.). Harrow, England: Pearson Longman. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-2471-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-2471-2"><bdi>978-1-4058-2471-2</bdi></a> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War&rft.place=Harrow%2C+England&rft.pages=30&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-2471-2&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstworldwar0000robs_r5x1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tim Cross (1988) <i>The Lost Voices of World War I</i>, page 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvan_KatchanovskiZenon_E.Bohdan_Y.Myroslav2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Katchanovski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Katchanovski (page does not exist)">Ivan Katchanovski</a>; Zenon E., Kohut; Bohdan Y., Nebesio; Myroslav, Yurkevich (2013). <i>Historical Dictionary of Ukraine</i>. Scarecrow Press. pp. 60–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810878471" title="Special:BookSources/9780810878471"><bdi>9780810878471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Ukraine&rft.pages=60-61&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780810878471&rft.au=Ivan+Katchanovski&rft.au=Zenon+E.%2C+Kohut&rft.au=Bohdan+Y.%2C+Nebesio&rft.au=Myroslav%2C+Yurkevich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalski192996-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192996_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192996_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMondalski1929">Mondalski 1929</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPszczółkowski20146-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPszczółkowski20146_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPszczółkowski2014">Pszczółkowski 2014</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPszczółkowski20146–7-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPszczółkowski20146–7_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPszczółkowski2014">Pszczółkowski 2014</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPszczółkowski20147-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPszczółkowski20147_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPszczółkowski2014">Pszczółkowski 2014</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondalski192997-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondalski192997_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMondalski1929">Mondalski 1929</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPszczółkowski201413,_15,_17,_29–30-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPszczółkowski201413,_15,_17,_29–30_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPszczółkowski2014">Pszczółkowski 2014</a>, pp. 13, 15, 17, 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPszczółkowski201418–21,_30–32-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPszczółkowski201418–21,_30–32_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPszczółkowski2014">Pszczółkowski 2014</a>, pp. 18–21, 30–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19290430354">Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 31 maja 1929 r. o rozszerzeniu granic miasta Brześcia n/Bugiem w powiecie brzeskim, województwie poleskiem.</a>, Dz. U., 1929, vol. 43, No. 354 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPszczółkowski20149-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPszczółkowski20149_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPszczółkowski2014">Pszczółkowski 2014</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/God%27s_Playground" title="God's Playground">God's Playground</a></i> (Polish edition), Second volume, p.512-513</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jerzy_Tomaszewski-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jerzy_Tomaszewski_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlice_TeichovaHerbert_MatisJaroslav_Pátek2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Teichova" title="Alice Teichova">Alice Teichova</a>; Herbert Matis; Jaroslav Pátek (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8UVxY-8Xk-sC&q=nowogrodek++++minorities&pg=PA345"><i>Economic Change and the National Question in Twentieth-century Europe</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 342–344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63037-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63037-5"><bdi>978-0-521-63037-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Change+and+the+National+Question+in+Twentieth-century+Europe&rft.pages=342-344&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63037-5&rft.au=Alice+Teichova&rft.au=Herbert+Matis&rft.au=Jaroslav+P%C3%A1tek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8UVxY-8Xk-sC%26q%3Dnowogrodek%2B%2B%2B%2Bminorities%26pg%3DPA345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stosunki-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stosunki_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100529211839/http://old.bialorus.pl/index.php?secId=49&docId=57&&Rozdzial=historia">Stosunki polsko-białoruskie pod okupacją sowiecką</a>, (<i>Polish-Byelorussian relations under the Soviet occupation</i>). <i>Bialorus.pl</i> <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joshua D. Zimmerman, <i>Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-19464-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-19464-7">0-299-19464-7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6sbr9cZyw_4C&dq=population+Brest+Poles+Jews&pg=PA16">Google Print, p.16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Browning-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Browning_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Browning_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher R. Browning, <i>Nazi policy, Jewish workers, German killers', <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ewncj-TwLycC&dq=population+Brest+Poles+Jews&pg=PA124">Google Print, p.124</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWróbel2002" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wróbel, Janusz (2002). "Wojenne losy polskiego złota". <i>Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej</i> (in Polish). No. 8-9 (19-20). <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">IPN</a>. pp. 55–58. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1641-9561">1641-9561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biuletyn+Instytutu+Pami%C4%99ci+Narodowej&rft.atitle=Wojenne+losy+polskiego+z%C5%82ota&rft.issue=8-9+%2819-20%29&rft.pages=55-58&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=1641-9561&rft.aulast=Wr%C3%B3bel&rft.aufirst=Janusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ez-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ez_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ez_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiółkowska2009" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ziółkowska, Ewa (2009). "Kuropaty". <i>Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej</i> (in Polish). No. 1–2 (96–97). <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">IPN</a>. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1641-9561">1641-9561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biuletyn+Instytutu+Pami%C4%99ci+Narodowej&rft.atitle=Kuropaty&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932+%2896%E2%80%9397%29&rft.pages=51&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1641-9561&rft.aulast=Zi%C3%B3%C5%82kowska&rft.aufirst=Ewa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=545">"Gefängnis Brest-Litowsk"</a>. <i>Bundesarchiv.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bundesarchiv.de&rft.atitle=Gef%C3%A4ngnis+Brest-Litowsk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesarchiv.de%2Fzwangsarbeit%2Fhaftstaetten%2Findex.php%3Faction%3D2.2%26tab%3D7%26id%3D545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=543">"Arbeitserziehungslager Brest"</a>. <i>Bundesarchiv.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bundesarchiv.de&rft.atitle=Arbeitserziehungslager+Brest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesarchiv.de%2Fzwangsarbeit%2Fhaftstaetten%2Findex.php%3Faction%3D2.2%26tab%3D7%26id%3D543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=544">"Zwangsarbeitslager für Juden Brest"</a>. <i>Bundesarchiv.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bundesarchiv.de&rft.atitle=Zwangsarbeitslager+f%C3%BCr+Juden+Brest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesarchiv.de%2Fzwangsarbeit%2Fhaftstaetten%2Findex.php%3Faction%3D2.2%26tab%3D7%26id%3D544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMegargeeOvermansVogt2022" class="citation book cs1">Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022). <i>The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV</i>. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 39, 117, 363, 385–386. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-06089-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-06089-1"><bdi>978-0-253-06089-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+Encyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos+1933%E2%80%931945.+Volume+IV&rft.pages=39%2C+117%2C+363%2C+385-386&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press%2C+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-253-06089-1&rft.aulast=Megargee&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+P.&rft.au=Overmans%2C+R%C3%BCdiger&rft.au=Vogt%2C+Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kktl-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kktl_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kktl_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrajewskiŁabuszewski2009" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krajewski, Kazimierz; Łabuszewski, Tomasz (2009). "Ostatni obrońcy Kresow Połnocno-Wschodnich". <i>Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej</i> (in Polish). No. 1–2 (96–97). IPN. pp. 105–106. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1641-9561">1641-9561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biuletyn+Instytutu+Pami%C4%99ci+Narodowej&rft.atitle=Ostatni+obro%C5%84cy+Kresow+Po%C5%82nocno-Wschodnich&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932+%2896%E2%80%9397%29&rft.pages=105-106&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1641-9561&rft.aulast=Krajewski&rft.aufirst=Kazimierz&rft.au=%C5%81abuszewski%2C+Tomasz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiphshiz2019" class="citation news cs1">Liphshiz, Cnaan (22 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228094349/https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Antisemitism/Remains-of-hundreds-of-bodies-unearthed-at-former-Jewish-ghetto-in-Belarus-581444">"Remains of Hundreds of Bodies Unearthed at Former Jewish Ghetto in Belarus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a>. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Remains+of+Hundreds+of+Bodies+Unearthed+at+Former+Jewish+Ghetto+in+Belarus&rft.date=2019-02-22&rft.aulast=Liphshiz&rft.aufirst=Cnaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FDiaspora%2FAntisemitism%2FRemains-of-hundreds-of-bodies-unearthed-at-former-Jewish-ghetto-in-Belarus-581444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2019" class="citation web cs1">Higgins, Andrew (27 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512120257/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/27/world/europe/belarus-holocaust-mass-grave.html">"Belarus Building Site Yields the Bones of 1,214 Holocaust Victims"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Belarus+Building+Site+Yields+the+Bones+of+1%2C214+Holocaust+Victims&rft.date=2019-04-27&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F04%2F27%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fbelarus-holocaust-mass-grave.