Solution Strengthening and Short-Range Order in Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta content="mdpi" name="sso-service" /> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport" /> <title>Solution Strengthening and Short-Range Order in Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/font-awesome.min.css?eb190a3a77e5e1ee?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery.multiselect.css?f56c135cbf4d1483?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/chosen.min.css?d7ca5ca9441ef9e1?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/main2.css?69b39374e6b554b7?1732286508"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/mask-icon-128.svg?c1c7eca266cd7013?1732286508" color="#4f5671"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="application-name" content=" "/> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/crystals-logo-sq.png?a2c22e8538083c0b"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/crystals-logo-sq.png?a2c22e8538083c0b"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/crystals-logo-sq.png?a2c22e8538083c0b"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/xml2html/article-html.css?230b005b39af4260?1732286508"> <style> h2, #abstract .related_suggestion_title { } .batch_articles a { color: #000; } a, .batch_articles .authors a, a:focus, a:hover, a:active, .batch_articles a:focus, .batch_articles a:hover, li.side-menu-li a { } span.label a { color: #fff; } #main-content a.title-link:hover, #main-content a.title-link:focus, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:focus { } #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:focus { } .art-authors a.toEncode { color: #333; font-weight: 700; } #main-content #middle-column ul li::before { } .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title, .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title::after { } .accordion-navigation li:hover::before, .accordion-navigation li:hover a, .accordion-navigation li:focus a { } .relative-size-container .relative-size-image .relative-size { } .middle-column__help__fixed a:hover i, } input[type="checkbox"]:checked:after { } input[type="checkbox"]:not(:disabled):hover:before { } #main-content .bolded-text { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container:before { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item > a.open::after { } #title-story .title-story-orbit .orbit-caption { #background: url('/img/design/000000_background.png') !important; background: url('/img/design/ffffff_background.png') !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51) !important; } #main-content .content__container__orbit { background-color: #000 !important; } #main-content .content__container__journal { color: #fff; } .html-article-menu .row span { } .html-article-menu .row span.active { } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active::before, .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active a { color: rgba(51,109,175,0.75) !important; font-weight: 700; } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover::before , .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover a { color: rgba(51,109,175,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a, .side-menu-ul li.active, .side-menu-ul li.active::before { color: rgba(51,109,175,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a { } .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:hover, .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:focus { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme { } nav.tab-bar .open-small-search.active:after { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme .custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link::after { color: #fff; } @media only screen and (max-width: 50em) { #main-content .content__container.journal-info { color: #fff; } #main-content .content__container.journal-info a { color: #fff; } } .button.button--color { } .button.button--color:hover, .button.button--color:focus { } .button.button--color-journal { position: relative; background-color: rgba(51,109,175,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color-journal:hover::before { content: ''; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; height: 100%; width: 100%; background-color: #ffffff; opacity: 0.2; } .button.button--color-journal:visited, .button.button--color-journal:hover, .button.button--color-journal:focus { background-color: rgba(51,109,175,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color path { } .button.button--color:hover path { fill: #fff; } #main-content #search-refinements .ui-slider-horizontal .ui-slider-range { } .breadcrumb__element:last-of-type a { } #main-header { } #full-size-menu .top-bar, #full-size-menu li.menu-item span.user-email { } .top-bar-section li:not(.has-form) a:not(.button) { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper li a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a:hover, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:focus, nav.tab-bar a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:active, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a.open-mega-menu.active, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu, a.open-mega-menu.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu li, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu a { border-color: #9a9a9a; } div.type-section h2 { font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: 300; } div.type-section h3 { margin-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: 300; } .journal-tabs .tab-title.active a { } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/slick.css?f38b2db10e01b157?1732286508"> <meta name="title" content="Solution Strengthening and Short-Range Order in Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires"> <meta name="description" content="Pearlitic steel rods are subjected to cold-drawing processes to produce pearlitic steel wires with true strains ranging from 0.81 to 2.18. Tensile tests are utilized to attain mechanical properties of cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires. TEM and XRD investigations were performed on the microstructure of the cold-drawn steel wires. With an increasing cold-drawn strain, both the interlamellar spacing and cementite lamellae thickness decrease, while the dislocation density significantly increases. The drawn wire has a tensile strength of 2170 MPa when the true stain reaches 2.18. Deformation-induced cementite dissolution occurs during cold-drawing progress, which releases many C atoms. The findings indicate that the supersaturation of C is heterogeneously distributed in the ferrite matrix. The ordered distribution of the released C in ferrite phases creates short-range order (SRO). SRO clusters and disordered Cottrell atmospheres contribute to solution strengthening, which, together with dislocation strengthening and interlamellar boundary strengthening, form an effective strengthening mechanism in cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires. Our work provides new insights into carbon redistribution and the mechanism of solution strengthening within ferrous phases." > <link rel="image_src" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/crystals-logo.png?a2c22e8538083c0b" > <meta name="dc.title" content="Solution Strengthening and Short-Range Order in Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Gang Zhao"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Jianyu Jiao"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Yan Wu"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Fengmei Bai"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Hongwei Zhou"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Jun Xue"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Yixuan Zhu"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Guangwen Zheng"> <meta name="dc.type" content="Article"> <meta name="dc.source" content="Crystals 2024, Vol. 14, Page 977"> <meta name="dc.date" content="2024-11-13"> <meta name ="dc.identifier" content="10.3390/cryst14110977"> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="dc.rights" content="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"> <meta name="dc.format" content="application/pdf" > <meta name="dc.language" content="en" > <meta name="dc.description" content="Pearlitic steel rods are subjected to cold-drawing processes to produce pearlitic steel wires with true strains ranging from 0.81 to 2.18. Tensile tests are utilized to attain mechanical properties of cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires. TEM and XRD investigations were performed on the microstructure of the cold-drawn steel wires. With an increasing cold-drawn strain, both the interlamellar spacing and cementite lamellae thickness decrease, while the dislocation density significantly increases. The drawn wire has a tensile strength of 2170 MPa when the true stain reaches 2.18. Deformation-induced cementite dissolution occurs during cold-drawing progress, which releases many C atoms. The findings indicate that the supersaturation of C is heterogeneously distributed in the ferrite matrix. The ordered distribution of the released C in ferrite phases creates short-range order (SRO). SRO clusters and disordered Cottrell atmospheres contribute to solution strengthening, which, together with dislocation strengthening and interlamellar boundary strengthening, form an effective strengthening mechanism in cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires. Our work provides new insights into carbon redistribution and the mechanism of solution strengthening within ferrous phases." > <meta name="dc.subject" content="metals and alloys" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="pearlitic steel wires" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="short–range order" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="solution strengthening" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="Cottrell atmospheres" > <meta name ="prism.issn" content="2073-4352"> <meta name ="prism.publicationName" content="Crystals"> <meta name ="prism.publicationDate" content="2024-11-13"> <meta name ="prism.volume" content="14"> <meta name ="prism.number" content="11"> <meta name ="prism.section" content="Article" > <meta name ="prism.startingPage" content="977" > <meta name="citation_issn" content="2073-4352"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Crystals"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Solution Strengthening and Short-Range Order in Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/11"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/11/13"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="14"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="11"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="977"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Zhao, Gang"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Jiao, Jianyu"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Wu, Yan"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Bai, Fengmei"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Zhou, Hongwei"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Xue, Jun"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Zhu, Yixuan"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Zheng, Guangwen"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.3390/cryst14110977"> <meta name="citation_id" content="mdpi-cryst14110977"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/pdf?version=1731487044"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" title="PDF Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/pdf?version=1731487044"> <meta name="fulltext_pdf" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/pdf?version=1731487044"> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="HTML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/htm"> <meta name="fulltext_html" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml" title="XML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/xml"> <meta name="fulltext_xml" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/xml"> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/xml"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@MDPIOpenAccess" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/crystals-logo-social.png?a2c22e8538083c0b" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="131189377574"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="MDPI"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Solution Strengthening and Short-Range Order in Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Pearlitic steel rods are subjected to cold-drawing processes to produce pearlitic steel wires with true strains ranging from 0.81 to 2.18. Tensile tests are utilized to attain mechanical properties of cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires. TEM and XRD investigations were performed on the microstructure of the cold-drawn steel wires. With an increasing cold-drawn strain, both the interlamellar spacing and cementite lamellae thickness decrease, while the dislocation density significantly increases. The drawn wire has a tensile strength of 2170 MPa when the true stain reaches 2.18. Deformation-induced cementite dissolution occurs during cold-drawing progress, which releases many C atoms. The findings indicate that the supersaturation of C is heterogeneously distributed in the ferrite matrix. The ordered distribution of the released C in ferrite phases creates short-range order (SRO). SRO clusters and disordered Cottrell atmospheres contribute to solution strengthening, which, together with dislocation strengthening and interlamellar boundary strengthening, form an effective strengthening mechanism in cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires. Our work provides new insights into carbon redistribution and the mechanism of solution strengthening within ferrous phases." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g001-550.jpg?1731487113" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Latest articles" href="https://www.mdpi.com/rss"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="PxTlsg7z2S00aHroktQd57fxygEjMiNHydKn3txhvwY"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mcoq8dtq6sb2hf7z29j8w515jjoof7" /> <script id="Cookiebot" data-cfasync="false" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="51491ddd-fe7a-4425-ab39-69c78c55829f" type="text/javascript" async></script>  <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WPK7SW5'); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> _linkedin_partner_id = "2846186"; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids = window._linkedin_data_partner_ids || []; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id); </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function(){var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; var b = document.createElement("script"); b.type = "text/javascript";b.async = true; b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})(); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics" data-cfasync="false" src="//script.crazyegg.com/pages/scripts/0116/4951.js" async="async" ></script> </head> <body> <div class="direction direction_right" id="small_right" style="border-right-width: 0px; padding:0;"> <i class="fa fa-caret-right fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction direction_right" id="big_right" style="border-right-width: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: right;"> Next Article in Journal<br> <div><a href="/2073-4352/14/11/978">Intermolecular Interactions in Molecular Ferroelectric Zinc Complexes of Cinchonine</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="direction" id="small_left" style="border-left-width: 0px"> <i class="fa fa-caret-left fa-2x"></i> </div> <div class="big_direction" id="big_left" style="border-left-width: 0px;"> <div> Previous Article in Journal<br> <div><a href="/2073-4352/14/11/976">On the Peculiarities of Wire-Feed Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing (WEBAM) of Nickel Alloy–Copper Bimetal Nozzle Samples</a></div> Previous Article in Special Issue<br> <div><a href="/2073-4352/14/11/927">Optimization of Magnetic Field-Assisted Laser Cladding Based on Hierarchical Analysis and Gray Correlation Method</a></div> </div> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div id="menuModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-menu" aria-hidden="true" data-reveal role="dialog"> <div class="menu-container"> <div class="UI_NavMenu"> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Journals</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about/journals">Active Journals</a> <a href="/about/journalfinder">Find a Journal</a> <a href="/about/journals/proposal">Journal Proposal</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/topics"> <h2>Topics</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Information</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 200px; float: left;"> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </div> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 250px; float: left;"> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/authors/english"> <h2>Editing Services</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Initiatives</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sciforum</a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">MDPI Books</a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Preprints.org</a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Scilit</a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SciProfiles</a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Encyclopedia</a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">JAMS</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>About</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about">Overview</a> <a href="/about/contact">Contact</a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Careers</a> <a href="/about/announcements">News</a> <a href="/about/press">Press</a> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Blog</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="menu-container__buttons"> <a class="button UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="captchaModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-label="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"></div> <div id="actionDisabledModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="actionDisableModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog" style="width: 300px;"> <h2 id="actionDisableModalTitle">Notice</h2> <form action="/email/captcha" method="post" id="emailCaptchaForm"> <div class="row"> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-text" class="small-12 columns"> </div> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-submit" class="small-12 columns" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> You can make submissions to other journals <a href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload">here</a>. </div> </div> </form> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="rssNotificationModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="rssNotificationModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="rssNotificationModalTitle">Notice</h2> <p> You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-rss-notification-confirm">Continue</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-openaccess" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess">https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess</a>. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-feature" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. </p> <p> Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-choice" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. <div style="margin-top: -10px;"> <div id="drop-article-label-choice-journal-link" style="display: none; margin-top: -10px; padding-top: 10px;"> </div> </div> </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-resubmission" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Original Submission Date Received: <span id="drop-article-label-resubmission-date"></span>. </p> </div> <div id="container"> <noscript> <div id="no-javascript"> You seem to have javascript disabled. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. </div> </noscript> <div class="fixed"> <nav class="tab-bar show-for-medium-down"> <div class="row full-width collapse"> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732286508" style="width: 64px;" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns right-aligned"> <div class="show-for-medium-down"> <a href="#" style="display: none;"> <i class="material-icons" onclick="$('#menuModal').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">clear</i> </a> <a class="js-toggle-desktop-layout-link" title="Toggle desktop layout" style="display: none;" href="/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"> <i class="material-icons">zoom_out_map</i> </a> <a href="#" class="js-open-small-search open-small-search"> <i class="material-icons show-for-small only">search</i> </a> <a title="MDPI main page" class="js-open-menu" data-reveal-id="menuModal" href="#"> <i class="material-icons">menu</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <section class="main-section"> <header> <div class="full-size-menu show-for-large-up"> <div class="row full-width"> <div class="large-1 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732286508" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="large-8 columns text-right UI_NavMenu"> <ul> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/journals" data-dropdown="journals-dropdown" aria-controls="journals-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Journals</a> <ul id="journals-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about/journals"> Active Journals </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journalfinder"> Find a Journal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journals/proposal"> Journal Proposal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/topics">Topics</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors" data-dropdown="information-dropdown" aria-controls="information-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover:true; hover_timeout:200">Information</a> <ul id="information-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-5 columns right-border"> <ul> <li> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> </li> <li> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> </li> <li> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="small-7 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> </li> <li> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> </li> <li> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors/english">Editing Services</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/initiatives" data-dropdown="initiatives-dropdown" aria-controls="initiatives-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Initiatives</a> <ul id="initiatives-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about" data-dropdown="about-dropdown" aria-controls="about-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">About</a> <ul id="about-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about"> Overview </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Careers </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/announcements"> News </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/press"> Press </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Blog </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="large-3 columns text-right full-size-menu__buttons"> <div> <a class="button button--default-inversed UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> <a class="button button--default js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_NavSubmitButton" href=" https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?journal=crystals " data-disabledmessage="new submissions are not possible.">Submit</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="search-container hide-for-small-down row search-container__homepage-scheme"> <form id="basic_search" style="background-color: inherit !important;" class="large-12 medium-12 columns " action="/search" method="get"> <div class="row search-container__main-elements"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns text-right1 small-only-text-left"> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> </div> <span class="search-container__title">Search<span class="hide-for-medium"> for Articles</span><span class="hide-for-small">:</span></span> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Title / Keyword</div> </div> <input type="text" placeholder="Title / Keyword" id="q" tabindex="1" name="q" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Author / Affiliation / Email</div> </div> <input type="text" id="authors" placeholder="Author / Affiliation / Email" tabindex="2" name="authors" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Journal</div> </div> <select id="journal" tabindex="3" name="journal" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Journals</option> <option value="acoustics" > Acoustics </option> <option value="amh" > Acta Microbiologica Hellenica (AMH) </option> <option value="actuators" > Actuators </option> <option value="admsci" > Administrative Sciences </option> <option value="adolescents" > Adolescents </option> <option value="arm" > Advances in Respiratory Medicine (ARM) </option> <option value="aerobiology" > Aerobiology </option> <option value="aerospace" > Aerospace </option> <option value="agriculture" > Agriculture </option> <option value="agriengineering" > AgriEngineering </option> <option value="agrochemicals" > Agrochemicals </option> <option value="agronomy" > Agronomy </option> <option value="ai" > AI </option> <option value="air" > Air </option> <option value="algorithms" > Algorithms </option> <option value="allergies" > Allergies </option> <option value="alloys" > Alloys </option> <option value="analytica" > Analytica </option> <option value="analytics" > Analytics </option> <option value="anatomia" > Anatomia </option> <option value="anesthres" > Anesthesia Research </option> <option value="animals" > Animals </option> <option value="antibiotics" > Antibiotics </option> <option value="antibodies" > Antibodies </option> <option value="antioxidants" > Antioxidants </option> <option value="applbiosci" > Applied Biosciences </option> <option value="applmech" > Applied Mechanics </option> <option value="applmicrobiol" > Applied Microbiology </option> <option value="applnano" > Applied Nano </option> <option value="applsci" > Applied Sciences </option> <option value="asi" > Applied System Innovation (ASI) </option> <option value="appliedchem" > AppliedChem </option> <option value="appliedmath" > AppliedMath </option> <option value="aquacj" > Aquaculture Journal </option> <option value="architecture" > Architecture </option> <option value="arthropoda" > Arthropoda </option> <option value="arts" > Arts </option> <option value="astronomy" > Astronomy </option> <option value="atmosphere" > Atmosphere </option> <option value="atoms" > Atoms </option> <option value="audiolres" > Audiology Research </option> <option value="automation" > Automation </option> <option value="axioms" > Axioms </option> <option value="bacteria" > Bacteria </option> <option value="batteries" > Batteries </option> <option value="behavsci" > Behavioral Sciences </option> <option value="beverages" > Beverages </option> <option value="BDCC" > Big Data and Cognitive Computing (BDCC) </option> <option value="biochem" > BioChem </option> <option value="bioengineering" > Bioengineering </option> <option value="biologics" > Biologics </option> <option value="biology" > Biology </option> <option value="blsf" > Biology and Life Sciences Forum </option> <option value="biomass" > Biomass </option> <option value="biomechanics" > Biomechanics </option> <option value="biomed" > BioMed </option> <option value="biomedicines" > Biomedicines </option> <option value="biomedinformatics" > BioMedInformatics </option> <option value="biomimetics" > Biomimetics </option> <option value="biomolecules" > Biomolecules </option> <option value="biophysica" > Biophysica </option> <option value="biosensors" > Biosensors </option> <option value="biotech" > BioTech </option> <option value="birds" > Birds </option> <option value="blockchains" > Blockchains </option> <option value="brainsci" > Brain Sciences </option> <option value="buildings" > Buildings </option> <option value="businesses" > Businesses </option> <option value="carbon" > C </option> <option value="cancers" > Cancers </option> <option value="cardiogenetics" > Cardiogenetics </option> <option value="catalysts" > Catalysts </option> <option value="cells" > Cells </option> <option value="ceramics" > Ceramics </option> <option value="challenges" > Challenges </option> <option value="ChemEngineering" > ChemEngineering </option> <option value="chemistry" > Chemistry </option> <option value="chemproc" > Chemistry