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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_methods_and_diagnosis_of_infections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis_of_infections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis_of_infections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Diagnosis of infections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis_of_infections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latex_particle_agglutination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latex_particle_agglutination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Latex particle agglutination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latex_particle_agglutination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molecular_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Molecular methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathogenicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathogenicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pathogenicity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pathogenicity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pathogenicity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pathogenicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Host_colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Host_colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Host colonization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Host_colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haemophilus_influenzae_type_b_(Hib)_infection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haemophilus_influenzae_type_b_(Hib)_infection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> type b (Hib) infection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haemophilus_influenzae_type_b_(Hib)_infection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serious_and_chronic_complications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serious_and_chronic_complications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Serious and chronic complications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serious_and_chronic_complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaccination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaccination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Vaccination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaccination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Haemophilus influenzae</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مستدمية نزلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستدمية نزلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Haemophilus influenzae" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Haemophilus influenzae" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Haemophilus influenzae" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Haemophilus influenzae" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae_b-Infektion" title="Haemophilus influenzae b-Infektion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Haemophilus influenzae b-Infektion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%80%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Αιμόφιλος της γρίπης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αιμόφιλος της γρίπης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Haemophilus influenzae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Haemophilus influenzae" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D9%88%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="هموفیلوس آنفلوانزا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هموفیلوس آنفلوانزا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Haemophilus influenzae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Haemophilus influenzae" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%AA%A8%ED%95%84%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9D%B8%ED%94%8C%EB%A3%A8%EC%97%94%EC%9E%90" title="헤모필루스 인플루엔자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헤모필루스 인플루엔자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Haemophilus influenzae" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Haemophilus influenzae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Haemophilus influenzae" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfeifera_n%C5%ABji%C5%86a" title="Pfeifera nūjiņa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pfeifera nūjiņa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="مستدميه نزليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مستدميه نزليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Haemophilus influenzae" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B6%E8%8F%8C" title="インフルエンザ菌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インフルエンザ菌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Haemophilus influenzae" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Haemophilus influenzae" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Haemophilus influenzae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Haemophilus influenzae" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гемофильная палочка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гемофильная палочка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Haemophilus influenzae" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Haemophilus influenzae" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Haemophilus influenzae" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="Haemophilus influenzae" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Haemophilus influenzae" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Haemophilus influenzae" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of bacterium</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"HIB" redirects here. For the university college, see <a href="/wiki/Bergen_University_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergen University College">Bergen University College</a>. For other uses of Hib, see <a href="/wiki/Hib_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hib (disambiguation)">Hib (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)"><i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Haemophilus_influenzae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Haemophilus_influenzae.jpg/250px-Haemophilus_influenzae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Haemophilus_influenzae.jpg/330px-Haemophilus_influenzae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Haemophilus_influenzae.jpg/500px-Haemophilus_influenzae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1534" data-file-height="1534" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i>H. influenzae</i> on a <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_agar" title="Chocolate agar">chocolate agar</a> plate </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Haemophilus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadati" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudomonadati">Pseudomonadati</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria" title="Gammaproteobacteria">Gammaproteobacteria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pasteurellaceae" title="Pasteurellaceae">Pasteurellales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pasteurellaceae" title="Pasteurellaceae">Pasteurellaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus" title="Haemophilus"><i>Haemophilus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>H. influenzae</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Haemophilus influenzae</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(Lehmann & Neumann 1896)<br />Winslow <i>et al.</i> 1917</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Haemophilus influenzae</b></i> (formerly called <b>Pfeiffer's bacillus</b> or <i><b>Bacillus influenzae</b></i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Gram-negative" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-negative">Gram-negative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motility" title="Motility">non-motile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coccobacillus" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccobacillus">coccobacillary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facultative_anaerobic_organism" title="Facultative anaerobic organism">facultatively anaerobic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capnophile" title="Capnophile">capnophilic</a> <a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogenic bacterium">pathogenic bacterium</a> of the family <a href="/wiki/Pasteurellaceae" title="Pasteurellaceae">Pasteurellaceae</a>. The bacteria are <a href="/wiki/Mesophile" title="Mesophile">mesophilic</a> and grow best at temperatures between 35 and 37 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>H. influenzae</i> was first described in 1893<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Friedrich_Johannes_Pfeiffer" title="Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer">Richard Pfeiffer</a> during an <a href="/wiki/Influenza_pandemic" title="Influenza pandemic">influenza pandemic</a><sup id="cite_ref-KuhnertChristensen2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KuhnertChristensen2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when he incorrectly identified it as the causative microbe, which is why the bacteria was given the name "influenzae".