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Between 22 September 1942 and 19 October 1942, he killed 40 enemy soldiers.<ref name="bioru">{{cite web|title=Medal "For Courage" award list, page 62.|url=https://pamyat-naroda.ru/heroes/podvig-chelovek_nagrazhdenie11880658/|website=Pamyat Naroda|language=ru}}</ref> Between 10 October 1942 and 17 December 1942, during the [[Battle of Stalingrad]], he killed 225 enemy soldiers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hero of the Soviet Union award list|url=https://pamyat-naroda.ru/heroes/podvig-chelovek_nagrazhdenie150011664/|website=Pamyat Naroda|language=ru}}</ref> Zaitsev became a celebrated figure during the war and later a [[Hero of the Soviet Union]], and he remains lauded for his skills as a sniper. His life and military career have been the subject of several books and films: his exploits, as detailed in William Craig's 1973 book ''[[Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for Stalingrad]]'', served as the story for the 2001 film ''[[Enemy at the Gates]]'', with [[Jude Law]] portraying Zaitsev. He is also featured in [[David L. Robbins (Virginia writer)|David L. Robbins]]'s 1999 historical novel ''[[War of the Rats]]''. ==Early life== Zaitsev was born in [[Yeleninskoye]], [[Orenburg Governorate]] in a [[Russians|Russian]] peasant family and grew up in the [[Ural Mountains]], where he learned marksmanship by hunting deer and wolves with his grandfather and older brother.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=481 |title=Vasily Zaitsev|website= Warheroes.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1006205.stm|title = Hollywood recycles Soviet tale|date = 9 November 2000}}</ref> He brought home his first trophy at the age of 12, a wolf that he killed with a single bullet from his first personal gun (given to him by his grandfather), a single-shot 20-gauge shotgun. In 1930, Zaitsev graduated from construction college in the city of [[Magnitogorsk]], where he received the speciality of fitter. He also studied accounting. From 1937, Zaitsev served in the Pacific Fleet, where he was clerk of the artillery department. After studying at military school, he was appointed head of the finance department of the Pacific Fleet in Transfiguration Bay. ==Military career== [[File:Снайпер Герой Советского Союза Василий Зайцев объясняет новичкам предстоящую задачу. Сталинград. Декабрь 1942 г.jpg|thumb|Zaitsev, left, in Stalingrad, December 1942]] [[File:The exhibits of the Battle of Stalingrad museum-panorama 003.jpg|thumb|Zaitsev's sniper rifle, a [[7.62×54mmR]] [[Mosin–Nagant|Mosin]] Model {{not a typo|1891/30}} [[sniper rifle]] with a [[PU scope|PU]] [[Magnification|3.5×]] [[sniper scope]]. a on display at the [[Volgograd]]'s Stalingrad Panorama Museum.]] Zaitsev was serving in the [[Soviet Navy]] as a clerk in [[Vladivostok]] when Germany invaded the Soviet Union in [[Operation Barbarossa]]. Like many of his comrades, he volunteered for transfer to the front line. He had attained the rank of chief petty officer in the Navy and was assigned the rank of senior warrant officer upon transfer to the army. He was assigned to the 1047th Rifle Regiment of the [[284th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)|284th "Tomsk" Rifle Division]], which became part of the [[62nd Army (Soviet Union)|62nd Army]] at [[Stalingrad]] on 17 September 1942.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sharp, Charles C. Sharp|title=Red Swarm|work= Soviet Rifle Divisions Formed From 1942 to 1945, Soviet Order of Battle World War II|volume= X|date= 1996|page= 108}}</ref> Zaitsev's accuracy with a rifle led to him becoming a sniper. Zaitsev would conceal himself in various locations, for example on high ground, under rubble, or in water pipes. After a few kills, he would change his position or relocate. Together with his partner, Nikolai Kulikov, Zaitsev perfected his hide and sting tactics. One method was to cover a large area from three positions, with two men at each point – a sniper and a scout. This tactic, known as the "sixes", is still in use today by Russian forces and was implemented