Proceedings </option> <option value="chemosensors" > Chemosensors </option> <option value="children" > Children </option> <option value="chips" > Chips </option> <option value="civileng" > CivilEng </option> <option value="cleantechnol" > Clean Technologies (Clean Technol.) </option> <option value="climate" > Climate </option> <option value="ctn" > Clinical and Translational Neuroscience (CTN) </option> <option value="clinbioenerg" > Clinical Bioenergetics </option> <option value="clinpract" > Clinics and Practice </option> <option value="clockssleep" > Clocks & Sleep </option> <option value="coasts" > Coasts </option> <option value="coatings" > Coatings </option> <option value="colloids" > Colloids and Interfaces </option> <option value="colorants" > Colorants </option> <option value="commodities" > Commodities </option> <option value="complications" > Complications </option> <option value="compounds" > Compounds </option> <option value="computation" > Computation </option> <option value="csmf" > Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum </option> <option value="computers" > Computers </option> <option value="condensedmatter" > Condensed Matter </option> <option value="conservation" > Conservation </option> <option value="constrmater" > Construction Materials </option> <option value="cmd" > Corrosion and Materials Degradation (CMD) </option> <option value="cosmetics" > Cosmetics </option> <option value="covid" > COVID </option> <option value="crops" > Crops </option> <option value="cryo" > Cryo </option> <option value="cryptography" > Cryptography </option> <option value="crystals" selected='selected'> Crystals </option> <option value="cimb" > Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) </option> <option value="curroncol" > Current Oncology </option> <option value="dairy" > Dairy </option> <option value="data" > Data </option> <option value="dentistry" > Dentistry Journal </option> <option value="dermato" > Dermato </option> <option value="dermatopathology" > Dermatopathology </option> <option value="designs" > Designs </option> <option value="diabetology" > Diabetology </option> <option value="diagnostics" > Diagnostics </option> <option value="dietetics" > Dietetics </option> <option value="digital" > Digital </option> <option value="disabilities" > Disabilities </option> <option value="diseases" > Diseases </option> <option value="diversity" > Diversity </option> <option value="dna" > DNA </option> <option value="drones" > Drones </option> <option value="ddc" > Drugs and Drug Candidates (DDC) </option> <option value="dynamics" > Dynamics </option> <option value="earth" > Earth </option> <option value="ecologies" > Ecologies </option> <option value="econometrics" > Econometrics </option> <option value="economies" > Economies </option> <option value="education" > Education Sciences </option> <option value="electricity" > Electricity </option> <option value="electrochem" > Electrochem </option> <option value="electronicmat" > Electronic Materials </option> <option value="electronics" > Electronics </option> <option value="ecm" > Emergency Care and Medicine </option> <option value="encyclopedia" > Encyclopedia </option> <option value="endocrines" > Endocrines </option> <option value="energies" > Energies </option> <option value="esa" > Energy Storage and Applications (ESA) </option> <option value="eng" > Eng </option> <option value="engproc" > Engineering Proceedings </option> <option value="entropy" > Entropy </option> <option value="environsciproc" > Environmental Sciences Proceedings </option> <option value="environments" > Environments </option> <option value="epidemiologia" > Epidemiologia </option> <option value="epigenomes" > Epigenomes </option> <option value="ebj" > European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option> <option value="ejihpe" > European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option> <option value="fermentation" > Fermentation </option> <option value="fibers" > Fibers </option> <option value="fintech" > FinTech </option> <option value="fire" > Fire </option> <option value="fishes" > Fishes </option> <option value="fluids" > Fluids </option> <option value="foods" > Foods </option> <option value="forecasting" > Forecasting </option> <option value="forensicsci" > Forensic Sciences </option> <option value="forests" > Forests </option> <option value="fossstud" > Fossil Studies </option> <option value="foundations" > Foundations </option> <option value="fractalfract" > Fractal and Fractional (Fractal Fract) </option> <option value="fuels" > Fuels </option> <option value="future" > Future </option> <option value="futureinternet" > Future Internet </option> <option value="futurepharmacol" > Future Pharmacology </option> <option value="futuretransp" > Future Transportation </option> <option value="galaxies" > Galaxies </option> <option value="games" > Games </option> <option value="gases" > Gases </option> <option value="gastroent" > Gastroenterology Insights </option> <option value="gastrointestdisord" > Gastrointestinal Disorders </option> <option value="gastronomy" > Gastronomy </option> <option value="gels" > Gels </option> <option value="genealogy" > Genealogy </option> <option value="genes" > Genes </option> <option value="geographies" > Geographies </option> <option value="geohazards" > GeoHazards </option> <option value="geomatics" > Geomatics </option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life </option> <option value="limnolrev" > Limnological Review </option> <option value="lipidology" > Lipidology </option> <option value="liquids" > Liquids </option> <option value="literature" > Literature </option> <option value="livers" > Livers </option> <option value="logics" > Logics </option> <option value="logistics" > Logistics </option> <option value="lubricants" > Lubricants </option> <option value="lymphatics" > Lymphatics </option> <option value="make" > Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (MAKE) </option> <option value="machines" > Machines </option> <option value="macromol" > Macromol </option> <option value="magnetism" > Magnetism </option> <option value="magnetochemistry" > Magnetochemistry </option> <option value="marinedrugs" > Marine Drugs </option> <option value="materials" > Materials </option> <option value="materproc" > Materials Proceedings </option> <option value="mca" > Mathematical and Computational Applications (MCA) </option> <option value="mathematics" > Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" > Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option value="processes" > Processes </option> <option value="prosthesis" > Prosthesis </option> <option value="proteomes" > Proteomes </option> <option value="psychiatryint" > Psychiatry International </option> <option value="psychoactives" > Psychoactives </option> <option value="psycholint" > Psychology International </option> <option value="publications" > Publications </option> <option value="qubs" > Quantum Beam Science (QuBS) </option> <option value="quantumrep" > Quantum Reports </option> <option value="quaternary" > Quaternary </option> <option value="radiation" > Radiation </option> <option value="reactions" > Reactions </option> <option value="realestate" > Real Estate </option> <option value="receptors" > Receptors </option> <option value="recycling" > Recycling </option> <option value="rsee" > Regional Science and Environmental Economics (RSEE) </option> <option value="religions" > Religions </option> <option value="remotesensing" > Remote Sensing </option> <option value="reports" > Reports </option> <option value="reprodmed" > Reproductive Medicine (Reprod. Med.) </option> <option value="resources" > Resources </option> <option value="rheumato" > Rheumato </option> <option value="risks" > Risks </option> <option value="robotics" > Robotics </option> <option value="ruminants" > Ruminants </option> <option value="safety" > Safety </option> <option value="sci" > Sci </option> <option value="scipharm" > Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> <option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" > Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" > Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind </option> <option value="women" > Women </option> <option value="world" > World </option> <option value="wevj" > World Electric Vehicle Journal (WEVJ) </option> <option value="youth" > Youth </option> <option value="zoonoticdis" > Zoonotic Diseases </option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Article Type</div> </div> <select id="article_type" tabindex="4" name="article_type" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Article Types</option> <option value="research-article">Article</option> <option value="review-article">Review</option> <option value="rapid-communication">Communication</option> <option value="editorial">Editorial</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="book-review">Book Review</option> <option value="brief-communication">Brief Communication</option> <option value="brief-report">Brief Report</option> <option value="case-report">Case Report</option> <option value="clinicopathological-challenge">Clinicopathological Challenge</option> <option value="article-commentary">Comment</option> <option value="commentary">Commentary</option> <option value="concept-paper">Concept Paper</option> <option value="conference-report">Conference Report</option> <option value="correction">Correction</option> <option value="creative">Creative</option> <option value="data-descriptor">Data Descriptor</option> <option value="discussion">Discussion</option> <option value="Entry">Entry</option> <option value="essay">Essay</option> <option value="expression-of-concern">Expression of Concern</option> <option value="extended-abstract">Extended Abstract</option> <option value="field-guide">Field Guide</option> <option value="guidelines">Guidelines</option> <option value="hypothesis">Hypothesis</option> <option value="interesting-image">Interesting Images</option> <option value="letter">Letter</option> <option value="books-received">New Book Received</option> <option value="obituary">Obituary</option> <option value="opinion">Opinion</option> <option value="perspective">Perspective</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceeding Paper</option> <option value="project-report">Project Report</option> <option value="protocol">Protocol</option> <option value="registered-report">Registered Report</option> <option value="reply">Reply</option> <option value="retraction">Retraction</option> <option value="note">Short Note</option> <option value="study-protocol">Study Protocol</option> <option value="systematic_review">Systematic Review</option> <option value="technical-note">Technical Note</option> <option value="tutorial">Tutorial</option> <option value="viewpoint">Viewpoint</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns small-push-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-button-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input type="submit" id="search" value="Search" class="button button--dark button--full-width searchButton1 US_SearchButton" tabindex="12"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-link-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <a class="main-search-clear search-container__link" href="#" onclick="openAdvanced(''); return false;">Advanced<span class="show-for-small-only"> Search</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-container__advanced" style="margin-top: 0; padding-top: 0px; background-color: inherit; color: inherit;"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Section</div> </div> <select id="section" tabindex="5" name="section" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Special Issue</div> </div> <select id="special_issue" tabindex="6" name="special_issue" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Volume</div> <input type="text" id="volume" tabindex="7" name="volume" placeholder="..." value="14" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Issue</div> <input type="text" id="issue" tabindex="8" name="issue" placeholder="..." value="11" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Number</div> <input type="text" id="number" tabindex="9" name="number" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Page</div> <input type="text" id="page" tabindex="10" name="page" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns small-push-6 medium-reset order large-reset-order medium-reset-order js-search-expanded-button-container"></div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-expanded-link-container"></div> </div> </div> </form> <form id="advanced-search" class="large-12 medium-12 columns"> <div class="search-container__advanced"> <div id="advanced-search-template" class="row advanced-search-row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-3 columns connector-div"> <div class="search-input-label"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Logical Operator</span><span class="show-for-small">Operator</span></div> <select class="connector"> <option value="and">AND</option> <option value="or">OR</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-3 medium-3 small-6 columns search-text-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Text</div> <input type="text" class="search-text" placeholder="Search text"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 columns search-field-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Type</div> <select class="search-field"> <option value="all">All fields</option> <option value="title">Title</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="keywords">Keywords</option> <option value="authors">Authors</option> <option value="affiliations">Affiliations</option> <option value="doi">Doi</option> <option value="full_text">Full Text</option> <option value="references">References</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-3 columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-plus"> <i class="material-icons">add_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-minus"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 end columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input class="advanced-search-button button button--dark search-submit" type="submit" value="Search"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns show-for-medium-up"></div> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="breadcrumb row full-row"> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/about/journals">Journals</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/journal/crystals">Crystals</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/2073-4352/14">Volume 14</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/2073-4352/14/11">Issue 11</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="#">10.3390/cryst14110977</a> </div> </div> </header> <div id="main-content" class=""> <div class="row full-width row-fixed-left-column"> <div id="left-column" class="content__column large-3 medium-3 small-12 columns"> <div class="content__container"> <a href="/journal/crystals"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/crystals-logo.png?a2c22e8538083c0b" alt="crystals-logo" title="Crystals" style="max-height: 60px; margin: 0 0 0 0;"> </a> <div class="generic-item no-border"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_ArticleSubmitButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?form%5Bjournal_id%5D%3D28" data-disabledmessage="creating new submissions is not possible."> Submit to this Journal </a> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_ArticleReviewButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/volunteer/journals/review" data-disabledmessage="volunteering as journal reviewer is not possible."> Review for this Journal </a> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--color-journal button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_ArticleEditIssueButton" href="/journalproposal/sendproposalspecialissue/crystals" data-path="/2073-4352/14/11/977" data-disabledmessage="proposing new special issue is not possible."> Propose a Special Issue </a> </div> <div class="generic-item link-article-menu show-for-small"> <a href="#" class="link-article-menu show-for-small"> <span class="closed">►</span> <span class="open" style="display: none;">▼</span> Article Menu </a> </div> <div class="hide-small-down-initially UI_ArticleMenu"> <div class="generic-item"> <h2>Article Menu</h2> </div> <ul class="accordion accordion__menu" data-accordion data-options="multi_expand:true;toggleable: true"> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#academic_editors" class="accordion__title">Academic Editor</a> <div id="academic_editors" class="content active"> <div class="academic-editor-container " title="National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan"> <div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><a class="sciprofiles-link__link" href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/357972?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Dah-Shyang Tsai</span></a></div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="accordion-direct-link"> <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/977/scifeed_display" data-reveal-id="scifeed-modal" data-reveal-ajax="true">Subscribe SciFeed</a> </li> <li class="accordion-direct-link js-article-similarity-container" style="display: none"> <a href="#" class="js-similarity-related-articles">Recommended Articles</a> </li> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#related" class="accordion__title">Related Info Link</a> <div id="related" class="content UI_ArticleMenu_RelatedLinks"> <ul> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Solution%20Strengthening%20and%20Short-Range%20Order%20in%20Cold-Drawn%20Pearlitic%20Steel%20Wires" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Google Scholar</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#authors" class="accordion__title">More by Authors Links</a> <div id="authors" class="content UI_ArticleMenu_AuthorsLinks"> <ul class="side-menu-ul"> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on DOAJ</a> </li> <div id="AuthorDOAJExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Gang%20Zhao%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Zhao, G.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Jianyu%20Jiao%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Jiao, J.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Yan%20Wu%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Wu, Y.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Fengmei%20Bai%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Bai, F.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Hongwei%20Zhou%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Zhou, H.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Jun%20Xue%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Xue, J.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Yixuan%20Zhu%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Zhu, Y.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href='http://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Guangwen%20Zheng%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D' target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Zheng, G.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on Google Scholar</a> </li> <div id="AuthorGoogleExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Gang%20Zhao" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Zhao, G.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jianyu%20Jiao" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Jiao, J.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Yan%20Wu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Wu, Y.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Fengmei%20Bai" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Bai, F.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Hongwei%20Zhou" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Zhou, H.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jun%20Xue" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Xue, J.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Yixuan%20Zhu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Zhu, Y.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Guangwen%20Zheng" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Zheng, G.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> <li> <a class="expand" onclick='$(this).closest("li").next("div").toggle(); return false;'>on PubMed</a> </li> <div id="AuthorPubMedExpand" style="display:none;"> <ul class="submenu"> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Gang%20Zhao" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Zhao, G.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Jianyu%20Jiao" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Jiao, J.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Yan%20Wu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Wu, Y.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Fengmei%20Bai" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Bai, F.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Hongwei%20Zhou" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Zhou, H.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Jun%20Xue" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Xue, J.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Yixuan%20Zhu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Zhu, Y.</a> <li> </li> <li class="li-link"> <a href="http://www.pubmed.gov/?cmd=Search&term=Guangwen%20Zheng" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Zheng, G.</a> <li> </li> </ul> </div> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <span style="display:none" id="scifeed_hidden_flag"></span> <span style="display:none" id="scifeed_subscribe_url">/ajax/scifeed/subscribe</span> </div> </div> <div class="content__container responsive-moving-container large medium active hidden" data-id="article-counters"> <div id="counts-wrapper" class="row generic-item no-border" data-equalizer> <div id="js-counts-wrapper__views" class="small-12 hide columns count-div-container"> <a href="#metrics" > <div class="count-div" data-equalizer-watch> <span class="name">Article Views</span> <span class="count view-number"></span> </div> </a> </div> <div id="js-counts-wrapper__citations" class="small-12 columns hide count-div-container"> <a href="#metrics" > <div class="count-div" data-equalizer-watch> <span class="name">Citations</span> <span class="count citations-number Var_ArticleMaxCitations">-</span> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container"> <div class="hide-small-down-initially"> <ul class="accordion accordion__menu" data-accordion data-options="multi_expand:true;toggleable: true"> <li class="accordion-navigation"> <a href="#table_of_contents" class="accordion__title">Table of Contents</a> <div id="table_of_contents" class="content active"> <div class="menu-caption" id="html-quick-links-title"></div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div id="pbgrd-sky"></div> <script src="https://cdn.pbgrd.com/core-mdpi.js"></script> <style>.content__container { min-width: 300px; }</style>  </div> <div id="middle-column" class="content__column large-9 medium-9 small-12 columns end middle-bordered"> <div class="middle-column__help"> <div class="middle-column__help__fixed show-for-medium-up"> <span id="js-altmetrics-donut" href="#" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="display: none;"> <span data-badge-type='donut' class='altmetric-embed' data-doi='10.3390/cryst14110977'></span> <span>Altmetric</span> </span> <a href="#" class="UA_ShareButton" data-reveal-id="main-share-modal" title="Share"> <i class="material-icons">share</i> <span>Share</span> </a> <a href="#" data-reveal-id="main-help-modal" title="Help"> <i class="material-icons">announcement</i> <span>Help</span> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" data-reveal-id="cite-modal" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/cite" > <i class="material-icons">format_quote</i> <span>Cite</span> </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com/discussion-groups/public/10.3390/cryst14110977?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=publication&utm_campaign=discuss_in_sciprofiles" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" title="Discuss in Sciprofiles"> <i class="material-icons">question_answer</i> <span>Discuss in SciProfiles</span> </a> <a href="#" class="" data-hypothesis-trigger-endorses-tab title="Endorse"> <i data-hypothesis-endorse-trigger class="material-icons" >thumb_up</i> <div data-hypothesis-endorsement-count data-hypothesis-trigger-endorses-tab class="hypothesis-count-container"> ... </div> <span>Endorse</span> </a> <a href="#" data-hypothesis-trigger class="js-hypothesis-open UI_ArticleAnnotationsButton" title="Comment"> <i class="material-icons">textsms</i> <div data-hypothesis-annotation-count class="hypothesis-count-container"> ... </div> <span>Comment</span> </a> </div> <div id="main-help-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Need Help?</h2> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Support</h3> <p> Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/about/contactform" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Support </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Feedback</h3> <p> Please let us know what you think of our products and services. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/feedback/send" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Give Feedback </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns end"> <h3>Information</h3> <p> Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/authors" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Information </a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="middle-column__main "> <div class="page-highlight"> <style type="text/css"> img.review-status { width: 30px; } </style> <div id="jmolModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <h2>JSmol Viewer</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns text-center"> <iframe style="width: 520px; height: 520px;" frameborder="0" id="jsmol-content"></iframe> <div class="content"></div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle" id="abstract" class="abstract_div"> <div class="js-check-update-container"></div> <div class="html-content__container content__container content__container__combined-for-large__first" style="overflow: auto; position: inherit;"> <div class='html-profile-nav'> <div class='top-bar'> <div class='nav-sidebar-btn show-for-large-up' data-status='opened' > <i class='material-icons'>first_page</i> </div> <a id="js-button-download" class="button button--color-inversed" style="display: none;" href="/2073-4352/14/11/977/pdf?version=1731487044" data-name="Solution Strengthening and Short-Range Order in Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires" data-journal="crystals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> Download PDF </a> <div class='nav-btn'> <i class='material-icons'>settings</i> </div> <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/977/reprints" id="js-button-reprints" class="button button--color-inversed"> Order Article Reprints </a> </div> <div class='html-article-menu'> <div class='html-first-step row'> <div class='html-font-family large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'> Font Type: </div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Arial, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;' data-fontfamily='Arial, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif'>Arial</i></span> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Georgia1, Georgia, serif;' data-fontfamily='Georgia1, Georgia, serif'>Georgia</i></span> <span class="html-article-menu-option"><i style='font-family:Verdana, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;' data-fontfamily='Verdana, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif' >Verdana</i></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='html-font-resize large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'>Font Size:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-percent="100">Aa</span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-percent="120">Aa</span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-percent="160">Aa</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='row'> <div class='html-line-space large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns' >Line Spacing:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-line-height="1.5em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-line-height="1.8em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-line-height="2.1em"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='html-column-width large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns' >Column Width:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <span class="html-article-menu-option a1" data-column-width="20%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a2" data-column-width="10%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> <span class="html-article-menu-option a3" data-column-width="0%"> <i class="fa"></i> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-bg large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end'> <div class='row'> <div class='html-font-label large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns'>Background:</div> <div class='large-8 medium-8 small-12 columns'> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-bright" data-bg="bright"> <i class="fa fa-file-text"></i> </div> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-dark" data-bg="dark"> <i class="fa fa-file-text-o"></i> </div> <div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-creme" data-bg="creme"> <i class="fa fa-file-text"></i> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <article ><div class='html-article-content'> <span itemprop="publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"></span><span itemprop="url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977"></span> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <h1 class="title hypothesis_container" itemprop="name"> Solution Strengthening and Short-Range Order in Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires </h1> <div class="art-authors hypothesis_container"> by <span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13391188' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Gang Zhao</div><div id="profile-card-drop13391188" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Gang Zhao</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/3572423?