<sup id="cite_ref-morens22_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morens22-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-taubenberger2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taubenberger2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>H. influenzae</i> is responsible for a wide range of localized and invasive infections, typically in infants and children,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including pneumonia, meningitis, or bloodstream infections.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatment consists of antibiotics; however, <i>H. influenzae</i> is often resistant to the penicillin family, but <a href="/wiki/Amoxicillin/clavulanic_acid" title="Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid">amoxicillin/clavulanic acid</a> can be used in mild cases.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26636654_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26636654-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serotype B <i>H. influenzae</i> have been a major cause of meningitis in infants and small children, frequently causing deafness and mental retardation. However, the development in the 1980s of a vaccine effective in this age group (the <a href="/wiki/Hib_vaccine" title="Hib vaccine">Hib vaccine</a>) has almost eliminated this in developed countries. </p><p>This species was the first organism to have its entire <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> sequenced.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleischmann_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleischmann-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology_and_metabolism">Physiology and metabolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Physiology and metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>H. influenzae</i> is a small <a href="/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria" title="Gram-negative bacteria">Gram-negative</a> bacterium, approximately 0.3 micrometer to 1 micrometer.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other Gram-negative bacteria, <i>H. influenzae</i> has a thin <a href="/wiki/Peptidoglycan" title="Peptidoglycan">peptidoglycan</a> layer surrounded by an outer membrane containing <a href="/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide" title="Lipopolysaccharide">lipopolysaccharide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some types of <i>H. influenzae</i> contain a polysaccharide capsule around the outer membrane to aid in protection and colonization.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bacteria are <a href="/wiki/Pleomorphism_(microbiology)" title="Pleomorphism (microbiology)">pleomorphic</a>, meaning the shape of the bacterium is variable, however it is typically <a href="/wiki/Coccobacillus" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccobacillus">coccobacillus</a> or rod-shaped.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>H. Influenzae</i> contains pili, which are specialized to adhere to the human nasopharynx. The <i>H. Influenzae</i> pili, unlike those of <i>E. coli,</i> resist unwinding, allowing for stronger adhesion to resist expulsion when coughing or sneezing.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A minority of non-typeable, or unencapsulated, <i>H. influenzae</i> employ a variety of attachment techniques, such as pili, adhesins, or Hia and Hap proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-Haemophilus_influenzae_and_the_lung_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haemophilus_influenzae_and_the_lung-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the bacteria possess pili, they are not used for traditional movement or motility, and the bacterium is still considered to be non-motile.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cell wall of <i>H. influenzae</i> bacterium contains various proteins, referred to as autotransporters, for adherence and colony formation. <i>H. influenzae</i> prefers to bind to mucus linings or non-ciliated epithelial cells, which is facilitated by Hap𝘴 autotransporters in the cell wall binding with unknown receptors within the epithelium.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hap𝘴 autotransporters also facilitate the formation of microcolonies of the bacteria. These microcolonies are likely responsible for the formation of various <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilms</a> within the body, such as those responsible for middle ear or lung infections.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penicillin_binding_proteins">Penicillin binding proteins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Penicillin binding proteins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) catalyze steps in <a href="/wiki/Peptidoglycan" title="Peptidoglycan">peptidoglycan</a> metabolism. They carry out essential processes needed to build and modify the cell wall.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These proteins are the targets blocked by penicillin and other <a href="/wiki/Beta-lactam_antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-lactam antibiotics">beta-lactam antibiotics</a> that bind to PBPs, hence their name.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2327782_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2327782-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some antibiotic-resistant isolates of <i>H. Influenzae</i> contain modified PBPs that resist beta-lactam action by producing beta-lactamases to degrade these antibiotics. This resistance is likely due to a N526K mutation, or R517H substitution in conjunction with another unknown mutation. The R517H substitution alone did not have a lower affinity for penicillin, and therefore cannot cause resistance alone.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Beta-lactamase" title="Beta-lactamase">Beta-lactamase</a> emergence in the 1970s caused the therapy for severe cases of <i>H. influenzae</i> to be changed from ampicillin to <a href="/wiki/Cephalosporin" title="Cephalosporin">cephalosporins</a>, however further resistance to cephalosporins has occurred due to changes in the transpeptidase domain of penicillin binding protein 3 (PBP3).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serotypes">Serotypes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Serotypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>H. influenzae</i> isolates were initially characterized as either encapsulated (having an extracellular polysaccharide layer, the <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_capsule" title="Bacterial capsule">bacterial capsule</a>) or unencapsulated. Encapsulated strains were further classified on the basis of the immune response to the type of polysaccharides in their capsule. The six generally recognized types of encapsulated <i>H. influenzae</i> are: a, b, c, d, e, and f.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherris2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherris2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>H. Influenzae</i> type b, also known as Hib, is the most common form, recognizable by its polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP) capsule, and found mostly in children.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Types a, e, and f have been isolated infrequently, while types d and c are rarely isolated. Unencapsulated strains are more genetically diverse than the encapsulated group.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unencapsulated strains are termed nontypable (NTHi) because they lack capsular serotypes; however, all <i>H. influenzae</i> isolates can now be classified by multilocus sequence typing and other molecular methods. Most NTHi strains are considered to be part of the normal human flora in the upper and lower respiratory tract, genitals, and <a href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" title="Conjunctiva">conjunctivae</a> (mucous membranes of the eye).<sup id="cite_ref-:03_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>H. influenzae</i> uses the <a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP) pathway</a> for glycolysis and the <a href="/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway" title="Pentose phosphate pathway">pentose phosphate pathway</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Anabolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic">anabolic</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Catabolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catabolic">catabolic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">citric acid cycle</a> is incomplete and lacks several enzymes that are found in a fully functioning cycle. The enzymes missing from the TCA cycle are <a href="/wiki/Citrate_synthase" title="Citrate synthase">citrate synthase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aconitate_hydratase" class="mw-redirect" title="Aconitate hydratase">aconitate hydratase</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isocitrate_dehydrogenase" title="Isocitrate dehydrogenase">isocitrate dehydrogenase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>H. influenzae</i> has been found in both aerobic and anaerobic environments, as well as environments with different pH's.