during the [[Chechen–Russian conflict#Post-Soviet era|Chechen wars]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://sofrep.com/news/legendary-stalingrad-sniper-vasily-zaytsev-still-teaches-russian-snipers/ |title= Legendary Stalingrad Sniper Vasily Zaytsev Still Teaches Russian Snipers |last= Balestrieri |first= Steve |date= 26 July 2021 |website= Sofrep Military Grade Content |publisher= Sofrep Media Group |access-date= 25 January 2022 |quote=}}</ref> Zaitsev fought at the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] until January 1943, when a [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]] attack injured his eyes. Some conflicting stories state it was a landmine, but the doctor who treated Zaitsev and eventually restored his eyesight was ophthalmologist [[Vladimir Filatov]], founder of the [[Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy]] in [[Odessa]], and a pioneer in [[corneal transplantation]]. Had Zaitsev been injured by a landmine, an ophthalmologist would not have treated him.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} According to Soviet sources, before his injury he had killed 225 people in the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] alone. On 22 February 1943, Zaitsev was awarded the title [[Hero of the Soviet Union]]. Zaitsev recruited and trained other marksmen during his service in Stalingrad.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zaitsev |first=Vassili |title=Notes of a Russian Sniper |date=March 3, 2017 |publisher=Frontline Books |isbn=978-1-84832-565-4 |location=5206 S harper Ave, Chicago, IL}}</ref> He returned to the [[Front line|front]], and finished the war at the [[Battle of the Seelow Heights]] in Germany, with the military rank of [[captain (land)|captain]]. He became a member of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]] in 1943. ==Civilian life== After the war, Zaitsev settled in [[Kyiv|Kiev]] (now Kyiv), where he studied at a textile university before obtaining employment as an engineer. He rose to become the director of a textile factory, where he remained until his death on 15 December 1991 in Kiev, at the age of 76, just 11 days before the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]]. He was buried in Kiev, although he wished to be buried in the Stalingrad land that he had defended.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pravda.ru/news/society/31-01-2006/75220-zaitsev-0/ |title=Василий Зайцев будет похоронен на сталинградской земле |accessdate=2015-04-21 |date=2006-10-31 |newspaper=[[Pravda]]|archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305014817/http://www.pravda.ru/news/society/31-01-2006/75220-zaitsev-0/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==2006 commemoration== [[File:Grave of zaitsev.jpg|thumb|Zaitsev's grave at [[Mamayev Kurgan]] in [[Volgograd]]]] On 31 January 2006, Vasily Zaitsev was reburied with full [[military honors]] at the Stalingrad memorial at [[Mamayev Kurgan]] in [[Volgograd]], Russia.<ref name="bioru" /> ==In popular culture== ===Film=== A feature-length film, ''[[Enemy at the Gates]]'' (2001), starring [[Jude Law]] as Zaitsev, was based on part of [[William Craig (author)|William Craig]]'s book ''[[Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for Stalingrad]]'' (1973), which includes a "snipers' duel" between Zaitsev and a [[Wehrmacht]] sniper school director, Major [[Erwin König]]. Zaitsev indicates in his own memoirs that a three-day duel did indeed occur and that the sniper he killed was the head of a sniper school near [[Berlin]]; however, historian Sir [[Antony Beevor]] states that the [[Ministry of Defence (Russia)|Russian Ministry of Defence]] archives contradict this and that the duel had been created by the Soviet propaganda.<ref>{{cite news |last=Beevor |first=Antony |author-link=Anthony Beevor |date=29 May 2018 |title=Antony Beevor: the greatest war movie ever – and the ones I can't bear |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/may/29/antony-beevor-the-greatest-war-movie-ever-and-the-ones-i-cant-bear |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref> Russian researcher Oleg Kaminsky suggests that the duel could have been between Zaitsev and the German corporal Hermann Stoff of the [[295th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|295th Infantry Division]], who was responsible for 103 killed Red Army soldiers and commanders and who died in Stalingrad at this time.