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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sewerage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Sewerage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sewerage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Electricity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flood_risk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flood_risk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Flood risk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flood_risk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Backyard_shacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Backyard_shacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Backyard shacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Backyard_shacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gangs_and_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gangs_and_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Gangs and violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gangs_and_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_townships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_townships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Largest townships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_townships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_meaning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_meaning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legal meaning</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_meaning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal meaning subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_meaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_"suburb"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_"suburb""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Relationship with "suburb"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_"suburb"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township" title="Township – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Township" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township" title="Township – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Township" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township" title="Township – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Township" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(S%C3%BCdliches_Afrika)" title="Township (Südliches Afrika) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Township (Südliches Afrika)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(Sud%C3%A1frica)" title="Township (Sudáfrica) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Township (Sudáfrica)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getourbo" title="Getourbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Getourbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township" title="Township – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Township" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(Afrique_du_Sud)" title="Township (Afrique du Sud) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Township (Afrique du Sud)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(Zuid-Afrika)" title="Township (Zuid-Afrika) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Township (Zuid-Afrika)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(S%C3%B8r-Afrika)" title="Township (Sør-Afrika) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Township (Sør-Afrika)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(%C3%81frica_do_Sul)" title="Township (África do Sul) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Township (África do Sul)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(Africa_de_Sud)" title="Township (Africa de Sud) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Township (Africa de Sud)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokishi_(Ningizimu_Afrika)" title="Lokishi (Ningizimu Afrika) – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Lokishi (Ningizimu Afrika)" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(Etel%C3%A4-Afrikka)" title="Township (Etelä-Afrikka) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Township (Etelä-Afrikka)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(Sydafrika)" title="Township (Sydafrika) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Township (Sydafrika)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q519630#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Urban living areas reserved for non-whites in Apartheid South Africa</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Township_(South_Africa)" title="Special:EditPage/Township (South Africa)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Township%22+South+Africa">"Township" South Africa</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Township%22+South+Africa+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Township%22+South+Africa&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Township%22+South+Africa+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Township%22+South+Africa">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Township%22+South+Africa&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa-Hankey-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/South_Africa-Hankey-01.jpg/240px-South_Africa-Hankey-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/South_Africa-Hankey-01.jpg/360px-South_Africa-Hankey-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/South_Africa-Hankey-01.jpg/480px-South_Africa-Hankey-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The town of <a href="/wiki/Hankey" title="Hankey">Hankey</a> (<i>foreground</i>), with accompanying township (<i>background</i>) on the edge of the town.</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Apartheid" title="Category:Apartheid">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DurbanSign1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/DurbanSign1989.jpg/150px-DurbanSign1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/DurbanSign1989.jpg/225px-DurbanSign1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/DurbanSign1989.jpg/300px-DurbanSign1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Events</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:3px;padding-bottom:1px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_general_election,_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="South African general election, 1948">1948 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloured_vote_constitutional_crisis" title="Coloured vote constitutional crisis">Coloured vote constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Treason_Trial" title="1956 Treason Trial">1956 Treason Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre" title="Sharpeville massacre">Sharpeville massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soweto_uprising" title="Soweto uprising">Soweto uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Street,_Pretoria_bombing" title="Church Street, Pretoria bombing">Church Street, Pretoria bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaal_uprising" title="Vaal uprising">Vaal uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sinton_Secondary_School#Trojan_Horse_Incident" title="Alexander Sinton Secondary School">Trojan Horse Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Council_of_Churches#1988_bombing_of_Khotso_House" title="South African Council of Churches">Khotso House bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_peace_march" title="Cape Town peace march">Cape Town peace march</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">CODESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Chris_Hani" title="Assassination of Chris Hani">Assassination of Chris Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_James_Church_massacre" title="Saint James Church massacre">Saint James Church massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">1994 Bophuthatswana crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_House_massacre" title="Shell House massacre">Shell House massacre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Organisations_associated_with_apartheid" title="Category:Organisations associated with apartheid">Organisations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">ANC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Azanian People's Liberation Army">APLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkatha_Freedom_Party" title="Inkatha Freedom Party">IFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">AWB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanke_Bevrydingsbeweging" title="Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging">BBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sash" title="Black Sash">Black Sash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Cooperation_Bureau" title="Civil Cooperation Bureau">CCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of South Africa">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa)">DP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_Conscription_Campaign" title="End Conscription Campaign">ECC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Federation of South African Trade Unions">FOSATU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Party (South Africa)">PP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Reform Party (South Africa)">RP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Federal_Party" title="Progressive Federal Party">PFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herstigte_Nasionale_Party" title="Herstigte Nasionale Party">HNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe">MK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">PAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(South_Africa)" title="United Democratic Front (South Africa)">UDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Broederbond" title="Afrikaner Broederbond">Broederbond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Congress of South African Trade Unions">COSATU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Branch_(South_Africa)" title="Security Branch (South Africa)">Security Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Council_of_Churches" title="South African Council of Churches">SACC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Defence_Force" title="South African Defence Force">SADF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Indian_Congress" title="South African Indian Congress">SAIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Musicians%27_Alliance" title="South African Musicians' Alliance">SAMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Police" title="South African Police">SAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party" title="South African Communist Party">SACP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Security_Council" title="State Security Council">State Security Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Berrang%C3%A9" title="Vernon Berrangé">Vernon Berrangé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._W._Botha" title="P. W. Botha">P. W. Botha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangosuthu_Buthelezi" title="Mangosuthu Buthelezi">Mangosuthu Buthelezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_First" title="Ruth First">Ruth First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bram_Fischer" title="Bram Fischer">Bram Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldreich" title="Arthur Goldreich">Arthur Goldreich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hani" title="Chris Hani">Chris Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_Holomisa" title="Bantu Holomisa">Bantu Holomisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Joffe,_Baron_Joffe" title="Joel Joffe, Baron Joffe">Joel Joffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Kathrada" title="Ahmed Kathrada">Ahmed Kathrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela" title="Winnie Madikizela-Mandela">Winnie Madikizela-Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Maharaj" title="Mac Maharaj">Mac Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Fran%C3%A7ois_Malan" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel François Malan">D. F. Malan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govan_Mbeki" title="Govan Mbeki">Govan Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Mhlaba" title="Raymond Mhlaba">Raymond Mhlaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Benjamin_Moloise" title="Execution of Benjamin Moloise">Benjamin Moloise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertina_Sisulu" title="Albertina Sisulu">Albertina Sisulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gerhardus_Strijdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom">J. G. Strijdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Slovo" title="Joe Slovo">Joe Slovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sobukwe" title="Robert Sobukwe">Robert Sobukwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Suzman" title="Helen Suzman">Helen Suzman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Tambo" title="Adelaide Tambo">Adelaide Tambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Terre%27Blanche" title="Eugène Terre'Blanche">Eugène Terre'Blanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Verwoerd" title="Hendrik Verwoerd">H. F. Verwoerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._J._Vorster" class="mw-redirect" title="B. J. Vorster">B. J. Vorster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Six" title="District Six">District Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_Security_Prison,_Robben_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum Security Prison, Robben Island">Robben Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophiatown" title="Sophiatown">Sophiatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_City,_North_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun City, North 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title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">Internal resistance to apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairos_Document" title="Kairos Document">Kairos Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_movement_against_apartheid" title="Music in the movement against apartheid">Music in the movement against apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_apartheid" title="Nostalgia for apartheid">Nostalgia for apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Coast" title="Project Coast">Project Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_principles" title="Sullivan principles">Sullivan Principles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border:none;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apartheid" title="Template:Apartheid"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apartheid" title="Template