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Gang%20Zhao" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Gang%20Zhao&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Gang%20Zhao" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1</sup>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13391189' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Jianyu Jiao</div><div id="profile-card-drop13391189" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Jianyu Jiao</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/WkhubUNyWTJBRDhjK01vQ3M4K2hKM1BkR0R0em9TMzNqKzFxeTdZUWlZMD0=?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Jianyu%20Jiao" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Jianyu%20Jiao&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jianyu%20Jiao" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 2</sup>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13391190' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Yan Wu</div><div id="profile-card-drop13391190" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Yan Wu</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/OGtVNi9IdEFIcXdCOHp0ZmlDdWFHNEliMHBZaG4wNmkrM0FOaXF4Q3B5TT0=?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Yan%20Wu" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Yan%20Wu&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Yan%20Wu" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 2</sup>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13391191' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Fengmei Bai</div><div id="profile-card-drop13391191" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Fengmei Bai</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/3935964?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Fengmei%20Bai" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Fengmei%20Bai&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Fengmei%20Bai" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1,2,*</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="13391191" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#daf5b9b4bef7b9bdb3f5b6f5bfb7bbb3b6f7aaa8b5aebfb9aeb3b5b4f9eaeaeae9ece8eab8eaeeeaedeab9eaefeabceaedeab8e8e8eae9eabbebedebeceeb9eaedeaecebedeeb9eaebeab9"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13391192' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Hongwei Zhou</div><div id="profile-card-drop13391192" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Hongwei Zhou</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1681342?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Hongwei%20Zhou" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Hongwei%20Zhou&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Hongwei%20Zhou" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 3,*</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="13391192" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#e2cd818c86cf81858bcd8ecd878f838b8ecf92908d968781968b8d8cc1d2d2d384d4dad3d0d2d2d2d5d386d0dad2dbd2d2d386d381d6d4d286d281d386d6d4d280d2d4"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8284-1847" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732286508" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13391193' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Jun Xue</div><div id="profile-card-drop13391193" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Jun Xue</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/MEFLYzNiOFpzS0RVRjRFZ1pYdk1UQT09?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Jun%20Xue" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Jun%20Xue&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jun%20Xue" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1</sup>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13391194' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Yixuan Zhu</div><div id="profile-card-drop13391194" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Yixuan Zhu</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/ank0eXM5TEsyQ3lNN2dlNExsWExGV25KUDlsMlhWSnZwZERzU1hxZkNYaz0=?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Yixuan%20Zhu" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Yixuan%20Zhu&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Yixuan%20Zhu" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1</sup> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13391195' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Guangwen Zheng</div><div id="profile-card-drop13391195" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Guangwen Zheng</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/YysvVUkyL2E1c29kZWpzQ2Z1eGQ4UT09?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Guangwen%20Zheng" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Guangwen%20Zheng&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Guangwen%20Zheng" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 2</sup></span> </div> <div class="nrm"></div> <span style="display:block; height:6px;"></span> <div></div> <div style="margin: 5px 0 15px 0;" class="hypothesis_container"> <div class="art-affiliations"> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>1</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">State Key Laboratory of Metal Material for Marine Equipment and Application, Anshan 114009, China</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>2</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">School of Metallurgical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan 243002, China</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>3</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">School of Materials Science and Technology, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan 243002, China</div> </div> <div class="affiliation"> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>*</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bib-identity" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(11), 977; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14110977">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14110977</a> </div> <div class="pubhistory" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 10px;"> <span style="display: inline-block">Submission received: 16 October 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Revised: 7 November 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Accepted: 11 November 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Published: 13 November 2024</span> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/crystals/special_issues/WR1I18BK4K ">Microstructure and Properties of Metals and Alloys</a>)<br/> </div> <div class="highlight-box1"> <div class="download"> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--drop-down" data-dropdown="drop-download-1519728" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1519728" aria-expanded="false"> Download <i class="material-icons">keyboard_arrow_down</i> </a> <div id="drop-download-1519728" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--button" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <a class="UD_ArticlePDF" href="/2073-4352/14/11/977/pdf?version=1731487044" data-name="Solution Strengthening and Short-Range Order in Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires" data-journal="crystals">Download PDF</a> <br/> <a id="js-pdf-with-cover-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2073-4352/14/11/977/pdf-with-cover" class="accessCaptcha">Download PDF with Cover</a> <br/> <a id="js-xml-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2073-4352/14/11/977/xml" class="accessCaptcha">Download XML</a> <br/> <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/977/epub" id="epub_link">Download Epub</a> <br/> </div> <div class="js-browse-figures" style="display: inline-block;"> <a href="#" class="button button--color-inversed margin-bottom-10 openpopupgallery UI_BrowseArticleFigures" data-target='article-popup' data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/browse" >Browse Figures</a> </div> <div id="article-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g001.png?1731487112" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic of the tensile specimens; (<b>b</b>) tensile stress–strain curves of wires with the different true stains; (<b>c</b>) tensile strength, yield strength and elongation vs drawn strains.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g002.png?1731487115" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>TEM images of wires in solution treatment before cold-drawing: (<b>a</b>) pearlitic in different colonies; (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) bright field (BF) and dark field (DF) images of complete lamellar; (<b>d</b>,<b>e</b>) BF and DF images of broken θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C; (<b>f</b>) a SADP of lamellar in (<b>b</b>).</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g003.png?1731487118" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>TEM images and corresponding EDS mapping of wires before and after cold-drawing: (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) ε = 0; (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) ε = 2.18.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g004.png?1731487121" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>TEM images of pearlitic structures: (<b>a</b>) wire rod; (<b>b</b>) ε = 0.81; (<b>c</b>) ε = 2.18; (<b>a1</b>,<b>b1</b>,<b>c1</b>) BF images; (<b>a2</b>,<b>b2</b>,<b>c2</b>) the corresponding DF images; (<b>a3</b>,<b>b3</b>,<b>c3</b>) dislocation configurations in α–Fe; (<b>a4</b>,<b>b4</b>,<b>c4</b>) SADP of the areas marked by circles in (<b>a3</b>,<b>b3</b>,<b>c3</b>).</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g005.png?1731487123" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Spacing of cold-drawn steel wire lamellae under different strains:(<b>a</b>) interlamellar spacing (ILS); (<b>b</b>) cementite lamellar thickness (CLT).</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g006.png?1731487124" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>XRD patterns of cold-drawn wires.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g007.png?1731487125" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>The dislocation density (<span class="html-italic">ρ</span>) of the cold-drawn wires: (<b>a</b>) linear fitting plots for the diffraction patterns of the wires in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f006" class="html-fig">Figure 6</a>: (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">ρ</span> as the function of ε.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g008.png?1731487125" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>The calculated and experimental strengthening of cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g009.png?1731487127" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>HRTEM images of α–Fe/θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C interfaces at: (<b>a</b>) ε = 0, (<b>b</b>) ε = 2.18. (<b>a2</b>,<b>b2</b>) The FFT patterns of α–Fe and θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C phases in (<b>a1</b>,<b>b1</b>), respectively; (<b>a3</b>,<b>b3</b>) magnified view of the yellow box areas in (<b>a1</b>,<b>b1</b>); and (<b>a4</b>,<b>b4</b>) the corresponding strain maps along the [100]<sub>α-Fe</sub> axis calculated by Strain++ software V1.8 for HRTEM images in (<b>a3</b>,<b>b3</b>).</p> "> </a> </div> <a class="button button--color-inversed" href="/2073-4352/14/11/977/notes">Versions Notes</a> </div> </div> <div class="responsive-moving-container small hidden" data-id="article-counters" style="margin-top: 15px;"></div> <div class="html-dynamic"> <section> <div class="art-abstract art-abstract-new in-tab hypothesis_container"> <p> <div><section class="html-abstract" id="html-abstract"> <h2 id="html-abstract-title">Abstract</h2><b>:</b> <div class="html-p">Pearlitic steel rods are subjected to cold-drawing processes to produce pearlitic steel wires with true strains ranging from 0.81 to 2.18. Tensile tests are utilized to attain mechanical properties of cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires. TEM and XRD investigations were performed on the microstructure of the cold-drawn steel wires. With an increasing cold-drawn strain, both the interlamellar spacing and cementite lamellae thickness decrease, while the dislocation density significantly increases. The drawn wire has a tensile strength of 2170 MPa when the true stain reaches 2.18. Deformation-induced cementite dissolution occurs during cold-drawing progress, which releases many C atoms. The findings indicate that the supersaturation of C is heterogeneously distributed in the ferrite matrix. The ordered distribution of the released C in ferrite phases creates short-range order (SRO). SRO clusters and disordered Cottrell atmospheres contribute to solution strengthening, which, together with dislocation strengthening and interlamellar boundary strengthening, form an effective strengthening mechanism in cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires. Our work provides new insights into carbon redistribution and the mechanism of solution strengthening within ferrous phases.</div> </section> <div id="html-keywords"> <div class="html-gwd-group"><div id="html-keywords-title">Keywords: </div><a href="/search?q=metals+and+alloys">metals and alloys</a>; <a href="/search?q=pearlitic+steel+wires">pearlitic steel wires</a>; <a href="/search?q=short%E2%80%93range+order">short–range order</a>; <a href="/search?q=solution+strengthening">solution strengthening</a>; <a href="/search?q=Cottrell+atmospheres">Cottrell atmospheres</a></div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </p> </div> </section> </div> <div class="hypothesis_container"> <ul class="menu html-nav" data-prev-node="#html-quick-links-title"> </ul> <div class="html-body"> <section id='sec1-crystals-14-00977' type='intro'><h2 data-nested='1'> 1. Introduction</h2><div class='html-p'>Cold-drawing technology is the main process used to produce high-strength pearlitic steel wires [<a href="#B1-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">1</a>,<a href="#B2-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">2</a>]. Pearlitic lamellar structures consist of alternating phases of ferrite (α–Fe) and cementite (θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C). Drawn wires are subject to three distinct strengthening methods, including dislocation strengthening, fine-grain strengthening, and solution strengthening. There are reliable models quantifying both dislocation strengthening and fine-grain strengthening [<a href="#B2-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">2</a>,<a href="#B3-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">3</a>,<a href="#B4-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">4</a>]. However, the calculated results by several models are distant from the experimental ones [<a href="#B5-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">5</a>,<a href="#B6-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">6</a>]. It remains challenging to develop an accurate model of solution strengthening due to ongoing controversy about the mechanism of solution strengthening.</div><div class='html-p'>The solution strengthening can be attributed to deformation-induced θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C dissolution, which releases C atoms into α–Fe [<a href="#B7-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">7</a>,<a href="#B8-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">8</a>,<a href="#B9-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">9</a>]. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C dissolution due to plastic deformation: (i) the binding enthalpy between carbon atoms and dislocations in α–Fe surpassing the solution enthalpy of θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C [<a href="#B10-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">10</a>]; (ii) the thinning of θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C lamellae during drawing causing the destabilization of θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C due to an increase in its free energy [<a href="#B11-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">11</a>]; (iii) the diffusion of carbon atoms from θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C to the excessive vacancies formed in α–Fe during cold-drawing [<a href="#B12-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">12</a>,<a href="#B13-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">13</a>]. Most researchers agree with the solution strengthening from the interaction between dislocations and carbon atoms released from θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C dissolution diffusing into α–Fe phase. Dislocations are locked down by the so-called carbon Cottrell atmospheres [<a href="#B12-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">12</a>,<a href="#B14-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">14</a>]. Others propose that a lot of deformation-induced vacancy clusters are believed to play important roles in hardening the wires, known as defect hardening or strengthening [<a href="#B12-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">12</a>,<a href="#B13-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">13</a>]. Since vacancies are always associated with carbon, they will not contribute additionally to solid solution hardening [<a href="#B5-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">5</a>]. Beside strengthening due to Cottrell atmospheres, solid solution strengthening or hardening originates from the redistribution of carbon [<a href="#B6-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">6</a>], which are also obstacles pinning movable dislocations [<a href="#B15-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">15</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Carbon solubility in α–Fe exhibits a positive correlation with cold-drawn strain [<a href="#B16-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">16</a>]. This relationship can be revealed through the measurement of thermoelectric power, resistivity, and internal friction [<a href="#B16-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">16</a>]. Atom probe tomography (APT) studies have demonstrated the existence of carbon Cottrell atmospheres that are linked to dislocations [<a href="#B14-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">14</a>,<a href="#B17-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">17</a>]. In the present work, we are not going to propose a new model for solution strengthening. We deeply focus on solution strengthening mechanism. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis reveals the presence of SRO structures in α–Fe, which is caused by the ordered distribution of carbon. This feature also validates the occurrence of deformation-induced θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C during cold-drawing. Both SRO clusters and Cottrell atmospheres are responsible for solution strengthening. This finding provides new insights into carbon redistribution and the mechanism of solution strengthening within ferrous phases.</div></section><section id='sec2-crystals-14-00977' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 2. Materials and Methods</h2><div class='html-p'>The specimen employed in the present investigation is a pearlitic steel wire with the following composition: Fe–0.82C–0.50Mn–0.22Si–0.03Cr in wt.%. The wire rods, initially 7.81 mm in diameter, were patented at 580 °C. The drawing process involved multi-pass drawing with 10 dies. The diameter of the 10 dies decreased continuously. The wire rods underwent cold-drawing processes, resulting in wires with diameters of 5.20 mm, 3.82 mm, and 2.61 mm, at the corresponding true strains (ε) of 0.81, 1.43, and 2.18, respectively, where ε is defined by 2ln(d<sub>0</sub>/d<sub>i</sub>) (d<sub>0</sub> is an initial diameter of wire rods and d<sub>i</sub> is a diameter of a cold-drawn wire). The wire rods are presented as ε = 0.</div><div class='html-p'>The tensile testing was measured at room temperature via a universal materials testing machine (CMT 4503, Shenzhen Xinsansi Testing Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China) at a strain rate of 3 × 10<sup>−3</sup>/s. <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>a presents the geometry utilized for tensile testing. The length of the wire between the jigs for the tests was 50 times its diameter. For each testing condition, three identical samples were evaluated to determine the mean tensile strength, yielding strength and uniform elongation. The microstructure observations were conducted using a Talos F200X TEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) at an accelerated voltage of 200 kV. For TEM observations, thin foils with a thickness of 40 μm were prepared by mechanical polishing and then thinning by ion milling. At the same time, Argon ions were used to remove surface contaminants such as carbon atoms of TEM foils. A Talos F200X TEM was equipped with an Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) probe with a mapping spatial resolution of 1 nm. X–ray analysis was performed using an Ultima IV diffractometer (Japan Rigaku Corporation, Japan). Before X–ray analysis, the specimens were electrochemically polished to remove deformed zones on the surfaces. The X–ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed with Cu K radiation (wavelength, λ = 0.1542 nm). The scanning rate of X–ray testing was 0.5°/min, with a step size of 0.02°.</div></section><section id='sec3-crystals-14-00977' type='results'><h2 data-nested='1'> 3. Results</h2><section id='sec3dot1-crystals-14-00977' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.1. Tensile Properties</h4><div class='html-p'><a href="#crystals-14-00977-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>b shows the engineering stress–strain curves of the cold-drawn pearlitic wires as a function of ε ranging from 0 to 2.18. None of the specimens showed a distinct yield point, and hardening was observed up to the ultimate tensile stress. The tensile strength of pearlitic steel rods (ε = 0) was found to be about 1401 MPa. With the increase of the drawn strain, the tensile strength, yield strength (<span class='html-italic'>σ</span><sub>0.2</sub>) and elongation of the wires gradually increased, as shown in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>c. As the ε increased to 2.18, the tensile strength was about 2170 MPa.</div></section><section id='sec3dot2-crystals-14-00977' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.2. TEM Observation</h4><div class='html-p'><a href="#crystals-14-00977-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a> depicts TEM images of wires before cold-drawing. Some lamellae are complete in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>a–c, while some θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C is broken in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>d,e. <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>f displays a selected area electron diffraction pattern (SADP) of lamellar indicated by a circle in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>b. It is deduced from the SADP that two phases have a crystallographic orientation relationship (OR): [101]<sub>θ-Fe3C</sub>//[101]<sub>α-Fe</sub> and (010)<sub>θ-Fe3C</sub>//(111)<sub>α-Fe</sub>, which is the Isaichev OR, consistent with other reports [<a href="#B8-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">8</a>,<a href="#B18-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">18</a>]. The orthorhombic crystal structure of θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C possesses the space group Pbnm, with dimensions a = 0.451 nm, b = 0.508 nm, and c = 0.675 nm [<a href="#B18-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">18</a>].</div><div class='html-p'><a href="#crystals-14-00977-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a> is EDS mapping of pearlitic lamellae at ε = 0 and ε = 2.18. Before the TEM test, the sample was cleaned by an Argon ion beam to eliminate the influence of surface carbon contamination. At ε = 0, the lamellae interfaces are clearly visible and the C enrichment in θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C is significant; at ε = 2.18, the θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C lamellae are complete in morphology and the interface is clear, but the C enrichment in θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C decreases, indicating that under cold-drawing, θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C is dissolved and the released C atoms diffuse into α–Fe.</div><div class='html-p'>The TEM images of pearlitic wires with varying ε are shown in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>. <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>(a1,a2) depicts the BF and DF images of α–Fe and θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C, respectively. <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>(a4) displays a SADP of the region indicated by a circle in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>(a3). The presence of superlattice {001} spots remarked by arrows in a [100]<sub>α-Fe</sub> zone axis implies that ordered structures are formed in α–Fe. Several studies indicate that the ordered carbon configuration in α–Fe [<a href="#B19-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">19</a>,<a href="#B20-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">20</a>] and austenitic steels [<a href="#B21-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">21</a>] can lead to SRO formations. In the SRO B2–NiAl phase, the superlattice reflections are also observed at {001} spots in an SADP along the [100]<sub>α-Fe</sub> axis [<a href="#B22-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">22</a>]. There are a lot of references about SRO in FCC and BCC alloys/phases validated by additional spots in SADP [<a href="#B22-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B23-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">23</a>]. In <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>(a4–c4), the diffraction spots of θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C with low crystallographic index almost disappear along the [100]<sub>α-Fe</sub> zone axis.</div><div class='html-p'>At ε = 0.81, the lamellae exhibited kinking in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>(b1) and a partial disappearance, as indicated by an arrow in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>(b3). Plastic deformation produces numerous dislocations. The majority of dislocations are distributed throughout α–Fe lamellae, and the two extremities of the dislocation line are situated in the α–Fe/θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C boundaries [<a href="#B2-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">2</a>]. The dislocation groups in α–Fe were pinned by the boundaries. Superlattice spots of α-Fe {001} planes at ε = 0.81 suggest SRO formations.