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class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Karmic Workings of the States of Consciousness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karmic_Workings_of_the_States_of_Consciousness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretation_of_the_Saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation_of_the_Saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Interpretation of the <i>Saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretation_of_the_Saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deva_Realm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deva_Realm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Deva Realm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deva_Realm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nirvana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nirvana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Nirvana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nirvana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Six Paths</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sechs_Daseinsbereiche" title="Sechs Daseinsbereiche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sechs Daseinsbereiche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuus_olemasolu_valdkonda" title="Kuus olemasolu valdkonda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuus olemasolu valdkonda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seis_reinos_del_samsara" title="Seis reinos del samsara – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Seis reinos del samsara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_destin%C3%A9es" title="Six destinées – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Six destinées" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A1%EB%8F%84_(%EB%B6%88%EA%B5%90)" title="육도 (불교) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="육도 (불교)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enam_Jalan" title="Enam Jalan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Enam Jalan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loka_(budizmas)" title="Loka (budizmas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Loka (budizmas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E9%81%93" title="六道 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="六道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sze%C5%9B%C4%87_%C5%9Bwiat%C3%B3w" title="Sześć światów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sześć światów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Concept in Buddhist cosmology</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhavachakra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bhavachakra.jpg/260px-Bhavachakra.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Bhavachakra.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a> (Sanskrit, Devanagari: <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">भवचक्र</span></span>; Pali: <i>bhavacakka</i>) or the wheel of becoming is a symbolic representation of the continuity of the process of existence in the form of a circle, used in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, here on a <a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">thangka</a></figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Six Paths</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">六道</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">liùdào</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">luk6dou6</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">六趣</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">liùqù</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Vietnamese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Sáu cõi luân hồi<br />Sáu đường<br />Lục đạo</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1n-N%C3%B4m" class="mw-redirect" title="Hán-Nôm">Hán-Nôm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi-Hani">𦒹𡎝輪迴<br />𦒹塘<br />六道</span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">육도</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">六道</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">Yukdo</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">六道</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ろくどう</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">rokudō</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Filipino name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl">Sadgati (ᜐᜀᜄᜀᜆᜒ)</span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Sanskrit name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">षड्गति (ṣaḍgati)</span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>The Six Paths</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Buddhist cosmology</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the six worlds where sentient beings are reincarnated based on their <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>, which is linked to their actions in previous lives. These paths are depicted in the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></i> ("wheel of existence").<sup id="cite_ref-KeownPrebish2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KeownPrebish2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The six paths are:<sup id="cite_ref-Buswell04.711_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buswell04.711-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>the world of gods or celestial beings (<a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)"><i>deva</i></a>) ;</li> <li>the world of warlike demigods (<a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura"><i>asura</i></a>) ;</li> <li>the world of human beings (<a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism"><i>manushya</i></a>) ;</li> <li>the world of animals (<a href="/wiki/Tiryagyoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiryagyoni"><i>tiryagyoni</i></a>) ;</li> <li>the world of hungry ghosts (<a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta"><i>preta</i></a>) ;</li> <li>the world of <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">naraka</a></i>).</li></ol> <p>The first three paths are known as "the three benevolent destinies" (<i>kuśalagati</i>), where beings experience varying degrees of virtue, pleasure, and pain. The last three paths are referred to as the three unbenevolent destinies (<i>akuśalagati</i>), where beings lack virtue and suffer predominantly. Typically, we as human beings only perceive the animals around us. The first Buddhist texts mention only five paths without distinguishing between the paths of <i>deva</i> and <i>asura</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Buswell04.711_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buswell04.711-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover not all texts acknowledge the world of <i>asura</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Japan, the monk <a href="/wiki/Genshin" title="Genshin">Genshin</a> even inexplicably places the path of humans below that of the asuras.<sup id="cite_ref-ebisu_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebisu-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The elements forming <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> are constituted in bodily, oral or mental volitional acts. The chain of transmigration due to the <a href="/wiki/Three_Poisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Poisons">Three Poisons</a> (hatred, greed, ignorance), of which ignorance (<i><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">avidyā</a></i>) of the ultimate truth (Sanskrit: <i>paramārtha</i>; Chinese: <i>zhēndì</i> 真谛) or the true law (Sanskrit: <i>saddharma</i>, सद्धर्म, <i>correct law</i>; Chinese: <i>miàofǎ</i>, 妙法, <i>marvelous law</i>) is generally presented as the source of reincarnation in the three non-benevolent destinies.