talk:Apartheid"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apartheid" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apartheid"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SouthAfricaTownship1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/SouthAfricaTownship1989.jpg/220px-SouthAfricaTownship1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/SouthAfricaTownship1989.jpg/330px-SouthAfricaTownship1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/SouthAfricaTownship1989.jpg/440px-SouthAfricaTownship1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>Children in a township near Cape Town in 1989</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Townshippic1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Townshippic1.jpg/170px-Townshippic1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Townshippic1.jpg/255px-Townshippic1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Townshippic1.jpg/340px-Townshippic1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Children in a township near Cape Town</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, the terms <b><a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">township</a></b> and <b>location</b> usually refers to an <a href="/wiki/Underdevelopment" title="Underdevelopment">under-developed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racially segregated</a> <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban</a> area, from the late 19th century until the end of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>, were reserved for non-whites, namely <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu peoples in South Africa">Black Africans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_African_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Indians">Indians</a>. Townships were usually built on the periphery of towns and cities.<sup id="cite_ref-pettman-298_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pettman-298-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>township</i> also has a distinct <a href="#Legal_meaning">legal meaning</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_African_property_law" title="South African property law">South Africa's system of land title</a>, which carries no racial connotations. </p><p>Townships for non-whites were also called <i>locations</i> or <i>lokasies</i> in <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> and are often still referred to as such in the smaller towns. The slang term "<b>kasie</b> / <b>kasi</b>", a popular short version of "<b>lokasie</b>" is also used. Townships sometimes have large <a href="/wiki/Shanty_town" title="Shanty town">informal settlements</a> nearby. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Township_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_development">Early development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Township_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 1900–1950 (roughly), the majority of the black population in the major urban areas lived in hostels or servants' accommodations, these were provided by employers, and the workers were mostly single men. In the period during and following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, urban areas of South Africa experienced a rapid period of urbanisation as the <a href="/wiki/Colour_Bar_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour Bar Act">colour bar</a> was relaxed due to the war. Neither employers nor the government built new accommodations or homes for the influx of new residents. This led to overcrowding, poor living conditions, thus, contributing to high levels of <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>. High rents and overcrowding led to land invasions and the growth of shack settlements, which were largely ignored by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1950, a large portion of the urban black population lived in townships. In 1950, upwards of 100,000 people were living in townships on the <a href="/wiki/Gauteng#Witwatersrand_area" title="Gauteng">Witwatersrand area</a>; 50,000 people lived in <a href="/wiki/Cato_Manor" title="Cato Manor">Cato Manor</a> in Durban; and an estimated 150,000 black and <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">coloured</a> people lived in townships in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Living conditions in the shack township settlements were poor, but they had some advantage over the other more established options, like hostels, of being cheap and largely unregulated by the apartheid-era <a href="/wiki/South_African_Police" title="South African Police">South African Police</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apartheid:_1948–1994"><span id="Apartheid:_1948.E2.80.931994"></span>Apartheid: 1948–1994</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Township_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Apartheid: 1948–1994"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1950, the <a href="/wiki/Group_Areas_Act" title="Group Areas Act">Group Areas Act</a> was enacted, which empowered the Governor-General to designate land for the sole use of a specific race. Under this law, black people were evicted from properties that were in areas designated as "white only" and forced to move into <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregated</a> townships. Separate townships were established for each of the three designated non-white race groups: black people, <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indians</a> – as per the <a href="/wiki/Population_Registration_Act,_1950" title="Population Registration Act, 1950">Population Registration Act, 1950</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-apartheid">Post-apartheid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Township_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-apartheid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most South African towns and cities have at least one township associated with them. Some old townships have seen rapid development since 1994, with, for instance, wealthy and middle-income areas sprouting in parts of <a href="/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chatsworth,_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Chatsworth, KwaZulu-Natal">Chatsworth</a>. Despite their origins in apartheid South Africa, today the terms township, location, and <a href="/wiki/Shanty_town" title="Shanty town">informal settlement</a> are not used pejoratively. However, policymakers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2022)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> are,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> as in the 1950s, once again using the term '<a href="/wiki/Slums" class="mw-redirect" title="Slums">slums</a>' in a highly pejorative way.<sup id="cite_ref-uctpress.bookslive.co.za_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uctpress.bookslive.co.za-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_issues">Social issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Township_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Social issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Tone plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>tone or style may not reflect the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> See Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Informal settlements that are normally self established around regulated townships are faced with several social problems. Most often, the residents of informal settlements do not own the land on which their houses are built. In effect, these houses are built illegally.