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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Discovery, fieldwalking, and watching briefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery,_fieldwalking,_and_watching_briefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FARM_project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FARM_project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>FARM project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FARM_project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finds_from_2019_excavation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finds_from_2019_excavation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Finds from 2019 excavation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finds_from_2019_excavation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Freston causewayed enclosure</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. 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.geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Freston_causewayed_enclosure&params=51_59_49.2_N_01_09_21.6_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°59′49.2″N</span> <span class="longitude">01°09′21.6″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.997000°N 1.156000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.997000; 1.156000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prehistoric site in Suffolk, England</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">Freston</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:235px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:235px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:235px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suffolk_UK_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Freston causewayed enclosure is located in Suffolk"><img alt="Freston causewayed enclosure is located in Suffolk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Suffolk_UK_location_map.svg/235px-Suffolk_UK_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="235" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Suffolk_UK_location_map.svg/353px-Suffolk_UK_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Suffolk_UK_location_map.svg/470px-Suffolk_UK_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="927" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:88.154%;left:53.5%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Freston causewayed enclosure"><img alt="Freston causewayed enclosure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Freston</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Freston_causewayed_enclosure&params=51_59_49.2_N_01_09_21.6_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°59′49.2″N</span> <span class="longitude">01°09′21.6″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.997000°N 1.156000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.997000; 1.156000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/British_national_grid_reference_system" class="mw-redirect" title="British national grid reference system">OS grid reference</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Freston_causewayed_enclosure&params=51.997567_N_1.156740_E_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Freston">TM16803795</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">8.55 ha (21.1 acres)<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Built</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #00247D; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monument" title="Scheduled monument">Scheduled monument</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Interrupted Ditch System / Causewayed Enclosure at Potash Farm</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">1005982<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Freston</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_British_Isles" title="Neolithic British Isles">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">causewayed enclosure</a>, an archaeological site near the village of <a href="/wiki/Freston,_Suffolk" title="Freston, Suffolk">Freston</a> in <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>, England. Causewayed enclosures were built in England from shortly before 3700 until at least 3500 BC; they are characterised by the full or partial enclosure of an area with ditches that are interrupted by gaps, or <a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">causeways</a>. Their purpose is not known; they may have been settlements, meeting places, or ritual sites. </p><p>The Freston enclosure was first identified in 1969 from <a href="/wiki/Cropmark" title="Cropmark">cropmarks</a><sup id="cite_ref-cropmarks_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cropmarks-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Aerial_archaeology" title="Aerial archaeology">aerial photographs</a>. At 8.55 ha (21.1 acres) it is one of the largest causewayed enclosures in Britain, and would have required thousands of <a href="/wiki/Person_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Person day">person-days</a> to construct. The cropmarks show an enclosure with two circuits of ditches, and a <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisade</a> that ran between the two circuits. There is also evidence of a rectangular structure in the northeastern part of the site, which may be a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">Neolithic longhouse</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> hall. In 2018, a group from <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a> organized a research project focused on the site, beginning with a <a href="/wiki/Geophysical_survey_(archaeology)" title="Geophysical survey (archaeology)">geophysical survey</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Survey_(archaeology)" title="Survey (archaeology)">pedestrian survey</a> to collect any items of archaeological interest from the surface of the site. This was followed by an excavation in 2019 which recovered some Neolithic material and obtained <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dates" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocarbon dates">radiocarbon dates</a> indicating that the site was constructed some time in the mid-4th millennium BC. Other finds included oak charcoal fragments believed to come from the palisade, and evidence of a long ditch to the southeast that probably predated the enclosure, and which may have accompanied a <a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">long barrow</a>, a form of Neolithic burial mound. The site has been protected as a <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monument" title="Scheduled monument">scheduled monument</a> since 1976. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freston_causewayed_enclosure&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Freston is a <a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">causewayed enclosure</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a form of <a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(archaeology)" title="Earthworks (archaeology)">earthwork</a> that was built in northwestern Europe in the early <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_British_Isles" title="Neolithic British Isles">Neolithic</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Causewayed enclosures are areas that are fully or partially enclosed by ditches interrupted by gaps, or <a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">causeways</a>, of unexcavated ground, often with earthworks and <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisades</a> in some combination.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The function of causewayed enclosures is debated.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may have been settlements, perhaps for a single family, or used for herding animals. The causeways are difficult to explain in military terms since they would have provided multiple ways for attackers to pass through the ditches to the inside of the enclosure, though archaeologists have suggested they could have been <a href="/wiki/Sally_port" title="Sally port">sally ports</a> that defenders could emerge from to attack a besieging force.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of attacks at some sites provided support for the idea that the enclosures were fortified.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may have been seasonal meeting places, used for trading. There is also evidence that the enclosures played a role in funeral rites: food, pottery, and human remains have all been found deliberately deposited in the ditches.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The construction of these sites would have required substantial labour for clearing the land, preparing trees for use as posts or palisades, and digging the ditches, and would probably have been planned for some time in advance, as the enclosures were built in a single operation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over seventy causewayed enclosures have been identified in the British Isles,<sup id="cite_ref-:72_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they are one of the most common types of early Neolithic site in Western Europe. About a thousand are known in all.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They began to appear at different times in different parts of Europe: dates range from before 4000 BC in northern France, to shortly before 3000 BC in northern Germany, Denmark, and Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enclosures began to appear in southern Britain shortly before 3700 BC, and continued to be built for at least 200 years; in a few cases, they continued to be used as late as 3300 to 3200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Site">Site</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freston_causewayed_enclosure&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freston_site_map_and_cropmarks.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two concentric more-or-less circular dashed lines, indicating cropmarks, with a thin line occasionally visible between them. A road passes through north to south. A rectangular trench cuts the enclsoure line in the southeast corner and there is a small rectangular shape inside the enclosure in the northeast corner." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Freston_site_map_and_cropmarks.png/440px-Freston_site_map_and_cropmarks.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Freston_site_map_and_cropmarks.png/660px-Freston_site_map_and_cropmarks.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Freston_site_map_and_cropmarks.png/880px-Freston_site_map_and_cropmarks.png 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption>Map of the causewayed enclosure, showing the road passing through it, the location of the trench dug in 2019, and the possible Neolithic longhouse in the northeast corner<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A long barrow may exist to the southeast of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Freston enclosure is in Suffolk, near the village of Freston, south of <a href="/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lies 31 m (102 ft) above sea level on the <a href="/wiki/Shotley_Peninsula" title="Shotley Peninsula">Shotley peninsula</a> in southeast <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, between the estuaries of the <a href="/wiki/River_Orwell" title="River Orwell">Orwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Stour,_Suffolk" title="River Stour, Suffolk">Stour</a> rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A modern road, the B1080, passes through the site from south to northeast.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farm buildings (part of Potash Farm) along the southwest part of the circuit date from the 17th century, and in the 19th century two cottages (known as Latimer Cottages) were built to the southeast of the centre of the enclosure.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site became a <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monument" title="Scheduled monument">scheduled monument</a> in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ditch circuits, as revealed by <a href="/wiki/Cropmark" title="Cropmark">cropmarks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cropmarks_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cropmarks-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consist of two concentric circles, with numerous gaps in the ditches. Cropmarks also show faint traces of a line between the circuits which may indicate where a <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisade</a> once stood, though this is only clear in the north and northeastern parts of the circuit. The remains of a rectangular structure, 37 by 9 m (121 by 30 ft), can be detected within the enclosure in the northeastern corner.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure has not been dated, but it is likely to be either a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_longhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic longhouse">Neolithic longhouse</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> hall. Few such buildings have been found, and either would make Freston a site of "potentially national importance", according to <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If it is a longhouse, it could have been built either before or after the enclosure was constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The enclosure is 8.55 ha (21.1 acres) in area, which makes it one of the largest causewayed enclosures in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The short sections of the ditch that have been excavated were found to be well over 2 m (6.6 ft) deep, significantly deeper than those of other nearby enclosures. The excavators calculated that, if the ditches were all equally deep, they would have taken between 2,800 and 4,200 person-days to dig, and stated that the project would have been "one of the greatest Early Neolithic engineering works of East Anglia".