<ref>[https://proza.ru/2017/03/16/1222 Website], original quote: "Средствами массовой информации была растиражирована версия, что в снайперском поединке он победил то ли майора Эрвина Кёнигса, то ли штандартенфюрера СС Гейнца Торвальда, начальника школы снайперов в Цоссене. Однако всё это досужие выдумки падких на сенсации журналистов, хотя бы потому, что офицеры такого высокого ранга никогда не занимались снайперской охотой. Зато с большой долей вероятности можно предположить, что сраженным Зайцевым снайпером был ефрейтор Герман Штоф из 295-й немецкой пехотной дивизии, на счету которого были 103 убитых красноармейца и командира Красной Армии и, который погиб в Сталинграде примерно в это время…"</ref> ===Literature=== [[David L. Robbins (Virginia writer)|David L. Robbins]]'s historical novel ''[[War of the Rats]]'' (1991) includes a sniper duel in Stalingrad, but between Zaitsev and a German adversary named Colonel Heinz Thorvald, identified in the author's introduction as an actual combatant.<ref>{{cite book|author=Robbins, David L.|title=[[War of the Rats]]|date=1999|publisher=Bantam}}</ref> Ramón Rosanas wrote a comic about the conflict between Zaitsev and König.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20130819/ramon-rosanas-lleva-comic-famoso-francotirador-ruso-vasili-zaitsev/739060.shtml |title=Ramón Rosanas lleva al cómic al famoso francotirador ruso Vasili Záitsev |date=19 August 2013 |access-date=26 January 2019 |first=Jesús |last=Jiménez |work=[[Corporación de Radio y Televisión Española]] |language=es}}</ref> ==Awards and honors== * [[Hero of the Soviet Union]] * Four [[Order of Lenin|Orders of Lenin]] * Two [[Order of the Red Banner|Orders of the Red Banner]] * [[Order of the Patriotic War]] 1st Class * [[Medal "For Courage" (Russia)|Medal "For Courage"]] * Honorary Citizen of the Hero City of [[Volgograd]] (Stalingrad){{when|date=September 2023}} * World's Best Sniper of All Time (Moskva) ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{cite book |title=Notes of a Sniper |first=Vassili |last=Zaitsev |editor-first=Neil |editor-last=Okrent |translator-first1=David |translator-last1=Givens |translator-first2=Peter |translator-last2=Kornakov |translator-first3=Konstatin |translator-last3=Kornakov |date=2003 |edition=1st English translation |orig-date=1956: Original Russian edition |publisher=2826 Press Inc. |location=Los Angeles |isbn=0-615-12148-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/notesofsnipervas0000zait/mode/2up}} *Beevor, Antony (1998). ''Stalingrad''. London: Penguin Books Ltd. {{ISBN|978-0-14-100131-9}}. *Robbins, David L. (2000). ''War of the Rats''. New York: Bantam Books. {{ISBN|978-0-553-58135-5}}. *''The Reader's Digest Illustrated History of World War II'' (1989). London: Reader's Digest Association Limited. {{ISBN|978-0-89577-333-3}} ==External links== {{commons category|Vasily Zaytsev}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Battle of Stalingrad |People}} {{WWIISniper}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zaitsev, Vasily Grigoryevich}} [[Category:1915 births]] [[Category:1991 deaths]] [[Category:Battle of Stalingrad]] [[Category:Communist Party of the Soviet Union members]] [[Category:Heroes of the Soviet Union]] [[Category:People from Chelyabinsk Oblast]] [[Category:People from Verkhneuralsky Uyezd]] [[Category:Recipients of the Order of Lenin]] [[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner]] [[Category:Recipients of the Medal "For Courage" (Russia)]] [[Category:Russian people of World War II]] [[Category:Sniper warfare]] [[Category:Soviet military personnel of World War II]] [[Category:Soviet military snipers]] [[Category:Soviet Navy personnel]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages 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