CINXE.COM

Celluloïd — Wikipédia

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Celluloïd — Wikipédia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )frwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","janvier","février","mars","avril","mai","juin","juillet","août","septembre","octobre","novembre","décembre"],"wgRequestId":"a02103e9-d00f-4cdf-a70d-12e512d0991e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Celluloïd","wgTitle":"Celluloïd","wgCurRevisionId":213632051,"wgRevisionId":213632051,"wgArticleId":294264,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Article à référence souhaitée","Article utilisant une Infobox","Formule brute à vérifier","Chimiebox à maintenir","Portail:Chimie/Articles liés","Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais","Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata","Portail:Sciences/Articles liés","Cellulose","Marque de matériau","Thermoplastique","Invention du XIXe siècle"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"fr","wgPageContentLanguage":"fr","wgPageContentModel": "wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Celluloïd","wgRelevantArticleId":294264,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"fr","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"fr"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q146612","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ArchiveLinks","ext.gadget.Wdsearch","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=fr&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=fr&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=fr&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ping_pong_project.jpg/1200px-Ping_pong_project.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ping_pong_project.jpg/800px-Ping_pong_project.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ping_pong_project.jpg/640px-Ping_pong_project.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Celluloïd — Wikipédia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulo%C3%AFd"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Modifier" href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulo%C3%AFd&amp;action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipédia (fr)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//fr.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulo%C3%AFd"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Flux Atom de Wikipédia" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Modifications_r%C3%A9centes&amp;feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Celluloïd rootpage-Celluloïd skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Aller au contenu</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu principal" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu principal</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu principal</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_principal" title="Accueil général [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Accueil</span></a></li><li id="n-thema" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Accueil"><span>Portails thématiques</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Page_au_hasard" title="Affiche un article au hasard [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article au hasard</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Contact"><span>Contact</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Contribuer" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Contribuer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribuer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutwp" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:D%C3%A9buter"><span>Débuter sur Wikipédia</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Accueil" title="Accès à l’aide"><span>Aide</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_de_la_communaut%C3%A9" title="À propos du projet, ce que vous pouvez faire, où trouver les informations"><span>Communauté</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Modifications_r%C3%A9centes" title="Liste des modifications récentes sur le wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Modifications récentes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_principal" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipédia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l&#039;encyclopédie libre" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-fr.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Recherche" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Rechercher</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" aria-label="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spécial:Recherche"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Rechercher</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Outils personnels"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Modifier l&#039;apparence de la taille, de la largeur et de la couleur de la police de la page" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Apparence" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Apparence</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_fr.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=fr" class=""><span>Faire un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Cr%C3%A9er_un_compte&amp;returnto=Cellulo%C3%AFd" title="Nous vous encourageons à créer un compte utilisateur et vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire." class=""><span>Créer un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&amp;returnto=Cellulo%C3%AFd" title="Nous vous encourageons à vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Se connecter</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Plus d’options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils personnels" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils personnels</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu utilisateur" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_fr.