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freston appears to have at least two and perhaps as many as five entrances, defined as places where wide causeways line up in both circuits to make a broad path to the interior of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another possible explanation for some of the gaps in the circuit, where no cropmarks can be seen, is that the spring in the centre of the site may have periodically overflowed, carving an east-west channel which has since filled in, and eliminating the cropmarks that might have appeared at the points where the stream crossed the circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site has no features that are visible above ground; all banks and ditches have been levelled by ploughing,<sup id="cite_ref-:7_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps as long as 2,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neolithic farmers began to reach Britain in about 4050 BC, spreading from mainland Europe across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, and reaching southeastern England, including Suffolk, early in this migration. Freston is about 13 km (8 mi) from the sea; it would have been about 18 km (11 mi) from the sea at the start of the Neolithic. The location between two river valleys would have made it more easily accessible to the groups that crossed by sea from mainland Europe, and a spring within the enclosure would have made the site attractive—for practical reasons, and perhaps also for the ritual or symbolic significance of springs.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radiocarbon dating suggests that the inner ditch was built between 3800 and 3500 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the most likely period around 3700 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The palisade was probably added some time after the initial construction of the enclosure, and the rectangular structure at the northeast corner of the enclosure was also probably constructed some time after the ditches were dug.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_investigations">Archaeological investigations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freston_causewayed_enclosure&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Archaeological investigations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery,_fieldwalking,_and_watching_briefs"><span id="Discovery.2C_fieldwalking.2C_and_watching_briefs"></span>Discovery, fieldwalking, and watching briefs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freston_causewayed_enclosure&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Discovery, fieldwalking, and watching briefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aerial photographs taken by the Royal Air Force in 1944 showed no sign of cropmarks; the site is partly visible in a series of photographs taken in 1966 by the <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a>, but was not noticed at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site was discovered in 1969 by J. K. St Joseph, who ran the Cambridge University Committee for Aerial Photography (CUCAP) program for many years; he identified it on a reconnaissance flight that year and took aerial photographs that recorded cropmarks in the northern part of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further photography was undertaken in the 1970s by CUCAP and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Historical_Monuments_of_England" title="Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England">Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England</a> (RCHME).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site was included on a list of sixteen possible causewayed enclosures based on observed cropmarks published in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fieldwalking" class="mw-redirect" title="Fieldwalking">Fieldwalking</a> (surveying the site on foot) in the winter of 1979–1980 and again in 1985 found some worked flint, including an <a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">arrowhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pot_boiler" title="Pot boiler">pot boilers</a>, blades, and flint flakes.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995 Carolyn Dyer of the Air Photography Unit of the RCHME used aerial photographs to create a map of the site showing the cropmarks overlaid on the local topography.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007 a <a href="/wiki/Geophysical_survey_(archaeology)" title="Geophysical survey (archaeology)">geophysical survey</a> was performed on the northeastern quadrant of the enclosure, east of the B1080,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_survey" title="Electrical resistance survey">earth resistance measurements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The survey identified several possible pits, some of which could be Saxon <a href="/wiki/Sunken_featured_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunken featured building">sunken-featured buildings</a>, though this will require excavation to confirm.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The survey also found a linear feature that might be a Neolithic trackway, running past the rectangular structure in the northeast of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2007 construction work on one of the cottages within the enclosure required <a href="/wiki/Watching_brief" title="Watching brief">archaeological monitoring</a>, which identified a single flint from the diggings.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the site is a scheduled national monument, the area of the road that passes through it is not protected, and in 2010 the local electricity provider excavated a trench alongside the southern part of the road, to bury a cable that had been run overhead on telegraph poles. The excavation was monitored, and the removed soil examined for artefacts.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four <a href="/wiki/Potsherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Potsherd">sherds</a> of pottery were found; two were thought to date to the Middle Bronze Age (about 1400 BC to 1000 BC), but the other two could not be dated.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of 47 flints were recovered, dated from the early to late Neolithic. Three flakes were identified as a type of flint known to come from the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames Basin">Thames Basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FARM_project">FARM project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freston_causewayed_enclosure&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: FARM project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freston_trench_features.