<sup id="cite_ref-Othman_69_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Othman_69-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genome_and_genetics">Genome and genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Genome and genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>H. influenzae</i> was the first free-living organism to have its entire genome sequenced. The sequencing was completed by <a href="/wiki/Craig_Venter" title="Craig Venter">Craig Venter</a> and his team at the <a href="/wiki/J._Craig_Venter_Institute" title="J. Craig Venter Institute">Institute for Genomic Research</a>, now part of the <a href="/wiki/J._Craig_Venter_Institute" title="J. Craig Venter Institute">J. Craig Venter Institute</a>. <i>Haemophilus</i> was chosen because one of the project leaders, Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Hamilton Smith</a>, had been working on it for decades and was able to provide high-quality DNA libraries. The sequencing method used was <a href="/wiki/Whole-genome_shotgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole-genome shotgun">whole-genome shotgun</a>, which was completed and published in <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleischmann_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleischmann-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The genome of strain Rd KW20 consists of 1,830,138 base pairs of DNA in a single circular chromosome that contains 1604 protein-coding genes, 117 pseudogenes, 57 tRNA genes, and 23 other RNA genes.<sup id="cite_ref-Fleischmann_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleischmann-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 90% of the genes have <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologs</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">E. coli</a>,</i> another <a href="/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria" title="Gammaproteobacteria">gamma-proteobacterium</a>. In fact, the similarity between genes of the two species ranges from 18% to 98% <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> sequence identity, with the majority sharing 40–80% of their <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> (with an average of 59%).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conjugative <a href="/wiki/Plasmids" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasmids">plasmids</a> (DNA molecules that are capable of <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal transfer">horizontal transfer</a> between different species of bacteria) can frequently be found in <i>H. influenzae</i>. It is common that the F+ plasmid of a competent <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i> bacterium conjugates into the <i>H. influenzae</i> bacterium, which then allows the plasmid to transfer among <i>H. influenzae</i> strands via conjugation.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_transformation">Role of transformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Role of transformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>H. influenzae</i> mutants defective in their <i>rec1</i> gene (a homolog of <i><a href="/wiki/RecA" title="RecA">recA</a></i>) are very susceptible to being killed by the oxidizing agent hydrogen peroxide.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This finding suggests that <i>rec1</i> expression is important for <i>H. influenzae</i> survival under conditions of oxidative stress. Since it is a homolog of <i>recA</i>, <i>rec1</i> likely plays a key role in recombinational repair of DNA damage. Thus, <i>H. influenzae</i> may protect its genome against the reactive oxygen species produced by the host's phagocytic cells through recombinational repair of oxidative DNA damages.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recombinational repair of a damaged site of a chromosome requires, in addition to <i>rec1</i>, a second homologous undamaged DNA molecule. Individual <i>H. influenzae</i> cells are capable of taking up homologous DNA from other cells by the process of <a href="/wiki/Transformation_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation (genetics)">transformation</a>. Transformation in <i>H. influenzae</i> involves at least 15 gene products,<sup id="cite_ref-Fleischmann_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleischmann-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is likely an <a href="/wiki/Transformation_(genetics)#Transformation,_as_an_adaptation_for_DNA_repair" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation (genetics)">adaptation for repairing DNA damage</a> in the resident chromosome.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_methods_and_diagnosis_of_infections">Culture methods and diagnosis of infections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture methods and diagnosis of infections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haemophilus_influenzae_sputum_1000x_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Haemophilus_influenzae_sputum_1000x_edited.jpg/220px-Haemophilus_influenzae_sputum_1000x_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Haemophilus_influenzae_sputum_1000x_edited.jpg/330px-Haemophilus_influenzae_sputum_1000x_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Haemophilus_influenzae_sputum_1000x_edited.jpg/440px-Haemophilus_influenzae_sputum_1000x_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Sputum Gram stain at 1000x magnification. The sputum is from a person with <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> pneumonia, and the Gram negative coccobacilli are visible with a background of neutrophils.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H._influenzae_XV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/H._influenzae_XV.jpg/250px-H._influenzae_XV.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/H._influenzae_XV.jpg/375px-H._influenzae_XV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/H._influenzae_XV.jpg/500px-H._influenzae_XV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption><i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> requires <a href="/wiki/Hemin" title="Hemin">hemin</a> and NAD for growth. In this culture, <i>Haemophilus</i> has only grown around the paper disc that has been impregnated with these factors. No bacterial growth is seen around the discs that only contain either hemin or NAD.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chest_radiograph_in_influensa_and_H_influenzae,_posteroanterior,_annotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chest_radiograph_in_influensa_and_H_influenzae%2C_posteroanterior%2C_annotated.jpg/220px-Chest_radiograph_in_influensa_and_H_influenzae%2C_posteroanterior%2C_annotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chest_radiograph_in_influensa_and_H_influenzae%2C_posteroanterior%2C_annotated.jpg/330px-Chest_radiograph_in_influensa_and_H_influenzae%2C_posteroanterior%2C_annotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chest_radiograph_in_influensa_and_H_influenzae%2C_posteroanterior%2C_annotated.jpg/440px-Chest_radiograph_in_influensa_and_H_influenzae%2C_posteroanterior%2C_annotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chest_radiograph" title="Chest radiograph">Chest X-ray</a> of a case of <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>, presumably as a secondary infection from influenza. It shows patchy consolidations, mainly in the right upper lobe (arrow).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:X-ray_of_COPD_exacerbation_-_anteroposterior_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/X-ray_of_COPD_exacerbation_-_anteroposterior_view.jpg/220px-X-ray_of_COPD_exacerbation_-_anteroposterior_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/X-ray_of_COPD_exacerbation_-_anteroposterior_view.jpg/330px-X-ray_of_COPD_exacerbation_-_anteroposterior_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/X-ray_of_COPD_exacerbation_-_anteroposterior_view.jpg/440px-X-ray_of_COPD_exacerbation_-_anteroposterior_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2957" data-file-height="2729" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chest_radiograph" title="Chest radiograph">Chest X-ray</a> in a case of <a href="/wiki/COPD_exacerbation" class="mw-redirect" title="COPD exacerbation">COPD exacerbation</a> where a <a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_swab" title="Nasopharyngeal swab">nasopharyngeal swab</a> detected <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>: Opacities (on the patient's right side) can be seen in other types of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, as well.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hinfluenzae_satillite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Hinfluenzae_satillite.jpg/220px-Hinfluenzae_satillite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Hinfluenzae_satillite.jpg/330px-Hinfluenzae_satillite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Hinfluenzae_satillite.jpg/440px-Hinfluenzae_satillite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption><i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> satellite colonies (pin points) near <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (yellow) on blood <a href="/wiki/Agar_plate" title="Agar plate">agar plate</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Bacterial culture of <i>H. influenzae</i> is performed on agar plates. The strongest growth is seen on <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_agar" title="Chocolate agar">chocolate agar</a> at 37 °C in a CO<sub>2</sub>-enriched incubator.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ideal CO<sub>2</sub> concentration for the culture is ~5%.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However adequate growth is often seen on brain-heart infusion agar supplemented with <a href="/wiki/Hemin" title="Hemin">hemin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide" title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide">nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide</a> (NAD) </p><p>Colonies of <i>H. influenzae</i> appear as convex, smooth, pale, grey, or transparent colonies with a mild odor<i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> H. influenzae</i> will only grow on blood agar if other bacteria are present to release these factors from the red blood cells, forming 'satellite' colonies around these bacteria. For example, <i>H. influenzae</i> will grow in the hemolytic zone of <i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a></i> on blood agar plates; the hemolysis of cells by <i>S. aureus</i> releases NAD which is needed for its growth. <i>H. influenzae</i> will not grow outside the hemolytic zone of <i>S. aureus</i> due to the lack of nutrients in these areas.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid35033634_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid35033634-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagnosis_of_infections">Diagnosis of infections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diagnosis of infections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clinical features of a respiratory tract infection may include initial symptoms of an <a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">upper respiratory tract infection</a> mimicking a viral infection, usually associated with low-grade fevers. This may progress to the lower respiratory tract within a few days, with features often resembling those of wheezy bronchitis. Sputum may be difficult to expectorate and is often grey or creamy in color. The cough may persist for weeks without appropriate treatment. Many cases are diagnosed after presenting chest infections that do not respond to penicillins or first-generation cephalosporins. A <a href="/wiki/Chest_radiograph" title="Chest radiograph">chest X-ray</a> can identify alveolar consolidation.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clinical diagnosis of invasive <i>H. influenzae</i> infection (infection that has spread to the bloodstream and internal tissues) is typically confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial culture">bacterial culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latex_fixation_test" title="Latex fixation test">latex particle agglutination tests</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">polymerase chain reaction</a> tests on clinical samples obtained from an otherwise sterile body site. In this respect, <i>H. influenzae</i> cultured from the nasopharyngeal cavity or throat would not indicate <i>H. influenzae</i> disease, because these sites are colonized in disease-free individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Puri_1999_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puri_1999-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <i>H. influenzae</i> isolated from cerebrospinal fluid or blood or joint fluid would indicate invasive <i>H. influenzae</i> infection. Microscopic observation of a <a href="/wiki/Gram_stain" title="Gram stain">Gram stained</a> specimen of <i>H. influenzae</i> will show Gram-negative <a href="/wiki/Coccobacillus" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccobacillus">coccobacillus</a>. The cultured organism can be further characterized using <a href="/wiki/Catalase" title="Catalase">catalase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxidase" title="Oxidase">oxidase</a> tests, both of which should be positive. Further serological testing is necessary to distinguish the capsular polysaccharide and differentiate between <i>H. influenzae</i> b and nonencapsulated strains.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although highly specific, bacterial culture of <i>H. influenzae</i> lacks sensitivity. Use of antibiotics prior to sample collection greatly reduces the isolation rate by killing the bacteria before identification is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-John_1991_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_1991-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent work has shown that <i>H. influenzae</i> uses a highly specialized spectrum of nutrients where lactate is a preferred carbon source.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latex_particle_agglutination">Latex particle agglutination</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Latex particle agglutination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Latex_particle_agglutination_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Latex particle agglutination test">latex particle agglutination test</a> (LAT) is a more sensitive method to detect <i>H. influenzae</i> than is culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_2007_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy_2007-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the method relies on antigen rather than viable bacteria, the results are not disrupted by prior antibiotic use. It also has the added benefit of being quicker than culture methods. However, antibiotic sensitivity testing is not possible with LAT alone, so a parallel culture is necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7561986_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7561986-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Molecular_methods">Molecular methods</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Molecular methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">Polymerase chain reaction</a> (PCR) assays have been proven to be more sensitive than either LAT or culture tests and are highly specific.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid33721818_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33721818-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These PCR tests can be used for capsular typing of encapsulated <i>H. influenzae</i> strains.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathogenicity">Pathogenicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pathogenicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Host_colonization">Host colonization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Host colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many microbes colonize within a host organism. Colonization occurs when a microorganism continues to multiply within the host, without interaction, causing no visible signs of illness or infection. <i>H. influenzae</i> colonizes differently in adults than it does young children. Because this bacterium colonizes more rapidly in young children, they are capable of carrying more than one strain of the same bacterium. Once in the adult stage of life, a human is likely to only be carrying one strain as this bacterium does not colonize as aggressively in adults. Nearly all infants will undergo colonization of this bacteria within their first year of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Haemophilus_influenzae_and_the_lung_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haemophilus_influenzae_and_the_lung-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>H. influenzae</i> is generally found within and upon the human body, but can also live on various dry, hard surfaces for up to 12 days.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most strains of <i>H. influenzae</i> are opportunistic pathogens; that is, they usually live in their host without causing disease, but cause problems only when other factors (such as a viral infection, reduced immune function or chronically inflamed tissues, e.g. from allergies) create an opportunity. They infect the host by sticking to the host cell using <a href="/wiki/Trimeric_autotransporter_adhesin" title="Trimeric autotransporter adhesin">trimeric autotransporter adhesins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pathogenesis" title="Pathogenesis">pathogenesis</a> of <i>H. influenzae</i> infections is not completely understood, although the presence of the polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP) capsule in encapsulated type b (Hib), a serotype causing conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Epiglottitis" title="Epiglottitis">epiglottitis</a>, is known to be a major factor in virulence.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their capsule allows them to resist <a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">phagocytosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Complement_system" title="Complement system">complement</a>-mediated <a href="/wiki/Lysis" title="Lysis">lysis</a> in the nonimmune host. The unencapsulated strains are almost always less invasive; however, they can produce an inflammatory response in humans, which can lead to many symptoms. Vaccination with <a href="/wiki/Hib_vaccine" title="Hib vaccine">Hib conjugate vaccine</a> is effective in preventing Hib infection but does not prevent infection with NTHi strains.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>H. influenzae</i> can cause respiratory tract infections including pneumonia, otitis media, epiglottitis (swelling in the throat), eye infections and bloodstream infection, meningitis. It can also cause cellulitis (skin infection) and infectious arthritis (inflammation of the joint).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haemophilus_influenzae_type_b_(Hib)_infection"><span id="Haemophilus_influenzae_type_b_.28Hib.29_infection"></span><i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> type b (Hib) infection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Naturally acquired disease caused by <i>H. influenzae</i> seems to occur in humans only. In healthy children under the age of 5, <i>H. influenzae</i> type b was responsible for more than 80% of aggressive infections, before the introduction of the [Hib] vaccine.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In infants and young children, <i>H. influenzae</i> type b (Hib) causes <a href="/wiki/Bacteremia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteremia">bacteremia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epiglottitis" title="Epiglottitis">epiglottitis</a> and acute bacterial <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On occasion, it causes <a href="/wiki/Cellulitis" title="Cellulitis">cellulitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osteomyelitis" title="Osteomyelitis">osteomyelitis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Infectious_arthritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious arthritis">infectious arthritis</a>. It is one cause of <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_infection" title="Neonatal infection">neonatal infection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BaucellsMercadal_Hally2015_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BaucellsMercadal_Hally2015-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to routine use of the <a href="/wiki/Hib_vaccine" title="Hib vaccine">Hib vaccine</a> in the U.S. since 1990, the incidence of invasive Hib disease has decreased to 1.3/100,000 in children.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Hib remains a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children in developing countries where the vaccine is not widely used. Unencapsulated <i>H. influenzae</i> strains are unaffected by the Hib vaccine and cause ear infections (<a href="/wiki/Otitis_media" title="Otitis media">otitis media</a>), eye infections (<a href="/wiki/Conjunctivitis" title="Conjunctivitis">conjunctivitis</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Sinusitis" title="Sinusitis">sinusitis</a> in children, and are associated with pneumonia.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some strains of <i>H. influenzae</i> produce beta-lactamases, and are also able to modify its <a href="/wiki/Penicillin-binding_proteins" title="Penicillin-binding proteins">penicillin-binding proteins</a>, so the bacteria have gained resistance to the penicillin family of antibiotics. In severe cases, <a href="/wiki/Cefotaxime" title="Cefotaxime">cefotaxime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceftriaxone" title="Ceftriaxone">ceftriaxone</a> delivered directly into the bloodstream are the elected antibiotics, and, for the less severe cases, an association of <a href="/wiki/Ampicillin" title="Ampicillin">ampicillin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulbactam" title="Sulbactam">sulbactam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cephalosporins" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalosporins">cephalosporins</a> of the second and third generation, or <a href="/wiki/Fluoroquinolones" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluoroquinolones">fluoroquinolones</a> are preferred. (Fluoroquinolone-resistant strains of <i>H. influenzae</i> have been observed).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20356651_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20356651-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Macrolide" title="Macrolide">Macrolides</a> and fluoroquinolones have activity against non-typeable <i>H. influenzae</i> and could be used in patients with a history of allergy to beta-lactam antibiotics.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, macrolide resistance has also been observed.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21081549_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21081549-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Serious_and_chronic_complications">Serious and chronic complications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Serious and chronic complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The serious complications of HiB are brain damage, <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">hearing loss</a>, and even death. While non-typable <i>H. influenzae</i> strains rarely cause serious disease, they are more likely to cause chronic infections because they have the ability to change their surface antigens. Chronic infections are usually not as serious as acute infections.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are a few other possible diseases and conditions that can arise from the <i>H. influenzae</i> depending on the areas that they exist in within the human body. This bacterium can exist in the nasal passages (especially the nasopharynx), the ear canal, and the lungs. The bacterium's presence in these areas can lead to some conditions such as otitis media, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), epiglottitis, and asthma which can become severe.<sup id="cite_ref-Othman_69_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Othman_69-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaccination">Vaccination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vaccination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Act-HIb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Act-HIb.jpg/250px-Act-HIb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Act-HIb.jpg/330px-Act-HIb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Act-HIb.jpg/500px-Act-HIb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>ActHIB (Hib-vaccine)</figcaption></figure> <p>Effective <a href="/wiki/Hib_vaccine" title="Hib vaccine">vaccines for <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i></a> serotype b have been available since the early 1990s, and are recommended for children under age 5 and asplenic patients. The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> recommends a <a href="/wiki/DTwP-HepB-Hib_vaccine" title="DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine">pentavalent vaccine</a>, combining vaccines against <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetanus" title="Tetanus">tetanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pertussis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertussis">pertussis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">hepatitis B</a> and Hib. There is not yet sufficient evidence on how effective this pentavalent vaccine is in relation to the individual vaccines.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hib vaccines cost about seven times the total cost of vaccines against measles, polio, tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. Consequently, whereas 92% of the populations of developed countries were vaccinated against Hib as of 2023, vaccination coverage was 77% globally 94% for European countries, and only 33% for people living in the western pacific region.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hib vaccines do not provide cross-protection to any other <i>H. influenzae</i> serotypes like Hia, Hic, Hid, Hie or Hif.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An oral vaccination has been developed for non-typeable <i>H.</i> <i>influenzae</i> (NTHi) for patients with <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis#Chronic_bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">chronic bronchitis</a>, but it has not shown to be effective in reducing the number and severity of <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">COPD</a> exacerbations.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is no effective vaccine for the other types of capsulated <i>H. influenzae</i> or NTHi.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Vaccines that target unencapsulated <i>H. influenzae</i> serotypes are in development.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infection+and+Immunity&rft.atitle=Haemophilus+influenzae+type+a+infection+and+its+prevention&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2650-%3C%2Fspan%3E2654&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1932902%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17353280&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FIAI.01774-06&rft.aulast=Jin&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Romero-Steiner%2C+S&rft.au=Carlone%2C+GM&rft.au=Robbins%2C+JB&rft.au=Schneerson%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1932902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaemophilus+influenzae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTeoLockhartPurchuriPushparajah2017" class="citation journal cs1">Teo E, Lockhart K, Purchuri SN, Pushparajah J, Cripps AW, van Driel ML (June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6481520">"Haemophilus influenzae oral vaccination for preventing acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"</a>. <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2017</b> (6): CD010010. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD010010.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD010010.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6481520">6481520</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28626902">28626902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Haemophilus+influenzae+oral+vaccination+for+preventing+acute+exacerbations+of+chronic+bronchitis+and+chronic+obstructive+pulmonary+disease&rft.volume=2017&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=CD010010&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6481520%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28626902&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD010010.pub3&rft.aulast=Teo&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Lockhart%2C+K&rft.au=Purchuri%2C+SN&rft.au=Pushparajah%2C+J&rft.au=Cripps%2C+AW&rft.au=van+Driel%2C+ML&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6481520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaemophilus+influenzae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02075541">"A Study to Evaluate the Safety, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of GlaxoSmithkline (GSK) Biologicals' Investigational Vaccine GSK2838504A When Administered to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients With Persistent Airflow Obstruction"</a>. ClinicalTrials.gov. 2014-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Study+to+Evaluate+the+Safety%2C+Reactogenicity+and+Immunogenicity+of+GlaxoSmithkline+%28GSK%29+Biologicals%27+Investigational+Vaccine+GSK2838504A+When+Administered+to+Chronic+Obstructive+Pulmonary+Disease+%28COPD%29+Patients+With+Persistent+Airflow+Obstruction&rft.pub=ClinicalTrials.gov&rft.date=2014-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclinicaltrials.gov%2Fct2%2Fshow%2FNCT02075541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaemophilus+influenzae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Haemophilus_influenzae" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Haemophilus influenzae">Haemophilus influenzae</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b/disease-and-epidemiology.html">Hib information</a> on the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) site.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/hi-disease/">Fact sheet</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) site.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905172431/http://hibaction.org/">Hib Initiative</a>—from <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Hygiene_%26_Tropical_Medicine" title="London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine">London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a> & <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090410171209/http://www.worldpneumoniaday.org/">November 2nd: World Pneumonia Day Website</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCenters_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention2012" class="citation book cs1">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170310044843/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/table-of-contents.html">"Ch. 7: Haemophilus influenzae"</a>. In Atkinson W; Wolfe S; Hamborsky J (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/table-of-contents.html"><i>Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases</i></a> (12th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Public Health Foundation. pp. <span class="nowrap">87–</span>100. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/hib.html">the original</a> on 2017-03-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+7%3A+Haemophilus+influenzae&rft.btitle=Epidemiology+and+Prevention+of+Vaccine-Preventable+Diseases&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=Public+Health+Foundation&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fvaccines%2Fpubs%2Fpinkbook%2Fhib.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaemophilus+influenzae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=727">"<i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>"</a>. NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 727.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haemophilus+influenzae&rft.pub=NCBI+Taxonomy+Browser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2FTaxonomy%2FBrowser%2Fwwwtax.cgi%3Fmode%3DInfo%26id%3D727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaemophilus+influenzae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=11698">Type strain of <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> at Bac<i>Dive</i> – the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141979" class="extiw" title="d:Q1141979">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/A49.2">A49.2</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=041.5">041.5</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D006193">D006193</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb5570.htm">5570</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000612.htm">000612</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/search/Haemophilus%20influenzae-overview">search/Haemophilus%20influenzae</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/haemophilus-influenzae">Haemophilus influenzae</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pseudomonadota-associated_Gram-negative_bacterial_infections168" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a>-associated <a href="/wiki/Gram-negative_bacterial_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-negative bacterial infection">Gram-negative bacterial infections</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alphaproteobacteria" title="Alphaproteobacteria">α</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Rickettsiales" title="Rickettsiales">Rickettsiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Rickettsiaceae" title="Rickettsiaceae">Rickettsiaceae</a>/<br />(<a href="/wiki/Rickettsiosis" title="Rickettsiosis">Rickettsioses</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">Typhus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_typhi" title="Rickettsia typhi">Rickettsia typhi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murine_typhus" title="Murine typhus">Murine typhus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_prowazekii" title="Rickettsia prowazekii">Rickettsia prowazekii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic_typhus" title="Epidemic typhus">Epidemic typhus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brill%E2%80%93Zinsser_disease" title="Brill–Zinsser disease">Brill–Zinsser disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flying_squirrel_typhus" title="Flying squirrel typhus">Flying squirrel typhus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Spotted_fever" title="Spotted fever">Spotted<br />fever</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_disease" title="Tick-borne disease">Tick-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_rickettsii" title="Rickettsia rickettsii">Rickettsia rickettsii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_spotted_fever" title="Rocky Mountain spotted fever">Rocky Mountain spotted fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_conorii" title="Rickettsia conorii">Rickettsia conorii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boutonneuse_fever" title="Boutonneuse fever">Boutonneuse fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_japonica" title="Rickettsia japonica">Rickettsia japonica</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_spotted_fever" title="Japanese spotted fever">Japanese spotted fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_sibirica" title="Rickettsia sibirica">Rickettsia sibirica</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Asian_tick_typhus" title="North Asian tick typhus">North Asian tick typhus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_australis" title="Rickettsia australis">Rickettsia australis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_tick_typhus" title="Queensland tick typhus">Queensland tick typhus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_honei" title="Rickettsia honei">Rickettsia honei</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flinders_Island_spotted_fever" title="Flinders Island spotted fever">Flinders Island spotted fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_africae" title="Rickettsia africae">Rickettsia africae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_tick_bite_fever" title="African tick bite fever">African tick bite fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_parkeri" title="Rickettsia parkeri">Rickettsia parkeri</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_tick_bite_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="American tick bite fever">American tick bite fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_aeschlimannii" class="mw-redirect" title="Rickettsia aeschlimannii">Rickettsia aeschlimannii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_aeschlimannii_infection" title="Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection"><i>Rickettsia aeschlimannii</i> infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Mite#Clinical_significance" title="Mite">Mite-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_akari" title="Rickettsia akari">Rickettsia akari</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsialpox" title="Rickettsialpox">Rickettsialpox</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orientia_tsutsugamushi" title="Orientia tsutsugamushi">Orientia tsutsugamushi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrub_typhus" title="Scrub typhus">Scrub typhus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Flea#Fleas_as_a_vector" title="Flea">Flea-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_felis" title="Rickettsia felis">Rickettsia felis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flea-borne_spotted_fever" title="Flea-borne spotted fever">Flea-borne spotted fever</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Anaplasmataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaplasmataceae">Anaplasmataceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ehrlichiosis" title="Ehrlichiosis">Ehrlichiosis</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Anaplasma_phagocytophilum" title="Anaplasma phagocytophilum">Anaplasma phagocytophilum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_granulocytic_anaplasmosis" title="Human granulocytic anaplasmosis">Human granulocytic anaplasmosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anaplasmosis" title="Anaplasmosis">Anaplasmosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ehrlichia_chaffeensis" title="Ehrlichia chaffeensis">Ehrlichia chaffeensis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_monocytotropic_ehrlichiosis" title="Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis">Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ehrlichia_ewingii" title="Ehrlichia ewingii">Ehrlichia ewingii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ehrlichiosis_ewingii_infection" title="Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection">Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Hyphomicrobiales" title="Hyphomicrobiales">Hyphomicrobiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Brucellaceae" title="Brucellaceae">Brucellaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brucella_abortus" title="Brucella abortus">Brucella abortus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">Brucellosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Bartonella" title="Bartonella">Bartonellaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartonellosis" title="Bartonellosis">Bartonellosis</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Bartonella_henselae" title="Bartonella henselae">Bartonella henselae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat-scratch_disease" title="Cat-scratch disease">Cat-scratch disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartonella_quintana" title="Bartonella quintana">Bartonella quintana</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trench_fever" title="Trench fever">Trench fever</a></li></ul></li> <li>Either <i>B. henselae</i> or <i>B. quintana</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacillary_angiomatosis" title="Bacillary angiomatosis">Bacillary angiomatosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartonella_bacilliformis" title="Bartonella bacilliformis">Bartonella bacilliformis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrion%27s_disease" title="Carrion's disease">Carrion's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verruga_peruana" class="mw-redirect" title="Verruga peruana">Verruga peruana</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Betaproteobacteria" title="Betaproteobacteria">β</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Neisseriaceae" title="Neisseriaceae">Neisseriales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">M+</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Neisseria_meningitidis" title="Neisseria meningitidis">Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meningococcal_disease" title="Meningococcal disease">Meningococcal disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterhouse%E2%80%93Friderichsen_syndrome" title="Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome">Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meningococcal_septicaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Meningococcal septicaemia">Meningococcal septicaemia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">M−</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae">Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">Gonorrhea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><span class="nobold"><i>ungrouped:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eikenella_corrodens" title="Eikenella corrodens">Eikenella corrodens</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Kingella_kingae" title="Kingella kingae">Kingella kingae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACEK_organisms" title="HACEK organisms">HACEK</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chromobacterium_violaceum" title="Chromobacterium violaceum">Chromobacterium violaceum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromobacteriosis_infection" title="Chromobacteriosis infection">Chromobacteriosis infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Burkholderiales" title="Burkholderiales">Burkholderiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Burkholderia_pseudomallei" title="Burkholderia pseudomallei">Burkholderia pseudomallei</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melioidosis" title="Melioidosis">Melioidosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burkholderia_mallei" title="Burkholderia mallei">Burkholderia mallei</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glanders" title="Glanders">Glanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burkholderia_cepacia_complex" title="Burkholderia cepacia complex">Burkholderia cepacia complex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bordetella_pertussis" title="Bordetella pertussis">Bordetella pertussis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bordetella_parapertussis" title="Bordetella parapertussis">Bordetella parapertussis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pertussis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertussis">Pertussis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria" title="Gammaproteobacteria">γ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Enterobacteriaceae" title="Enterobacteriaceae">Enterobacteriales</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Oxidase_test#OX−" title="Oxidase test">OX−</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/MacConkey_agar#Lac+" title="MacConkey agar">Lac+</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Klebsiella_pneumoniae" title="Klebsiella pneumoniae">Klebsiella pneumoniae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhinoscleroma" title="Rhinoscleroma">Rhinoscleroma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klebsiella_granulomatis" title="Klebsiella granulomatis">Klebsiella granulomatis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Granuloma_inguinale" title="Granuloma inguinale">Granuloma inguinale</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klebsiella_oxytoca" title="Klebsiella oxytoca">Klebsiella oxytoca</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Enterotoxigenic_Escherichia_coli" title="Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli">Enterotoxigenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroinvasive_Escherichia_coli" title="Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli">Enteroinvasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verotoxin-producing_Escherichia_coli" class="mw-redirect" title="Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli">Enterohemorrhagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O157:H7" title="Escherichia coli O157:H7">O157:H7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O104:H4" title="Escherichia coli O104:H4">O104:H4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemolytic-uremic syndrome">Hemolytic-uremic syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Enterobacter_aerogenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterobacter aerogenes">Enterobacter aerogenes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Enterobacter_cloacae" title="Enterobacter cloacae">Enterobacter cloacae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/MacConkey_agar#Slow" title="MacConkey agar">Slow/weak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Serratia_marcescens" title="Serratia marcescens">Serratia marcescens</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serratia_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Serratia infection"><i>Serratia</i> infection</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Citrobacter_koseri" title="Citrobacter koseri">Citrobacter koseri</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Citrobacter_freundii" title="Citrobacter freundii">Citrobacter freundii</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/MacConkey_agar#Lac−" title="MacConkey agar">Lac−</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_sulfite_agar" title="Bismuth sulfite agar">H2S+</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella_enterica" title="Salmonella enterica">Salmonella enterica</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">Typhoid fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paratyphoid_fever" title="Paratyphoid fever">Paratyphoid fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmonellosis" title="Salmonellosis">Salmonellosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue">H2S−</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shigella_dysenteriae" title="Shigella dysenteriae">Shigella dysenteriae</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shigella_sonnei" title="Shigella sonnei">sonnei</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shigella_flexneri" title="Shigella flexneri">flexneri</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shigella_boydii" title="Shigella boydii">boydii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shigellosis" title="Shigellosis">Shigellosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacillary_dysentery" title="Bacillary dysentery">Bacillary dysentery</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proteus_mirabilis" title="Proteus mirabilis">Proteus mirabilis</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Proteus_vulgaris" title="Proteus vulgaris">Proteus vulgaris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">Plague</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">Bubonic plague</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_enterocolitica" title="Yersinia enterocolitica">Yersinia enterocolitica</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yersiniosis" title="Yersiniosis">Yersiniosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pseudotuberculosis" title="Yersinia pseudotuberculosis">Yersinia pseudotuberculosis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far_East_scarlet-like_fever" title="Far East scarlet-like fever">Far East scarlet-like fever</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Pasteurellaceae" title="Pasteurellaceae">Pasteurellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus" title="Haemophilus">Haemophilus</a>:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">H. influenzae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_meningitis" title="Haemophilus meningitis"><i>Haemophilus</i> meningitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_purpuric_fever" title="Brazilian purpuric fever">Brazilian purpuric fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_ducreyi" title="Haemophilus ducreyi">H. ducreyi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancroid" title="Chancroid">Chancroid</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_parainfluenzae" title="Haemophilus parainfluenzae">H. parainfluenzae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACEK_organisms" title="HACEK organisms">HACEK</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Pasteurella_multocida" title="Pasteurella multocida">Pasteurella multocida</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasteurellosis" title="Pasteurellosis">Pasteurellosis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Actinobacillus" title="Actinobacillus">Actinobacillus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinobacillosis" title="Actinobacillosis">Actinobacillosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Aggregatibacter_actinomycetemcomitans" title="Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans">Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACEK_organisms" title="HACEK organisms">HACEK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Legionellales" title="Legionellales">Legionellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legionella_pneumophila" title="Legionella pneumophila">Legionella pneumophila</a>/<a href="/wiki/Legionella_longbeachae" title="Legionella longbeachae">Legionella longbeachae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_disease" title="Legionnaires' disease">Legionnaires' disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coxiella_burnetii" title="Coxiella burnetii">Coxiella burnetii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q_fever" title="Q fever">Q fever</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Thiotrichales" title="Thiotrichales">Thiotrichales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Francisella_tularensis" title="Francisella tularensis">Francisella tularensis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tularemia" title="Tularemia">Tularemia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Vibrionaceae" title="Vibrionaceae">Vibrionaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">Cholera</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_vulnificus" title="Vibrio vulnificus">Vibrio vulnificus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_parahaemolyticus" title="Vibrio parahaemolyticus">Vibrio parahaemolyticus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_alginolyticus" title="Vibrio alginolyticus">Vibrio alginolyticus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plesiomonas_shigelloides" title="Plesiomonas shigelloides">Plesiomonas shigelloides</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadales" title="Pseudomonadales">Pseudomonadales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa" title="Pseudomonas aeruginosa">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_infection" title="Pseudomonas infection"><i>Pseudomonas</i> infection</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moraxella_catarrhalis" title="Moraxella catarrhalis">Moraxella catarrhalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acinetobacter_baumannii" title="Acinetobacter baumannii">Acinetobacter baumannii</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Xanthomonadaceae" title="Xanthomonadaceae">Xanthomonadaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stenotrophomonas_maltophilia" title="Stenotrophomonas maltophilia">Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Cardiobacteriaceae" title="Cardiobacteriaceae">Cardiobacteriaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cardiobacterium_hominis" title="Cardiobacterium hominis">Cardiobacterium hominis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACEK_organisms" title="HACEK organisms">HACEK</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Aeromonadales" title="Aeromonadales">Aeromonadales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeromonas_hydrophila" title="Aeromonas hydrophila">Aeromonas hydrophila</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aeromonas_veronii" title="Aeromonas veronii">Aeromonas veronii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeromonas_infection" title="Aeromonas infection"><i>Aeromonas</i> infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">ε</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Campylobacterales21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterales" title="Campylobacterales">Campylobacterales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_jejuni" title="Campylobacter jejuni">Campylobacter jejuni</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campylobacteriosis" title="Campylobacteriosis">Campylobacteriosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome" title="Guillain–Barré syndrome">Guillain–Barré syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">Peptic ulcer</a>, <a href="/wiki/MALT_lymphoma" title="MALT lymphoma">MALT lymphoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastric_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric cancer">Gastric cancer</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_cinaedi" title="Helicobacter cinaedi">Helicobacter cinaedi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_cellulitis" title="Helicobacter cellulitis"><i>Helicobacter</i> cellulitis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers2286" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers2286" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Haemophilus influenzae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141979" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q1141979">Q1141979</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Haemophilus influenzae">Haemophilus influenzae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BacDive" title="BacDive">BacDive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bacdive.dsmz.de/strain/11698">11698</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3J95P">3J95P</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/972915">972915</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/HAEPIN">HAEPIN</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3222212">3222212</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11185101">11185101</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=962062">962062</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prokaryotic_names_with_Standing_in_Nomenclature" title="List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature">LPSN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de/species/haemophilus-influenzae">haemophilus-influenzae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=727">727</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/958db191-a3f8-4972-afaa-53870e38c5bf">958db191-a3f8-4972-afaa-53870e38c5bf</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=682806">682806</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1130" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141979#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Haemophilus influenzae"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85060220">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Haemophilus influenzae"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12180666v">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Haemophilus influenzae"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12180666v">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007555643705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&oldid=1277381528">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&oldid=1277381528</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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