</div><div class='html-p'>Although the strain has reached 2.18, the SRO structure remains stable. The α–Fe/θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C interface is not clearly visible in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>(c1,c2). As ε increases, there is a notable reduction in the length of dislocation lines, accompanied by a corresponding increase in dislocation intensity. Multiple θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C lamellae undergo dissolution, as indicated by the arrows in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>(c3). The dislocation configuration bears resemblance to the structure depicted in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>(b3).</div><div class='html-p'><a href="#crystals-14-00977-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a> displays interlamellar spacing (ILS) and cementite layers thickness (CLT) as a function of ε. This trend is also found in other references [<a href="#B1-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">1</a>,<a href="#B9-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">9</a>,<a href="#B24-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">24</a>]. ILS and CLT can be calculated according to the relationship [<a href="#B25-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">25</a>]:<div class='html-disp-formula-info' id=''> <div class='f'> 𝑟<sub>𝜀</sub> = 𝑟<sub>0</sub><span class='html-italic'>exp</span>(−𝜀/2) </div> <div class='l'> <label >(1)</label> </div> </div> where <span class='html-italic'>r</span><sub>0</sub> and <span class='html-italic'>r<sub>ε</sub></span> are the original dimensions of lamellar and the ones after cold-drawing with <span class='html-italic'>ε</span>. Calculated results of ILS and CLT are also illustrated in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>. Measurements of both ILS and CLT are close to the calculated results.</div></section><section id='sec3dot3-crystals-14-00977' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.3. XRD Analysis</h4><div class='html-p'><a href="#crystals-14-00977-f006" class="html-fig">Figure 6</a> shows XRD patterns of cold-drawn wires with the different ε. The α–Fe diffraction peaks of the (110), (200), (211), (220), and (310) planes can be identified according to bcc crystal patterns. But the α–Fe diffraction peaks show broadening, which is resulting from a refinement of pearlitic lamellae and an increase in dislocation density during the cold-drawing process [<a href="#B26-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">26</a>]. At ε = 0, diffraction peaks from θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C can be observed, while these peaks almost disappear with the increase of ε. Deformation-induced θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C dissolution and θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C amorphization may be responsible for the disappearance of θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C diffraction peaks [<a href="#B7-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">7</a>,<a href="#B26-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">26</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Generally, the XRD peak widening is related to dislocation density, which can be determined using the following Williamson–Hall equations [<a href="#B27-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">27</a>]:<div class='html-disp-formula-info' id='FD1-crystals-14-00977'> <div class='f'> <math display='block'><semantics> <mrow> <mi>β</mi> <mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>c</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>s</mi> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> <mi>k</mi> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mi>λ</mi> </mfrac> </mstyle> <mo>=</mo> <mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>D</mi> </mfrac> </mstyle> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>e</mi> <mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>s</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>n</mi> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> <mi>k</mi> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mi>λ</mi> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </semantics></math> </div> <div class='l'> <label >(2)</label> </div> </div> where <span class='html-italic'>β</span>, <span class='html-italic'>θ<sub>hkl</sub></span>, <span class='html-italic'>λ</span>, <span class='html-italic'>e</span> and <span class='html-italic'>D</span>, are the half-height width of the diffraction peaks (hkl), the diffraction angle at the selected peak position, X–ray wavelength (0.1542 nm), the effective mean microstrain, and the average grain size, respectively. In Formula (2), the broadening of the diffraction peak caused by the grain size becomes significantly pronounced only when the grain size is less than 100 nm. In <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>a, the size of the pearlitic clusters/grains is several micrometers, indicating that 1/<span class='html-italic'>D</span> is relatively small and can be ignored here. Therefore, the linear fitting diagram of <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <mi>β</mi> <mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>c</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>s</mi> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> <mi>k</mi> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mi>λ</mi> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>s</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>n</mi> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> <mi>k</mi> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mi>λ</mi> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </semantics></math> for different α–Fe diffraction peaks of (110), (200), (211), and (220) can generate the slope of 2<span class='html-italic'>e</span>. The linear fitting plots for the wires with the different ε are shown in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>a.</div><div class='html-p'>The dislocation density, <span class='html-italic'>ρ</span>, is then calculated using the following Equation [<a href="#B3-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">3</a>]:<div class='html-disp-formula-info' id='FD2-crystals-14-00977'> <div class='f'> <math display='block'><semantics> <mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>14.4</mn> <mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <msup> <mi>b</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </semantics></math> </div> <div class='l'> <label >(3)</label> </div> </div> where <span class='html-italic'>ρ</span>, <span class='html-italic'>e</span> and <span class='html-italic'>b</span> are the dislocation density, the effective mean microstrain, and the Burgers vector (0.246 nm), respectively. Substituting <span class='html-italic'>e</span> into Equation (3) to obtain <span class='html-italic'>ρ</span>, <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>b illustrates the dislocation density increase with ε. At ε = 0.81, the dislocation density slowly increases, while it significantly increases when ε rises from 0.81 to 2.18. Dislocation densities at ε = 0 and ε = 2.18 are 6.2 × 10<sup>14</sup> and 6.8 × 10<sup>15</sup> m<sup>−2</sup>, respectively, which are in the same order of magnitude as the values measured by XRD [<a href="#B13-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">13</a>], TEM [<a href="#B2-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">2</a>], and transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD) methods [<a href="#B4-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">4</a>].</div></section></section><section id='sec4-crystals-14-00977' type='discussion'><h2 data-nested='1'> 4. Discussion</h2><section id='sec4dot1-crystals-14-00977' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 4.1. Strengthening Mechanism</h4><div class='html-p'>There are three strengthening mechanisms in cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires: (i) boundary strengthening (σ<sub>b</sub>), (ii) dislocation strengthening (σ<span class='html-italic'><sub>ρ</sub></span>), and (iii) solution strengthening (σ<sub>ss</sub>). The flow stress or yield stress (σ<sub>0.2</sub>) of cold-drawn pearlitic wires during tensile is described by [<a href="#B2-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">2</a>]:<div class='html-disp-formula-info' id=''> <div class='f'> σ<sub>0.2</sub> = σ<sub>0</sub> + σ<sub>b</sub> + σ<span class='html-italic'><sub>ρ</sub></span> + σ<sub>SS</sub> </div> <div class='l'> <label >(4)</label> </div> </div></div><div class='html-p'>Boundary strengthening results from nanoscale θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C lamellae, which act as obstacles to dislocation glide between α–Fe lamellae. It can be estimated via the Hall–Petch relationship, as follows [<a href="#B2-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">2</a>]:<div class='html-disp-formula-info' id=''> <div class='f'> σ<sub>b</sub> = σ<sub>0</sub> + <span class='html-italic'>k</span>(<span class='html-italic'>d</span>)<sup>−0.5</sup> </div> <div class='l'> <label >(5)</label> </div> </div> where σ<sub>0</sub> is the friction stress of pure α–Fe, and σ<sub>0</sub> is taken as 60 MPa. <span class='html-italic'>k</span> is the slope of the Hall–Petch equation, and <span class='html-italic'>k</span> = 0.31 MPamm<sup>−0.5</sup> in the present work, which is reported from measurements over a wide strain range [<a href="#B28-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">28</a>]. <span class='html-italic'>d</span> is the width of the α–Fe lamellae, as shown in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>.</div><div class='html-p'>Dislocation strengthening is associated with the interactions of dislocations. The increase in flow stress is given by [<a href="#B5-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">5</a>,<a href="#B28-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">28</a>]:<div class='html-disp-formula-info' id=''> <div class='f'> σ<span class='html-italic'><sub>ρ</sub></span> = αMG<span class='html-italic'>bρ</span><sup>0.5</sup> </div> <div class='l'> <label >(6)</label> </div> </div> where α is a constant of 0.24; M is the orientation factor, about 1.84 for the strong <110> of Fe [<a href="#B28-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">28</a>]; G is the shear modulus (77.5 GPa [<a href="#B2-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">2</a>]); <span class='html-italic'>b</span> is the Burgers vector, 0.248 nm for α–Fe; and <span class='html-italic'>ρ</span> is the dislocation density, which is based on XRD patterns, as show in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>b. The calculated σ<sub>b</sub> and σ<span class='html-italic'><sub>ρ</sub></span> based on Equations (5) and (6), respectively, together with the measurements of yield stress are shown in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f008" class="html-fig">Figure 8</a>. Both σ<sub>b</sub> and σ<span class='html-italic'><sub>ρ</sub></span> increase with ε. σ<sub>b</sub> is much higher than σ<span class='html-italic'><sub>ρ</sub></span> at all strains, which means that boundary strengthening is prominent in cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires. This feature is consistent with other results [<a href="#B25-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">25</a>]. The combination of σ<sub>b</sub> and σ<span class='html-italic'><sub>ρ</sub></span> is a little lower than experimental results at different ε. This trend indicates that there is a solution strengthening mechanism beside boundary strengthening and dislocation strengthening in the cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires.</div></section><section id='sec4dot2-crystals-14-00977' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 4.2. Cottrell Atmosphere Strengthening</h4><div class='html-p'><a href="#crystals-14-00977-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>b based on XRD patterns reveals the dislocation density of the entire steel wire, while the distribution of dislocation density in α–Fe and θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C phase remains ambiguous. Geometric phase analysis (GPA) is a method for mapping the strain field from high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) micrographs. The strain mapping calculated by the GPA method is related to the lattice dislocations, which can directly show the dislocation density distribution [<a href="#B29-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">29</a>].</div><div class='html-p'><a href="#crystals-14-00977-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a> displays HRTEM images of α–Fe/θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C lamellae. Prior to drawing, θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C displays a platelet-like morphology in the wires, as depicted in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>(a1). Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) patterns imply that both phases exhibit single crystalline at ε = 0. The HRTEM image in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>(a3), obtained by magnifying the yellow square in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>(a1), demonstrates an Isaichev OR between α–Fe and θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C phases. <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>(b1) displays bending θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C lamellae at ε = 2.18, with blurred interphase boundaries. The thickness of θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C lamellae in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>(b1) decreases as ε increases. The FFT patterns of the α–Fe phase and θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>(b2) are similar to those in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>(a2).</div><div class='html-p'>The strain mapping using GPA method is shown in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>(a4,b4) and only the strain component xx is depicted. Prior to drawing, strain concentrations are mostly observed at the α–Fe/θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C interface in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>(a4). Additionally, the strain is uniformly distributed throughout α–Fe. This observation suggests that the dislocation densities are low prior to the cold-drawing process. When ε reaches 2.18, there are noticeable strain concentrations within α–Fe and at the interphase boundaries, as shown in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>(b4). The dislocation densities rapidly increase due to plastic deformation of both phases caused by cold-drawing, as shown in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>b. The distribution of strain inside the α–Fe phase exhibits non-uniformity, with certain regions experiencing higher levels of strain compared to others.</div><div class='html-p'>Significant strain concentrations suggests that a large number of dislocations are formed in the regions surrounding the interphase boundaries during cold-drawing at ε = 2.81, in comparison to that before drawing. The diffusion of C atoms in a solid solution into the dislocation cores is facilitated by the strong interaction between C and dislocations [<a href="#B10-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">10</a>]. Dislocations are locked down by so-called Cottrell atmospheres, as described in reference [<a href="#B12-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">12</a>,<a href="#B14-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">14</a>]. Cottrell atmospheres segregated into dislocations have been proven by APT studies [<a href="#B14-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">14</a>,<a href="#B17-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">17</a>]. Disordered Cottrell atmospheres are considered in the solution strengthening contributions in cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires. In martensitic steels [<a href="#B20-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">20</a>] and low carbon steels [<a href="#B30-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">30</a>], Cottrell atmosphere strengthening is also investigated.</div></section><section id='sec4dot3-crystals-14-00977' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 4.3. SRO Cluster Strengthening</h4><div class='html-p'>Solution-treated steel wires have low dislocation density, as shown in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>b and <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>(a4), as well as very low vacancy concentration. At the same time, carbon concentration is much lower in α–Fe than in θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C, which is also verified by APT [<a href="#B6-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">6</a>]. Therefore, Cottrell atmosphere strengthening is weaker than that in cold-drawn conditions. SRO clusters are observed in cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires before and after the different strains. It is generally believed that the formation of SRO is related to interstitial atoms, such as C, boron (N), nitrogen (N), and hydrogen (H) [<a href="#B31-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">31</a>,<a href="#B32-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">32</a>]. Kim et al. [<a href="#B23-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">23</a>] report the influence of C addition on the mechanical properties of high–Mn TRIP steels and find that C can be used to manipulate plastic instability and SRO clusters. In Fe–40Ni–15Cr–0.25 N (wt.%) austenitic stainless steel, Grujicic et al. [<a href="#B33-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">33</a>] determined that N strongly tends to occupy interstitial sites with high concentrations of Cr atoms, which results in the formation of SRO clusters. In B-doped high-entropy alloys (HEA), it is found that soluble B increases the stress/strain field at the recrystallized HEA grain structure, leading to the generation of SRO in those deformation structures under loading [<a href="#B34-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">34</a>]. Lu et al. [<a href="#B35-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">35</a>] also find that SRO is a result of ordered interstitial complexes in the BCC HEAs doped with either 2.0 at %O or N, (Ta<sub>0.5</sub>Nb<sub>0.5</sub>HfZrTi)<sub>98</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and (Ta<sub>0.5</sub>Nb<sub>0.5</sub>HfZrTi)<sub>98</sub>N<sub>2</sub>.</div><div class='html-p'>The octahedral position pertaining to C interstitial atoms can result in SRO in the pearlitic steels and other BCC alloys. There may be other C configurations or clusters that are responsible for SRO. Numerous studies suggest that the formation of SRO in high-Mn steel originates from Mn–C clusters [<a href="#B36-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">36</a>]. Kim et al. [<a href="#B23-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">23</a>] suggest that an SRO structure is caused by the short-range clustering (SRC) of carbon vacancies (CV), which is referred to as CV SRO. CV pairs can be more easily formed by a short-range C ordering than Mn–C clusters. In austenitic steels, the mechanism of interstitial–interstitial (i–i) atom pair re-orientation is responsible for SRO, rather than re-orientation of interstitial–substitutional (i–s) atoms and interstitial atom–vacancy (i–v) pairs re-orientation [<a href="#B37-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">37</a>]. In our work, there are few accounts of substitutional Mn and Cr elements in the pearlitic steel with the composition of Fe–0.82C–0.50Mn–0.22Si–0.03Cr in wt.%, and C is the dominant interstitial atom. Consequently, i–s pairs are not the factor for SRO. Dislocation density and vacancies are much lower in solution-treated conditions. Therefore, the C ordered arrangement results in SRO clusters. Deformation-induced vacancies are easily formed in cold-drawn conditions, meaning that SRO could be related with CV-ordered clusters in the pearlitic steels.</div><div class='html-p'>The dislocation density increases with ε, as presented in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>b. If only the carbon atoms in α–Fe phases diffuse into dislocations to form disordered Cottrell atmospheres, the initial SRO structure will be quickly broken down by cold-drawing. Nevertheless, SRO constructions continue to maintain their prevalence at ε = 2.18. This finding suggests that there exists a sufficient quantity of carbon resources that can diffuse into both the ordered sites and dislocation cores. Only deformation-induced θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C dissolution can yield a large number of C atoms. The dislocations are predominantly distributed within the α–Fe lamellae, as depicted in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>(a3–c3). The interphase borders pin both ends of the dislocation lines during the cold-drawing, causing the accumulation of dislocations along the boundaries (<a href="#crystals-14-00977-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>(b4)). Based on the results of EDS mapping in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>, XRD patterns in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f006" class="html-fig">Figure 6</a>, GPA analysis in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>, and other findings [<a href="#B8-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">8</a>], the strong interaction between dislocations and θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C leads to the dissolution and amorphization of θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C. A robust carbon-dislocation interaction in α–Fe enhances the solution of carbon atoms in α–Fe [<a href="#B16-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">16</a>,<a href="#B38-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">38</a>]. It is advantageous for the production of both SRO clusters and disordered Cottrell atmospheres when carbon is present in a solid solution in α–Fe phase. SRO clusters in the present study further verify the transfer of carbon atoms from dissolved θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C to the α–Fe phase, as well as the carbon supersaturation of the α–Fe phase in the cold-drawn wires.</div><div class='html-p'>Dislocation density is much higher in cold-drawn conditions than in solution treatment while the dislocation density distribution is locally non-uniform, as show in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>(b4). The disordered Cottrell atmospheres and SRO clusters are both generated in cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires. This feature indicates that the C amount corresponding to a high supersaturation is heterogeneously distributed in the α–Fe matrix.</div><div class='html-p'>The strengthening of SRO clusters has been proved in HEAs [<a href="#B35-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">35</a>,<a href="#B39-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">39</a>,<a href="#B40-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">40</a>], low-carbon steel [<a href="#B30-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">30</a>], and austenitic stainless steels [<a href="#B31-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">31</a>,<a href="#B41-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">41</a>,<a href="#B42-crystals-14-00977" class="html-bibr">42</a>]. It can be concluded that this strengthening mechanism also plays a role in drawn steel wires. Consequently, solution strengthening in the present work can be ascribed to both disordered Cottrell atmospheres and SRO clusters. This finding may be useful for proposing a new model of solution strengthening.</div></section></section><section id='sec5-crystals-14-00977' type='conclusions'><h2 data-nested='1'> 5. Conclusions</h2><dl class='html-order'><dt id=''>(1)</dt><dd><div class='html-p'>With increasing cold-drawn strains, both the interlamellar spacing and cementite lamellae thickness decreases, while dislocation densities significantly increase. The drawn wire has a tensile strength of 2170 MPa when the true stain reaches 2.18. Both disordered Cottrell atmospheres and SRO clusters are formed in cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires. SRO clusters and disordered Cottrell atmospheres contribute to solution strengthening which, together with dislocation strengthening and interlamellar boundary strengthening, form an effective strengthening mechanism in cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires.</div></dd><dt id=''>(2)</dt><dd><div class='html-p'>Deformation-induced cementite dissolution occurs during cold-drawing progress, which release many C atoms. Both the supersaturation of C and the dislocation density are heterogeneously distributed in the α–Fe matrix. The strong binding between C atoms and dislocation leads to the creation of disordered Cottrell atmospheres.</div></dd><dt id=''>(3)</dt><dd><div class='html-p'>SRO clusters are formed both before and after the heavy cold-drawing in pearlitic steel wires. The ordered distribution of the released C from cementite dissolution within ferrite phases creates short-range order (SRO). SRO clusters are formed both before and after the heavy cold-drawing in pearlitic steel wires, which validates the occurrence of deformation-induced θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C dissolution. The ordered distribution of C released by θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C dissolution in α–Fe phases generates SRO clusters.</div></dd></dl></section> </div> <div class="html-back"> <section class='html-notes'><h2 >Author Contributions</h2><div class='html-p'>Conceptualization, G.Z. (Gang Zhao), J.J., F.B. and H.Z.; methodology, G.Z. (Gang Zhao), J.J., F.B. and H.Z.; validation, G.Z. (Gang Zhao), J.J., Y.W. and H.Z.; formal analysis, G.Z. (Gang Zhao), J.J., Y.W., J.X. and Y.Z.; investigation, G.Z. (Gang Zhao), J.J., F.B., H.Z., J.X. and Y.Z.; data curation, G.Z. (Gang Zhao), J.J., Y.W., F.B., H.Z., J.X. and Y.Z.; writing—original draft preparation, G.Z. (Gang Zhao), F.B. and H.Z.; writing—review and editing, G.Z. (Gang Zhao), F.B., H.Z. and G.Z. (Guangwen Zheng); project administration, F.B., H.Z. and G.Z. (Guangwen Zheng); funding acquisition, F.B. and H.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2>Funding</h2><div class='html-p'>This research was funded by Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 52174359, and Natural Science Foundation of Anhui, grant numbers 2022AH050325 and 2022AH050327, Domestic Visit and Training Project of Young Backbone Teachers in Anhui Province, grant number JNFX2024012, and Overseas Visit and Training Project of Young Backbone Teachers in Anhui Province, grant number JWFX2023012.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Data Availability Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>The original contributions presented in the study are included in this article, further inquiries can be made available by the corresponding author.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Conflicts of Interest</h2><div class='html-p'>The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</div></section><section id='html-references_list'><h2>References</h2><ol class='html-xx'><li id='B1-crystals-14-00977' class='html-x' data-content='1.'>Wei, D.; Wang, L.; Hu, X.; Fang, F. Fabricating iron wires with superior strength–ductility combination through a gradient lamellar structure. <span class='html-italic'>Mater. Lett.</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>304</span>, 130644. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Fabricating+iron+wires+with+superior+strength%E2%80%93ductility+combination+through+a+gradient+lamellar+structure&author=Wei,+D.&author=Wang,+L.&author=Hu,+X.&author=Fang,+F.&publication_year=2021&journal=Mater.+Lett.&volume=304&pages=130644&doi=10.1016/j.matlet.2021.130644" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2021.130644" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B2-crystals-14-00977' class='html-x' data-content='2.'>Zhang, X.; Godfrey, A.; Huang, X.; Hansen, N.; Liu, Q. Microstructure and strengthening mechanisms in cold-drawn pearlitic steel wire. <span class='html-italic'>Acta Mater.</span> <b>2011</b>, <span class='html-italic'>59</span>, 3422–3430. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Microstructure+and+strengthening+mechanisms+in+cold-drawn+pearlitic+steel+wire&author=Zhang,+X.&author=Godfrey,+A.&author=Huang,+X.&author=Hansen,+N.&author=Liu,+Q.&publication_year=2011&journal=Acta+Mater.&volume=59&pages=3422%E2%80%933430&doi=10.1016/j.actamat.2011.02.017" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2011.02.017" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B3-crystals-14-00977' class='html-x' data-content='3.'>Takebayashi, S.; Kunieda, T.; Yoshinaga, N.; Ushioda, K.; Ogata, S. Comparison of the Dislocation Density in Martensitic Steels Evaluated by Some X-ray Diffraction Methods. <span class='html-italic'>ISIJ Int.</span> <b>2010</b>, <span class='html-italic'>50</span>, 875–882. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Comparison+of+the+Dislocation+Density+in+Martensitic+Steels+Evaluated+by+Some+X-ray+Diffraction+Methods&author=Takebayashi,+S.&author=Kunieda,+T.&author=Yoshinaga,+N.&author=Ushioda,+K.&author=Ogata,+S.&publication_year=2010&journal=ISIJ+Int.&volume=50&pages=875%E2%80%93882&doi=10.2355/isijinternational.50.875" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.50.875" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B4-crystals-14-00977' class='html-x' data-content='4.'>Li, Y.; Goto, S.; Kostka, A.; Herbig, M. Local measurement of geometrically necessary dislocation densities and their strengthening effect in ultra-high deformed pearlite. <span class='html-italic'>Mater. Charact.</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>203</span>, 113132. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Local+measurement+of+geometrically+necessary+dislocation+densities+and+their+strengthening+effect+in+ultra-high+deformed+pearlite&author=Li,+Y.&author=Goto,+S.&author=Kostka,+A.&author=Herbig,+M.&publication_year=2023&journal=Mater.+Charact.&volume=203&pages=113132&doi=10.1016/j.matchar.2023.113132" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2023.113132" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B5-crystals-14-00977' class='html-x' data-content='5.'>Borchers, C.; Kirchheim, R. Cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires. <span class='html-italic'>Prog. Mater. Sci.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>82</span>, 405–444. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cold-drawn+pearlitic+steel+wires&author=Borchers,+C.&author=Kirchheim,+R.&publication_year=2016&journal=Prog.+Mater.+Sci.&volume=82&pages=405%E2%80%93444&doi=10.1016/j.pmatsci.2016.06.001" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2016.06.001" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B6-crystals-14-00977' class='html-x' data-content='6.'>Borchers, C.; Al-Kassab, T.; Goto, S.; Kirchheim, R. Partially amorphous nanocomposite obtained from heavily deformed pearlitic steel. Mater. <span class='html-italic'>Sci. Eng. A</span> <b>2009</b>, <span class='html-italic'>502</span>, 131–138. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Partially+amorphous+nanocomposite+obtained+from+heavily+deformed+pearlitic+steel.+Mater&author=Borchers,+C.&author=Al-Kassab,+T.&author=Goto,+S.&author=Kirchheim,+R.&publication_year=2009&journal=Sci.+Eng.+A&volume=502&pages=131%E2%80%93138&doi=10.1016/j.msea.2008.10.018" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2008.10.018" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B7-crystals-14-00977' class='html-x' data-content='7.'>Guelton, N.; François, M. Strain-Induced Dissolution of Cementite in Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires. Metall. Mater. <span class='html-italic'>Trans. A</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>51</span>, 1602–1613. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Strain-Induced+Dissolution+of+Cementite+in+Cold-Drawn+Pearlitic+Steel+Wires.+Metall.+Mater&author=Guelton,+N.&author=Fran%C3%A7ois,+M.&publication_year=2020&journal=Trans.+A&volume=51&pages=1602%E2%80%931613&doi=10.1007/s11661-020-05640-4" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-05640-4" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B8-crystals-14-00977' class='html-x' data-content='8.'>Zhou, Y.T.; Shao, X.H.; Zheng, S.J.; Ma, X.L. Structure evolution of the Fe3C/Fe interface mediated by cementite decomposition in cold-deformed pearlitic steel wires. <span class='html-italic'>J. Mater. Sci. Technol.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>101</span>, 28–36. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Structure+evolution+of+the+Fe3C/Fe+interface+mediated+by+cementite+decomposition+in+cold-deformed+pearlitic+steel+wires&author=Zhou,+Y.T.&author=Shao,+X.H.&author=Zheng,+S.J.&author=Ma,+X.L.&publication_year=2022&journal=J.+Mater.+Sci.+Technol.&volume=101&pages=28%E2%80%9336&doi=10.1016/j.jmst.2021.05.061" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.05.061" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B9-crystals-14-00977' class='html-x' data-content='9.'>Yang, X.; Bao, S.; Kang, X.; Hu, J.; Liu, C.; Tian, R. Evolution of Microstructure and Fe/Fe3C Interface Structure in Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires. <span class='html-italic'>Steel Res. Int.</span> <b>2024</b>, <span class='html-italic'>95</span>, 2300556. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Evolution+of+Microstructure+and+Fe/Fe3C+Interface+Structure+in+Cold-Drawn+Pearlitic+Steel+Wires&author=Yang,+X.&author=Bao,+S.&author=Kang,+X.&author=Hu,+J.&author=Liu,+C.&author=Tian,+R.&publication_year=2024&journal=Steel+Res.+Int.&volume=95&pages=2300556&doi=10.1002/srin.202300556" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202300556" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B10-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='10.'>Gavriljuk, V.G. Decomposition of cementite in pearlitic steel due to plastic deformation. <span class='html-italic'>Mater. Sci. Eng. A</span> <b>2003</b>, <span class='html-italic'>345</span>, 81–89. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Decomposition+of+cementite+in+pearlitic+steel+due+to+plastic+deformation&author=Gavriljuk,+V.G.&publication_year=2003&journal=Mater.+Sci.+Eng.+A&volume=345&pages=81%E2%80%9389&doi=10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00358-1" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00358-1" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B11-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='11.'>Languillaume, J.; Kapelski, G.; Baudelet, B. Cementite dissolution in heavily cold drawn pearlitic steel wires. <span class='html-italic'>Acta Mater.</span> <b>1997</b>, <span class='html-italic'>45</span>, 1201–1212. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cementite+dissolution+in+heavily+cold+drawn+pearlitic+steel+wires&author=Languillaume,+J.&author=Kapelski,+G.&author=Baudelet,+B.&publication_year=1997&journal=Acta+Mater.&volume=45&pages=1201%E2%80%931212&doi=10.1016/S1359-6454(96)00216-9" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(96)00216-9" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B12-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='12.'>Takahashi, J.; Kosaka, M.; Kawakami, K.; Tarui, T. Change in carbon state by low-temperature aging in heavily drawn pearlitic steel wires. <span class='html-italic'>Acta Mater.</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>60</span>, 387–395. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Change+in+carbon+state+by+low-temperature+aging+in+heavily+drawn+pearlitic+steel+wires&author=Takahashi,+J.&author=Kosaka,+M.&author=Kawakami,+K.&author=Tarui,+T.&publication_year=2012&journal=Acta+Mater.&volume=60&pages=387%E2%80%93395&doi=10.1016/j.actamat.2011.09.014" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2011.09.014" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B13-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='13.'>Chen, Y.Z.; Csiszár, G.; Cizek, J.; Westerkamp, S.; Borchers, C.; Ungár, T.; Goto, S.; Liu, F.; Kirchheim, R. Defects in Carbon-Rich Ferrite of Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires. <span class='html-italic'>Metall. Mater. Trans. A</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>44</span>, 3882–3889. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Defects+in+Carbon-Rich+Ferrite+of+Cold-Drawn+Pearlitic+Steel+Wires&author=Chen,+Y.Z.&author=Csisz%C3%A1r,+G.&author=Cizek,+J.&author=Westerkamp,+S.&author=Borchers,+C.&author=Ung%C3%A1r,+T.&author=Goto,+S.&author=Liu,+F.&author=Kirchheim,+R.&publication_year=2013&journal=Metall.+Mater.+Trans.+A&volume=44&pages=3882%E2%80%933889&doi=10.1007/s11661-013-1723-x" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-013-1723-x" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B14-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='14.'>Hutchinson, B.; Hagström, J.; Karlsson, O.; Lindell, D.; Tornberg, M.; Lindberg, F.; Thuvander, M. Microstructures and hardness of as-quenched martensites (0.1–0.5%C). <span class='html-italic'>Acta Mater.</span> <b>2011</b>, <span class='html-italic'>59</span>, 5845–5858. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Microstructures+and+hardness+of+as-quenched+martensites+(0.1%E2%80%930.5%25C)&author=Hutchinson,+B.&author=Hagstr%C3%B6m,+J.&author=Karlsson,+O.&author=Lindell,+D.&author=Tornberg,+M.&author=Lindberg,+F.&author=Thuvander,+M.&publication_year=2011&journal=Acta+Mater.&volume=59&pages=5845%E2%80%935858&doi=10.1016/j.actamat.2011.05.061" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2011.05.061" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B15-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='15.'>Cottrell, A.H.; Bilby, B.A. Dislocation Theory of Yielding and Strain Ageing of Iron. <span class='html-italic'>Proc. Phys. Soc. A</span> <b>1949</b>, <span class='html-italic'>62</span>, 49. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dislocation+Theory+of+Yielding+and+Strain+Ageing+of+Iron&author=Cottrell,+A.H.&author=Bilby,+B.A.&publication_year=1949&journal=Proc.+Phys.+Soc.+A&volume=62&pages=49&doi=10.1088/0370-1298/62/1/308" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/0370-1298/62/1/308" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B16-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='16.'>Lamontagne, A.; Massardier, V.; Kléber, X.; Sauvage, X.; Mari, D. Comparative study and quantification of cementite decomposition in heavily drawn pearlitic steel wires. <span class='html-italic'>Mater. Sci. Eng. A</span> <b>2015</b>, <span class='html-italic'>644</span>, 105–113. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Comparative+study+and+quantification+of+cementite+decomposition+in+heavily+drawn+pearlitic+steel+wires&author=Lamontagne,+A.&author=Massardier,+V.&author=Kl%C3%A9ber,+X.&author=Sauvage,+X.&author=Mari,+D.&publication_year=2015&journal=Mater.+Sci.+Eng.+A&volume=644&pages=105%E2%80%93113&doi=10.1016/j.msea.2015.07.048" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.07.048" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B17-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='17.'>Min, N.; Li, W.; Li, H.; Jin, X. Atom Probe and Mössbauer Spectroscopy Investigations of Cementite Dissolution in a Cold Drawn Eutectoid Steel. <span class='html-italic'>J. Mater. Sci. Technol.</span> <b>2010</b>, <span class='html-italic'>26</span>, 776–782. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Atom+Probe+and+M%C3%B6ssbauer+Spectroscopy+Investigations+of+Cementite+Dissolution+in+a+Cold+Drawn+Eutectoid+Steel&author=Min,+N.&author=Li,+W.&author=Li,+H.&author=Jin,+X.&publication_year=2010&journal=J.+Mater.+Sci.+Technol.&volume=26&pages=776%E2%80%93782&doi=10.1016/S1005-0302(10)60123-5" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-0302(10)60123-5" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B18-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='18.'>Bhadeshia, H.K.D.H. Cementite. <span class='html-italic'>Int. Mater. Rev.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>65</span>, 1–27. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cementite&author=Bhadeshia,+H.K.D.H.&publication_year=2020&journal=Int.+Mater.+Rev.&volume=65&pages=1%E2%80%9327&doi=10.1080/09506608.2018.1560984" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09506608.2018.1560984" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B19-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='19.'>Zhang, X.; Wang, H.; Hickel, T.; Rogal, J.; Li, Y.; Neugebauer, J. Mechanism of collective interstitial ordering in Fe–C alloys. <span class='html-italic'>Nat. Mater.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>19</span>, 849–854. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Mechanism+of+collective+interstitial+ordering+in+Fe%E2%80%93C+alloys&author=Zhang,+X.&author=Wang,+H.&author=Hickel,+T.&author=Rogal,+J.&author=Li,+Y.&author=Neugebauer,+J.&publication_year=2020&journal=Nat.+Mater.&volume=19&pages=849%E2%80%93854&doi=10.1038/s41563-020-0677-9" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-020-0677-9" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B20-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='20.'>Zhou, H.W.; Fang, J.F.; Chen, Y.; Yang, L.; Zhang, H.; Lu, Y.; He, Y.Z. Internal friction studies on dynamic strain aging in P91 ferritic steel. <span class='html-italic'>Mater. Sci. Eng. A</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>676</span>, 361–365. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Internal+friction+studies+on+dynamic+strain+aging+in+P91+ferritic+steel&author=Zhou,+H.W.&author=Fang,+J.F.&author=Chen,+Y.&author=Yang,+L.&author=Zhang,+H.&author=Lu,+Y.&author=He,+Y.Z.&publication_year=2016&journal=Mater.+Sci.+Eng.+A&volume=676&pages=361%E2%80%93365&doi=10.1016/j.msea.2016.08.117" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.08.117" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B21-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='21.'>Pham, M.S.; Holdsworth, S.R. Dynamic strain ageing of AISI 316L during cyclic loading at 300 °C: Mechanism, evolution, and its effects. <span class='html-italic'>Mater. Sci. Eng. A</span> <b>2012</b>, <span class='html-italic'>556</span>, 122–133. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dynamic+strain+ageing+of+AISI+316L+during+cyclic+loading+at+300+%C2%B0C:+Mechanism,+evolution,+and+its+effects&author=Pham,+M.S.&author=Holdsworth,+S.R.&publication_year=2012&journal=Mater.+Sci.+Eng.+A&volume=556&pages=122%E2%80%93133&doi=10.1016/j.msea.2012.06.067" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.06.067" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B22-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='22.'>Zhou, B.C.; Yang, T.; Zhou, G.; Wang, H.; Luan, J.H.; Jiao, Z.B. Mechanisms for suppressing discontinuous precipitation and improving mechanical properties of NiAl-strengthened steels through nanoscale Cu partitioning. <span class='html-italic'>Acta Mater.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>205</span>, 116561. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Mechanisms+for+suppressing+discontinuous+precipitation+and+improving+mechanical+properties+of+NiAl-strengthened+steels+through+nanoscale+Cu+partitioning&author=Zhou,+B.C.&author=Yang,+T.&author=Zhou,+G.&author=Wang,+H.&author=Luan,+J.H.&author=Jiao,+Z.B.&publication_year=2020&journal=Acta+Mater.&volume=205&pages=116561&doi=10.1016/j.actamat.2020.116561" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.116561" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B23-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='23.'>Seol, J.B.; Kim, J.; Na, S.H.; Park, C.G.; Kim, H.S. Deformation rate controls atomic-scale dynamic strain aging and phase transformation in high Mn TRIP steels. <span class='html-italic'>Acta Mater.</span> <b>2017</b>, <span class='html-italic'>131</span>, 187–196. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Deformation+rate+controls+atomic-scale+dynamic+strain+aging+and+phase+transformation+in+high+Mn+TRIP+steels&author=Seol,+J.B.&author=Kim,+J.&author=Na,+S.H.&author=Park,+C.G.&author=Kim,+H.S.&publication_year=2017&journal=Acta+Mater.&volume=131&pages=187%E2%80%93196&doi=10.1016/j.actamat.2017.03.076" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2017.03.076" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B24-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='24.'>Toribio, J.; Ayaso, F.-J.; Rodríguez, R. Pearlite Interlamellar Spacing and Vickers Micro-Hardness in the Necking Region of Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires. <span class='html-italic'>Metals</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>13</span>, 1401. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Pearlite+Interlamellar+Spacing+and+Vickers+Micro-Hardness+in+the+Necking+Region+of+Cold-Drawn+Pearlitic+Steel+Wires&author=Toribio,+J.&author=Ayaso,+F.-J.&author=Rodr%C3%ADguez,+R.&publication_year=2023&journal=Metals&volume=13&pages=1401&doi=10.3390/met13081401" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/met13081401" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B25-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='25.'>Zhang, X.; Hansen, N.; Godfrey, A.; Huang, X. Dislocation-based plasticity and strengthening mechanisms in sub-20 nm lamellar structures in pearlitic steel wire. <span class='html-italic'>Acta Mater.</span> <b>2016</b>, <span class='html-italic'>114</span>, 176–183. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dislocation-based+plasticity+and+strengthening+mechanisms+in+sub-20+nm+lamellar+structures+in+pearlitic+steel+wire&author=Zhang,+X.&author=Hansen,+N.&author=Godfrey,+A.&author=Huang,+X.&publication_year=2016&journal=Acta+Mater.&volume=114&pages=176%E2%80%93183&doi=10.1016/j.actamat.2016.04.040" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.04.040" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B26-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='26.'>Wei, D.; Min, X.; Hu, X.; Xie, Z.; Fang, F. Microstructure and mechanical properties of cold drawn pearlitic steel wires: Effects of drawing-induced heating. <span class='html-italic'>Mater. Sci. Eng. A</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>784</span>, 139341. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Microstructure+and+mechanical+properties+of+cold+drawn+pearlitic+steel+wires:+Effects+of+drawing-induced+heating&author=Wei,+D.&author=Min,+X.&author=Hu,+X.&author=Xie,+Z.&author=Fang,+F.&publication_year=2020&journal=Mater.+Sci.+Eng.+A&volume=784&pages=139341&doi=10.1016/j.msea.2020.139341" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139341" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B27-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='27.'>Williamson, G.K.; Smallman, R.E., III. Dislocation densities in some annealed and cold-worked metals from measurements on the X-ray debye-scherrer spectrum. <span class='html-italic'>Philos. Mag. A J. Theor. Exp. Appl. Phys.</span> <b>1956</b>, <span class='html-italic'>1</span>, 34–46. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dislocation+densities+in+some+annealed+and+cold-worked+metals+from+measurements+on+the+X-ray+debye-scherrer+spectrum&author=Williamson,+G.K.&author=Smallman,+R.E.,+III&publication_year=1956&journal=Philos.+Mag.+A+J.+Theor.+Exp.+Appl.+Phys.&volume=1&pages=34%E2%80%9346&doi=10.1080/14786435608238074" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14786435608238074" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B28-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='28.'>Feng, H.; Wang, L.; Cui, S.; Hansen, N.; Fang, F.; Zhang, X. Microstructure and strengthening mechanisms of nanolamellar structures in ultrastrong drawn iron wires. <span class='html-italic'>Scripta Mater.</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>200</span>, 113906. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Microstructure+and+strengthening+mechanisms+of+nanolamellar+structures+in+ultrastrong+drawn+iron+wires&author=Feng,+H.&author=Wang,+L.&author=Cui,+S.&author=Hansen,+N.&author=Fang,+F.&author=Zhang,+X.&publication_year=2021&journal=Scripta+Mater.&volume=200&pages=113906&doi=10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.113906" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.113906" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B29-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='29.'>Hÿtch, M.J.; Snoeck, E.; Kilaas, R. Quantitative measurement of displacement and strain fields from HREM micrographs. <span class='html-italic'>Ultramicroscopy</span> <b>1998</b>, <span class='html-italic'>74</span>, 131–146. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Quantitative+measurement+of+displacement+and+strain+fields+from+HREM+micrographs&author=H%C3%BFtch,+M.J.&author=Snoeck,+E.&author=Kilaas,+R.&publication_year=1998&journal=Ultramicroscopy&volume=74&pages=131%E2%80%93146&doi=10.1016/S0304-3991(98)00035-7" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3991(98)00035-7" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B30-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='30.'>Yuan, X.; Li, W.; Pang, Q.; Zhang, C.; Lu, G. Study on the performance and strain aging behavior of solid-solution state low-carbon steel. <span class='html-italic'>Mater. Sci. Eng. A</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>726</span>, 282–287. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Study+on+the+performance+and+strain+aging+behavior+of+solid-solution+state+low-carbon+steel&author=Yuan,+X.&author=Li,+W.&author=Pang,+Q.&author=Zhang,+C.&author=Lu,+G.&publication_year=2018&journal=Mater.+Sci.+Eng.+A&volume=726&pages=282%E2%80%93287&doi=10.1016/j.msea.2018.04.099" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.04.099" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B31-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='31.'>Chu, K.; Antillon, E.; Stewart, C.; Knipling, K.; Callahan, P.; Wu, S.; Rowenhorst, D.; McDowell, D.L. Investigation of chemical short range order strengthening in a model Fe–12Ni–18Cr (at. %) stainless steel alloy: A modeling and experimental study. <span class='html-italic'>Acta Mater.</span> <b>2023</b>, <span class='html-italic'>261</span>, 119385. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Investigation+of+chemical+short+range+order+strengthening+in+a+model+Fe%E2%80%9312Ni%E2%80%9318Cr+(at.+%25)+stainless+steel+alloy:+A+modeling+and+experimental+study&author=Chu,+K.&author=Antillon,+E.&author=Stewart,+C.&author=Knipling,+K.&author=Callahan,+P.&author=Wu,+S.&author=Rowenhorst,+D.&author=McDowell,+D.L.&publication_year=2023&journal=Acta+Mater.&volume=261&pages=119385&doi=10.1016/j.actamat.2023.119385" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2023.119385" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B32-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='32.'>Kim, J.-M.; Kim, S.-J.; Kang, J.-H. Effects of short-range ordering and stacking fault energy on tensile behavior of nitrogen-containing austenitic stainless steels. <span class='html-italic'>Mater. Sci. Eng. A</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>836</span>, 142730. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Effects+of+short-range+ordering+and+stacking+fault+energy+on+tensile+behavior+of+nitrogen-containing+austenitic+stainless+steels&author=Kim,+J.-M.&author=Kim,+S.-J.&author=Kang,+J.-H.&publication_year=2022&journal=Mater.+Sci.+Eng.+A&volume=836&pages=142730&doi=10.1016/j.msea.2022.142730" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.142730" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B33-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='33.'>Grujicic, M.; Owen, W.S. Models of short-range order in a face-centered cubic Fe-Ni-Cr alloy with a high concentration of nitrogen. <span class='html-italic'>Acta Metall. Mater.</span> <b>1995</b>, <span class='html-italic'>43</span>, 4201–4211. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Models+of+short-range+order+in+a+face-centered+cubic+Fe-Ni-Cr+alloy+with+a+high+concentration+of+nitrogen&author=Grujicic,+M.&author=Owen,+W.S.&publication_year=1995&journal=Acta+Metall.+Mater.&volume=43&pages=4201%E2%80%934211&doi=10.1016/0956-7151(95)00107-7" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0956-7151(95)00107-7" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B34-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='34.'>Seol, J.B.; Bae, J.W.; Kim, J.G.; Sung, H.; Li, Z.; Lee, H.H.; Shim, S.H.; Jang, J.H.; Ko, W.-S.; Hong, S.I.; et al. Short-range order strengthening in boron-doped high-entropy alloys for cryogenic applications. <span class='html-italic'>Acta Mater.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>194</span>, 366–377. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Short-range+order+strengthening+in+boron-doped+high-entropy+alloys+for+cryogenic+applications&author=Seol,+J.B.&author=Bae,+J.W.&author=Kim,+J.G.&author=Sung,+H.&author=Li,+Z.&author=Lee,+H.H.&author=Shim,+S.H.&author=Jang,+J.H.&author=Ko,+W.-S.&author=Hong,+S.I.&publication_year=2020&journal=Acta+Mater.&volume=194&pages=366%E2%80%93377&doi=10.1016/j.actamat.2020.04.052" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.04.052" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B35-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='35.'>Lei, Z.; Wu, Y.; He, J.; Liu, X.; Wang, H.; Jiang, S.; Gu, L.; Zhang, Q.; Gault, B.; Raabe, D.; et al. Snoek-type damping performance in strong and ductile high-entropy alloys. <span class='html-italic'>Sci. Adv.</span> <b>2020</b>, <span class='html-italic'>6</span>, eaba7802. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Snoek-type+damping+performance+in+strong+and+ductile+high-entropy+alloys&author=Lei,+Z.&author=Wu,+Y.&author=He,+J.&author=Liu,+X.&author=Wang,+H.&author=Jiang,+S.&author=Gu,+L.&author=Zhang,+Q.&author=Gault,+B.&author=Raabe,+D.&publication_year=2020&journal=Sci.+Adv.&volume=6&pages=eaba7802&doi=10.1126/sciadv.aba7802&pmid=32596465" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba7802" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>] [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32596465" class='cross-ref pub_med' data-typ='pmid' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>PubMed</a>]</li><li id='B36-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='36.'>Wesselmecking, S.; Song, W.; Bleck, W. Dynamic and Static Strain Aging in a High-Manganese Steel. <span class='html-italic'>Steel Res. Int.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>93</span>, 2100707. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dynamic+and+Static+Strain+Aging+in+a+High-Manganese+Steel&author=Wesselmecking,+S.&author=Song,+W.&author=Bleck,+W.&publication_year=2022&journal=Steel+Res.+Int.&volume=93&pages=2100707&doi=10.1002/srin.202100707" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202100707" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B37-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='37.'>Karlsen, W.; Ivanchenko, M.; Ehrnstén, U.; Yagodzinskyy, Y.; Hänninen, H. Microstructural manifestation of dynamic strain aging in AISI 316 stainless steel. <span class='html-italic'>J. Nucl. Mater.</span> <b>2009</b>, <span class='html-italic'>395</span>, 156–161. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Microstructural+manifestation+of+dynamic+strain+aging+in+AISI+316+stainless+steel&author=Karlsen,+W.&author=Ivanchenko,+M.&author=Ehrnst%C3%A9n,+U.&author=Yagodzinskyy,+Y.&author=H%C3%A4nninen,+H.&publication_year=2009&journal=J.+Nucl.+Mater.&volume=395&pages=156%E2%80%93161&doi=10.1016/j.jnucmat.2009.10.047" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2009.10.047" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B38-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='38.'>Tsybenko, H.; Tian, C.; Rau, J.; Breitbach, B.; Schreiber, P.; Greiner, C.; Dehm, G.; Brinckmann, S. Deformation and phase transformation in polycrystalline cementite (Fe<sub>3</sub>C) during single- and multi-pass sliding wear. <span class='html-italic'>Acta Mater.</span> <b>2022</b>, <span class='html-italic'>227</span>, 117694. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Deformation+and+phase+transformation+in+polycrystalline+cementite+(Fe3C)+during+single-+and+multi-pass+sliding+wear&author=Tsybenko,+H.&author=Tian,+C.&author=Rau,+J.&author=Breitbach,+B.&author=Schreiber,+P.&author=Greiner,+C.&author=Dehm,+G.&author=Brinckmann,+S.&publication_year=2022&journal=Acta+Mater.&volume=227&pages=117694&doi=10.1016/j.actamat.2022.117694" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2022.117694" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B39-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='39.'>Chen, S.; Aitken, Z.H.; Pattamatta, S.; Wu, Z.; Yu, Z.G.; Srolovitz, D.J.; Liaw, P.K.; Zhang, Y.-W. Simultaneously enhancing the ultimate strength and ductility of high-entropy alloys via short-range ordering. <span class='html-italic'>Nat. Commun.</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>12</span>, 4953. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Simultaneously+enhancing+the+ultimate+strength+and+ductility+of+high-entropy+alloys+via+short-range+ordering&author=Chen,+S.&author=Aitken,+Z.H.&author=Pattamatta,+S.&author=Wu,+Z.&author=Yu,+Z.G.&author=Srolovitz,+D.J.&author=Liaw,+P.K.&author=Zhang,+Y.-W.&publication_year=2021&journal=Nat.+Commun.&volume=12&pages=4953&doi=10.1038/s41467-021-25264-5" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25264-5" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B40-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='40.'>Ali, N.; Li, J.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, C.; Zhou, H.; Liu, D.; Sanaullah, K.; Nian, Y.; Cheng, J. Break the strength and ductility trade-off in novel NbC reinforced Fe<sub>40.5</sub>(CoCr)<sub>25</sub>Mn<sub>17.5</sub>Ni<sub>10</sub>Si<sub>5</sub> high entropy alloy. <span class='html-italic'>Mater. Design.