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Approximately rectangular shape with fourteen features of various shapes marked, mostly in the northern half" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Freston_trench_features.png/220px-Freston_trench_features.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="526" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Freston_trench_features.png/330px-Freston_trench_features.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Freston_trench_features.png 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>Features identified in the trench excavated in 2019, numbered 1–6 and 8–15<sup id="cite_ref-:9_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2018 a team from <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a> began the Freston Archaeological Research Mission (FARM), a project designed to gather more information about the enclosure, and to contribute to the study of the cultural changes of the early Neolithic.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year Tristan Carter and Deanna Aubert of McMaster University conducted two weeks of fieldwalking on Latimer Field, a small part of which overlaps with the southeast quadrant of the site, to the east of the B1080.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The finds were sparse compared to results from other Neolithic sites. Twelve flints were found, all of which were considered to date to the Early Neolithic, except for two gunflints, probably dating from the 17th or 18th centuries AD.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceramic finds included a sherd of <a href="/wiki/Thetford_ware" title="Thetford ware">Thetford ware</a>, dated to the 9th to 11th century AD, and some salt-glazed stoneware that was manufactured between 1400 and 1900 AD. Most sherds were from the 18th or 19th century. Other finds included glass from bottles, glasses, bowls and serving vessels; roof-tile fragments; and pieces of clay pipe stems.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the area that was surveyed lay outside the causewayed enclosure, and the low density of finds was consistent with the results of the geophysical survey in 2007, which had found "increased activity within the enclosure and very little activity outside it".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ceramic finds were spread more or less evenly across the field, rather than being more common near the cottages by the northwestern corner of the field, and this may have been from <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manuring</a> practices in the 19th century. Manure from horses in London streets was swept up and sold to farms as fertiliser; the resulting product probably included street detritus such as broken pottery and clay pipe stems. Spreading the manure on a field could have resulted in the even distribution of finds seen in Latimer Field.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019 a magnetometry and resistance survey was performed in the southeast quadrant, in preparation for a planned excavation of the site. The survey located both the inner and outer ditches, and a linear feature that was considered to be the remains of a palisade that ran between the two circuits.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with the 2007 survey of the northeast quadrant, multiple possible pits were identified. These were more frequent in the southern part of the survey area. The survey was limited by the presence of a metal fence which caused magnetic interference, and by the dry soil, which reduced the sensitivity of the resistance measurements.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results were used to select an area for excavation, and a more detailed resistance study was conducted on the area of the planned trench, without finding new features.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site was excavated in 2019 by a team led by Carter.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main goals of the excavation were to prove that Freston was a causewayed enclosure, and to obtain material that could be used for radiocarbon dating. Since causewayed enclosures often have high densities of deposits at the ends of their ditches, the area of excavation was chosen to overlap a causeway in Latimer Field, so that the trench exposed the adjacent ditch termini for both the inner and outer circuit of ditches.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All four ditch termini (F1 to F4 in the diagram) were found where the cropmarks suggested they would be. The lowest layers in F1 and F2 (the termini of the inner circuit) contained clear evidence of deliberate deposits, including semi-complete pots. In F1's case, it was apparent that material had been placed in the ditch very soon after it had been dug. F4, one of the termini of the outer ditches, was partially excavated, but there was not enough time to go down past the upper layers.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> F11, a narrow feature in between F2 and F4, was thought to be part of the palisade trench.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four pits, labelled F5, F6, F8 and F15, were excavated; the two smallest (F8 and F15) might have been postholes, but there was not enough context to be sure of this.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A ditch discovered at the south end of the trench had been identified on the geophysical survey, which showed that it ran for 70 m (230 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-:11_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> F14 was dug as a cross-section across this ditch, which runs north-to-south at that point.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ditch probably predated the causewayed enclosure and may have been dug next to a <a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">long barrow</a>, a form of Neolithic burial mound.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other features in the trench were either determined to be natural or could not be definitely identified as man-made.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Features identified in the 2019 trench<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>Feature </th></tr> <tr> <td>1–4 </td> <td>Termini of the inner and outer ditches of the enclosure </td></tr> <tr> <td>5, 6, 8 & 15 </td> <td>Approximately circular pits </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 & 10 </td> <td>Irregular pits </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>Palisade trench </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 & 13 </td> <td>Natural features </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td>Possible ditch adjacent to a burial mound </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finds_from_2019_excavation">Finds from 2019 excavation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freston_causewayed_enclosure&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Finds from 2019 excavation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both F1 and F2, the inner ditch termini, were over two metres deep, and in both cases the upper half contained few finds, and probably consisted of soil that had washed into the ditches after the enclosure was abandoned. The lower half of each ditch was rich in finds.