<sup id="cite_ref-Buswell04.185_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buswell04.185-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early Buddhist descriptions divided the psychocosmic universe into three "worlds": the <i>kāma-loka</i> ("world of desire"), r<i>ūpa-loka</i> ("world of form") and <i>arūpa-loka</i> (""world of non-form"). The <i>kāma-loka</i> dealt with the daily psychological possibilities of humans and was divided into five above mentioned worlds with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura"><i>asura</i></a> realm.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concept_Timeline">Concept Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Six_Paths&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Concept Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to the question since when beings wander within <i>samsara</i> (i.e. the Six Paths)<i>,</i> the Buddha answered that the starting point could not be identified nor understood. One conclusion that is certain, is that we have wandered already for aeons, however, when the Buddha was asked how long an aeon is, he gave a smile.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation">Interpretation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Six_Paths&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Realms_as_States_of_Consciousness">Realms as States of Consciousness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Six_Paths&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Realms as States of Consciousness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early texts are not explicit about how these realms are to be interpreted; however, they can be seen as states of consciousness. The realm of <i>deva</i> symbolising the purer and spiritual stages of consciousness, humans relating to the abilities of reason and logic, animals and hunger ghosts especially can be seen as an image of instinct and <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)"><i>Naraka</i></a> would represent the accumulated <a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha"><i>dukkha</i></a> from past actions. Humans can therefore easily move through different stages throughout their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This can also be understood through the nature of <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>. Karma is considered an action with an intention behind it. This intention, produced by the mentality, can either be wholesome or unwholesome. These mental states then translate to a karma that is accumulated and connected to a certain realm.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Karmic_Workings_of_the_States_of_Consciousness">Karmic Workings of the States of Consciousness</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Six_Paths&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Karmic Workings of the States of Consciousness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ten unwholesome actions (kamma-patha) that produce bad karma are the three bodily actions (murder, stealing, sexual misconduct), four vocal actions (lying, divisive speech, hurtful speech, frivolous speech) and three mental actions (avarice, ill-will, wrong views). The mental states that promote these actions are: strong greed, hatred and delusion.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ten wholesome actions that are inspired by generosity (<i>dana</i>), ethical conduct (<i>sila</i>) and meditation (<i>bhavana</i>). Mental states that support these actions are: desirelessness, friendliness and wisdom.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpretation_of_the_Saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra"><span id="Interpretation_of_the_Saddharmasm.E1.B9.9Btyupasth.C4.81nas.C5.ABtra"></span>Interpretation of the <i>Saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Six_Paths&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Interpretation of the Saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Saddharmasmṛtyupasthānasūtra</i> ("Sutra of the Remembrance of the True Law")<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> interprets the different realms, stating that the deva world is a human ideal of pleasure based upon ignorance which is transitory and decays. This causes the <i>deva</i> eventual suffering. Being situated in the human world exposes one to disease, impurities, exposure to impermanence and a non-self <i><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">(anātman</a>).</i> The animal realm is a place for those who have tormented animals and will receive the same treatment. The asura are in this realm as well and wage war against the deva. The preta realm is created by greed and ignorance of humans. It is the place for those who have refused offerings and are controlled by avarice.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hells (<i><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">naraka</a></i>) represent the dark labyrinths of the mind entrenched by ignorance and self-deceit. The grotesque hell imagery is used in order to initiate the individual on the path of enlightenment<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to identify within the hell of their own mind the faceless past existences that are in constant suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deva_Realm">Deva Realm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Six_Paths&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Deva Realm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While it might be tempting to aspire a rebirth within the world of gods or celestial beings, the <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)"><i>deva</i></a> are so full of joy in this realm that are unable to understand the teaching about the permanent <a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha"><i>dukkha</i></a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">samsara</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, even a deva having consumed all the good <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">karma</a> within the pleasurable existence in this realm, can be reborn in <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)"><i>Naraka</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nirvana">Nirvana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Six_Paths&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nirvana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In regards to Nirvana the Six Paths do not constitute a hierarchy that leads to it. Gethin argues that it can only be achieved through the human and the deva realm.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Six_Paths&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka (Buddhism)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Six_Paths&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quentin Ludwig, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f0VjT2aNGqgC&pg=PA179">Le grand livre du bouddhisme</a>, p. 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRobert_E._Buswell_JrDonald_S._Lopez_Jr2013" class="citation book cs1">Robert E. Buswell Jr; <a href="/wiki/Donald_Sewell_Lopez,_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Sewell Lopez, Jr">Donald S. Lopez Jr</a> (2013). <i>The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</i>. Princeton (N.J.): <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 111–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15786-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15786-3"><bdi>978-0-691-15786-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.place=Princeton+%28N.J.%29&rft.pages=111-112&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15786-3&rft.au=Robert+E.+Buswell+Jr&rft.au=Donald+S.+Lopez+Jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASix+Paths" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KeownPrebish2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KeownPrebish2013_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamien_KeownCharles_S._Prebish2013" class="citation book cs1">Damien Keown; Charles S. Prebish (16 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D1pcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT340"><i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-98595-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-98595-9"><bdi>978-1-136-98595-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft.isbn=978-1-136-98595-9&rft.au=Damien+Keown&rft.au=Charles+S.+Prebish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD1pcAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASix+Paths" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buswell04.711-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buswell04.711_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buswell04.711_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswell2004" class="citation book cs1">Buswell, Robert E. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i>. Vol. 2. Macmillan, Thomson, Gale. pp. 711–712. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865718-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865718-9"><bdi>978-0-02-865718-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=711-712&rft.pub=Macmillan%2C+Thomson%2C+Gale&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865718-9&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASix+Paths" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Laut, Jens Peter (2013). "Hells in Central Asian Turkic Buddhism and Early Turkic Islam". <i>Tra quattro paradisi: Esperienze, ideologie e riti relativi alla morte tra Oriente e Occidente</i>: 20. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-97735-10-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-97735-10-7">978-88-97735-10-7</a><span class="error" style="font-size:100%"> Parameter error in {{<a href="/wiki/Template:ISBN" title="Template:ISBN">ISBN</a>}}: checksum</span> – via Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebisu-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ebisu_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErika_Peschard-Erlih1993" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Erika Peschard-Erlih (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=umF5EPLujRIC">"La mort des dieux"</a>. <i>Ebisu</i> (in French) (1). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maison_franco-japonaise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maison franco-japonaise (page does not exist)">Maison franco-japonaise</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maison_franco-japonaise" class="extiw" title="fr:Maison franco-japonaise">fr</a>]</span>: 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7384-2047-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7384-2047-3"><bdi>978-2-7384-2047-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ebisu&rft.atitle=La+mort+des+dieux&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-2-7384-2047-3&rft.au=Erika+Peschard-Erlih&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DumF5EPLujRIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASix+Paths" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buswell04.185-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buswell04.185_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswell2004" class="citation book cs1">Buswell, Robert E. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i>. Vol. 1. Macmillan, Thomson, Gale. pp. 185–186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865719-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865719-6"><bdi>978-0-02-865719-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=185-186&rft.pub=Macmillan%2C+Thomson%2C+Gale&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865719-6&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASix+Paths" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matsunaga, Alicia; Matsunaga, Daigan (1971): The Buddhist concept of hell. New York: Philosophical Library. p. 40. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gethin, Rupert (1998): <i>The Foundations of Buddhism</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 112. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matsunaga, Alicia; Matsunaga, Daigan (1971): The Buddhist concept of hell. New York: Philosophical Library. p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gethin (1998): 119–120. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gethin (1998): 121. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gethin (1998): 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 75. It was written by Gautama Prajnaruci in India around the 4th and 5th century CE. It is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hīnayāna</a> Abhidharma text but it is strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a> school of Buddhist thought. It failed to achieve recognition in India and China. Through <a href="/wiki/Genshin" title="Genshin">Genshin</a>´s writings it became popular in Japan. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 77. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 78. This interpretation is also shown in the composition: The Painter of the karma of the evil mind draws his retribution by the means of his karma. Various different minds thus receive different sufferings. (Yamabe, Shugaku (1933): Kokuyaku Issaikyou. Vol. 8. p. 27.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matsunaga; Matsunaga (1971): p. 78. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraavig2009" class="citation journal cs1">Braavig, Jens (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27793792?searchText=buddhist+hell&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dbuddhist%2Bhell%26so%3Drel&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3A2d01f82c2b680f3a68178036880b3882">"The Buddhist: An Early Instance of the Idea?"</a>. <i>Numen</i>. <b>56</b> (2/3): 256 – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=The+Buddhist%3A+An+Early+Instance+of+the+Idea%3F&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=256&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Braavig&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27793792%3FsearchText%3Dbuddhist%2Bhell%26searchUri%3D%252Faction%252FdoBasicSearch%253FQuery%253Dbuddhist%252Bhell%2526so%253Drel%26ab_segments%3D0%252Fbasic_search_gsv2%252Fcontrol%26refreqid%3Dfastly-default%253A2d01f82c2b680f3a68178036880b3882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASix+Paths" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gethin (1998): 119. </span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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