</span> <b>2024</b>, <span class='html-italic'>239</span>, 112752. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Break+the+strength+and+ductility+trade-off+in+novel+NbC+reinforced+Fe40.5(CoCr)25Mn17.5Ni10Si5+high+entropy+alloy&author=Ali,+N.&author=Li,+J.&author=Zhang,+L.&author=Zhang,+C.&author=Zhou,+H.&author=Liu,+D.&author=Sanaullah,+K.&author=Nian,+Y.&author=Cheng,+J.&publication_year=2024&journal=Mater.+Design.&volume=239&pages=112752&doi=10.1016/j.matdes.2024.112752" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2024.112752" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B41-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='41.'>Zhou, H.W.; Bai, F.M.; Yang, L.; Wei, H.L.; Chen, Y.; Peng, G.S.; He, Y.Z. Mechanism of dynamic strain aging in a niobium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel. Metall. <span class='html-italic'>Mater. Trans. A</span> <b>2018</b>, <span class='html-italic'>49</span>, 1202–1210. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Mechanism+of+dynamic+strain+aging+in+a+niobium-stabilized+austenitic+stainless+steel.+Metall&author=Zhou,+H.W.&author=Bai,+F.M.&author=Yang,+L.&author=Wei,+H.L.&author=Chen,+Y.&author=Peng,+G.S.&author=He,+Y.Z.&publication_year=2018&journal=Mater.+Trans.+A&volume=49&pages=1202%E2%80%931210&doi=10.1007/s11661-018-4498-2" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-018-4498-2" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li><li id='B42-crystals-14-00977' class='html-xx' data-content='42.'>Zhou, H.W.; He, Y.Z.; Cui, M.; Cen, Y.W.; Jiang, J.Q. Dependence of dynamic strain ageing on strain amplitudes during the low-cycle fatigue of TP347H austenitic stainless steel at 550 °C. <span class='html-italic'>Int. J. Fatigue</span> <b>2013</b>, <span class='html-italic'>56</span>, 1–7. [<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dependence+of+dynamic+strain+ageing+on+strain+amplitudes+during+the+low-cycle+fatigue+of+TP347H+austenitic+stainless+steel+at+550+%C2%B0C&author=Zhou,+H.W.&author=He,+Y.Z.&author=Cui,+M.&author=Cen,+Y.W.&author=Jiang,+J.Q.&publication_year=2013&journal=Int.+J.+Fatigue&volume=56&pages=1%E2%80%937&doi=10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2013.07.010" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2013.07.010" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li></ol></section><section id='Figures' type='display-objects'><div class="html-fig-wrap" id="crystals-14-00977-f001"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00977-f001"> <img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g001.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g001.png" alt="Crystals 14 00977 g001" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g001-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00977-f001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 1.</b> (<b>a</b>) Schematic of the tensile specimens; (<b>b</b>) tensile stress–strain curves of wires with the different true stains; (<b>c</b>) tensile strength, yield strength and elongation vs drawn strains.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_crystals-14-00977-f001"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 1.</b> (<b>a</b>) Schematic of the tensile specimens; (<b>b</b>) tensile stress–strain curves of wires with the different true stains; (<b>c</b>) tensile strength, yield strength and elongation vs drawn strains.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g001.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g001.png" alt="Crystals 14 00977 g001" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g001.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="crystals-14-00977-f002"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00977-f002"> <img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g002.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g002.png" alt="Crystals 14 00977 g002" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g002-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00977-f002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 2.</b> TEM images of wires in solution treatment before cold-drawing: (<b>a</b>) pearlitic in different colonies; (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) bright field (BF) and dark field (DF) images of complete lamellar; (<b>d</b>,<b>e</b>) BF and DF images of broken θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C; (<b>f</b>) a SADP of lamellar in (<b>b</b>).  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_crystals-14-00977-f002"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 2.</b> TEM images of wires in solution treatment before cold-drawing: (<b>a</b>) pearlitic in different colonies; (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) bright field (BF) and dark field (DF) images of complete lamellar; (<b>d</b>,<b>e</b>) BF and DF images of broken θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C; (<b>f</b>) a SADP of lamellar in (<b>b</b>).</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g002.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g002.png" alt="Crystals 14 00977 g002" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g002.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="crystals-14-00977-f003"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00977-f003"> <img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g003.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g003.png" alt="Crystals 14 00977 g003" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g003-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00977-f003"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 3.</b> TEM images and corresponding EDS mapping of wires before and after cold-drawing: (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) ε = 0; (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) ε = 2.18.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_crystals-14-00977-f003"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 3.</b> TEM images and corresponding EDS mapping of wires before and after cold-drawing: (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) ε = 0; (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) ε = 2.18.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g003.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g003.png" alt="Crystals 14 00977 g003" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g003.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="crystals-14-00977-f004"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00977-f004"> <img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g004.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g004.png" alt="Crystals 14 00977 g004" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g004-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00977-f004"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 4.</b> TEM images of pearlitic structures: (<b>a</b>) wire rod; (<b>b</b>) ε = 0.81; (<b>c</b>) ε = 2.18; (<b>a1</b>,<b>b1</b>,<b>c1</b>) BF images; (<b>a2</b>,<b>b2</b>,<b>c2</b>) the corresponding DF images; (<b>a3</b>,<b>b3</b>,<b>c3</b>) dislocation configurations in α–Fe; (<b>a4</b>,<b>b4</b>,<b>c4</b>) SADP of the areas marked by circles in (<b>a3</b>,<b>b3</b>,<b>c3</b>).  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_crystals-14-00977-f004"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 4.</b> TEM images of pearlitic structures: (<b>a</b>) wire rod; (<b>b</b>) ε = 0.81; (<b>c</b>) ε = 2.18; (<b>a1</b>,<b>b1</b>,<b>c1</b>) BF images; (<b>a2</b>,<b>b2</b>,<b>c2</b>) the corresponding DF images; (<b>a3</b>,<b>b3</b>,<b>c3</b>) dislocation configurations in α–Fe; (<b>a4</b>,<b>b4</b>,<b>c4</b>) SADP of the areas marked by circles in (<b>a3</b>,<b>b3</b>,<b>c3</b>).</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g004.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g004.png" alt="Crystals 14 00977 g004" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g004.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="crystals-14-00977-f005"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00977-f005"> <img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g005.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g005.png" alt="Crystals 14 00977 g005" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g005-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00977-f005"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 5.</b> Spacing of cold-drawn steel wire lamellae under different strains:(<b>a</b>) interlamellar spacing (ILS); (<b>b</b>) cementite lamellar thickness (CLT).  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_crystals-14-00977-f005"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 5.</b> Spacing of cold-drawn steel wire lamellae under different strains:(<b>a</b>) interlamellar spacing (ILS); (<b>b</b>) cementite lamellar thickness (CLT).</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g005.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g005.png" alt="Crystals 14 00977 g005" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g005.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="crystals-14-00977-f006"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00977-f006"> <img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g006.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g006.png" alt="Crystals 14 00977 g006" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g006-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00977-f006"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 6.</b> XRD patterns of cold-drawn wires.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_crystals-14-00977-f006"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 6.</b> XRD patterns of cold-drawn wires.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g006.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g006.png" alt="Crystals 14 00977 g006" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g006.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="crystals-14-00977-f007"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00977-f007"> <img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g007.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g007.png" alt="Crystals 14 00977 g007" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g007-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00977-f007"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 7.</b> The dislocation density (<span class='html-italic'>ρ</span>) of the cold-drawn wires: (<b>a</b>) linear fitting plots for the diffraction patterns of the wires in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f006" class="html-fig">Figure 6</a>: (<b>b</b>) <span class='html-italic'>ρ</span> as the function of ε.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_crystals-14-00977-f007"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 7.</b> The dislocation density (<span class='html-italic'>ρ</span>) of the cold-drawn wires: (<b>a</b>) linear fitting plots for the diffraction patterns of the wires in <a href="#crystals-14-00977-f006" class="html-fig">Figure 6</a>: (<b>b</b>) <span class='html-italic'>ρ</span> as the function of ε.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g007.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g007.png" alt="Crystals 14 00977 g007" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g007.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="crystals-14-00977-f008"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00977-f008"> <img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g008.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g008.png" alt="Crystals 14 00977 g008" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g008-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00977-f008"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 8.</b> The calculated and experimental strengthening of cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_crystals-14-00977-f008"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 8.</b> The calculated and experimental strengthening of cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g008.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g008.png" alt="Crystals 14 00977 g008" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g008.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="crystals-14-00977-f009"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00977-f009"> <img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g009.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g009.png" alt="Crystals 14 00977 g009" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g009-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/977/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00977-f009"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 9.</b> HRTEM images of α–Fe/θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C interfaces at: (<b>a</b>) ε = 0, (<b>b</b>) ε = 2.18. (<b>a2</b>,<b>b2</b>) The FFT patterns of α–Fe and θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C phases in (<b>a1</b>,<b>b1</b>), respectively; (<b>a3</b>,<b>b3</b>) magnified view of the yellow box areas in (<b>a1</b>,<b>b1</b>); and (<b>a4</b>,<b>b4</b>) the corresponding strain maps along the [100]<sub>α-Fe</sub> axis calculated by Strain++ software V1.8 for HRTEM images in (<b>a3</b>,<b>b3</b>).  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_crystals-14-00977-f009"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 9.</b> HRTEM images of α–Fe/θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C interfaces at: (<b>a</b>) ε = 0, (<b>b</b>) ε = 2.18. (<b>a2</b>,<b>b2</b>) The FFT patterns of α–Fe and θ–Fe<sub>3</sub>C phases in (<b>a1</b>,<b>b1</b>), respectively; (<b>a3</b>,<b>b3</b>) magnified view of the yellow box areas in (<b>a1</b>,<b>b1</b>); and (<b>a4</b>,<b>b4</b>) the corresponding strain maps along the [100]<sub>α-Fe</sub> axis calculated by Strain++ software V1.8 for HRTEM images in (<b>a3</b>,<b>b3</b>).</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g009.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g009.png" alt="Crystals 14 00977 g009" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00977/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00977-g009.png" /></div> </div> </section><section class='html-fn_group'><table><tr id=''><td></td><td><div class='html-p'><b>Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note:</b> The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.</div></td></tr></table></section> <section id="html-copyright"><br>© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>).</section> </div> </div> <div class="additional-content"> <h2><a name="cite"></a>Share and Cite</h2> <div class="social-media-links" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#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" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Solution+Strengthening+and+Short-Range+Order+in+Cold-Drawn+Pearlitic+Steel+Wires&hashtags=mdpicrystals&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F3039456&via=Crystals_MDPI" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F3039456&title=Solution%20Strengthening%20and%20Short-Range%20Order%20in%20Cold-Drawn%20Pearlitic%20Steel%20Wires%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%26summary%3DPearlitic%20steel%20rods%20are%20subjected%20to%20cold-drawing%20processes%20to%20produce%20pearlitic%20steel%20wires%20with%20true%20strains%20ranging%20from%200.81%20to%202.18.%20Tensile%20tests%20are%20utilized%20to%20attain%20mechanical%20properties%20of%20cold-drawn%20pearlitic%20steel%20wires.%20TEM%20and%20XRD%20%5B...%5D" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/3039456" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/3039456" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/3039456" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> <div class="in-tab" style="padding-top: 0px!important; margin-top: 15px;"> <div><b>MDPI and ACS Style</b></div> <p> Zhao, G.; Jiao, J.; Wu, Y.; Bai, F.; Zhou, H.; Xue, J.; Zhu, Y.; Zheng, G. Solution Strengthening and Short-Range Order in Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires. <em>Crystals</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>, 977. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14110977 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Zhao G, Jiao J, Wu Y, Bai F, Zhou H, Xue J, Zhu Y, Zheng G. Solution Strengthening and Short-Range Order in Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires. <em>Crystals</em>. 2024; 14(11):977. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14110977 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Zhao, Gang, Jianyu Jiao, Yan Wu, Fengmei Bai, Hongwei Zhou, Jun Xue, Yixuan Zhu, and Guangwen Zheng. 2024. "Solution Strengthening and Short-Range Order in Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires" <em>Crystals</em> 14, no. 11: 977. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14110977 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Zhao, G., Jiao, J., Wu, Y., Bai, F., Zhou, H., Xue, J., Zhu, Y., & Zheng, G. (2024). Solution Strengthening and Short-Range Order in Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires. <em>Crystals</em>, <em>14</em>(11), 977. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14110977 </p> </div> </div> <div class="info-box no-margin"> Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details <a target="_blank" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/announcements/784">here</a>. </div> <h2><a name="metrics"></a>Article Metrics</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="loaded_cite_count" style="display:none">No</div> <div id="framed_div_cited_count" class="in-tab" style="display: none; overflow: auto;"></div> <div id="loaded" style="display:none">No</div> <div id="framed_div" class="in-tab" style="display: none; margin-top: 10px;"></div> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="article_stats_div" style="display: none; margin-bottom: 1em;"> <h3>Article Access Statistics</h3> <div id="article_stats_swf" ></div> For more information on the journal statistics, click <a href="/journal/crystals/stats">here</a>. <div class="info-box"> Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div></div> <div class="webpymol-controls webpymol-controls-template" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> <a class="bzoom">Zoom</a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="borient"> Orient </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="blines"> As Lines </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bsticks"> As Sticks </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bcartoon"> As Cartoon </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bsurface"> As Surface </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bprevscene">Previous Scene</a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bnextscene">Next Scene</a> </div> <div id="scifeed-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="recommended-articles-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="author-biographies-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="cite-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Cite</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns">  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-bibtex" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="1519728"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="bibtex"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form>  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-endnote" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="1519728"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="endnote_no_abstract"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form>  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-ris" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="1519728"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="ris"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form> <div> Export citation file: <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-bibtex'].submit()">BibTeX</a> | <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-endnote'].submit()">EndNote</a> | <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-ris'].submit()">RIS</a> </div> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="in-tab"> <div><b>MDPI and ACS Style</b></div> <p> Zhao, G.; Jiao, J.; Wu, Y.; Bai, F.; Zhou, H.; Xue, J.; Zhu, Y.; Zheng, G. Solution Strengthening and Short-Range Order in Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires. <em>Crystals</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>, 977. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14110977 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Zhao G, Jiao J, Wu Y, Bai F, Zhou H, Xue J, Zhu Y, Zheng G. Solution Strengthening and Short-Range Order in Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires. <em>Crystals</em>. 2024; 14(11):977. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14110977 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Zhao, Gang, Jianyu Jiao, Yan Wu, Fengmei Bai, Hongwei Zhou, Jun Xue, Yixuan Zhu, and Guangwen Zheng. 2024. "Solution Strengthening and Short-Range Order in Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires" <em>Crystals</em> 14, no. 11: 977. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14110977 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Zhao, G., Jiao, J., Wu, Y., Bai, F., Zhou, H., Xue, J., Zhu, Y., & Zheng, G. (2024). Solution Strengthening and Short-Range Order in Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires. <em>Crystals</em>, <em>14</em>(11), 977. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14110977 </p> </div> </div> <div class="info-box no-margin"> Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details <a target="_blank" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/announcements/784">here</a>. </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="footer"> <div class="journal-info"> <span> <em><a class="Var_JournalInfo" href="/journal/crystals">Crystals</a></em>, EISSN 2073-4352, Published by MDPI </span> <div class="large-right"> <span> <a href="/rss/journal/crystals" class="rss-link">RSS</a> </span> <span> <a href="/journal/crystals/toc-alert">Content Alert</a> </span> </div> </div> <div class="row full-width footer-links" data-equalizer="footer" data-equalizer-mq="small"> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Further Information </h3> <a href="/apc"> Article Processing Charges </a> <a href="/about/payment"> Pay an Invoice </a> <a href="/openaccess"> Open Access Policy </a> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact MDPI </a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Jobs at MDPI </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Guidelines </h3> <a href="/authors"> For Authors </a> <a href="/reviewers"> For Reviewers </a> <a href="/editors"> For Editors </a> <a href="/librarians"> For Librarians </a> <a href="/publishing_services"> For Publishers </a> <a href="/societies"> For Societies </a> <a href="/conference_organizers"> For Conference Organizers </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns"> <h3> MDPI Initiatives </h3> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=bottom_menu&utm_campaign=initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 right-border-large-without columns UA_FooterFollowMDPI"> <h3> Follow MDPI </h3> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/mdpi" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> LinkedIn </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/MDPIOpenAccessPublishing" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Facebook </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/MDPIOpenAccess" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Twitter </a> </div> <div id="footer-subscribe" class="large-4 large-pull-8 medium-12 small-12 left-border-large columns"> <div class="footer-subscribe__container"> <img class="show-for-large-up" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-white-small.png?71d18e5f805839ab?1732286508" alt="MDPI" title="MDPI Open Access Journals" style="height: 50px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <form id="newsletter" method="POST" action="/subscribe"> <p> Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals </p> <select multiple id="newsletter-journal" class="foundation-select" name="journals[]"> <option value="acoustics">Acoustics</option> <option value="amh">Acta Microbiologica Hellenica</option> <option value="actuators">Actuators</option> <option value="admsci">Administrative Sciences</option> <option value="adolescents">Adolescents</option> <option value="arm">Advances in Respiratory Medicine</option> <option value="aerobiology">Aerobiology</option> <option value="aerospace">Aerospace</option> <option value="agriculture">Agriculture</option> <option value="agriengineering">AgriEngineering</option> <option value="agrochemicals">Agrochemicals</option> <option value="agronomy">Agronomy</option> <option value="ai">AI</option> <option value="air">Air</option> <option value="algorithms">Algorithms</option> <option value="allergies">Allergies</option> <option value="alloys">Alloys</option> <option value="analytica">Analytica</option> <option value="analytics">Analytics</option> <option value="anatomia">Anatomia</option> <option value="anesthres">Anesthesia Research</option> <option value="animals">Animals</option> <option value="antibiotics">Antibiotics</option> <option value="antibodies">Antibodies</option> <option value="antioxidants">Antioxidants</option> <option value="applbiosci">Applied Biosciences</option> <option value="applmech">Applied Mechanics</option> <option value="applmicrobiol">Applied Microbiology</option> <option value="applnano">Applied Nano</option> <option value="applsci">Applied Sciences</option> <option value="asi">Applied System Innovation</option> <option value="appliedchem">AppliedChem</option> <option value="appliedmath">AppliedMath</option> <option value="aquacj">Aquaculture Journal</option> <option value="architecture">Architecture</option> <option value="arthropoda">Arthropoda</option> <option value="arts">Arts</option> <option value="astronomy">Astronomy</option> <option value="atmosphere">Atmosphere</option> <option value="atoms">Atoms</option> <option value="audiolres">Audiology Research</option> <option value="automation">Automation</option> <option value="axioms">Axioms</option> <option value="bacteria">Bacteria</option> <option value="batteries">Batteries</option> <option value="behavsci">Behavioral Sciences</option> <option value="beverages">Beverages</option> <option value="BDCC">Big Data and Cognitive Computing</option> <option value="biochem">BioChem</option> <option value="bioengineering">Bioengineering</option> <option value="biologics">Biologics</option> <option value="biology">Biology</option> <option value="blsf">Biology and Life Sciences Forum</option> <option value="biomass">Biomass</option> <option value="biomechanics">Biomechanics</option> <option value="biomed">BioMed</option> <option value="biomedicines">Biomedicines</option> <option value="biomedinformatics">BioMedInformatics</option> <option value="biomimetics">Biomimetics</option> <option value="biomolecules">Biomolecules</option> <option value="biophysica">Biophysica</option> <option value="biosensors">Biosensors</option> <option value="biotech">BioTech</option> <option value="birds">Birds</option> <option value="blockchains">Blockchains</option> <option value="brainsci">Brain Sciences</option> <option value="buildings">Buildings</option> <option value="businesses">Businesses</option> <option value="carbon">C</option> <option value="cancers">Cancers</option> <option value="cardiogenetics">Cardiogenetics</option> <option value="catalysts">Catalysts</option> <option value="cells">Cells</option> <option value="ceramics">Ceramics</option> <option value="challenges">Challenges</option> <option value="ChemEngineering">ChemEngineering</option> <option value="chemistry">Chemistry</option> <option value="chemproc">Chemistry Proceedings</option> <option value="chemosensors">Chemosensors</option> <option value="children">Children</option> <option value="chips">Chips</option> <option value="civileng">CivilEng</option> <option value="cleantechnol">Clean Technologies</option> <option value="climate">Climate</option> <option value="ctn">Clinical and Translational Neuroscience</option> <option value="clinbioenerg">Clinical Bioenergetics</option> <option value="clinpract">Clinics and Practice</option> <option value="clockssleep">Clocks & Sleep</option> <option value="coasts">Coasts</option> <option value="coatings">Coatings</option> <option value="colloids">Colloids and Interfaces</option> <option value="colorants">Colorants</option> <option value="commodities">Commodities</option> <option value="complications">Complications</option> <option value="compounds">Compounds</option> <option value="computation">Computation</option> <option