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The excavation produced 14.5 kg (32 lb) of pottery sherds,<sup id="cite_ref-:11_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mostly from the enclosure ditches.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assessed as a ratio of finds to the length of the excavated ditch sections, this is higher than at the other causewayed enclosures in East Anglia that have been investigated: <a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Osyth_(causewayed_enclosure)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Osyth (causewayed enclosure) (page does not exist)">St. Osyth</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haddenham_(causewayed_enclosure)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haddenham (causewayed enclosure) (page does not exist)">Haddenham</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingsborough_(causewayed_enclosure)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingsborough (causewayed enclosure) (page does not exist)">Kingsborough</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pottery finds included <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mildenhall_ware&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mildenhall ware (page does not exist)">Mildenhall ware</a>, a form of Neolithic pottery found in southern England that dates from the mid-fourth millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flint finds mostly came from F1 and F2. Debris from <a href="/wiki/Knapping" title="Knapping">knapping</a> and retouching was plentiful, indicating that the flint tools were produced on-site, though some of this activity might have predated the construction of the enclosure.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the tools were blades, but four arrowheads were found, along with some other forms such as scrapers and piercers.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charcoal fragments were recovered, mostly from F5, one of the pits,<sup id="cite_ref-:16_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also from the other circular pits.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The palisade trench F11, identified next to F2, contained oak charcoal, and it is possible that the palisade was made of oak. F15 may have been a posthole supporting one of the palisade timbers.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other plant remains included hazelnut shells and a smaller quantity of cereal grains; this is a common pattern in British Neolithic sites, but it is also possible that the acidic soil destroyed more of the grains.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No animal or human bones were found, probably because of the high acidity of the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freston_causewayed_enclosure&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cropmarks-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cropmarks_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cropmarks_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A cropmark is an area of a field in which the crops grow differently because of differences in the soil beneath them. This can indicate the presence of a ditch cut in the bedrock, beneath the soil, or of a sunken wall.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both <a href="/wiki/Maud_Cunnington" title="Maud Cunnington">Maud Cunnington</a>, who excavated <a href="/wiki/Knap_Hill" title="Knap Hill">Knap Hill</a> in 1908 and 1909, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=E._Cecil_Curwen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. Cecil Curwen (page does not exist)">E. Cecil Curwen</a>, an early investigator of several causewayed enclosures, suggested that the gaps might be explained as sally ports.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, there is evidence that both <a href="/wiki/Crickley_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Crickley Hill">Crickley Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hambledon_Hill" title="Hambledon Hill">Hambledon Hill</a> were attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freston_causewayed_enclosure&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter et al. (2022), p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter & Aubert (2021), p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Palmer_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer (1976), p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Renfrew & Bahn (2015), p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oswald, Dyer, & Barber (2001), p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whittle, Healy, & Bayliss (2015), pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oswald, Dyer, & Barber (2001), p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andersen (2015), p. 795.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:72_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:72_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:72_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whittle, Healy, & Bayliss (2015), p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:62-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:62_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cunnington (1912), p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Curwen (1930), p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whittle, Healy, & Bayliss (2015), pp. 5, 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andersen (2015), p. 807.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andersen (2015), p. 796.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter et al. (2021), p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter et al. (2021), p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2007), p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schofield et al. (2021), p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter & Aubert (2021), p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter et al. (2022), p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hegarty & Newsome (2017), p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2007), p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter et al. (2022), p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oswald et al. (2001), pp. 72–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter et al. (2022), pp. 89–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter et al. (2022). p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter et al. (2022), pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter et al. (2021), p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter et al. (2022), p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter et al. (2021), pp. 119–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter et al. (2022), p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whittle et al. (2022), p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter et al. (2022), pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dyer (1995), p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heritage.suffolk.gov.uk/Monument/MSF8555">"Monument record FRT 005 – Interrupted Ditch System / Causewayed Enclosure at Potash Farm"</a>. <i>Suffolk Heritage Explorer</i>. 25 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Suffolk+Heritage+Explorer&rft.atitle=Monument+record+FRT+005+%E2%80%93+Interrupted+Ditch+System+%2F+Causewayed+Enclosure+at+Potash+Farm&rft.date=2024-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheritage.suffolk.gov.uk%2FMonument%2FMSF8555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreston+causewayed+enclosure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPace1994" class="citation news cs1">Pace, Eric (21 March 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/21/obituaries/kenneth-st-joseph-81-geologist-and-pioneer-in-aerial-archeology.html">"Kenneth St. Joseph, 81, Geologist And Pioneer in Aerial Archeology"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Kenneth+St.+Joseph%2C+81%2C+Geologist+And+Pioneer+in+Aerial+Archeology&rft.date=1994-03-21&rft.aulast=Pace&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F03%2F21%2Fobituaries%2Fkenneth-st-joseph-81-geologist-and-pioneer-in-aerial-archeology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreston+causewayed+enclosure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson (1975), p. 183, fig. 2, pl. XX</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wightman (2011), p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2007), pp. 2–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schofield et al. (2021), p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin (2007), p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter et al. (2022), pp. 92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wightman (2011), pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benfield (2011), p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martingell (2011), pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter et al. (2021), p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter & Aubert (2021), pp. 3, 6, 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter & Aubert (2021), p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter & Aubert (2021), pp. 9–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter & Aubert (2021), pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter & Aubert (2021), p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schofield et al. (2021), p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schofield et al. (2021), p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter et al. (2021), p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter et al. (2021), pp. 122–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter et al. (2021), pp. 123–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter et al. (2021), p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter et al. (2021), pp. 123–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter et al. (2022), p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibson & Woods (1997), pp. 210–211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibson (2002), pp. 72–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter et al. (2021), p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter et al. (2021), pp. 128–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_67-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter et al. (2021), p. 130.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freston_causewayed_enclosure&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Andersen, Niels H. (2019) [2015]. "Causewayed enclosures in northern and western Europe". In Fowler, Chris; Harding, Jan; Hofmann, Daniela (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Neolithic Europe</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 795–812. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-883249-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-883249-2"><bdi>978-0-19-883249-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Causewayed+enclosures+in+northern+and+western+Europe&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Neolithic+Europe&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=795-812&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-883249-2&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=Niels+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreston+causewayed+enclosure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Benfield, S. (June 2011). "The prehistoric pottery". In <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">Wightman, Adam (June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cat.essex.ac.uk/reports/CAT-report-0563.pdf">Report on the archaeological monitoring of EDF cable undergrounding within the Freston causewayed enclosure at Potash Farm, Holbrook, Suffolk</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Colchester Archaeological Trust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+archaeological+monitoring+of+EDF+cable+undergrounding+within+the+Freston+causewayed+enclosure+at+Potash+Farm%2C+Holbrook%2C+Suffolk&rft.pub=Colchester+Archaeological+Trust&rft.date=2011-06&rft.aulast=Wightman&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcat.essex.ac.uk%2Freports%2FCAT-report-0563.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreston+causewayed+enclosure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Carter, Tristan; Aubert, Deanna (2021). "Of manuring and monuments: New work around the Freston causewayed enclosure". <i>Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology & History</i>. <b>45</b> (1): 3–18. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0262-6004">0262-6004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Suffolk+Institute+of+Archaeology+%26+History&rft.atitle=Of+manuring+and+monuments%3A+New+work+around+the+Freston+causewayed+enclosure&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-18&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=0262-6004&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Tristan&rft.au=Aubert%2C+Deanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreston+causewayed+enclosure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Carter, Tristan; Jackson, Nathaniel; Moir, Rose; Allen, Peter; Burningham, Helene; Contreras, Daniel; Schofield, Time; Tipping, Richard (2022). "The Freston causewayed enclosure, Suffolk: Initial insight and hypothetical history". In Last, Jonathan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv22fqbzs.10"><i>Marking Place: New perspectives on early Neolithic enclosures</i></a>. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 81–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78925-709-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78925-709-0"><bdi>978-1-78925-709-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv22fqbzs.10">j.ctv22fqbzs.10</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Freston+causewayed+enclosure%2C+Suffolk%3A+Initial+insight+and+hypothetical+history&rft.btitle=Marking+Place%3A+New+perspectives+on+early+Neolithic+enclosures&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=81-102&rft.pub=Oxbow&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv22fqbzs.10%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-78925-709-0&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Tristan&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Nathaniel&rft.au=Moir%2C+Rose&rft.au=Allen%2C+Peter&rft.au=Burningham%2C+Helene&rft.au=Contreras%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Schofield%2C+Time&rft.au=Tipping%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv22fqbzs.10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreston+causewayed+enclosure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Carter, Tristan; Jackson, Nathaniel; Moir, Rose; Challinor, Dana; Diffey, Charlotte (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4312%2Fdp.48.6">"The Freston causewayed enclosure: new research on the Early Neolithic of Eastern England (Suffolk)"</a>. <i>Documenta Praehistorica</i>. <b>XLVIII</b>: 118–141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4312%2Fdp.48.6">10.4312/dp.48.6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1854-2492">1854-2492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Documenta+Praehistorica&rft.atitle=The+Freston+causewayed+enclosure%3A+new+research+on+the+Early+Neolithic+of+Eastern+England+%28Suffolk%29&rft.volume=XLVIII&rft.pages=118-141&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4312%2Fdp.48.6&rft.issn=1854-2492&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Tristan&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Nathaniel&rft.au=Moir%2C+Rose&rft.au=Challinor%2C+Dana&rft.au=Diffey%2C+Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4312%252Fdp.48.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreston+causewayed+enclosure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maud_Cunnington" title="Maud Cunnington">Cunnington, M. E.</a> (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/132441#page/68/mode/1up">"Knap Hill Camp"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_Archaeological_and_Natural_History_Magazine" title="Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine">Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine</a></i>. <b>37</b>: 42–65. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0262-6608">0262-6608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wiltshire+Archaeological+and+Natural+History+Magazine&rft.atitle=Knap+Hill+Camp&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=42-65&rft.date=1912&rft.issn=0262-6608&rft.aulast=Cunnington&rft.aufirst=M.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F132441%23page%2F68%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreston+causewayed+enclosure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Curwen, E. Cecil (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dams-brightonmuseums.org.uk/assetbank-pavilion/action/viewAsset?id=28249&index=3&total=13&view=viewSearchItem">"Neolithic camps"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquity_(journal)" title="Antiquity (journal)">Antiquity</a></i>. <b>4</b> (13): 22–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00004178">10.1017/S0003598X00004178</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246055035">246055035</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109024403/https://dams-brightonmuseums.org.uk/assetbank-pavilion/action/viewAsset?id=28249&index=3&total=13&view=viewSearchItem">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Neolithic+camps&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=22-54&rft.date=1930&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246055035%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-598X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00004178&rft.aulast=Curwen&rft.aufirst=E.+Cecil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdams-brightonmuseums.org.uk%2Fassetbank-pavilion%2Faction%2FviewAsset%3Fid%3D28249%26index%3D3%26total%3D13%26view%3DviewSearchItem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreston+causewayed+enclosure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">Dyer, Carolyn (1995). A Causewayed Enclosure at Freston, Suffolk, TM 16803795 (Report). Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=A+Causewayed+Enclosure+at+Freston%2C+Suffolk%2C+TM+16803795&rft.pub=Royal+Commission+on+the+Historical+Monuments+of+England&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreston+causewayed+enclosure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Alex (2002). <i>Prehistoric Pottery in Britain & Ireland</i>. Stroud, UK: Tempus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-1930-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-1930-7"><bdi>0-7524-1930-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+Pottery+in+Britain+%26+Ireland&rft.place=Stroud%2C+UK&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7524-1930-7&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreston+causewayed+enclosure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Alex; Woods, Ann (1997) [1990]. <i>Prehistoric Pottery for the Archaeologist</i> (2nd ed.). 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Swindon, UK: English Heritage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873592-42-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-873592-42-6"><bdi>1-873592-42-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+Monuments%3A+Neolithic+Causewayed+Enclosures+in+the+British+Isles&rft.place=Swindon%2C+UK&rft.pub=English+Heritage&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-873592-42-6&rft.aulast=Oswald&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft.au=Dyer%2C+Carolyn&rft.au=Barber%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreston+causewayed+enclosure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Palmer, R. (1976). "Interrupted ditch enclosures in Britain: the use of aerial photography for comparative studies". <i>Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society</i>. <b>42</b>: 161–186. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0079-497X">0079-497X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Prehistoric+Society&rft.atitle=Interrupted+ditch+enclosures+in+Britain%3A+the+use+of+aerial+photography+for+comparative+studies&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=161-186&rft.date=1976&rft.issn=0079-497X&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreston+causewayed+enclosure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Renfrew" title="Colin Renfrew">Renfrew, Colin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bahn" title="Paul Bahn">Bahn, Paul</a> (2015) [2007]. <i>Archaeology Essentials</i> (3rd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29159-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29159-7"><bdi>978-0-500-29159-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+Essentials&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-500-29159-7&rft.aulast=Renfrew&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Bahn%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreston+causewayed+enclosure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Schofield, Tim; Carter, Tristan; Jackson, Nathaniel; Moir, Rose (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/arp.1800">"Integrating geophysical survey and excavation at the Freston Early Neolithic causewayed enclosure, Suffolk (UK)"</a>. <i>Archaeological Prospection</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 3–18. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ArchP..28..107S">2021ArchP..28..107S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Farp.1800">10.1002/arp.1800</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1075-2196">1075-2196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+Prospection&rft.atitle=Integrating+geophysical+survey+and+excavation+at+the+Freston+Early+Neolithic+causewayed+enclosure%2C+Suffolk+%28UK%29&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-18&rft.date=2021-01&rft.issn=1075-2196&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Farp.1800&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021ArchP..28..107S&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Carter%2C+Tristan&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Nathaniel&rft.au=Moir%2C+Rose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fepdf%2F10.1002%2Farp.1800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreston+causewayed+enclosure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Whittle, Alasdair; Bayliss, Alex; Healy, Frances (2022). "A decade on: Revised timings for causewayed enclosures in Southern Britain". In Last, Jonathan (ed.). <i>Marking Place: New perspectives on early Neolithic enclosures</i>. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 203–222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78925-709-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78925-709-0"><bdi>978-1-78925-709-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+decade+on%3A+Revised+timings+for+causewayed+enclosures+in+Southern+Britain&rft.btitle=Marking+Place%3A+New+perspectives+on+early+Neolithic+enclosures&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=203-222&rft.pub=Oxbow&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-78925-709-0&rft.aulast=Whittle&rft.aufirst=Alasdair&rft.au=Bayliss%2C+Alex&rft.au=Healy%2C+Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreston+causewayed+enclosure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_Whittle" title="Alasdair Whittle">Whittle, Alasdair</a>; <a href="/wiki/Frances_Healy_(archaeologist)" title="Frances Healy (archaeologist)">Healy, Frances</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alex_Bayliss" title="Alex Bayliss">Bayliss, Alex</a> (2015) [2011]. "Gathering time: causewayed enclosures and the early Neolithic of southern Britain and Ireland". In Whittle, Alasdair; Healy, Frances; Bayliss, Alex (eds.). <i>Gathering Time: Dating the Early Neolithic Enclosures of Southern Britain and Ireland</i>. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 1–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-425-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-425-8"><bdi>978-1-84217-425-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gathering+time%3A+causewayed+enclosures+and+the+early+Neolithic+of+southern+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.btitle=Gathering+Time%3A+Dating+the+Early+Neolithic+Enclosures+of+Southern+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1-16&rft.pub=Oxbow&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-84217-425-8&rft.aulast=Whittle&rft.aufirst=Alasdair&rft.au=Healy%2C+Frances&rft.au=Bayliss%2C+Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreston+causewayed+enclosure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">Wightman, Adam (June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cat.essex.ac.uk/reports/CAT-report-0563.pdf">Report on the archaeological monitoring of EDF cable undergrounding within the Freston causewayed enclosure at Potash Farm, Holbrook, Suffolk</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Colchester Archaeological Trust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+archaeological+monitoring+of+EDF+cable+undergrounding+within+the+Freston+causewayed+enclosure+at+Potash+Farm%2C+Holbrook%2C+Suffolk&rft.pub=Colchester+Archaeological+Trust&rft.date=2011-06&rft.aulast=Wightman&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcat.essex.ac.uk%2Freports%2FCAT-report-0563.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreston+causewayed+enclosure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, D. R. (1975). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Causewayed camps' and 'interrupted ditch systems'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquity_(journal)" title="Antiquity (journal)">Antiquity</a></i>. <b>49</b> (195): 178–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00070046">10.1017/S0003598X00070046</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=%27Causewayed+camps%27+and+%27interrupted+ditch+systems%27&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=195&rft.pages=178-186&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00070046&rft.issn=0003-598X&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFreston+causewayed+enclosure" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freston_causewayed_enclosure&oldid=1255361031">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freston_causewayed_enclosure&oldid=1255361031</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Causewayed_enclosures" title="Category:Causewayed enclosures">Causewayed enclosures</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scheduled_monuments_in_Suffolk" title="Category:Scheduled monuments in Suffolk">Scheduled monuments in Suffolk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Babergh_District" title="Category:Babergh District">Babergh District</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_July_2024" title="Category:Use Oxford spelling from July 2024">Use Oxford spelling from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2024">Use dmy dates from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_OS_grid_coordinates" title="Category:Articles with OS grid coordinates">Articles with OS grid coordinates</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 November 2024, at 15:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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