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pogoda-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pogoda_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/33008.htm">"Weather and Climate- The Climate of Brest"</a> (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weather+and+Climate-+The+Climate+of+Brest&rft.pub=Weather+and+Climate+%28%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogodaiklimat.ru%2Fclimate%2F33008.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Belarus/XLS/BREST_33008.csv">"Brest Climate Normals 1991–2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brest+Climate+Normals+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F2.2%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-2-WMO-Normals-9120%2FBelarus%2FXLS%2FBREST_33008.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426031859/http://www.pogoda.by/climat-directory/?page=289">"Солнечное сияние. Обобщения III часть: Таблица 2.1. Характеристики продолжительности и суточный ход (доли часа) солнечного сияния. Продолжение"</a> (in Russian). Department of Hydrometeorology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogoda.by/climat-directory/?page=289">the original</a> on 26 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+III+%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%3A+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0+2.1.+%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4+%28%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%29+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.&rft.pub=Department+of+Hydrometeorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogoda.by%2Fclimat-directory%2F%3Fpage%3D289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pop-stat.mashke.org/belarus-cities.htm">"Cities & Towns of Belarus"</a>. 15 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cities+%26+Towns+of+Belarus&rft.date=2024-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpop-stat.mashke.org%2Fbelarus-cities.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170716112342/https://www.interfax.by/news/belarus/1185220">"Авиасообщение между Брестом и Калининградом откроется 8 июня"</a>. Interfax.by. Interfax. 4 June 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfax.by/news/belarus/1185220">the original</a> on 16 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83+%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F+8+%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%8F&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interfax.by%2Fnews%2Fbelarus%2F1185220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrestFlights-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrestFlights_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234433/http://vb.by/article.php?topic=3&article=20691">"Что нас манит ввысь?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vecherniy_Brest" title="Vecherniy Brest">Vecherniy Brest</a></i>. 4 June 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vb.by/article.php?topic=3&article=20691">the original</a> on 30 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vecherniy+Brest&rft.atitle=%D0%A7%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%B2%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C%3F&rft.date=2013-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvb.by%2Farticle.php%3Ftopic%3D3%26article%3D20691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeering" class="citation web cs1">Geering. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hockeyarenas.net/index.php?page=3000&ctID=by&size=0&arOrder=arOrt&strSearch=Brest&arID=1174">"BREST ICE SPORT PALACE"</a>. <i>www.hockeyarenas.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hockeyarenas.net&rft.atitle=BREST+ICE+SPORT+PALACE&rft.au=Geering&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hockeyarenas.net%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3D3000%26ctID%3Dby%26size%3D0%26arOrder%3DarOrt%26strSearch%3DBrest%26arID%3D1174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twins-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twins_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twins_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181127022449/https://city-brest.gov.by/%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B-%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0/">"Города-побратимы (партнеры) Бреста"</a>. <i>city-brest.gov.by</i> (in Belarusian). Brest. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://city-brest.gov.by/%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B-%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0/">the original</a> on 27 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=city-brest.gov.by&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B+%28%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%29+%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcity-brest.gov.by%2F%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0-%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B1%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D1%258B-%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%258B-%25D0%25B1%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wnp.pl/parlamentarny/wydarzenia/biala-podlaska-miasto-zawiesza-wspolprace-z-dwoma-bialoruskimi-miastami,551544.html">"Biała Podlaska: Miasto zawiesza współpracę z dwoma białoruskimi miastami"</a> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bia%C5%82a+Podlaska%3A+Miasto+zawiesza+wsp%C3%B3%C5%82prac%C4%99+z+dwoma+bia%C5%82oruskimi+miastami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wnp.pl%2Fparlamentarny%2Fwydarzenia%2Fbiala-podlaska-miasto-zawiesza-wspolprace-z-dwoma-bialoruskimi-miastami%2C551544.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?q=3232+Brest+1974+SU">"3232 Brest 1974 SU – Google Search"</a>. <i>books.google.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=books.google.com&rft.atitle=3232+Brest+1974+SU+%E2%80%93+Google+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fq%3D3232%2BBrest%2B1974%2BSU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://baj.by/en/content/andrej-dynko-nasa-niva-released-pledge-report-when-ordered">Andrej Dyńko of Naša Niva released on pledge to report when ordered</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svaboda.org/a/31801069.html">"Страціў вока на вайне. Як загінуў ва Ўкраіне беларускі добраахвотнік Зьміцер "Ганс" Рубашэўскі (Lost an eye on the war. How the Belarusian volunteer Dzmitryj "Hans" Rubašeŭski died in Ukraine) Радыё Свабода (Radio Liberty) (in Belarusian)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%9E+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5.+%D0%AF%D0%BA+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%9E+%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%8E%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA+%D0%97%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80+%22%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%22+%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8D%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96+%28Lost+an+eye+on+the+war.+How+the+Belarusian+volunteer+Dzmitryj+%22Hans%22+Ruba%C5%A1e%C5%ADski+died+in+Ukraine%29+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%28Radio+Liberty%29+%28in+Belarusian%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svaboda.org%2Fa%2F31801069.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charter97.org/en/news/2020/8/20/390273/">"They Don't Give Us Dad's Body Without Permission of the Investigative Committee"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marakou.by/by/davedniki/represavanyya-litaratary/tom-ii?id=19865">ЦВІКЕВІЧ Аляксандр Іванавіч (Tsvikievich Alyaksandr Ivanavich)</a>(in Belarusian)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPszczółkowski2014" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pszczółkowski, Michał (2014). "Architektura Brześcia nad Bugiem w latach II Rzeczypospolitej". <i>Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki</i> (in Polish and English). Vol. 59, no. 3. Translated by Pszczółkowska, Karolina. Komitet Architektury i Urbanistyki <a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Sciences">Polskiej Akademii Nauk</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0023-5865">0023-5865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kwartalnik+Architektury+i+Urbanistyki&rft.atitle=Architektura+Brze%C5%9Bcia+nad+Bugiem+w+latach+II+Rzeczypospolitej&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0023-5865&rft.aulast=Pszcz%C3%B3%C5%82kowski&rft.aufirst=Micha%C5%82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMondalski1929" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mondalski, Wiktor (1929). <i>Brześć Podlaski (Brześć Litewski, Brześć nad Bugiem). Zarys geograficzno-historyczny</i> (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Turek,_Poland" title="Turek, Poland">Turek</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brze%C5%9B%C4%87+Podlaski+%28Brze%C5%9B%C4%87+Litewski%2C+Brze%C5%9B%C4%87+nad+Bugiem%29.+Zarys+geograficzno-historyczny&rft.place=Turek&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Mondalski&rft.aufirst=Wiktor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrest%2C+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kristian Gantser [Christian Ganzer], Irina Yelenskaya, Yelena Pashkovich [et al.] (ed.): Brest. Leto 1941 g. Dokumenty, materiyaly, fotografii. Smolensk: Inbelkul’t, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-00076-030-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-00076-030-7">978-5-00076-030-7</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/20656900/Брест._Лето_1941_г._Документы._Материалы._Фотографии">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest,_Belarus&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Brest-Litovsk" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brest-Litovsk">Brest-Litovsk</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://breststories.com/?language=en"><i>Brest Stories Guide</i> – Audiotheatre on the history of anti-semitism and the Shoah in Brest from 1937 to 1944 by the independent Brest theatre "Krylja Cholopa"</a> (English/Russian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishgen.org/Communities/community.php?usbgn=-1941830">Brest, Belarus</a> at <a href="/wiki/JewishGen" title="JewishGen">JewishGen</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brest_Region" title="Template:Brest Region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brest_Region" title="Template talk:Brest Region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brest_Region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brest Region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Subdivisions_of_Brest_Region,_Belarus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Brest_Voblast%2C_Belarus.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brest_Voblast%2C_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Brest_Voblast%2C_Belarus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Brest_Voblast%2C_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Brest_Voblast%2C_Belarus.svg/60px-Flag_of_Brest_Voblast%2C_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="250" /></span></span></span> Subdivisions of <a href="/wiki/Brest_Region" title="Brest Region">Brest Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Districts<br /><span class="nobold"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">raiony</a>)</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baranavichy_District" title="Baranavichy District">Baranavichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brest_District" title="Brest District">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byaroza_District" title="Byaroza District">Byaroza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drahichyn_District" title="Drahichyn