value="csmf">Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum</option> <option value="computers">Computers</option> <option value="condensedmatter">Condensed Matter</option> <option value="conservation">Conservation</option> <option value="constrmater">Construction Materials</option> <option value="cmd">Corrosion and Materials Degradation</option> <option value="cosmetics">Cosmetics</option> <option value="covid">COVID</option> <option value="crops">Crops</option> <option value="cryo">Cryo</option> <option value="cryptography">Cryptography</option> <option value="crystals">Crystals</option> <option value="cimb">Current Issues in Molecular Biology</option> <option value="curroncol">Current Oncology</option> <option value="dairy">Dairy</option> <option value="data">Data</option> <option value="dentistry">Dentistry Journal</option> <option value="dermato">Dermato</option> <option value="dermatopathology">Dermatopathology</option> <option value="designs">Designs</option> <option value="diabetology">Diabetology</option> <option value="diagnostics">Diagnostics</option> <option value="dietetics">Dietetics</option> <option value="digital">Digital</option> <option value="disabilities">Disabilities</option> <option value="diseases">Diseases</option> <option value="diversity">Diversity</option> <option value="dna">DNA</option> <option value="drones">Drones</option> <option value="ddc">Drugs and Drug Candidates</option> <option value="dynamics">Dynamics</option> <option value="earth">Earth</option> <option value="ecologies">Ecologies</option> <option value="econometrics">Econometrics</option> <option value="economies">Economies</option> <option value="education">Education Sciences</option> <option value="electricity">Electricity</option> <option value="electrochem">Electrochem</option> <option value="electronicmat">Electronic Materials</option> <option value="electronics">Electronics</option> <option value="ecm">Emergency Care and Medicine</option> <option value="encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</option> <option value="endocrines">Endocrines</option> <option value="energies">Energies</option> <option value="esa">Energy Storage and Applications</option> <option value="eng">Eng</option> <option value="engproc">Engineering Proceedings</option> <option value="entropy">Entropy</option> <option value="environsciproc">Environmental Sciences Proceedings</option> <option value="environments">Environments</option> <option value="epidemiologia">Epidemiologia</option> <option value="epigenomes">Epigenomes</option> <option value="ebj">European Burn Journal</option> <option value="ejihpe">European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education</option> <option value="fermentation">Fermentation</option> <option value="fibers">Fibers</option> <option value="fintech">FinTech</option> <option value="fire">Fire</option> <option value="fishes">Fishes</option> <option value="fluids">Fluids</option> <option value="foods">Foods</option> <option value="forecasting">Forecasting</option> <option value="forensicsci">Forensic Sciences</option> <option value="forests">Forests</option> <option value="fossstud">Fossil Studies</option> <option value="foundations">Foundations</option> <option value="fractalfract">Fractal and Fractional</option> <option value="fuels">Fuels</option> <option value="future">Future</option> <option value="futureinternet">Future Internet</option> <option value="futurepharmacol">Future Pharmacology</option> <option value="futuretransp">Future Transportation</option> <option value="galaxies">Galaxies</option> <option value="games">Games</option> <option value="gases">Gases</option> <option value="gastroent">Gastroenterology Insights</option> <option value="gastrointestdisord">Gastrointestinal Disorders</option> <option value="gastronomy">Gastronomy</option> <option value="gels">Gels</option> <option value="genealogy">Genealogy</option> <option value="genes">Genes</option> <option value="geographies">Geographies</option> <option value="geohazards">GeoHazards</option> <option value="geomatics">Geomatics</option> <option value="geometry">Geometry</option> <option value="geosciences">Geosciences</option> <option value="geotechnics">Geotechnics</option> <option value="geriatrics">Geriatrics</option> <option value="glacies">Glacies</option> <option value="gucdd">Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease</option> <option value="grasses">Grasses</option> <option value="hardware">Hardware</option> <option value="healthcare">Healthcare</option> <option value="hearts">Hearts</option> <option value="hemato">Hemato</option> <option value="hematolrep">Hematology Reports</option> <option value="heritage">Heritage</option> <option value="histories">Histories</option> <option value="horticulturae">Horticulturae</option> <option value="hospitals">Hospitals</option> <option value="humanities">Humanities</option> <option value="humans">Humans</option> <option value="hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</option> <option value="hydrogen">Hydrogen</option> <option value="hydrology">Hydrology</option> <option value="hygiene">Hygiene</option> <option value="immuno">Immuno</option> <option value="idr">Infectious Disease Reports</option> <option value="informatics">Informatics</option> <option value="information">Information</option> <option value="infrastructures">Infrastructures</option> <option value="inorganics">Inorganics</option> <option value="insects">Insects</option> <option value="instruments">Instruments</option> <option value="iic">Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction</option> <option value="ijerph">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</option> <option value="ijfs">International Journal of Financial Studies</option> <option value="ijms">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</option> <option value="IJNS">International Journal of Neonatal Screening</option> <option value="ijpb">International Journal of Plant Biology</option> <option value="ijt">International Journal of Topology</option> <option value="ijtm">International Journal of Translational Medicine</option> <option value="ijtpp">International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power</option> <option value="ime">International Medical Education</option> <option value="inventions">Inventions</option> <option value="IoT">IoT</option> <option value="ijgi">ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information</option> <option value="J">J</option> <option value="jal">Journal of Ageing and Longevity</option> <option value="jcdd">Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease</option> <option value="jcto">Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology</option> <option value="jcm">Journal of Clinical Medicine</option> <option value="jcs">Journal of Composites Science</option> <option value="jcp">Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy</option> <option value="jdad">Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease</option> <option value="jdb">Journal of Developmental Biology</option> <option value="jeta">Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses</option> <option value="jfb">Journal of Functional Biomaterials</option> <option value="jfmk">Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology</option> <option value="jof">Journal of Fungi</option> <option value="jimaging">Journal of Imaging</option> <option value="jintelligence">Journal of Intelligence</option> <option value="jlpea">Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications</option> <option value="jmmp">Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing</option> <option value="jmse">Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</option> <option value="jmahp">Journal of Market Access & Health Policy</option> <option value="jmp">Journal of Molecular Pathology</option> <option value="jnt">Journal of Nanotheranostics</option> <option value="jne">Journal of Nuclear Engineering</option> <option value="ohbm">Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine</option> <option value="jop">Journal of Parks</option> <option value="jpm">Journal of Personalized Medicine</option> <option value="jpbi">Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry</option> <option value="jor">Journal of Respiration</option> <option value="jrfm">Journal of Risk and Financial Management</option> <option value="jsan">Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks</option> <option value="joma">Journal of the Oman Medical Association</option> <option value="jtaer">Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research</option> <option value="jvd">Journal of Vascular Diseases</option> <option value="jox">Journal of Xenobiotics</option> <option value="jzbg">Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens</option> <option value="journalmedia">Journalism and Media</option> <option value="kidneydial">Kidney and Dialysis</option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases">Kinases and Phosphatases</option> <option value="knowledge">Knowledge</option> <option value="labmed">LabMed</option> <option value="laboratories">Laboratories</option> <option value="land">Land</option> <option value="languages">Languages</option> <option value="laws">Laws</option> <option value="life">Life</option> <option value="limnolrev">Limnological Review</option> <option value="lipidology">Lipidology</option> <option value="liquids">Liquids</option> <option value="literature">Literature</option> <option value="livers">Livers</option> <option value="logics">Logics</option> <option value="logistics">Logistics</option> <option value="lubricants">Lubricants</option> <option value="lymphatics">Lymphatics</option> <option value="make">Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction</option> <option value="machines">Machines</option> <option value="macromol">Macromol</option> <option value="magnetism">Magnetism</option> <option value="magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</option> <option value="marinedrugs">Marine Drugs</option> <option value="materials">Materials</option> <option value="materproc">Materials Proceedings</option> <option value="mca">Mathematical and Computational Applications</option> <option value="mathematics">Mathematics</option> <option value="medsci">Medical Sciences</option> <option value="msf">Medical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="medicina">Medicina</option> <option value="medicines">Medicines</option> <option value="membranes">Membranes</option> <option value="merits">Merits</option> <option value="metabolites">Metabolites</option> <option value="metals">Metals</option> <option value="meteorology">Meteorology</option> <option value="methane">Methane</option> <option value="mps">Methods and Protocols</option> <option value="metrics">Metrics</option> <option value="metrology">Metrology</option> <option value="micro">Micro</option> <option value="microbiolres">Microbiology Research</option> <option value="micromachines">Micromachines</option> <option value="microorganisms">Microorganisms</option> <option value="microplastics">Microplastics</option> <option value="minerals">Minerals</option> <option value="mining">Mining</option> <option value="modelling">Modelling</option> <option value="mmphys">Modern Mathematical Physics</option> <option value="molbank">Molbank</option> <option value="molecules">Molecules</option> <option value="mti">Multimodal Technologies and Interaction</option> <option value="muscles">Muscles</option> <option value="nanoenergyadv">Nanoenergy Advances</option> <option value="nanomanufacturing">Nanomanufacturing</option> <option value="nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</option> <option value="ndt">NDT</option> <option value="network">Network</option> <option value="neuroglia">Neuroglia</option> <option value="neurolint">Neurology International</option> <option value="neurosci">NeuroSci</option> <option value="nitrogen">Nitrogen</option> <option value="ncrna">Non-Coding RNA</option> <option value="nursrep">Nursing Reports</option> <option value="nutraceuticals">Nutraceuticals</option> <option value="nutrients">Nutrients</option> <option value="obesities">Obesities</option> <option value="oceans">Oceans</option> <option value="onco">Onco</option> <option value="optics">Optics</option> <option value="oral">Oral</option> <option value="organics">Organics</option> <option value="organoids">Organoids</option> <option value="osteology">Osteology</option> <option value="oxygen">Oxygen</option> <option value="parasitologia">Parasitologia</option> <option value="particles">Particles</option> <option value="pathogens">Pathogens</option> <option value="pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</option> <option value="pediatrrep">Pediatric Reports</option> <option value="pets">Pets</option> <option value="pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</option> <option value="pharmaceutics">Pharmaceutics</option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology">Pharmacoepidemiology</option> <option value="pharmacy">Pharmacy</option> <option value="philosophies">Philosophies</option> <option value="photochem">Photochem</option> <option value="photonics">Photonics</option> <option value="phycology">Phycology</option> <option value="physchem">Physchem</option> <option value="psf">Physical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="physics">Physics</option> <option value="physiologia">Physiologia</option> <option value="plants">Plants</option> <option value="plasma">Plasma</option> <option value="platforms">Platforms</option> <option value="pollutants">Pollutants</option> <option value="polymers">Polymers</option> <option value="polysaccharides">Polysaccharides</option> <option value="populations">Populations</option> <option value="poultry">Poultry</option> <option value="powders">Powders</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceedings</option> <option value="processes">Processes</option> <option value="prosthesis">Prosthesis</option> <option value="proteomes">Proteomes</option> <option value="psychiatryint">Psychiatry International</option> <option value="psychoactives">Psychoactives</option> <option value="psycholint">Psychology International</option> <option value="publications">Publications</option> <option value="qubs">Quantum Beam Science</option> <option value="quantumrep">Quantum Reports</option> <option value="quaternary">Quaternary</option> <option value="radiation">Radiation</option> <option value="reactions">Reactions</option> <option value="realestate">Real Estate</option> <option value="receptors">Receptors</option> <option value="recycling">Recycling</option> <option value="rsee">Regional Science and Environmental Economics</option> <option value="religions">Religions</option> <option value="remotesensing">Remote Sensing</option> <option value="reports">Reports</option> <option value="reprodmed">Reproductive Medicine</option> <option value="resources">Resources</option> <option value="rheumato">Rheumato</option> <option value="risks">Risks</option> <option value="robotics">Robotics</option> <option value="ruminants">Ruminants</option> <option value="safety">Safety</option> <option value="sci">Sci</option> <option value="scipharm">Scientia Pharmaceutica</option> <option value="sclerosis">Sclerosis</option> <option value="seeds">Seeds</option> <option value="sensors">Sensors</option> <option value="separations">Separations</option> <option value="sexes">Sexes</option> <option value="signals">Signals</option> <option value="sinusitis">Sinusitis</option> <option value="smartcities">Smart Cities</option> <option value="socsci">Social Sciences</option> <option value="siuj">Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal</option> <option value="societies">Societies</option> <option value="software">Software</option> <option value="soilsystems">Soil Systems</option> <option value="solar">Solar</option> <option value="solids">Solids</option> <option value="spectroscj">Spectroscopy Journal</option> <option value="sports">Sports</option> <option value="standards">Standards</option> <option value="stats">Stats</option> <option value="stresses">Stresses</option> <option value="surfaces">Surfaces</option> <option value="surgeries">Surgeries</option> <option value="std">Surgical Techniques Development</option> <option value="sustainability">Sustainability</option> <option value="suschem">Sustainable Chemistry</option> <option value="symmetry">Symmetry</option> <option value="synbio">SynBio</option> <option value="systems">Systems</option> <option value="targets">Targets</option> <option value="taxonomy">Taxonomy</option> <option value="technologies">Technologies</option> <option value="telecom">Telecom</option> <option value="textiles">Textiles</option> <option value="thalassrep">Thalassemia Reports</option> <option value="therapeutics">Therapeutics</option> <option value="thermo">Thermo</option> <option value="timespace">Time and Space</option> <option value="tomography">Tomography</option> <option value="tourismhosp">Tourism and Hospitality</option> <option value="toxics">Toxics</option> <option value="toxins">Toxins</option> <option value="transplantology">Transplantology</option> <option value="traumacare">Trauma Care</option> <option value="higheredu">Trends in Higher Education</option> <option value="tropicalmed">Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</option> <option value="universe">Universe</option> <option value="urbansci">Urban Science</option> <option value="uro">Uro</option> <option value="vaccines">Vaccines</option> <option value="vehicles">Vehicles</option> <option value="venereology">Venereology</option> <option value="vetsci">Veterinary Sciences</option> <option value="vibration">Vibration</option> <option value="virtualworlds">Virtual Worlds</option> <option value="viruses">Viruses</option> <option value="vision">Vision</option> <option value="waste">Waste</option> <option value="water">Water</option> <option value="wild">Wild</option> <option value="wind">Wind</option> <option value="women">Women</option> <option value="world">World</option> <option value="wevj">World Electric Vehicle Journal</option> <option value="youth">Youth</option> <option value="zoonoticdis">Zoonotic Diseases</option> </select> <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Enter your email address..." required="required" /> <button class="genericCaptcha button button--dark UA_FooterNewsletterSubscribeButton" type="submit">Subscribe</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-copyright"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 text-left"> © 1996-2024 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated </div> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 small-text-left medium-text-right large-text-right"> <a data-dropdown="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-controls="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-expanded="false" data-options="align:top; is_hover:true; hover_timeout:2000;"> Disclaimer </a> <div id="drop-view-disclaimer" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide text-left" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. </div> <a href="/about/terms-and-conditions"> Terms and Conditions </a> <a href="/about/privacy"> Privacy Policy </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cookie-notification" class="js-allow-cookies" style="display: none;"> <div class="columns large-10 medium-10 small-12"> We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.<br class="show-for-medium-up"/> Read more about our cookies <a href="/about/privacy">here</a>. </div> <div class="columns large-2 medium-2 small-12 small-only-text-left text-right"> <a class="button button--default" href="/accept_cookies">Accept</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Share Link</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="social-media-links UA_ShareModalLinks" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#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" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Solution+Strengthening+and+Short-Range+Order+in+Cold-Drawn+Pearlitic+Steel+Wires&hashtags=mdpicrystals&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F3039456&via=Crystals_MDPI" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F3039456&title=Solution%20Strengthening%20and%20Short-Range%20Order%20in%20Cold-Drawn%20Pearlitic%20Steel%20Wires%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%26summary%3DPearlitic%20steel%20rods%20are%20subjected%20to%20cold-drawing%20processes%20to%20produce%20pearlitic%20steel%20wires%20with%20true%20strains%20ranging%20from%200.81%20to%202.18.%20Tensile%20tests%20are%20utilized%20to%20attain%20mechanical%20properties%20of%20cold-drawn%20pearlitic%20steel%20wires.%20TEM%20and%20XRD%20%5B...%5D" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/3039456" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/3039456" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/3039456" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.citeulike.org/posturl?url=https://www.mdpi.com/3039456" title="CiteULike" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-citeulike-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="small-9 columns"> <input id="js-clipboard-text" type="text" readonly value="https://www.mdpi.com/3039456" /> </div> <div class="small-3 columns text-left"> <a class="button button--color js-clipboard-copy" data-clipboard-target="#js-clipboard-text">Copy</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="weixin-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="weixin-share-modal-title" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="weixin-share-modal-title" style="margin: 0;">Share</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="weixin-qr-code-section"> <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> <svg width="300" height="300" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <desc>https://www.mdpi.com/3039456</desc> <g id="elements" fill="black" stroke="none"> <rect x="0" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> </g> </svg> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <a href="#" class="back-to-top"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Back to Top</span><span class="show-for-small">Top</span></a> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/modernizr-2.8.3.min.js?5227e0738f7f421d?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-1.12.4.min.js?4f252523d4af0b47?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.min.js?6b2ec41c18b29054?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.equalizer.min.js?0f6c549b75ec554c?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.multiselect.js?0edd3998731d1091?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.cycle2.min.js?63413052928f97ee?1732286508"></script> <script> // old browser fix - this way the console log rows won't throw (silent) errors in browsers not supporting console log if (!window.console) window.console = {}; if (!window.console.log) window.console.log = function () { }; var currentJournalNameSystem = "crystals"; $(document).ready(function() { $('select.foundation-select').multiselect({ search: true, minHeight: 130, maxHeight: 130, }); $(document).foundation({ orbit: { timer_speed: 4000, }, reveal: { animation: 'fadeAndPop', animation_speed: 100, } }); $(".chosen-select").each(function(element) { var maxSelected = (undefined !== $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') ? $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') : 100); $(this).on('chosen:ready', function(event, data) { var select = $(data.chosen.form_field); if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-volume') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Volume_Options'); } if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-issue') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Issue_Options'); } }).chosen({ display_disabled_options: false, disable_search_threshold: 7, max_selected_options: maxSelected, width: "100%" }); }); $(".toEncode").each(function(e) { var oldHref = $(this).attr("href"); var newHref = oldHref.replace('.botdefense.please.enable.javascript.','@'); $(this).attr("href", newHref); if (!$(this).hasClass("emailCaptcha")) { $(this).html(newHref.replace('mailto:', '')); } $(this).removeClass("visibility-hidden"); }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { $(document).foundation('equalizer', 'reflow'); }); // fix the images that have tag height / width defined // otherwise the default foundation styles overwrite the tag definitions $("img").each(function() { if ($(this).attr('width') != undefined || $(this).attr('height') != undefined) { $(this).addClass("img-fixed"); } }); $("#basic_search, #advanced_search").submit(function(e) { var searchArguments = false; $(this).find("input,select").not("#search,.search-button").each(function() { if (undefined === $(this).val() || "" === $(this).val()) { $(this).attr('name', null); } else { $(this).attr('name'); searchArguments = true; } }); if (!searchArguments) { window.location = $(this).attr('action'); return false; } }); $(".hide-show-desktop-option").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var parentDiv = $(this).closest("div"); $.ajax({ url: $(this).attr('href'), success: function(msg) { parentDiv.removeClass().hide(); } }); }); $(".generic-toggleable-header").click(function(e) { $(this).toggleClass("active"); $(this).next(".generic-toggleable-content").toggleClass("active"); }); /* * handle whole row as a link if the row contains only one visible link */ $("table.new tr").hover(function() { if ($(this).find("td:visible a").length == 1) { $(this).addClass("single-link"); } }, function() { $(this).removeClass("single-link"); }); $("table.new:not(.table-of-tables)").on("click", "tr.single-link", function(e) { var target = $(e.target); if (!e.ctrlKey && !target.is("a")) { $(this).find("td:visible a")[0].click(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link", function(e) { if ($(this).closest("#basic_search").length > 0) { if ($(".search-container__advanced").first().is(":visible")) { openAdvanced() } } if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($(this).hasClass("active")) { $(this).removeClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").addClass("show-for-medium-up"); } else { $(this).addClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").removeClass("show-for-medium-up"); $(document).foundation('orbit', 'reflow'); } } if (undefined !== $(this).data("callback")) { var customCallback = $(this).data("callback"); func = window[customCallback]; func(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-small-search", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).toggleClass("active").closest(".tab-bar").toggleClass("active"); $(".search-container").toggleClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-menu", function(e) { $(".search-container").addClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(window).on('resize', function() { recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); }); updateSearchLabelVisibilities(); recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); if (window.document.documentMode == 11) { $("<link/>", { rel: "stylesheet", type: "text/css", href: "https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons"}).appendTo("head"); } }); function recalculate_main_browser_position() { if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-large-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-small-main-top-container")); } } else { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-small-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-large-main-top-container")); } } } function recalculate_responsive_moving_containers() { $(".responsive-moving-container.large").each(function() { var previousParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.active[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); var movingContent = previousParent.html(); if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.small[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else if (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.medium[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.large[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } if (previousParent.attr("class") !== currentParent.attr("class")) { currentParent.html(movingContent); previousParent.html(); currentParent.addClass("active"); previousParent.removeClass("active"); } }); } // cookies allowed is checked from a) local storage and b) from server separately so that the footer bar doesn't // get included in the custom page caches function checkCookiesAllowed() { var cookiesEnabled = localStorage.getItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled"); if (null === cookiesEnabled) { $.ajax({ url: "/ajax_cookie_value/mdpi_cookies_accepted", success: function(data) { if (data.value) { localStorage.setItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled", true); checkDisplaySurvey(); } else { $(".js-allow-cookies").show(); } } }); } else { checkDisplaySurvey(); } } function checkDisplaySurvey() { } window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnAccept', function (e) { var CookieDate = new Date; if (Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { CookieDate.setFullYear(CookieDate.getFullYear() + 1); document.cookie = "mdpi_layout_type_v2=mobile; path=/; expires=" + CookieDate.toUTCString() + ";"; $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").css("display", "inline-block"); } }, false); window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnDecline', function (e) { if (!Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").hide(); if ("" === "desktop") { window.location = "/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"; } } }, false); var hash = $(location).attr('hash'); if ("#share" === hash) { if (1 === $("#main-share-modal").length) { $('#main-share-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open'); } } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/lib.js?f8d3d71b3a772f9d?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/mdpi.js?c267ce58392b15da?1732286508"></script> <script>var banners_url = 'https://serve.mdpi.com';</script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/ifvisible.min.js?c621d19ecb761212?1732286508'></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?ac4ea55275297c15?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/clipboard.min.js?3f3688138a1b9fc4?1732286508"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { var helpFunctions = $(".middle-column__help__fixed"); var leftColumnAffix = $(".left-column__fixed"); var middleColumn = $("#middle-column"); var clone = null; helpFunctions.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return middleColumn.offset().top - 8 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 30 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 74 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); if (leftColumnAffix.length > 0) { clone = leftColumnAffix.clone(); clone.addClass("left-column__fixed__affix"); clone.insertBefore(leftColumnAffix); clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); clone.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return leftColumnAffix.offset().top - 30 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 50 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 92 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); } $(window).on("resize", function() { if (clone !== null) { clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); } }); new ClipboardJS('.js-clipboard-copy'); }); </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-ui-1.13.2.min.js?1e2047978946a1d2?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/slick.min.js?d5a61c749e44e471?1732286508"></script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $(".link-article-menu").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).find('span').toggle(); $(this).next("div").toggleClass("active"); }); $(".js-similarity-related-articles").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); if ('' !== $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url')) { $('#recommended-articles-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open', $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url')); } }); $.ajax({ url: "/article/1519728/similarity-related/show-link", success: function(result) { if (result.show) { $('#recommended-articles-modal').attr('data-url', result.link); $('.js-article-similarity-container').show(); } } }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { var modal = $(this); if (modal.attr('id') === "author-biographies-modal") { modal.find('.multiple-items').slick({ slidesToShow: 1, nextArrow: '<a class="slick-next" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_right</i></a>', prevArrow: '<a class="slick-prev" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_left</i></a>', slidesToScroll: 1, draggable: false, }); modal.find('.multiple-items').slick('refresh'); } }); }); </script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $(document).on('keyup', function (e) { if (e.keyCode == 27) { var hElem = $(this).find(".annotator-adder"); if (hElem.length){ hElem.css({'visibility':'hidden'}); } else { document.querySelector("hypothesis-adder").shadowRoot.querySelector(".annotator-adder").style.visibility = "hidden"; } } }); }); </script> <script> window.hypothesisConfig = function () { return { sidebarAppUrl: 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/app.html', showHighlights: 'whenSidebarOpen' , openSidebar: false , assetRoot: 'https://commentingres.mdpi.com/hypothesis', services: [{ apiUrl: 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/api/', authority: 'mdpi', grantToken: '', doi: '10.3390/cryst14110977' }], }; }; </script> <script async id="hypothesis_frame"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> if (-1 !== window.location.href.indexOf("?src=")) { window.history.replaceState({}, '', `${location.pathname}`); } $(document).ready(function() { var scifeedCounter = 0; var search = window.location.search; var mathjaxReady = false; // late image file loading $("img[data-lsrc]").each(function() { $(this).attr("src", $(this).data("lsrc")); }); // late mathjax initialization var head = document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0]; var script = document.createElement("script"); script.type = "text/x-mathjax-config"; script[(window.opera ? "innerHTML" : "text")] = "MathJax.Hub.processSectionDelay = 0;\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Config({\n" + " \"menuSettings\": {\n" + " CHTMLpreview: false\n" + " },\n" + " \"CHTML-preview\":{\n" + " disabled: true\n" + " },\n" + " \"HTML-CSS\": {\n" + " scale: 90,\n" + " availableFonts: [],\n" + " preferredFont: null,\n" + " preferredFonts: null,\n" + " webFont:\"Gyre-Pagella\",\n" + " imageFont:'TeX',\n" + " undefinedFamily:\"'Arial Unicode MS',serif\",\n" + " linebreaks: { automatic: false }\n" + " },\n" + " \"TeX\": {\n" + " extensions: ['noErrors.js'],\n" + " noErrors: {\n" + " inlineDelimiters: [\"\",\"\"],\n" + " multiLine: true,\n" + " style: {\n" + " 'font-size': '90%',\n" + " 'text-align': 'left',\n" + " 'color': 'black',\n" + " 'padding': '1px 3px',\n" + " 'border': '1px solid'\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + "});\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook('End', function() {\n" + " refreshMathjaxWidths();\n" + " mathjaxReady = true;\n" + "});\n" + "MathJax.Hub.Startup.signal.Interest(function (message) {\n" + " if (message == 'End') {\n" + " var hypoLink = document.getElementById('hypothesis_frame');\n" + " if (null !== hypoLink) {\n" + " hypoLink.setAttribute('src', 'https://commenting.mdpi.com/embed.js');\n" + " }\n" + " }\n" + "});"; head.appendChild(script); script = document.createElement("script"); script.type = "text/javascript"; script.src = "https://pub.mdpi-res.com/bundles/mathjax/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"; head.appendChild(script); // article version checker if (0 === search.indexOf('?type=check_update&version=')) { $.ajax({ url: "/2073-4352/14/11/977" + "/versioncheck" + search, success: function(result) { $(".js-check-update-container").html(result); } }); } $('#feed_option').click(function() { // tracker if ($('#scifeed_clicked').length<1) { $(this).append('<span style="display:none" id="scifeed_clicked">done</span>'); } $('#feed_data').toggle('slide', { direction: 'up'}, '1000'); // slideToggle(700); OR toggle(700) $("#scifeed_error_msg").html('').hide(); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").html('').hide(); }); $('#feed_option').click(function(event) { setTimeout(function(){ var captchaSection = $("#captchaSection"); captchaSection.removeClass('ui-helper-hidden').find('input').prop('disabled', false); // var img = captchaSection.find('img'); // img.attr('src', img.data('url') + "?" + (new Date()).getTime()); // $(".captcha_reload").trigger("click"); var img = document.getElementById('gregwar_captcha_scifeed'); img.src = '/generate-captcha/gcb_captcha?n=' + (new Date()).getTime(); },800); }); $(document).on('click', '.split_feeds', function() { var name = $( this ).attr('name'); var flag = 1 - ($(this).is(":checked")*1); $('.split_feeds').each(function (index) { if ($( this ).attr('name') !== name) { $(this)[0].checked = flag; } }); }); $(document).on('click', '#scifeed_submit, #scifeed_submit1', function(event) { event.preventDefault(); $(".captcha_reload").trigger("click"); $("#scifeed_error_msg").html(""); $("#scifeed_error_msg").hide(); }); $(document).on('click', '.subscription_toggle', function(event) { if ($(this).val() === 'Create SciFeed' && $('#scifeed_hidden_flag').length>0) { event.preventDefault(); // alert('Here there would be a captcha because user is not logged in'); var captchaSection = $("#captchaSection"); if (captchaSection.hasClass('ui-helper-hidden')) { captchaSection.removeClass('ui-helper-hidden').find('input').prop('disabled', false); var img = captchaSection.find('img'); img.attr('src', img.data('url') + "?" + (new Date()).getTime()); $("#reloadCaptcha").trigger("click"); } } }); $(document).on('click', '.scifeed_msg', function(){ $(this).hide(); }); $(document).on('click', '.article-scilit-search', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var data = $(".article-scilit-search-data").val(); var dataArray = data.split(';').map(function(keyword) { return "(\"" + keyword.trim() + "\")"; }); var searchQuery = dataArray.join(" OR "); var searchUrl = encodeURI("https://www.scilit.net/articles/search?q="+ searchQuery + "&advanced=1&highlight=1"); var win = window.open(searchUrl, '_blank'); if (win) { win.focus(); } else { window.location(searchUrl); } }); display_stats(); citedCount(); follow_goto(); // Select the node that will be observed for mutations const targetNodes = document.getElementsByClassName('hypothesis-count-container'); // Options for the observer (which mutations to observe) const config = { attributes: false, childList: true, subtree: false }; // Callback function to execute when mutations are observed const callback = function(mutationList, observer) { for(const mutation of mutationList) { if (mutation.type === 'childList') { let node = $(mutation.target); if (parseInt(node.html()) > 0) { node.show(); } } } }; // Create an observer instance linked to the callback function const observer = new MutationObserver(callback); // Start observing the target node for configured mutations for(const targetNode of targetNodes) { observer.observe(targetNode, config); } // Select the node that will be observed for mutations const mathjaxTargetNode = document.getElementById('middle-column'); // Callback function to execute when mutations are observed const mathjaxCallback = function(mutationList, observer) { if (mathjaxReady && typeof(MathJax) !== 'undefined') { refreshMathjaxWidths(); } }; // Create an observer instance linked to the callback function const mathjaxObserver = new ResizeObserver(mathjaxCallback); // Start observing the target node for configured mutations mathjaxObserver.observe(mathjaxTargetNode); }); /* END $(document).ready */ function refreshMathjaxWidths() { let width = ($('.html-body').width()*0.9) + "px"; $('.MathJax_Display').css('max-width', width); $('.MJXc-display').css('max-width', width); } function sendScifeedFrom(form) { if (!$('#scifeed_email').val().trim()) { // empty email alert('Please, provide an email for subscribe to this scifeed'); return false; } else if (!$('#captchaSection').hasClass('ui-helper-hidden') && !$('#captchaSection').find('input').val().trim()) { // empty captcha alert('Please, fill the captcha field.'); return false; } else if( ((($('#scifeed_form').find('input:checkbox:checked').length)-($('#split_feeds:checked').length))<1) || ($('#scifeed_kwd_txt').length < 0 && !$('#scifeed_kwd_txt').val().trim()) || ($('#scifeed_author_txt').length<0 &&!$('#scifeed_author_txt').val().trim()) ) { alert('You did not select anything to subscribe'); return false; } else if(($('#scifeed_form').find('input:checkbox:checked').length)-($('#split_feeds2:checked').length)<1){ alert("You did not select anything to subscribe"); return false; } else { var url = $('#scifeed_subscribe_url').html(); var formData = $(form).serializeArray(); $.post(url, formData).done(function (data) { if (JSON.parse(data)) { $('.scifeed_msg').hide(); var res = JSON.parse(data); var successFeeds = 0; var errorFeeds = 0; if (res) { $('.scifeed_msg').html(''); $.each(res, function (index, val) { if (val) { if (val.error) { errorFeeds++; $("#scifeed_error_msg").append(index+' - '+val.error+'<br>'); } if (val.notice) // for successful feed creation { successFeeds++; // $("#scifeed_notice_msg").append(index+' - '+val.notice+'<br>'); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").append('<li>'+index+'</li>'); } } }); if (successFeeds>0) { text = $('#scifeed_notice_msg').html(); text = 'The following feed'+(successFeeds>1?'s have':' has')+ ' been sucessfully created:<br><ul>'+ text + '</ul>' +($('#scifeed_hidden_flag').length>0 ? 'You are not logged in, so you probably need to validate '+ (successFeeds>1?'them':' it')+'.<br>' :'' ) +'Please check your email'+(successFeeds>1?'s':'')+' for more details.'; //(successFeeds>1?' for each of them':'')+'.<br>'; $("#scifeed_notice_msg").html(text); $("#scifeed_notice_msg").show(); } if (errorFeeds>0) { $("#scifeed_error_msg").show();; } } $("#feed_data").hide(); } }); } } function follow_goto() { var hashStr = location.hash.replace("#",""); if(typeof hashStr !== 'undefined') { if( hashStr == 'supplementary') { document.getElementById('suppl_id').scrollIntoView(); } if( hashStr == 'citedby') { document.getElementById('cited_id').scrollIntoView(); } } } function cited() { $("#framed_div").toggle('fast', function(){ if ($(this).css('display') != 'none') { var loaded = document.getElementById("loaded"); if(loaded.innerHTML == "No") { // Load Xref result var container = document.getElementById("framed_div"); // This replace the content container.innerHTML = "<img src=\"https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1732286508\" height=\"20\" width=\"20\" alt=\"Processing...\" style=\"vertical-align:middle; margin-right:0.6em;\">"; var url = "/citedby/10.3390%252Fcryst14110977/28"; $.post(url, function(result) { if (result.success) { container.innerHTML = result.view; } loaded.innerHTML = "Yes"; }); } } return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... }) return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... } function detect_device() { // Added by Bastien (18/08/2014): based on the http://detectmobilebrowsers.com/ detector var check = false; (function(a){if(/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|compal|elaine|fennec|hiptop|iemobile|ip(hone|od)|iris|kindle|lge |maemo|midp|mmp|mobile.+firefox|netfront|opera m(ob|in)i|palm( os)?|phone|p(ixi|re)\/|plucker|pocket|psp|series(4|6)0|symbian|treo|up\.(browser|link)|vodafone|wap|windows (ce|phone)|xda|xiino/i.test(a)||/1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a wa|abac|ac(er|oo|s\-)|ai(ko|rn)|al(av|ca|co)|amoi|an(ex|ny|yw)|aptu|ar(ch|go)|as(te|us)|attw|au(di|\-m|r |s )|avan|be(ck|ll|nq)|bi(lb|rd)|bl(ac|az)|br(e|v)w|bumb|bw\-(n|u)|c55\/|capi|ccwa|cdm\-|cell|chtm|cldc|cmd\-|co(mp|nd)|craw|da(it|ll|ng)|dbte|dc\-s|devi|dica|dmob|do(c|p)o|ds(12|\-d)|el(49|ai)|em(l2|ul)|er(ic|k0)|esl8|ez([4-7]0|os|wa|ze)|fetc|fly(\-|_)|g1 u|g560|gene|gf\-5|g\-mo|go(\.w|od)|gr(ad|un)|haie|hcit|hd\-(m|p|t)|hei\-|hi(pt|ta)|hp( i|ip)|hs\-c|ht(c(\-| |_|a|g|p|s|t)|tp)|hu(aw|tc)|i\-(20|go|ma)|i230|iac( |\-|\/)|ibro|idea|ig01|ikom|im1k|inno|ipaq|iris|ja(t|v)a|jbro|jemu|jigs|kddi|keji|kgt( |\/)|klon|kpt |kwc\-|kyo(c|k)|le(no|xi)|lg( g|\/(k|l|u)|50|54|\-[a-w])|libw|lynx|m1\-w|m3ga|m50\/|ma(te|ui|xo)|mc(01|21|ca)|m\-cr|me(rc|ri)|mi(o8|oa|ts)|mmef|mo(01|02|bi|de|do|t(\-| |o|v)|zz)|mt(50|p1|v )|mwbp|mywa|n10[0-2]|n20[2-3]|n30(0|2)|n50(0|2|5)|n7(0(0|1)|10)|ne((c|m)\-|on|tf|wf|wg|wt)|nok(6|i)|nzph|o2im|op(ti|wv)|oran|owg1|p800|pan(a|d|t)|pdxg|pg(13|\-([1-8]|c))|phil|pire|pl(ay|uc)|pn\-2|po(ck|rt|se)|prox|psio|pt\-g|qa\-a|qc(07|12|21|32|60|\-[2-7]|i\-)|qtek|r380|r600|raks|rim9|ro(ve|zo)|s55\/|sa(ge|ma|mm|ms|ny|va)|sc(01|h\-|oo|p\-)|sdk\/|se(c(\-|0|1)|47|mc|nd|ri)|sgh\-|shar|sie(\-|m)|sk\-0|sl(45|id)|sm(al|ar|b3|it|t5)|so(ft|ny)|sp(01|h\-|v\-|v )|sy(01|mb)|t2(18|50)|t6(00|10|18)|ta(gt|lk)|tcl\-|tdg\-|tel(i|m)|tim\-|t\-mo|to(pl|sh)|ts(70|m\-|m3|m5)|tx\-9|up(\.b|g1|si)|utst|v400|v750|veri|vi(rg|te)|vk(40|5[0-3]|\-v)|vm40|voda|vulc|vx(52|53|60|61|70|80|81|83|85|98)|w3c(\-| )|webc|whit|wi(g |nc|nw)|wmlb|wonu|x700|yas\-|your|zeto|zte\-/i.test(a.substr(0,4)))check = true})(navigator.userAgent||navigator.vendor||window.opera); return check; } function display_stats(){ $("#article_stats_div").toggle(); return false; } /* * Cited By Scopus */ function citedCount(){ $("#framed_div_cited_count").toggle('fast', function(){ if ($(this).css('display') != 'none') { var loaded = document.getElementById("loaded_cite_count"); // to load only once the result! if(loaded.innerHTML == "No") { // Load Xref result var d = document.getElementById("framed_div_cited_count"); // This replace the content d.innerHTML = "<img src=\"https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1732286508\" height=\"20\" width=\"20\" alt=\"Processing...\" style=\"vertical-align:middle; margin-right:0.6em;\">"; $.ajax({ method : "POST", url : "/cite-count/10.3390%252Fcryst14110977", success : function(data) { if (data.succ) { d.innerHTML = data.view; loaded.innerHTML = "Yes"; follow_goto(); } } }); } } // end else return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... }) return true; // for not going at the beginning of the page... } </script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/third-party/highcharts/highcharts.js?bdd06f45e34c33df?1732286508"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/third-party/highcharts/modules/exporting.js?944dc938d06de3a8?1732286508"></script><script type="text/javascript" defer="defer"> var advancedStatsData; var selectedStatsType = "abstract"; $(function(){ var countWrapper = $('#counts-wrapper'); $('#author_stats_id #type_links a').on('click', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); selectedStatsType = $(this).data('type'); $('#article_advanced_stats').vectorMap('set', 'values', advancedStatsData[selectedStatsType]); $('#advanced_stats_max').html(advancedStatsData[selectedStatsType].max); $('#type_links a').removeClass('active'); $(this).addClass('active'); }); $.get('/2073-4352/14/11/977/stats', function (result) { if (!result.success) { return; } // process article metrics part in left column var viewNumber = countWrapper.find(".view-number"); viewNumber.html(result.metrics.views); viewNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.views == 0); var downloadNumber = countWrapper.find(".download-number"); downloadNumber.html(result.metrics.downloads); downloadNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.downloads == 0); var citationsNumber = countWrapper.find(".citations-number"); citationsNumber.html(result.metrics.citations); citationsNumber.parent().toggleClass("count-div--grey", result.metrics.citations == 0); if (result.metrics.views > 0 || result.metrics.downloads > 0 || result.metrics.citations > 0) { countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__views, #js-counts-wrapper__downloads").addClass("visible").show(); if (result.metrics.citations > 0) { countWrapper.find('.citations-number').html(result.metrics.citations).show(); countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__citations").addClass("visible").show(); } else { countWrapper.find("#js-counts-wrapper__citations").remove(); } $("[data-id='article-counters']").removeClass("hidden"); } if (result.metrics.altmetrics_score > 0) { $("#js-altmetrics-donut").show(); } // process view chart in main column var jsondata = result.chart; var series = new Array(); $.each(jsondata.elements, function(i, element) { var dataValues = new Array(); $.each(element.values, function(i, value) { dataValues.push(new Array(value.tip, value.value)); }); series[i] = {name: element.text, data:dataValues}; }); Highcharts.setOptions({ chart: { style: { fontFamily: 'Arial,sans-serif' } } }); $('#article_stats_swf').highcharts({ chart: { type: 'line', width: $("#tabs").width() //* 0.91 }, credits: { enabled: false }, exporting: { enabled: true }, title: { text: jsondata.title.text, x: -20 //center }, xAxis: { categories: jsondata.x_axis.labels.labels, offset: jsondata.x_axis.offset, labels:{ step: jsondata.x_axis.labels.steps, rotation: 30 } }, yAxis: { max: jsondata.y_axis.max, min: jsondata.y_axis.min, offset: jsondata.y_axis.offset, labels: { steps: jsondata.y_axis.steps }, title: { enabled: false } }, tooltip: { formatter: function (){ return this.key.replace("#val#", this.y); } }, legend: { align: 'top', itemDistance: 50 }, series: series }); }); $('#supplement_link').click(function() { document.getElementById('suppl_id').scrollIntoView(); }); $('#stats_link').click(function() { document.getElementById('stats_id').scrollIntoView(); }); // open mol viewer for molbank special supplementary files $('.showJmol').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var jmolModal = $("#jmolModal"); var url = "/article/1519728/jsmol_viewer/__supplementary_id__"; url = url.replace(/__supplementary_id__/g, $(this).data('index')); $('#jsmol-content').attr('src', url); jmolModal.find(".content").html($(this).data('description')); jmolModal.foundation("reveal", "open"); }); }); !function() { "use strict"; function e(e) { try { if ("undefined" == typeof console) return; "error"in console ? console.error(e) : console.log(e) } catch (e) {} } function t(e) { return d.innerHTML = '<a href="' + e.replace(/"/g, """) + '"></a>', d.childNodes[0].getAttribute("href") || "" } function n(n, c) { var o = ""; var k = parseInt(n.substr(c + 4, 2), 16); for (var i = c; i < n.length; i += 2) { if (i != c + 4) { var s = parseInt(n.substr(i, 2), 16) ^ k; o += String.fromCharCode(s); } } try { o = decodeURIComponent(escape(o)); } catch (error) { console.error(error); } return t(o); } function c(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll("a"), c = 0; c < r.length; c++) try { var o = r[c] , a = o.href.indexOf(l); a > -1 && (o.href = "mailto:" + n(o.href, a + l.length)) } catch (i) { e(i) } } function o(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll(u), c = 0; c < r.length; c++) try { var o = r[c] , a = o.parentNode , i = o.getAttribute(f); if (i) { var l = n(i, 0) , d = document.createTextNode(l); a.replaceChild(d, o) } } catch (h) { e(h) } } function a(t) { for (var r = t.querySelectorAll("template"), n = 0; n < r.length; n++) try { i(r[n].content) } catch (c) { e(c) } } function i(t) { try { c(t), o(t), a(t) } catch (r) { e(r) } } var l = "/cnd-cgi/l/email-protection#" , u = ".__cf_email__" , f = "data-cfemail" , d = document.createElement("div"); i(document), function() { var e = document.currentScript || document.scripts[document.scripts.length - 1]; e.parentNode.removeChild(e) }() }(); </script><script type="text/javascript"> function setCookie(cname, cvalue, ctime) { ctime = (typeof ctime === 'undefined') ? 10*365*24*60*60*1000 : ctime; // default => 10 years var d = new Date(); d.setTime(d.getTime() + ctime); // ==> 1 hour = 60*60*1000 var expires = "expires="+d.toUTCString(); document.cookie = cname + "=" + cvalue + "; " + expires +"; path=/"; } function getCookie(cname) { var name = cname + "="; var ca = document.cookie.split(';'); for(var i=0; i<ca.length; i++) { var c = ca[i]; while (c.charAt(0)==' ') c = c.substring(1); if (c.indexOf(name) == 0) return c.substring(name.length, c.length); } return ""; } </script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js"></script><script> $(document).ready(function() { if ($("#js-similarity-related-data").length > 0) { $.ajax({ url: '/article/1519728/similarity-related', success: function(response) { $("#js-similarity-related-data").html(response); $("#js-related-articles-menu").show(); $(document).foundation('tab', 'reflow'); MathJax.Hub.Queue(["Typeset", MathJax.Hub]); } }); } }); </script><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1732286508"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1732286508"><script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/magnific-popup.min.js?2be3d9e7dc569146?1732286508"></script><script> $(function() { $(".js-show-more-academic-editors").on("click", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).hide(); $(".academic-editor-container").removeClass("hidden"); }); }); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/vmap/jqvmap.min.css?126a06688aa11c13?1732286508"> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/vmap/jquery.vmap.min.js?935f68d33bdd88a1?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/vmap/jquery.vmap.world.js?16677403c0e1bef1?1732286508"></script> <script> function updateSlick() { $('.multiple-items').slick('setPosition'); } $(document).ready(function() { $('.multiple-items').slick({ slidesToShow: 1, nextArrow: '<a class="slick-next" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_right</i></a>', prevArrow: '<a class="slick-prev" href="#"><i class="material-icons">chevron_left</i></a>', slidesToScroll: 1, responsive: [ { breakpoint: 1024, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } }, { breakpoint: 600, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } }, { breakpoint: 480, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1, } } ] }); $('.multiple-items').show(); $(document).on('click', '.reviewReportSelector', function(e) { let path = $(this).attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, $(this)); }); $(document).on('click', '.viewReviewReports', function(e) { let versionOne = $('#versionTab_1'); if (!versionOne.hasClass('activeTab')) { let path = $(this).attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, versionOne); } location.href = "#reviewReports"; }); $(document).on('click', '.reviewersResponse, .authorResponse', function(e) { let version = $(this).attr('data-version'); let targetVersion = $('#versionTab_' + version); if (!targetVersion.hasClass('activeTab')) { let path = targetVersion.attr('data-path'); handleReviews(path, targetVersion); } location.href = $(this).attr('data-link'); }); $(document).on('click', '.tab', function (e) { e.preventDefault(); $('.tab').removeClass('activeTab'); $(this).addClass('activeTab') $('.tab').each(function() { $(this).closest('.tab-title').removeClass('active'); }); $(this).closest('.tab-title').addClass('active') }); }); function handleReviews(path, target) { $.ajax({ url: path, context: this, success: function (data) { $('.activeTab').removeClass('activeTab'); target.addClass('activeTab'); $('#reviewSection').html(data.view); }, error: function (xhr, ajaxOptions, thrownError) { console.log(xhr.status); console.log(thrownError); } }); } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?v1?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/storage.js?e9b262d3a3476d25?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/jquery-scrollspy.js?09cbaec0dbb35a67?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/magnific-popup.js?4a09c18460afb26c?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/underscore.js?f893e294cde60c24?1732286508"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $('document').ready(function(){ $("#left-column").addClass("show-for-large-up"); $("#middle-column").removeClass("medium-9").removeClass("left-bordered").addClass("medium-12"); $(window).on('resize scroll', function() { /* if ($('.button--drop-down').isInViewport($(".top-bar").outerHeight())) { */ if ($('.button--drop-down').isInViewport()) { $("#js-button-download").hide(); } else { $("#js-button-download").show(); } }); }); $(document).on('DOMNodeInserted', function(e) { var element = $(e.target); if (element.hasClass('menu') && element.hasClass('html-nav') ) { element.addClass("side-menu-ul"); } }); </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/articles.js?5118449d9ad8913a?1732286508"></script> <script> repositionOpenSideBar = function() { $('#left-column').addClass("show-for-large-up show-for-medium-up").show(); $('#middle-column').removeClass('large-12').removeClass('medium-12'); $('#middle-column').addClass('large-9'); } repositionCloseSideBar = function() { $('#left-column').removeClass("show-for-large-up show-for-medium-up").hide(); $('#middle-column').removeClass('large-9'); $('#middle-column').addClass('large-12').addClass('medium-12'); } </script>   <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="marketing"> !function(e,t,n,s,u,a){e.twq||(s=e.twq=function(){s.exe?s.exe.apply(s,arguments):s.queue.push(arguments); },s.version='1.1',s.queue=[],u=t.createElement(n),u.async=!0,u.src='//static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js', a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0],a.parentNode.insertBefore(u,a))}(window,document,'script'); // Insert Twitter Pixel ID and Standard Event data below twq('init','o2pip'); twq('track','PageView'); </script>  <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8e6f7b944c773e00',t:'MTczMjM0NzMyOS4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Solution Strengthening and Short-Range Order in Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires