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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Programming team structures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Programming_team_structures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Programming team structures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Programming_team_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egoless_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egoless_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Egoless programming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egoless_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chief_programmer_team" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chief_programmer_team"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> 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The reason given is: Sources are dated for this topic; other teams exist and should be explored (with references).<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>programming team</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Team" title="Team">team</a> of people who develop or maintain <a href="/wiki/Computer_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer software">computer software</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may be organised in numerous ways, but the <a href="/wiki/Egoless_programming" title="Egoless programming">egoless programming</a> team and <a href="/wiki/Chief_programmer_team" title="Chief programmer team">chief programmer team</a> have been common structures.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Programming_team&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A programming team comprises people who <a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">develop</a> or <a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">maintain</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer software">computer software</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programming_team_structures">Programming team structures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Programming_team&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Programming team structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Programming teams may be organised in numerous ways, but the <a href="/wiki/Egoless_programming" title="Egoless programming">egoless programming</a> team and <a href="/wiki/Chief_programmer_team" title="Chief programmer team">chief programmer team</a> are two common structures typically used.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main determinants when choosing the programming team structure typically include: difficulty, size, duration, modularity, reliability, time, and sociability.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egoless_programming">Egoless programming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Programming_team&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Egoless programming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Egoless_programming" title="Egoless programming">Egoless programming</a></div> <p>According to Marilyn Mantei, individuals that are a part of a decentralized programming team report higher job satisfaction.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But an egoless programming team contains groups of ten or fewer programmers. Code is exchanged and goals are set amongst the group members. Leadership is rotated within the group according to the needs and abilities required during a specific time. The lack of structure in the egoless team can result in a weakness of efficiency, effectiveness, and error detection for large-scale projects. Egoless programming teams work best for tasks that are very complex. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chief_programmer_team">Chief programmer team</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Programming_team&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chief programmer team"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chief_programmer_team" title="Chief programmer team">Chief programmer team</a></div> <p>A chief programmer team will usually contain three-person teams consisting of a chief programmer, senior level programmer, and a program librarian. Additional programmers and analysts are added to the team when necessary. The weaknesses of this structure include a lack of communication across team members, task cooperation, and complex task completion. The chief programmer team works best for tasks that are simpler and straightforward since the flow of information in the team is limited. Individuals that work in this team structure typically report lower work morale.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shared_workstation_teams">Shared workstation teams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Programming_team&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shared workstation teams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pair_programming">Pair programming</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Programming_team&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pair programming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pair_programming" title="Pair programming">Pair programming</a></div> <p>A development technique where two programmers work together at one workstation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mob_programming">Mob programming</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Programming_team&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mob programming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mob_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mob programming">Mob programming</a></div> <p>A software development approach where the whole team works on the same thing, at the same time, in the same space, and at the same computer.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programming_models">Programming models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Programming_team&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Programming models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Programming models allow software development teams to develop, deploy, and test projects using these different methodologies. </p><p>Throughout both of these programming models, team members typically participate in daily 5 - 15 minute stand-ups. Traditionally, each member of the team will stand up and state what they have worked on since the previous stand-up, what they intend to work on until the next stand-up, and whether or not there is anything preventing them from making progress, often known as a "blocker".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waterfall_model">Waterfall model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Programming_team&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Waterfall model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall model</a></div> <p>The waterfall model, noted as the more traditional<sup id="cite_ref-Mary_Lotz_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mary_Lotz-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> approach, is a linear model of production. The sequence of events of this methodology follows as: </p> <ol><li>Gather and document requirements</li> <li>Design</li> <li>Code and unit test</li> <li>Perform system testing</li> <li>Perform <a href="/wiki/User_acceptance_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="User acceptance testing">user acceptance testing</a> (UAT)</li> <li>Fix any issues</li> <li>Deliver the finished product</li></ol> <p>Each stage is distinct during the software development process, and each stage generally finishes before the next one can begin. </p><p>Programming teams using this model are able to design the project early on in the development process allowing teams to focus on coding and testing during the bulk of the work instead of constantly reiterating design. This also allows teams to design completely and more carefully so that teams can have a complete understanding of all software <a href="/wiki/Deliverable" title="Deliverable">deliverables</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agile_model">Agile model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Programming_team&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Agile model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile software development</a></div> <p>The Agile development model is a more team-based approach to development<sup id="cite_ref-Mary_Lotz_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mary_Lotz-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> than the previous waterfall model. Teams work in rapid delivery/deployment which splits work into phases called "sprints". Sprints are usually defined as two weeks of planned software deliverables given to each team/team member. </p><p>After each sprint, work is reprioritized and the information learned from the previous sprint is used for future sprint planning. As the sprint work is complete, it can be reviewed and evaluated by the programming team and sent back for another iteration (i.e. next sprint) or closed if completed. </p><p>The general principles<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Agile_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Agile Manifesto">Agile Manifesto</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are as follows: </p> <ul><li>Satisfy the customer and continually develop software.</li> <li>Changing requirements are embraced for the customer's competitive advantage.</li> <li>Concentrate on delivering working software frequently. Delivery preference will be placed on the shortest possible time span.