<sup id="cite_ref-IPW_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction is informal and unregulated by the government. This results in a lack of access to basic services such as sewerage, electricity, roads, and clean water, which adversely affects the residents' quality of life.<sup id="cite_ref-IPW_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure_problems">Infrastructure problems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Township_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Infrastructure problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sewerage, water, and electrical <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> within townships are often in need of repair, resulting in a lack of <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> due to problems with accessibility and availability. Electricity, water, and sewerage are managed by different government departments, resulting in inefficiencies in the absence of substantial coordination at all stages of the project planning, budgeting, and implementation cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-IPW_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sewerage">Sewerage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Township_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sewerage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khayelitsha_at_N2_road,_Cape_Town_(2015).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Khayelitsha_at_N2_road%2C_Cape_Town_%282015%29.jpg/220px-Khayelitsha_at_N2_road%2C_Cape_Town_%282015%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Khayelitsha_at_N2_road%2C_Cape_Town_%282015%29.jpg/330px-Khayelitsha_at_N2_road%2C_Cape_Town_%282015%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Khayelitsha_at_N2_road%2C_Cape_Town_%282015%29.jpg/440px-Khayelitsha_at_N2_road%2C_Cape_Town_%282015%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4635" data-file-height="3067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khayelitsha" title="Khayelitsha">Khayelitsha</a>, Township along <a href="/wiki/N2_(South_Africa)" title="N2 (South Africa)">N2</a> road near <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> (2015)</figcaption></figure> <p>The sewer systems within townships are poorly planned and constructed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The population of townships typically grows faster than what the infrastructure was planned for, causing overloads that result in blockages, surges, and overflows. There often are only a limited number of public toilets that are overused, abused, and quickly become health hazards for the communities. Another issue is poor access to maintenance activities, which is caused by a lack of space between houses. Some of the areas on the township peripheries or near the riverbanks do not have access to sanitation facilities because they are not connected to the formal waterborne sewerage system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water">Water</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Township_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A consequence of inadequate pumping infrastructure and large populations is that the water pressure in the townships is very low. Each section of the townships normally has one pump per section. The water is used for everything from washing clothes to cooking, drinking, bathing, and cleaning the house. Having limited water accessible to each section makes it very hard to meet the daily water needs per household.<sup id="cite_ref-IPW_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_pump_in_township.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Water_pump_in_township.jpg/220px-Water_pump_in_township.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Water_pump_in_township.jpg/330px-Water_pump_in_township.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Water_pump_in_township.jpg/440px-Water_pump_in_township.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The only water pump in that area of the township</figcaption></figure><p><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electricity">Electricity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Township_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Electricity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Illegal electricity connections are all-pervasive in the townships with electrical wires strung along the trees leading to power boxes. Although dangerous, every house in the area has a wire coming out of it and every wire is known by their owner in order to fix problems as soon as they arise.<sup id="cite_ref-Harber,_Anton_2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harber,_Anton_2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the sub-stations are very unsecured to begin with so having so many additional wires coming from them is very dangerous for the people nearby and the kids playing in the area. The electricity infrastructure has not undergone upgrades because of the government's disinclination to encourage power usage by non-residents.<sup id="cite_ref-IPW_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (December 2012)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:Township_(South_Africa)" title="Talk:Township (South Africa)">disputed</a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electricity_wires.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Electricity_wires.jpg/220px-Electricity_wires.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Electricity_wires.jpg/330px-Electricity_wires.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Electricity_wires.jpg/440px-Electricity_wires.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Electricity wires in a township near Cape</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flood_risk">Flood risk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Township_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Flood risk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some townships, such as <a href="/wiki/Alexandra,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandra, Gauteng">Alexandra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diepsloot" title="Diepsloot">Diepsloot</a>, are built near rivers, and on <a href="/wiki/Flood_plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood plains">flood plains</a>. These areas are extremely dense with only tortuous, narrow access, few communal water points and banks of chemical toilets on the peripheries of the settlements. The settlements are beginning to be built in the old tributaries due to the continuing growth of the townships. Constructing houses in the dried up tributaries is a potential problem in the event of a large storm as the tributary starts to fill up with water again or in case of a backup of sewerage coming into the tributary. The houses built in that area stand the risk of being destroyed by natural occurrences. As the area grows, the tributaries are piped and a number of concrete aprons and gullies are constructed over the tributary into which the communal water points drain. The <a href="/wiki/Gullies" class="mw-redirect" title="Gullies">gullies</a> are then choked with garbage and the tributaries appear to be substantially blocked but this will not hold off the water for very long if a flood comes through.<sup id="cite_ref-IPW_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to overcrowding, residents choose to build on river banks in hopes of easy access to water and laundry facilities, however, the available water is unsuitable for these purposes due to pollution, and they remain vulnerable to floods.