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</header> <div class="article__body markdown" itemprop="articleBody"> <p data-identifyelement="526" dir="ltr"><a class="btn btn-kbase4" data-identifyelement="527" dir="ltr" href="#Support-for-Authors">SUPPORT FOR<br data-identifyelement="504">AUTHORS</a> <a class="btn btn-kbase4" data-identifyelement="528" dir="ltr" href="#Institutional-Librarians">INSTITUTIONAL<br data-identifyelement="505">LIBRARIANS</a> <a class="btn btn-kbase4" data-identifyelement="529" href="#Journal-Customers">JOURNAL<br data-identifyelement="506">CUSTOMERS</a> <a class="btn btn-kbase4" data-identifyelement="530" href="#Book-Customers">BOOK<br data-identifyelement="507">CUSTOMERS</a></p><p data-identifyelement="562" dir="ltr"><a class="btn btn-kbase3" data-identifyelement="530" dir="ltr" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/booksellers">BOOKSELLER<br data-identifyelement="508">INFORMATION</a> <a class="btn btn-kbase3" data-identifyelement="530" dir="ltr" href="https://masterclasses.nature.com/faq/16606408">NATURE<br data-identifyelement="509">MASTERCLASSES</a> <a class="btn btn-kbase3" data-identifyelement="530" dir="ltr" href="https://www.nature.com/naturecareers/contact-us/">NATURE<br data-identifyelement="510">CAREERS</a></p><p data-identifyelement="511"><br data-identifyelement="512"></p><p data-identifyelement="531" dir="ltr">To connect with the appropriate support please select the option above which is most applicable to you. Our Customer Support teams can assist you by email in any of the following languages: English, German, Japanese, Chinese (Traditional and Modern), Portuguese (European and Latin American), Spanish (European and Latin American), French, Dutch and Turkish.</p><p data-identifyelement="532" dir="ltr"><br data-identifyelement="533"></p><p data-identifyelement="534" dir="ltr">If you wish to delete your account(s) with Springer Nature, please refer to our <a data-identifyelement="513" dir="ltr" href="https://support.springernature.com/en/support/solutions/articles/6000263051"><strong data-identifyelement="514" dir="ltr">Account Deletion</strong>&nbsp;</a>page for information we will need in order to process your request as efficiently as possible.</p><p data-identifyelement="534" dir="ltr"><br data-identifyelement="515"></p><p data-identifyelement="534" dir="ltr">For other departments’ contact information, such as Editorial or Sales, refer to the <a data-identifyelement="535" dir="ltr" href="#Additional-Contact-Information"><strong data-identifyelement="536" dir="ltr">Additional Contact Information</strong></a> section on this page.</p><p data-identifyelement="537" dir="ltr"><br data-identifyelement="538"></p><h1 data-identifyelement="543" dir="ltr" id="Support-for-Authors">Publishing Support</h1><p data-identifyelement="562" dir="ltr"><strong data-identifyelement="552" dir="ltr">Open Access</strong></p><ul data-identifyelement="553"><li data-identifyelement="547" dir="ltr"><strong data-identifyelement="554"><a data-identifyelement="555" href="https://support.springernature.com/support/solutions/articles/6000244492-order-retrospective-open-access">Order retrospective Open Access</a></strong></li><li data-identifyelement="547" dir="ltr"><strong data-identifyelement="556"><a data-identifyelement="557" dir="ltr" href="https://support.springernature.com/support/solutions/articles/6000228447-find-submission-status-of-your-article-manuscript">Check the status of a submitted manuscript</a></strong></li><li data-identifyelement="547" dir="ltr"><a data-identifyelement="558" dir="ltr" href="https://support.springernature.com/support/solutions/articles/6000223068-apcs-payment-options"><strong data-identifyelement="559">Article Processing Charge (APC) payment options</strong></a></li><li data-identifyelement="547" dir="ltr"><a data-identifyelement="513" dir="ltr" href="/en/support/tickets/new?ticket_form=institutional_open_access_support"><strong data-identifyelement="514" dir="ltr">Institutional Open Access agreement/eligibility queries</strong></a></li><li data-identifyelement="547" dir="ltr"><a data-identifyelement="515" dir="ltr" href="/en/support/tickets/new?ticket_form=open_access_support"><strong data-identifyelement="516" dir="ltr">General Open Access Enquiries</strong></a></li><li