</li> <li>Developers and business people must work together throughout the entire project.</li> <li>Projects must be based on people who are motivated. Give them the proper environment and the support that they need. They should be trusted to get their jobs done.</li> <li>Face-to-face communication is the best way to transfer information to and from a team.</li> <li>Working software is the primary measurement of progress.</li> <li>Agile processes will promote development that is sustainable. Sponsors, developers, and users should be able to maintain an indefinite, constant pace.</li> <li>Constant attention to technical excellence and good design will enhance agility.</li> <li>Simplicity is considered to be the art of maximizing the work that is not done, and it is essential.</li> <li>Self-organized teams usually create the best designs.</li> <li>At regular intervals, the team will reflect on how to become more effective, and they will tune and adjust their behavior accordingly.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Programming_team&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-functional_team" title="Cross-functional team">Cross-functional team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum (software development)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_software_process" title="Team software process">Team software process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_team" title="Project team">Project team</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Programming_team&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJack_Belzer,_Albert_George_Holzman,_Allen_Kent1979" class="citation cs2">Jack Belzer, Albert George Holzman, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Kent" title="Allen Kent">Allen Kent</a> (October 1, 1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CEGXR7FeAWQC&pg=PA217"><i>Encyclopedia of computer science and technology</i></a>, vol. 13, CRC Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824722630" title="Special:BookSources/9780824722630"><bdi>9780824722630</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+computer+science+and+technology&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1979-10-01&rft.isbn=9780824722630&rft.au=Jack+Belzer%2C+Albert+George+Holzman%2C+Allen+Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCEGXR7FeAWQC%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgramming+team" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarilyn_Mantei1981" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Mantei_Tremaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Marilyn Mantei Tremaine">Marilyn Mantei</a> (March 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunnyday.mit.edu/16.355/mantei-teams.pdf">"The Effect of Programming Team Structures on Programming Tasks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. Vol. 24, no. 3. pp. 106–113<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=The+Effect+of+Programming+Team+Structures+on+Programming+Tasks&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=106-113&rft.date=1981-03&rft.au=Marilyn+Mantei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunnyday.mit.edu%2F16.355%2Fmantei-teams.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgramming+team" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Belzer,_Albert_George_Holzman,_Allen_Kent1979" class="citation cs2">Jack Belzer, Albert George Holzman, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Kent" title="Allen Kent">Allen Kent</a> (October 1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CEGXR7FeAWQC&pg=PA217"><i>Encyclopedia of computer science and technology</i></a>, vol. 13, CRC Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824722630" title="Special:BookSources/9780824722630"><bdi>9780824722630</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+computer+science+and+technology&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1979-10&rft.isbn=9780824722630&rft.au=Jack+Belzer%2C+Albert+George+Holzman%2C+Allen+Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCEGXR7FeAWQC%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgramming+team" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Belzer,_Albert_George_Holzman,_Allen_Kent1979" class="citation cs2">Jack Belzer, Albert George Holzman, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Kent" title="Allen Kent">Allen Kent</a> (October 1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slideteam.net/change-management-powerpoint-presentation-slides.html/id=CEGXR7FeAWQC&pg=PA217"><i>Change Management Process</i></a>, vol. 13, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824722630" title="Special:BookSources/9780824722630"><bdi>9780824722630</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Change+Management+Process&rft.date=1979-10&rft.isbn=9780824722630&rft.au=Jack+Belzer%2C+Albert+George+Holzman%2C+Allen+Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideteam.net%2Fchange-management-powerpoint-presentation-slides.html%2Fid%3DCEGXR7FeAWQC%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgramming+team" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffinRoldan2013" class="citation web cs1">Griffin, Christina; Roldan, Margaret (29 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/waterfall-methodology-agile-approach-5821#:~:text=Exhibit%202%20%E2%80%93%20Examples%20of%20waterfall%20and%20agile%20(Scrum)%20uses.&text=Every%20Sprint%20is%2010%20days,product%20backlog%20grooming%2C%20and%20Retrospective.">"Swimming up the waterfall: agile processes in a waterfall world"</a>. <i>Project Management Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="#cite_ref-Mary_Lotz_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Lotz2018" class="citation cs2">Mary Lotz (July 5, 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seguetech.com/waterfall-vs-agile-methodology"><i>Waterfall vs. Agile: Which is the Right Development Methodology for Your Project?</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waterfall+vs.+Agile%3A+Which+is+the+Right+Development+Methodology+for+Your+Project%3F&rft.date=2018-07-05&rft.au=Mary+Lotz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seguetech.com%2Fwaterfall-vs-agile-methodology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgramming+team" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinchpin_SEO_Team2019" class="citation cs2">Linchpin SEO Team (March 26, 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linchpinseo.com/the-agile-method/"><i>A Beginners Guide To The Agile Method & Scrums</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Beginners+Guide+To+The+Agile+Method+%26+Scrums&rft.date=2019-03-26&rft.au=Linchpin+SEO+Team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinchpinseo.com%2Fthe-agile-method%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgramming+team" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agilemanifesto.org/principles.html">"Principles behind the Agile Manifesto"</a>. 2019-06-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Principles+behind+the+Agile+Manifesto&rft.date=2019-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagilemanifesto.org%2Fprinciples.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgramming+team" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search-based_software_engineering" title="Search-based software engineering">Search-based software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_reliability_engineering" title="Site reliability engineering">Site reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software_engineering" title="Social software engineering">Social software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">Abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Component-based software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_compatibility" title="Computer compatibility">Software compatibility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">Backward compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_mode" title="Compatibility mode">Compatibility mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">Forward compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_incompatibility" title="Software incompatibility">Software incompatibility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_archaeology" title="Software archaeology">Software archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Software architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process/methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_verification_and_validation" title="Software verification and validation">Software verification and validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_system" title="Software system">Software system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_analysis" title="Structured analysis">Structured analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_systems_analysis" title="Essential systems analysis">Essential analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CI/CD" title="CI/CD">CI/CD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orientations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspect-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">Service orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">SDLC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_unified_process" title="Enterprise unified process">EUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executable_UML" title="Executable UML">Executable UML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototype model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a></li> <li><a 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