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Backyard_shacks">Backyard shacks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Township_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Backyard shacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Backyard shacks are additional units on a plot of land that are rented out by the land owner for additional income. Plots of land designed for single-family houses have been turned into plots, that, on average hold six families instead of one.<sup id="cite_ref-IPW_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These structures are illegally built in violation of planning and building codes and strain the infrastructure. Governments are loath to act on backyard dwellings, as doing so would result in large-scale displacement of people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A 2001 study of the township called Diepsloot near Johannesburg showed that 24% of the residents lived in brick structures, 43% were in shack areas, and 27% were in backyard shacks.<sup id="cite_ref-Harber,_Anton_2011_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harber,_Anton_2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Township_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Africa" title="Education in South Africa">Education in South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:School_children_(Lukhanyo_Primary_School,_Zwelihle_Township_(Hermanus,_South_Africa)_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/School_children_%28Lukhanyo_Primary_School%2C_Zwelihle_Township_%28Hermanus%2C_South_Africa%29_09.jpg/220px-School_children_%28Lukhanyo_Primary_School%2C_Zwelihle_Township_%28Hermanus%2C_South_Africa%29_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/School_children_%28Lukhanyo_Primary_School%2C_Zwelihle_Township_%28Hermanus%2C_South_Africa%29_09.jpg/330px-School_children_%28Lukhanyo_Primary_School%2C_Zwelihle_Township_%28Hermanus%2C_South_Africa%29_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/School_children_%28Lukhanyo_Primary_School%2C_Zwelihle_Township_%28Hermanus%2C_South_Africa%29_09.jpg/440px-School_children_%28Lukhanyo_Primary_School%2C_Zwelihle_Township_%28Hermanus%2C_South_Africa%29_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3324" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Schoolboy at the Lukhanyo Primary School, Zwelihle Township (<a href="/wiki/Hermanus" title="Hermanus">Hermanus</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Township schools are often overcrowded, and lack adequate infrastructure.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There is a high dropout rate among poor youth, particularly around Grade 9.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-ESA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite government interventions, education outcomes remain skewed, with township students continuing to under-perform.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This skewed distribution is mainly attributable to higher and more rapid drop-out rates among the poor, rather than to a lack of initial access to schooling.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formerly white schools uniformly produce better results as their governing bodies are able to raise substantial private funds. These funds are used to get resources that are usually inaccessible for the rural and township schools which survive on the commitment of their teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gangs_and_violence">Gangs and violence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Township_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gangs and violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gangs are a problem in townships and children as young as 12 or 13 get initiated into local gangs. Some see violence and gangs as a way of life and a part of their culture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The weapon of choice for most is a gun and with easy accessibility anyone is able to get one.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is estimated that out of the 14 million guns in circulation, in South Africa, only four million are registered and licensed to legal gun owners.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Largest_townships">Largest townships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Township_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Largest townships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Largest townships in South Africa at the time of the 2011 census: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Township</th> <th>Population</th> <th>Neighbouring city/town </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto</a></td> <td>1,271,628</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Botshabelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Botshabelo">Botshabelo</a></td> <td>900,217</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thembisa" title="Thembisa">Thembisa</a></td> <td>463,109</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kempton_Park,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Kempton Park, Gauteng">Kempton Park</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Katlehong" title="Katlehong">Katlehong</a></td> <td>407,294</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germiston" title="Germiston">Germiston</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Umlazi" title="Umlazi">Umlazi</a></td> <td>404,811</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Soshanguve" title="Soshanguve">Soshanguve</a></td> <td>403,162</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khayelitsha" title="Khayelitsha">Khayelitsha</a></td> <td>391,749</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mamelodi" title="Mamelodi">Mamelodi</a></td> <td>334,577</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mitchells_Plain" title="Mitchells Plain">Mitchells Plain</a></td> <td>310,485</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ibhayi" title="Ibhayi">Ibhayi</a></td> <td>237,799</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Elizabeth">Port Elizabeth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sebokeng" title="Sebokeng">Sebokeng</a></td> <td>218,515</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanderbijlpark" title="Vanderbijlpark">Vanderbijlpark</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mangaung" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangaung">Mangaung</a></td> <td>217,076</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippi,_Western_Cape" title="Philippi, Western Cape">Philippi</a></td> <td>200,603</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town,_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Town, South Africa">Cape Town</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Park" title="Ivory Park">Ivory Park</a></td> <td>184,383</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Midrand" title="Midrand">Midrand</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexandra,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandra, Gauteng">Alexandra</a></td> <td>179,624</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sandton" title="Sandton">Sandton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Phoenix, KwaZulu-Natal">Phoenix</a></td> <td>176,989</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KwaMashu" title="KwaMashu">KwaMashu</a></td> <td>175,663</td> <td>Durban </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vosloorus" title="Vosloorus">Vosloorus</a></td> <td>163,216</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boksburg" title="Boksburg">Boksburg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mdantsane" title="Mdantsane">Mdantsane</a></td> <td>154,576</td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_London,_South_Africa" title="East London, South Africa">East London</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Delft,_Western_Cape" title="Delft, Western Cape">Delft</a></td> <td>152,030</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town,_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Town, South Africa">Cape Town</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Etwatwa" title="Etwatwa">Etwatwa</a></td> <td>151,866</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benoni,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Benoni, Gauteng">Benoni</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Motherwell,_Eastern_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Motherwell, Eastern Cape">Motherwell</a></td> <td>140,351</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Elizabeth">Port Elizabeth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tsakane" title="Tsakane">Tsakane</a></td> <td>135,994</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brakpan" title="Brakpan">Brakpan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thabong" title="Thabong">Thabong</a></td> <td>135,613</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Welkom" title="Welkom">Welkom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Evaton" title="Evaton">Evaton</a></td> <td>132,851</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanderbijlpark" title="Vanderbijlpark">Vanderbijlpark</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daveyton" title="Daveyton">Daveyton</a></td> <td>127,967</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benoni,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Benoni, Gauteng">Benoni</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ntuzuma" title="Ntuzuma">Ntuzuma</a></td> <td>125,394</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Madadeni" title="Madadeni">Madadeni</a></td> <td>119,497</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal">Newcastle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Embalenhle" title="Embalenhle">Embalenhle</a></td> <td>118,889</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Secunda,_Mpumalanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Secunda, Mpumalanga">Secunda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kagiso" title="Kagiso">Kagiso</a></td> <td>115,802</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krugersdorp" title="Krugersdorp">Krugersdorp</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mabopane" title="Mabopane">Mabopane</a></td> <td>110,972</td> <td>Pretoria </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Galeshewe" title="Galeshewe">Galeshewe</a></td> <td>107,920</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kimberley,_Northern_Cape" title="Kimberley, Northern Cape">Kimberley</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KwaNobuhle" title="KwaNobuhle">KwaNobuhle</a></td> <td>107,407</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uitenhage" title="Uitenhage">Uitenhage</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saulsville" title="Saulsville">Saulsville</a></td> <td>105,208</td> <td>City of Tshwane </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jouberton" class="mw-redirect" title="Jouberton">Jouberton</a></td> <td>104,977</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Klerksdorp" title="Klerksdorp">Klerksdorp</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thokoza" title="Thokoza">Thokoza</a></td> <td>105,827</td> <td>Alberton </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KwaThema" title="KwaThema">KwaThema</a></td> <td>99,517</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Springs,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Springs, Gauteng">Springs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guguletu" class="mw-redirect" title="Guguletu">Guguletu</a></td> <td>98,468</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diepsloot" title="Diepsloot">Diepsloot</a></td> <td>95,067</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Midrand" title="Midrand">Midrand</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ga-Rankuwa" title="Ga-Rankuwa">Ga-Rankuwa</a></td> <td>90,945</td> <td>Pretoria </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seshego" title="Seshego">Seshego</a></td> <td>83,863</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polokwane" title="Polokwane">Polokwane</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edendale,_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Edendale, South Africa">Edendale</a></td> <td>79,573</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pietermaritzburg" title="Pietermaritzburg">Pietermaritzburg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Osizweni" title="Osizweni">Osizweni</a></td> <td>77,845</td> <td>Newcastle </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orange_Farm" title="Orange Farm">Orange Farm</a></td> <td>76,767</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hlubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hlubi">Hlubi</a></td> <td>73,931</td> <td>Newcastle </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duduza" title="Duduza">Duduza</a></td> <td>73,295</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nigel,_Gauteng" title="Nigel, Gauteng">Nigel, Gauteng</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mfuleni" title="Mfuleni">Mfuleni</a></td> <td>52,274</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mpumalanga,_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal">Mpumalanga</a></td> <td>62,406</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinetown" title="Pinetown">Pinetown</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Matsulu" title="Matsulu">Matsulu</a></td> <td>47,306</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mbombela" title="Mbombela">Mbombela</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thembalethu" title="Thembalethu">Thembalethu</a></td> <td>43,103</td> <td><a href="/wiki/George,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="George, Western Cape">George</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahwelereng" title="Mahwelereng">Mahwelereng</a></td> <td>41,072</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mokopane" title="Mokopane">Mokopane</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sharpeville" title="Sharpeville">Sharpeville</a></td> <td>37,599</td> <td>Vereeniging </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Housebuilding_Projekt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Construction of a house in the former township Dukathole (near Aliwal North)"><img alt="Construction of a house in the former township Dukathole (near Aliwal North)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Housebuilding_Projekt.jpg/120px-Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Housebuilding_Projekt.