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=fr"><span>Faire un don</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Cr%C3%A9er_un_compte&amp;returnto=Cellulo%C3%AFd" title="Nous vous encourageons à créer un compte utilisateur et vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Créer un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&amp;returnto=Cellulo%C3%AFd" title="Nous vous encourageons à vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Se connecter</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages pour les contributeurs déconnectés <a href="/wiki/Aide:Premiers_pas" aria-label="En savoir plus sur la contribution"><span>en savoir plus</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_contributions" title="Une liste des modifications effectuées depuis cette adresse IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_discussions" title="La page de discussion pour les contributions depuis cette adresse IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Début</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Formulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilisation_industrielle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilisation_industrielle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Utilisation industrielle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilisation_industrielle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Celluloïd</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 41 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="سيلولويد – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيلولويد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Целулоид – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Целулоид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel%C2%B7luloide" title="Cel·luloide – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cel·luloide" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celuloid" title="Celuloid – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Celuloid" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Celluloid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelluloid" title="Zelluloid – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zelluloid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Celluloid" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celuloido" title="Celuloido – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Celuloido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celuloide" title="Celuloide – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Celuloide" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeluloide" title="Zeluloide – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zeluloide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="سلولوئید – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سلولوئید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selluloidi" title="Selluloidi – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Selluloidi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceallal%C3%B3id" title="Ceallalóid – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceallalóid" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%93" title="צלולואיד – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צלולואיד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="सेलुलॉइड – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सेलुलॉइड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celuloid" title="Celuloid – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Celuloid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seluloid" title="Seluloid – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seluloid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celuloido" title="Celuloido – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Celuloido" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celluloide" title="Celluloide – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Celluloide" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89" title="セルロイド – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セルロイド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Целлулоид – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Целлулоид" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%85%80%EB%A3%B0%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="셀룰로이드 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="셀룰로이드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Целлулоид – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Целлулоид" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seluloid" title="Seluloid – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Seluloid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ဆဲလျူလွိုက် – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆဲလျူလွိုက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Celluloid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Celluloid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celuloid" title="Celuloid – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Celuloid" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celuloide" title="Celuloide – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Celuloide" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Целлулоид – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Целлулоид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celuloid" title="Celuloid – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Celuloid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Celluloid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celuloid" title="Celuloid – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Celuloid" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Celluloid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="செலுலாயிடு – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செலுலாயிடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="సెల్యులాయిడ్ – télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సెల్యులాయిడ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel%C3%BCloit" title="Selüloit – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Selüloit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B4" title="Целулоїд – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Целулоїд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celuloide" title="Celuloide – vénitien" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Celuloide" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vénitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Celluloid" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E7%92%90%E7%8F%9E" title="賽璐珞 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="賽璐珞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q146612#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cellulo%C3%AFd" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Cellulo%C3%AFd" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">français</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Affichages"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cellulo%C3%AFd"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulo%C3%AFd&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulo%C3%AFd&amp;action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulo%C3%AFd&amp;action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cellulo%C3%AFd"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulo%C3%AFd&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulo%C3%AFd&amp;action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulo%C3%AFd&amp;action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Cellulo%C3%AFd" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Cellulo%C3%AFd" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulo%C3%AFd&amp;oldid=213632051" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulo%C3%AFd&amp;action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&amp;page=Cellulo%C3%AFd&amp;id=213632051&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCellulo%25C3%25AFd"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCellulo%25C3%25AFd"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Cellulo%C3%AFd"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Cellulo%C3%AFd&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulo%C3%AFd&amp;printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Celluloids" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q146612" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l&#039;encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour l’article homonyme, voir <a href="/wiki/Cellulo%C3%AFd_(dessin_anim%C3%A9)" title="Celluloïd (dessin animé)">Celluloïd (dessin animé)</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour l’article homonyme, voir <a href="/wiki/Cellulo%C3%AFd_(label)" title="Celluloïd (label)">Celluloïd (label)</a>. </p> </div></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete defaut" style="background-color:#FFDEAD;color:black;">Celluloïd </td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Ping_pong_project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image illustrative de l’article Celluloïd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ping_pong_project.jpg/200px-Ping_pong_project.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ping_pong_project.jpg/300px-Ping_pong_project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ping_pong_project.jpg/400px-Ping_pong_project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Balles de tennis de table.</td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FFDEAD; color:#000000">Identification</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_CAS" title="Numéro CAS">N<sup>o</sup> CAS</a> </th> <td><span class="reflink plainlinksneverexpand"><span class="noarchive"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/magnustools/cas.php?cas=8050-88-2&amp;language=fr&amp;title=Celluloïd">8050-88-2</a></span></span> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#f7efa8; color:#000000">Propriétés physiques</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Point_de_fusion" title="Point de fusion"><abbr class="abbr" title="Température">T°</abbr> fusion</a> </th> <td>ramollit à <span title="176 °F ou 353,2 K">80&#160;</span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">[<abbr class="abbr" title="référence">réf.</abbr>&#160;souhaitée]</a></sup> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Solubilit%C3%A9" title="Solubilité">Solubilité</a> </th> <td>sol. dans l'<a href="/wiki/Ac%C3%A9tone" title="Acétone">acétone</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gangolli_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gangolli-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Masse_volumique" title="Masse volumique">Masse volumique</a> </th> <td><span title="1&#160;350 kg/m³" style="cursor:help">1,35</span>–<span title="1&#160;600 kg/m³" style="cursor:help">1,60</span>&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="gramme par centimètre cube">g&#160;cm<sup>−3</sup></abbr><sup id="cite_ref-Gangolli_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gangolli-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#ffb4b4; color:#000000">Précautions</th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#eeeeee; color:#000000"><a href="/wiki/Accord_relatif_au_transport_international_des_marchandises_dangereuses_par_route" title="Accord relatif au transport international des marchandises dangereuses par route">Transport</a></th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div class="center"><table class="wikitable centre" style="width:33px margin:0px; background-color:#ff950e; border: 1px solid black;"><tbody><tr><td width="100%" style="background-color:#ff950e; border: 1px solid black;"><div style="text-align:center">-</div></td></tr><tr><td width="100%" style="background-color:#ff950e; border: 1px solid black;"><div style="text-align:center">&#160;&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Liste_des_num%C3%A9ros_ONU" title="Liste des numéros ONU"><span style="color: black;" title="numéro ONU">2000</span></a>&#160;&#160;&#160;</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="NavFrame" title="&#91;+&#93;/&#91;–&#93;" style="border:none; padding: 0;"><div class="NavContent" style="display:none; text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_ONU" title="Numéro ONU">Numéro ONU</a>&#160;:</b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_num%C3%A9ros_ONU" title="Liste des numéros ONU">2000</a></b>&#160;: CELLULOÏD en blocs, barres, rouleaux, feuilles, tubes,&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr> (à