District">Drahichyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantsavichy_District" title="Hantsavichy District">Hantsavichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanava_District" title="Ivanava District">Ivanava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatsevichy_District" title="Ivatsevichy District">Ivatsevichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamyenyets_District" title="Kamyenyets District">Kamyenyets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobryn_District" title="Kobryn District">Kobryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyakhavichy_District" title="Lyakhavichy District">Lyakhavichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luninyets_District" title="Luninyets District">Luninyets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaryta_District" title="Malaryta District">Malaryta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinsk_District" title="Pinsk District">Pinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruzhany_District" title="Pruzhany District">Pruzhany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolin_District" title="Stolin District">Stolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhabinka_District" title="Zhabinka District">Zhabinka</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Brest_Region.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Brest Region"><img alt="Coat of arms of Brest Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brest_Region.svg/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brest_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brest_Region.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brest_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brest_Region.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brest_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="340" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Cities and towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baranavichy" title="Baranavichy">Baranavichy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byaroza" title="Byaroza">Byaroza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelaazyorsk" title="Byelaazyorsk">Byelaazyorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davyd-Haradok" title="Davyd-Haradok">Davyd-Haradok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drahichyn" title="Drahichyn">Drahichyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamyenyets" title="Kamyenyets">Kamyenyets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobryn" title="Kobryn">Kobryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatsevichy" title="Ivatsevichy">Ivatsevichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosava,_Belarus" title="Kosava, Belarus">Kosava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luninyets" title="Luninyets">Luninyets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanava" title="Ivanava">Ivanava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantsavichy" title="Hantsavichy">Hantsavichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyakhavichy" title="Lyakhavichy">Lyakhavichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaryta" title="Malaryta">Malaryta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikashevichy" title="Mikashevichy">Mikashevichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinsk" title="Pinsk">Pinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruzhany" title="Pruzhany">Pruzhany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolin" title="Stolin">Stolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vysokaye" title="Vysokaye">Vysokaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhabinka" title="Zhabinka">Zhabinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_seats_of_the_regions_of_Belarus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Belarus_Seats" title="Template:Belarus Seats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Belarus_Seats" title="Template talk:Belarus Seats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belarus_Seats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Belarus Seats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_seats_of_the_regions_of_Belarus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative seats of the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Belarus" title="Regions of Belarus">regions of Belarus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomel" title="Gomel">Gomel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno">Grodno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogilev" title="Mogilev">Mogilev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hero_Cities_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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Petersburg">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brest_Fortress" title="Brest Fortress">Brest Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140147#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140147#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140147#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/128548246">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1213551/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4829902-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81059006">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12562687k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12562687k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Brest (Bělorusko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge138759&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4729766">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564585705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/f225d2bf-a62f-4497-8db8-1a68e3de4078">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034926208">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\B\R\Brest">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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