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Housebuilding_Projekt.jpg/180px-Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Housebuilding_Projekt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Housebuilding_Projekt.jpg/240px-Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Housebuilding_Projekt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Construction of a house in the former township <a href="/wiki/Dukathole" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukathole">Dukathole</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Aliwal_North" title="Aliwal North">Aliwal North</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Shack.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A bigger shack made of corrugated iron within Dukathole"><img alt="A bigger shack made of corrugated iron within Dukathole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Shack.jpg/120px-Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Shack.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Shack.jpg/180px-Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Shack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Shack.jpg/240px-Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Shack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1528" data-file-height="1016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A bigger shack made of corrugated iron within <a href="/wiki/Dukathole" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukathole">Dukathole</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Street_Shop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Little shop on the main street of Dukathole"><img alt="Little shop on the main street of Dukathole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Street_Shop.jpg/120px-Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Street_Shop.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Street_Shop.jpg/180px-Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Street_Shop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Street_Shop.jpg/240px-Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Street_Shop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Little shop on the main street of <a href="/wiki/Dukathole" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukathole">Dukathole</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Street_scene.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dukathole - Street scene"><img alt="Dukathole - Street scene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Street_scene.jpg/120px-Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Street_scene.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Street_scene.jpg/180px-Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Street_scene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Street_scene.jpg/240px-Aliwal_North_-_Dukatole_-_03.05_-_Street_scene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dukathole" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukathole">Dukathole</a> - Street scene</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_meaning">Legal meaning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Township_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legal meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Erf_(law)" title="Erf (law)">Erf (law)</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_African_property_law" title="South African property law">South African property law</a></div> <p>The legal meaning of the term "township" in South Africa differs from the popular usage and has a precise legal meaning<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without any racial connotations. The term is used in <a href="/wiki/Title_deed" class="mw-redirect" title="Title deed">land titles</a> and townships are subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Erf_(law)" title="Erf (law)">erfs</a> (stands).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Township" can also mean a designated area or district, as part of a place name. For instance "Industrial Township" has been used in reference to an industrial area, e.g. "Westmead Industrial Township", in <a href="/wiki/Pinetown" title="Pinetown">Pinetown</a>, South Africa. </p><p>Often a township (in the legal sense) is established and then the adjoining townships, with the same name as the original township, and with a numbered "Extension" suffix are later established.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For example, the Johannesburg suburb of <a href="/wiki/Bryanston,_Gauteng" title="Bryanston, Gauteng">Bryanston</a> has an extension called <i>Bryanston Extension 3</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_"suburb""><span id="Relationship_with_.22suburb.22"></span>Relationship with "suburb"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Township_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Relationship with "suburb""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In traditionally or historically white areas, the term "suburb" is used for legally-defined residential townships in everyday conversation. </p><p>A suburb's boundaries are often regarded as being the same as the (legal) township boundaries, along with its numbered extensions, and it usually shares its name with the township (with some notable exceptions, such as the Johannesburg suburb known as <a href="/wiki/Rivonia,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivonia, Gauteng">Rivonia</a>, which is actually the township of <a href="/wiki/Edenburg,_Gauteng" title="Edenburg, Gauteng">Edenburg</a> with numbered extensions called Rivonia Extensions). </p><p>Occasionally, formerly independent towns, such as <a href="/wiki/Sandton" title="Sandton">Sandton</a> (which itself consists of numerous suburbs), are referred to as "suburbs".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Township_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_African_townships" title="HIV/AIDS in South African townships">HIV/AIDS in South African townships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">Ghetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Township_tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Township tourism">Township tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Location" title="Old Location">Old Location</a>, a township of <a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katutura" title="Katutura">Katutura</a>, a township of <a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsotsitaal_and_Camtho" title="Tsotsitaal and Camtho">Tsotsitaal and Camtho</a>, South African <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> dialect mainly spoken in townships</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Township_(South_Africa)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pettman-298-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pettman-298_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPettman1913" class="citation book cs1">Pettman, Charles (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924026563795#page/n319/mode/2up"><i>Africanderisms; a glossary of South African colloquial words and phrases and of place and other names</i></a>. Longmans, Green and Co. p. 298.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africanderisms%3B+a+glossary+of+South+African+colloquial+words+and+phrases+and+of+place+and+other+names&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Co.&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Pettman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924026563795%23page%2Fn319%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATownship+%28South+Africa%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/Bond%20Townships.pdf"><i>International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 406.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+the+Social+Sciences&rft.pages=406&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccs.ukzn.ac.za%2Ffiles%2FBond%2520Townships.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATownship+%28South+Africa%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeekingsNattrass2005" class="citation web cs1">Seekings, Jeremy; Nattrass, Nicoli (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/professor_jeremy_seekings_nicoli_nattrass_classbookos.org_.pdf">"Class, Race, and Inequality in South Africa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>sahistory.org.za</i>. Yale University Press. p. 63<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sahistory.org.za&rft.atitle=Class%2C+Race%2C+and+Inequality+in+South+Africa&rft.pages=63&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Seekings&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Nattrass%2C+Nicoli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffile%2520uploads%2520%2Fprofessor_jeremy_seekings_nicoli_nattrass_classbookos.org_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATownship+%28South+Africa%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uctpress.bookslive.co.za-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uctpress.bookslive.co.za_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huchzermeyer, M., (2011).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uctpress.bookslive.co.za/blog/2011/10/19/marie-huchzermeyer-studies-informal-settlement-eradication-in-cities-with-slums/"><i>Cities with ‘Slums’: From Informal Settlement Eradication to a Right To The City In Africa</i></a> University of Cape Town Press, Cape Town</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPW-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IPW_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPW_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPW_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPW_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPW_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPW_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPW_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Interactive Planning Workshop for Johannesburg. Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council. Johannesburg, South Africa. 27–30 September 2000. Web. 8 October 2011. <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/upgrading/case-examples/overview-africa/alexandra-township.html">http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/upgrading/case-examples/overview-africa/alexandra-township.html</a>></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harber,_Anton_2011-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harber,_Anton_2011_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harber,_Anton_2011_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Harber" title="Anton Harber">Harber, Anton</a>. Diepsloot. Jeppestown: Jonathan Ball Publishers LTD, 2011. 2011. 1-226. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESA-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ESA_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617125606/http://www.southafrica.info/about/education/education.htm">"Education in South Africa"</a>. SouthAfrica.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southafrica.info/about/education/education.htm">the original</a> on 17 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Education+in+South+Africa&rft.pub=SouthAfrica.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southafrica.info%2Fabout%2Feducation%2Feducation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATownship+%28South+Africa%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Motloung, Hloni. "Township and Rural Schools continue to be marginalized as inequality in the education system persists commented Graeme Bloch, Education Specialist, Development Bank of Southern Africa at the Knowledge Week". Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDempster2002" class="citation news cs1">Dempster, Carolyn (10 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1919382.stm">"Guns, gangs and culture of violence"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Guns%2C+gangs+and+culture+of+violence&rft.date=2002-04-10&rft.aulast=Dempster&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F1919382.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATownship+%28South+Africa%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirkett2003" class="citation web cs1">Birkett, Richard (August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181222081957/http://www.lawsoc.co.za/webs/surveyorgeneral/survey_system_sa/survey_system_sa.doc">"The Survey System in South Africa"</a>. KZNLS Information Services. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawsoc.co.za/webs/surveyorgeneral/survey_system_sa/survey_system_sa.doc">the original</a> on 22 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2022</span>. <q>page 3: In an urban area, the basic unit of land is an erf. And page 5: A general plan is registered as a "township" in the Deeds Office and in he case of Durban. Hence the trend now is to frame diagrams for townships that should really be depicted on general plans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Survey+System+in+South+Africa&rft.pub=KZNLS+Information+Services&rft.date=2003-08&rft.aulast=Birkett&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawsoc.co.za%2Fwebs%2Fsurveyorgeneral%2Fsurvey_system_sa%2Fsurvey_system_sa.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATownship+%28South+Africa%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629042342/http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=70824">"Archived copy"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.za%2Fview%2FDownloadFileAction%3Fid%3D70824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATownship+%28South+Africa%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lts.co.za/projectcycle.html">"project management - tenure of land - development - community - south africa"</a>. <i>lts.co.za</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lts.co.za&rft.atitle=project+management+-+tenure+of+land+-+development+-+community+-+south+africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lts.co.za%2Fprojectcycle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATownship+%28South+Africa%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120725214522/http://www.looklocal.co.za/looklocal/content/en/randburg/randburg-news-municipal?oid=4471466&sn=Detail&pid=217564&Alien-spotted-in--Bryanston-Extension-3">"Alien spotted in Bryanston Extension 3 - Municipal | looklocal Randburg"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.looklocal.co.za/looklocal/content/en/randburg/randburg-news-municipal?oid=4471466&sn=Detail&pid=217564&Alien-spotted-in--Bryanston-Extension-3">the original</a> on 25 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alien+spotted+in+Bryanston+Extension+3+-+Municipal+%26%23124%3B+looklocal+Randburg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.looklocal.co.za%2Flooklocal%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Frandburg%2Frandburg-news-municipal%3Foid%3D4471466%26sn%3DDetail%26pid%3D217564%26Alien-spotted-in--Bryanston-Extension-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATownship+%28South+Africa%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111123155611/http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6606&catid=135&Itemid=192">"Title deeds handed over in Alex | Alexandra"</a>. 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