l’exclusion des déchets)<br /></div></div><br /> <table class="wikitable centre" style="width:33px margin:0px; background-color:#ff950e; border: 1px solid black;"><tbody><tr><td width="100%" style="background-color:#ff950e; border: 1px solid black;"><div style="text-align:center">-</div></td></tr><tr><td width="100%" style="background-color:#ff950e; border: 1px solid black;"><div style="text-align:center">&#160;&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Liste_des_num%C3%A9ros_ONU" title="Liste des numéros ONU"><span style="color: black;" title="numéro ONU">2002</span></a>&#160;&#160;&#160;</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="NavFrame" title="&#91;+&#93;/&#91;–&#93;" style="border:none; padding: 0;"><div class="NavContent" style="display:none; text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_ONU" title="Numéro ONU">Numéro ONU</a>&#160;:</b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_num%C3%A9ros_ONU" title="Liste des numéros ONU">2002</a></b>&#160;: DÉCHETS DE CELLULOÏD<br /></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2"><hr style="height:2px; background-color:#FFDEAD;" /></td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Unités du <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_international_d%27unit%C3%A9s" title="Système international d&#39;unités">SI</a> et <a href="/wiki/Conditions_normales_de_temp%C3%A9rature_et_de_pression" title="Conditions normales de température et de pression"><abbr title="conditions normales de température et de pression">CNTP</abbr></a>, sauf indication contraire.</td> </tr><tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #FFDEAD solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellulo%C3%AFd&amp;action=edit&amp;section=0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span>&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Chimie" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>Le <b>celluloïd</b> est le nom donné à une matière composée essentiellement de <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose">nitrate de cellulose</a> et de <a href="/wiki/Camphre" title="Camphre">camphre</a>. Il est considéré comme la toute première <a href="/wiki/Mati%C3%A8re_plastique" title="Matière plastique">matière plastique</a> et son origine remonte à <a href="/wiki/1856_en_science" title="1856 en science">1856</a>. Sa composition a été petit à petit améliorée pour la rendre finalement facile à modeler et à produire. Son invention est souvent attribuée à <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Hyatt" title="John Wesley Hyatt">John Wesley Hyatt</a> et son frère Isaiah, en <a href="/wiki/1870_en_science" title="1870 en science">1870</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le celluloïd est très inflammable et n'est quasiment plus utilisé aujourd'hui. On le retrouvait communément dans les balles de <a href="/wiki/Tennis_de_table" title="Tennis de table">tennis de table</a> (désormais remplacé par le <a href="/wiki/Polypropyl%C3%A8ne" title="Polypropylène">polypropylène</a>). Il a longtemps servi dans l'industrie cinématographique à la production des pellicules, remplacé dans ce rôle par un support de <a href="/wiki/Triac%C3%A9tate_de_cellulose" title="Triacétate de cellulose">triacétate de cellulose</a> moins inflammable. Aujourd'hui, les films sur support celluloïd sont appelés «&#160;films flamme&#160;» et leur utilisation en projection est interdite en raison de leur grande inflammabilité. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historique">Historique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulo%C3%AFd&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier la section : Historique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulo%C3%AFd&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Historique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aux <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a>, pendant la <a href="/wiki/Guerre_de_S%C3%A9cession" title="Guerre de Sécession">guerre de Sécession</a>, le blocus imposé aux Sudistes rend impossible l’<a href="/wiki/Importation" title="Importation">importation</a> de l’<a href="/wiki/Ivoire" title="Ivoire">ivoire</a> d'éléphant, dans lequel sont tournées les billes de <a href="/wiki/Billard" title="Billard">billard</a>. L'usage intensif d'ivoire faisait craindre l'extinction de l'espèce&#160;: six à huit billes étaient produites à partir d'une défense, ce qui nécessitait de tuer dix mille éléphants par an<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La société Phelan &amp; Collender, de <a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a>, qui fabrique des accessoires pour le billard voit son industrie menacée&#160;: elle lance un concours destiné à récompenser celui qui trouvera un matériau de substitut à l’ivoire et le dote d'un prix de 10&#160;000&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="dollars"><a href="/wiki/Dollar_am%C3%A9ricain" title="Dollar américain">dollars</a></abbr> (prix dont l'attribution n'a pas laissé de trace)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'Américain <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Hyatt" title="John Wesley Hyatt">John Wesley Hyatt</a>, imprimeur et inventeur amateur, commence ses recherches en 1863 sur le nitrate de cellulose avec l'intention de remporter ce prix. En 1869, après de nombreuses tentatives, il réussit à recouvrir une bille de billard avec du <a href="/wiki/Collodion" title="Collodion">collodion</a>, solution de nitrate de cellulose diluée dans de l'acétone ou de l’éther, qui laisse un film de cellulose lorsque le solvant s'évapore<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ce matériau rendait la boule plus lisse que celle en ivoire mais il était cependant trop fragile pour résister aux chocs des billes de billard entre elles. </p><p>En 1870, John et son frère Isaiah mélangent le nitrate de cellulose et le camphre, obtiennent le celluloïd et en déposent le brevet<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. À l'époque, on le produisait en broyant du papier de soie qu'on mélangeait à de l'acide nitrique et de l'acide sulfurique pour fabriquer le nitrate de cellulose qu'on «&#160;plastifiait&#160;» ensuite par addition de camphre (extrait du camphrier), de pigments et d'alcool. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Parkes" title="Alexander Parkes">Alexander Parkes</a> et <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Spill&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Spill (page inexistante)">Daniel Spill</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Spill" class="extiw" title="en:Daniel Spill"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Daniel Spill&#160;»">(en)</span></a> avaient déjà étudié le camphre dans leurs premières expériences, mais ce sont les frères Hyatt qui ont reconnu sa vraie utilité et son rôle dans la création du celluloïd à partir du nitrate de cellulose. Isaiah commercialisa ce nouveau produit sous le nom de «&#160;Celluloïd&#160;» en 1872. </p><p>L'inventeur anglais Spill poursuivit alors en justice les frères Hyatt, se proclamant à l'origine de cette invention, de nombreux procès eurent lieu entre 1877 et 1884. Finalement, on reconnut que le vrai inventeur du celluloïd était en fait Alexander Parkes et le juge autorisa la poursuite de l'activité de toutes les fabriques de celluloïd<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, incluant la Hyatts' Celluloid Manufacturing Company. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formulation">Formulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulo%C3%AFd&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier la section : Formulation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulo%C3%AFd&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Formulation"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Formulation" title="Formulation">formule</a> typique du celluloïd contient&#160;: </p> <ul><li>70 à 80 parts de <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose">nitrate de cellulose</a>&#160;: polymère de base&#160;;</li> <li>30 parts de <a href="/wiki/Camphre" title="Camphre">camphre</a>&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Plastifiant_pour_mati%C3%A8re_plastique" title="Plastifiant pour matière plastique">plastifiant</a>&#160;;</li> <li>0 à 14 parts de colorant&#160;;</li> <li>1 à 5 parts d'<a href="/wiki/Alcool_%C3%A9thylique" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcool éthylique">alcool éthylique</a>&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Solvant" title="Solvant">solvant</a>&#160;;</li> <li>et des agents stabilisants et réduisant l'inflammabilité.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilisation_industrielle">Utilisation industrielle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulo%C3%AFd&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier la section : Utilisation industrielle" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulo%C3%AFd&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Utilisation industrielle"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:40mm_table_tennis_ball_Celluloid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/40mm_table_tennis_ball_Celluloid.jpg/260px-40mm_table_tennis_ball_Celluloid.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/40mm_table_tennis_ball_Celluloid.jpg/390px-40mm_table_tennis_ball_Celluloid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/40mm_table_tennis_ball_Celluloid.jpg/520px-40mm_table_tennis_ball_Celluloid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3430" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>Balles de tennis de table.</figcaption></figure> <p>Le celluloïd a beaucoup été utilisé pour la fabrication de manches de <a href="/wiki/Couteau" title="Couteau">couteau</a>, de touches de <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Barrette_(accessoire)" title="Barrette (accessoire)">barrettes</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Peigne" title="Peigne">peignes</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Corset" title="Corset">corsets</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Plume_(%C3%A9criture)" title="Plume (écriture)">plumes pour l'écriture</a>, de cols ou de manchette durs, de billes de billard, de jouets (<a href="/wiki/Poup%C3%A9e" title="Poupée">poupées</a> comme les fameux «&#160;baigneurs&#160;» en celluloïd des sociétés <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Nobel_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Société Nobel française">Nobel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petitcollin" title="Petitcollin">Petitcollin</a> et <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tablissements_G._Convert" title="Établissements G. Convert">Convert</a>), de fausses dents, ainsi que pour le placage de surfaces courbes, comme sur les accordéons<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Sa haute inflammabilité a cependant toujours rendu sa production et son usage périlleux d'où son déclin avec l'apparition de nouvelles matières plastiques. </p><p>Le celluloïd fut longtemps utilisé pour la fabrication des balles de <a href="/wiki/Tennis_de_table" title="Tennis de table">tennis de table</a>, ou en bijouterie pour imiter certaines matières précieuses (<a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">nacre</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89caille" title="Écaille">écaille</a>, perles,&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>). Les feuilles transparentes sur lesquelles sont peints les personnages des <a href="/wiki/Dessin_anim%C3%A9#Outils_de_l&#39;animation_traditionnelle" title="Dessin animé">dessins animés</a> de l'animation traditionnelle sont toujours appelées «&#160;<a href="/wiki/Cellulo%C3%AFd_(dessin_anim%C3%A9)" title="Celluloïd (dessin animé)">celluloïds</a>&#160;» —&#160;ou <i>cellos</i> dans le jargon du métier&#160;— malgré le remplacement de cette matière par le <a href="/wiki/Triac%C3%A9tate_de_cellulose" title="Triacétate de cellulose">triacétate de cellulose</a>. </p><p>En 2013, la <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_internationale_de_tennis_de_table" title="Fédération internationale de tennis de table">Fédération internationale de tennis de table</a> teste une balle en plastique composite (balle appelée «&#160;polyball&#160;») pour un