data-identifyelement="547" dir="ltr"><strong data-identifyelement="560" dir="ltr"><a data-identifyelement="561" dir="ltr" href="https://support.springernature.com/en/support/solutions/articles/6000245156">Publishing Agreements for US Government Affiliations</a></strong></li></ul><p data-identifyelement="547" dir="ltr">You can also chat with our Open Research support team <a data-identifyelement="539" dir="ltr" href="https://support.biomedcentral.com/en/support/home"><strong data-identifyelement="540" dir="ltr">on the BMC support portal</strong></a> by phone on +44 (0)2031 922 009. Please ask if any of our Italian, Japanese, Korean or Filipino speaking agents are available if one of these is your preferred language.</p><p data-identifyelement="547" dir="ltr"><br data-identifyelement="543"></p><p data-identifyelement="543" dir="ltr"><strong data-identifyelement="529" dir="ltr">General</strong></p><ul data-identifyelement="517"><li><strong data-identifyelement="520" dir="ltr"><a dir="ltr" href="https://support.springernature.com/support/solutions/articles/6000228447-find-submission-status-of-your-article-manuscript">Check the status of a submitted manuscript</a><br></strong></li><li data-identifyelement="518" dir="ltr"><a data-identifyelement="519" dir="ltr" href="/en/support/tickets/new?ticket_form=author_support"><strong data-identifyelement="520" dir="ltr">Contact Author Support</strong></a> for general (non-Open Access) Author enquiries</li><li data-identifyelement="521"><strong data-identifyelement="529" dir="ltr"><a data-identifyelement="571" dir="ltr" href="https://support.springernature.com/en/support/solutions/articles/6000262879">Author Name Changes</a></strong></li></ul><ul data-identifyelement="549"><li data-identifyelement="547" dir="ltr"><strong data-identifyelement="550"><em data-identifyelement="551" dir="ltr">Telephone&nbsp;</em></strong><em data-identifyelement="552" dir="ltr">(</em><em data-identifyelement="553" dir="ltr">available 24/7 unless stated). Note: We are unable to handle phone inquiries regarding submission status. Please refer to <a dir="ltr" href="https://support.springernature.com/support/solutions/articles/6000228447-find-submission-status-of-your-article-manuscript"><strong>Find submission status of your article / manuscript</strong></a>.</em><ul data-identifyelement="554"><li data-identifyelement="547" dir="ltr">Americas: +1 800 777 4643 (option 2 for books or 3 for journals)</li><li data-identifyelement="547" dir="ltr">Rest of World: +49 6221 345 0 (option 1) or +44 (0)800 260 5666</li><li data-identifyelement="547" dir="ltr">German language support, 09:00 to 17:00 CET Monday to Friday: +49 6221 345 0 (option 2)</li></ul></li></ul><p data-identifyelement="543" dir="ltr">For finance queries relating to royalties email <a data-identifyelement="528" dir="ltr" href="mailto:globalroyaltysupport@springernature.com"><strong data-identifyelement="529" dir="ltr">globalroyaltysupport@springernature.com</strong></a></p><p data-identifyelement="553" dir="ltr"><br data-identifyelement="555"></p><h1 class="fd-toc" data-identifyelement="505" dir="ltr" id="Institutional-Librarians">Institutional Librarians</h1><p data-identifyelement="562" dir="ltr"><a class="btn btn-kbase3" data-identifyelement="530" dir="ltr" href="https://support.springernature.com/support/solutions/articles/6000241348-online-access-issues-contact-form">Report online access issue</a> <a class="btn btn-kbase3" data-identifyelement="530" dir="ltr" href="https://support.springernature.com/support/solutions/articles/6000206529-maintaining-ip-ranges">Maintaining IP ranges</a></p><p data-identifyelement="506" dir="ltr">Please visit the <a data-identifyelement="516" href="https://librarian.springernature.com/help-contact"><strong data-identifyelement="517">Librarian Portal</strong></a> for assistance with content access, admin tools and OA publishing.</p><p data-identifyelement="506" dir="ltr"><br data-identifyelement="520"></p><p data-identifyelement="506" dir="ltr"><a data-identifyelement="522" dir="ltr" href="/en/support/tickets/new?ticket_form=institutional_licence_support"><strong data-identifyelement="523">Connect with our Institutional Support team</strong></a> for all institutional licence queries. 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