remplacement des balles en celluloïd à partir du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-07-01" data-sort-value="2014-07-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> juillet 2014</time><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>De nos jours, le celluloid est toujours utilisé notamment pour la fabrication de médiator de guitare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulo%C3%AFd&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulo%C3%AFd&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gangolli-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gangolli_1-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Gangolli_1-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gangolli1999"><span class="ouvrage" id="S._Gangolli1999"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> S. Gangolli, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Dictionary of Substances and Their Effects&#160;: C</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;2, Royal Society of Chemistry, <time>1999</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="deuxième">2<sup>e</sup></abbr>&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 865&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-85404-803-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-85404-803-0"><span class="nowrap">0-85404-803-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=s4YittJrOsAC&amp;pg=PA169&amp;dq=8050-88-2">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;269<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Substances+and+Their+Effects+%3A+C&amp;rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft.aulast=Gangolli&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.pages=269&amp;rft.tpages=865&amp;rft.isbn=0-85404-803-0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ACellulo%C3%AFd"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Wesley-Hyatt"><cite style="font-style:normal;">John Wesley Hyatt – American inventor</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">Encyclopedia Britannica</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-02-05" data-sort-value="2016-02-05">5 février 2016</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="1985"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <cite class="italique" lang="en">Secrets of piano construction</cite>, Vestal Press, <time>1985</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;140<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Secrets+of+piano+construction&amp;rft.pub=Vestal+Press&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.pages=140&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ACellulo%C3%AFd"></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plasticshof.org/members/john-wesley-hyatt/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">John Wesley Hyatt</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">plasticshof.org</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-04-03" data-sort-value="2022-04-03">3 avril 2022</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.societechimiquedefrance.fr/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/a_1_321_000.vfx2_sav.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;">LA DECOUVERTE du CELLULOID</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">societechimiquedefrance.fr</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-04-03" data-sort-value="2022-04-03">3 avril 2022</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9FAl9DZKgCQ">Placage d'un accordéon en celluloïd</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-vidéo" title="Vidéo au format mpg, avi...">[vidéo]</abbr>, Petosa, 2 avril 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ittf.com/World_Events/wttc_2013/AGM/2013_Documents_French.pdf">Assemblée Générale Annuelle de la Fédération Internationale de Tennis de Table</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF)">[PDF]</abbr>, ITTF, 30 janvier 2013, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;18, 60-61</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulo%C3%AFd&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulo%C3%AFd&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia&#160;:</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Celluloids?uselang=fr">Celluloïd</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li> </ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parkesine" title="Parkesine">Parkesine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mati%C3%A8re_plastique" title="Matière plastique">Matière plastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulo%C3%AFd_(dessin_anim%C3%A9)" title="Celluloïd (dessin animé)">Celluloïd (dessin animé)</a> (ou «&#160;Cellulo&#160;»)</li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Chimie" title="Portail de la chimie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/36px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/48px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Chimie" title="Portail:Chimie">Portail de la chimie</a></span> </span></li> </ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5d5b5d56db‐mkmd4 Cached time: 20241128090423 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.427 seconds Real time usage: 0.574 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 8302/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 46411/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 25215/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 8044/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.090/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4912232/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 525.945 1 -total 61.66% 324.323 1 Modèle:Infobox_Chimie 57.64% 303.166 1 Modèle:Infobox_Chimie/2 41.84% 220.037 20 Modèle:Infobox/Sous-titre_optionnel 16.60% 87.326 1 Modèle:Références 10.91% 57.359 2 Modèle:Ouvrage 7.24% 38.059 2 Modèle:ADR 7.09% 37.272 1 Modèle:NFPA_704 6.68% 35.121 2 Modèle:Voir_homonyme 6.26% 32.934 1 Modèle:Portail --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key frwiki:pcache:idhash:294264-0!canonical and timestamp 20241128090423 and revision id 213632051. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&amp;useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ce document provient de «&#160;<a dir="ltr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celluloïd&amp;oldid=213632051">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celluloïd&amp;oldid=213632051</a>&#160;».</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Accueil" title="Catégorie:Accueil">Catégories</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Cellulose" title="Catégorie:Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Marque_de_mat%C3%A9riau" title="Catégorie:Marque de matériau">Marque de matériau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Thermoplastique" title="Catégorie:Thermoplastique">Thermoplastique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Invention_du_XIXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Catégorie:Invention du XIXe siècle">Invention du XIXe siècle</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Catégories cachées : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Article_%C3%A0_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_souhait%C3%A9e" title="Catégorie:Article à référence souhaitée">Article à référence souhaitée</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Article_utilisant_une_Infobox" title="Catégorie:Article utilisant une Infobox">Article utilisant une Infobox</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Formule_brute_%C3%A0_v%C3%A9rifier" title="Catégorie:Formule brute à vérifier">Formule brute à vérifier</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Chimiebox_%C3%A0_maintenir" title="Catégorie:Chimiebox à maintenir">Chimiebox à maintenir</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Chimie/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Chimie/Articles liés">Portail:Chimie/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Article_contenant_un_appel_%C3%A0_traduction_en_anglais" title="Catégorie:Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais">Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Cat%C3%A9gorie_Commons_avec_lien_local_identique_sur_Wikidata" title="Catégorie:Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata">Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Sciences/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Sciences/Articles liés">Portail:Sciences/Articles liés</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 24 mars 2024 à 15:15.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citation_et_r%C3%A9utilisation_du_contenu_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia:Citation et réutilisation du contenu de Wikipédia">Droit d'auteur</a>&#160;: les textes sont disponibles sous <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions</a>&#160;; d’autres conditions peuvent s’appliquer. Voyez les <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Terms_of_Use/fr">conditions d’utilisation</a> pour plus de détails, ainsi que les <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Cr%C3%A9dits_graphiques" title="Wikipédia:Crédits graphiques">crédits graphiques</a>. En cas de réutilisation des textes de cette page, voyez <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer/Cellulo%C3%AFd" title="Spécial:Citer/Celluloïd">comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence</a>.<br /> Wikipedia® est une marque déposée de la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, organisation de bienfaisance régie par le paragraphe <a href="/wiki/501c" title="501c">501(c)(3)</a> du code fiscal des États-Unis.</span><br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/fr">Politique de confidentialité</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:%C3%80_propos_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia">À propos de Wikipédia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Avertissements_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux">Avertissements</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipédia:Contact">Contact</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code de conduite</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Développeurs</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/fr.wikipedia.org">Statistiques</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Déclaration sur les témoins (cookies)</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//fr.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellulo%C3%AFd&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Version mobile</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-4s5b6","wgBackendResponseTime":165,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.427","walltime":"0.574","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8302,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":46411,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":25215,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":8044,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 525.945 1 -total"," 61.66% 324.323 1 Modèle:Infobox_Chimie"," 57.64% 303.166 1 Modèle:Infobox_Chimie/2"," 41.84% 220.037 20 Modèle:Infobox/Sous-titre_optionnel"," 16.60% 87.326 1 Modèle:Références"," 10.91% 57.359 2 Modèle:Ouvrage"," 7.24% 38.059 2 Modèle:ADR"," 7.09% 37.272 1 Modèle:NFPA_704"," 6.68% 35.121 2 Modèle:Voir_homonyme"," 6.26% 32.934 1 Modèle:Portail"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.090","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":4912232,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5d5b5d56db-mkmd4","timestamp":"20241128090423","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Cellulo\u00efd","url":"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cellulo%C3%AFd","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q146612","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q146612","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributeurs aux projets Wikimedia"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Fondation Wikimedia, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-06-16T11:53:29Z","dateModified":"2024-03-24T14:15:29Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a1\/Ping_pong_project.jpg","headline":"compos\u00e9 chimique"}</script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10