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37.5rem){.ssrcss-17vmgpw-PrimaryListContainer{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;background-color:#B80000;margin:0;}.ssrcss-17vmgpw-PrimaryListContainer .e14xdrat1 .eis6szr3:not(:last-of-type) .eis6szr2 .eis6szr1{border-right-style:solid;border-right-width:0.0625rem;border-right-color:#DB7F7F;}}.ssrcss-19rkgf0-ToggleContainer{position:absolute;right:0.5rem;top:0.25rem;border:0.0625rem solid;border-color:#DB7F7F;border-bottom-color:#DB7F7F;background-color:#B80000;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-19rkgf0-ToggleContainer{top:0.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-19rkgf0-ToggleContainer{display:none;}}.ssrcss-19rkgf0-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:active,.ssrcss-19rkgf0-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:focus{color:#3F3F42;background-color:#FFFFFF;}@media (hover: hover){.ssrcss-19rkgf0-ToggleContainer 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>*:not([hidden]):not(style)~*:not([hidden]):not(style){margin-top:1rem;}.ssrcss-gcq6xq-StyledHeading{font-family:ReithSerif,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:500;font-feature-settings:'';font-size:2rem;line-height:1.125;margin:0;color:#3F3F42;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-gcq6xq-StyledHeading{font-size:2.75rem;line-height:1.0909090909090908;}}.ssrcss-gcq6xq-StyledHeading:focus{outline-style:none;}.ssrcss-gcq6xq-StyledHeading:focus-visible{outline-style:auto;}.ssrcss-vzegzu-MetadataStrip{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'';font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;margin-top:-0.25rem;color:#696969;}.ssrcss-8d0yke-MetadataStripItem{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;margin-top:0.25rem;max-width:calc(100% - 1em);}.ssrcss-8d0yke-MetadataStripItem::after{content:'';display:inline-block;height:1.25em;border-left:#BABABA 1px solid;margin:0 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class="ssrcss-18mgjmu-HeadingWrapper e1nh2i2l5"><h1 tabindex="-1" id="main-heading" class="ssrcss-gcq6xq-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10">China's hypersonic missile: Could it spark a new arms race?</h1><div><dl class="ssrcss-vzegzu-MetadataStrip e1ojgjhb2"><div class="ssrcss-8d0yke-MetadataStripItem e1ojgjhb1"><dt class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Published</dt><dd class="ssrcss-m5j4pi-MetadataContent e1ojgjhb0"><span class="ssrcss-8g95ls-MetadataSnippet ecn1o5v2"><time data-testid="timestamp" datetime="2021-10-23T23:17:47.000Z"><span data-testid="time-and-date:clock" class="ssrcss-1cyelkp-IconContainer ecn1o5v0"><svg viewbox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e6m7o991" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M16 31c8.5 0 15-6.5 15-15S24.5 1 16 1 1 7.5 1 16s6.5 15 15 15zm0-2.7C9 28.3 3.7 23 3.7 16S9 3.7 16 3.7C23 3.7 28.3 9 28.3 16S23 28.3 16 28.3zm6.2-6.7l1-1.5-5.7-4.5-.6-8.6H15l-.7 10.5 7.9 4.1z"></path></svg></span>3 days 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class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-4lxdld-Placeholder e16icw910"><span><noscript><img alt="China's hypersonic glide vehicles featured in a 2019 Beijing parade" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/14850/production/_121184048_china_976getty.jpg 240w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/14850/production/_121184048_china_976getty.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/14850/production/_121184048_china_976getty.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/14850/production/_121184048_china_976getty.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/14850/production/_121184048_china_976getty.jpg 800w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/14850/production/_121184048_china_976getty.jpg 976w" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/14850/production/_121184048_china_976getty.jpg" width="976" height="650" loading="lazy" class="ssrcss-1drmwog-Image ee0ct7c0"/></noscript></span></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-1ecljvk-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Image source, </span>Getty Images</span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-1rnnz6t-StyledFigureCaption e34k3c22"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Image caption, </span>China's hypersonic glide vehicles featured in a 2019 Beijing parade</figcaption></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00"><b class="ssrcss-hmf8ql-BoldText e5tfeyi3">The news that China had tested a new nuclear-capable hypersonic missile was described by some as a game-changer that stunned US officials. So how big a deal is this, asks Jonathan Marcus of the Strategy and Security Institute, University of Exeter.</b></p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Twice in the summer, the Chinese military launched a rocket into space that circled the globe before speeding towards its target.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">On the first occasion, it missed its target by about 24 miles (40 km), according to people briefed on the intelligence <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628/https://www.ft.com/content/ba0a3cde-719b-4040-93cb-a486e1f843fb" class="ssrcss-9nsdc6-InlineLink e1no5rhv0">speaking to the Financial Times</a>, which broke the story.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">While some US politicians and commentators were alarmed at China's apparent progress, Beijing was quick to deny the report, insisting that this was in fact the test of a re-usable spacecraft. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">China's denial is "an act of obfuscation" says Jeffrey Lewis, director of the East Asia Non-Proliferation Program at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey, California, because the story has been confirmed by US officials speaking to other media.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">And he finds the claim that China tested an orbital bombardment system [FOB] both "technically plausible and strategically reasonable for Beijing".</p></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-18mjolk-ComponentWrapper e1xue1i89"><figure class="ssrcss-17obw6s-StyledFigure e34k3c23"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-18syo2x-Placeholder e16icw910"><span><noscript><img alt="Presentational grey line" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/13E83/production/_103693518_086b2036-0a30-4a6f-a4a0-94c46832b58f.jpg 240w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/13E83/production/_103693518_086b2036-0a30-4a6f-a4a0-94c46832b58f.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/13E83/production/_103693518_086b2036-0a30-4a6f-a4a0-94c46832b58f.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/13E83/production/_103693518_086b2036-0a30-4a6f-a4a0-94c46832b58f.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/13E83/production/_103693518_086b2036-0a30-4a6f-a4a0-94c46832b58f.jpg 800w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/13E83/production/_103693518_086b2036-0a30-4a6f-a4a0-94c46832b58f.jpg 976w" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/640/cpsprodpb/13E83/production/_103693518_086b2036-0a30-4a6f-a4a0-94c46832b58f.jpg" width="640" height="2" loading="lazy" class="ssrcss-1drmwog-Image ee0ct7c0"/></noscript></span></span></div></figure></div><div data-component="crosshead-block" class="ssrcss-mysbf6-ComponentWrapper-CrossheadComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><h2 class="ssrcss-1nmw0uu-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10">What are ICBMs and FOBS?</h2></div><div data-component="unordered-list-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><div class="ssrcss-1pzprxn-BulletListContainer e5tfeyi0"><ul role="list"><li>An ICBM is a long-range missile that leaves the earth's atmosphere before re-entry, pursuing a parabolic trajectory towards its target</li></ul></div></div></div><div data-component="unordered-list-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><div class="ssrcss-1pzprxn-BulletListContainer e5tfeyi0"><ul role="list"><li>A Fractional Orbital Bombardment System sends missiles through a partial orbit around the earth to strike targets from an unexpected direction</li></ul></div></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-18mjolk-ComponentWrapper e1xue1i89"><figure class="ssrcss-17obw6s-StyledFigure e34k3c23"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-18syo2x-Placeholder e16icw910"><span><noscript><img alt="Presentational grey line" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/13E83/production/_103693518_086b2036-0a30-4a6f-a4a0-94c46832b58f.jpg 240w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/13E83/production/_103693518_086b2036-0a30-4a6f-a4a0-94c46832b58f.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/13E83/production/_103693518_086b2036-0a30-4a6f-a4a0-94c46832b58f.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/13E83/production/_103693518_086b2036-0a30-4a6f-a4a0-94c46832b58f.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/13E83/production/_103693518_086b2036-0a30-4a6f-a4a0-94c46832b58f.jpg 800w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/13E83/production/_103693518_086b2036-0a30-4a6f-a4a0-94c46832b58f.jpg 976w" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/640/cpsprodpb/13E83/production/_103693518_086b2036-0a30-4a6f-a4a0-94c46832b58f.jpg" width="640" height="2" loading="lazy" class="ssrcss-1drmwog-Image ee0ct7c0"/></noscript></span></span></div></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Both the FT story and the Chinese denial could be right, says Aaron Stein, director of research at the Foreign Policy Institute in Philadelphia. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">"A reusable space plane is a hypersonic glider. It just lands. A FOB system delivered via some sort of glider would do much of the same thing as a reusable space plane, so I think the actual differences between the two stories is marginal." </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Indeed over recent months a number of senior US officials have hinted at this kind of Chinese development.</p></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-18mjolk-ComponentWrapper e1xue1i89"><figure class="ssrcss-17obw6s-StyledFigure e34k3c23"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-u0wxv4-Placeholder e16icw910"><span><noscript><img alt="Diagram showing arc of ICBM v hypersonic" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/13901/production/_121192108_china_hypersonic_missile640-2x-nc.png 240w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/13901/production/_121192108_china_hypersonic_missile640-2x-nc.png 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/13901/production/_121192108_china_hypersonic_missile640-2x-nc.png 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/13901/production/_121192108_china_hypersonic_missile640-2x-nc.png 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/13901/production/_121192108_china_hypersonic_missile640-2x-nc.png 800w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/13901/production/_121192108_china_hypersonic_missile640-2x-nc.png 976w" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/cpsprodpb/13901/production/_121192108_china_hypersonic_missile640-2x-nc.png" width="1024" height="1225.6" loading="lazy" class="ssrcss-1drmwog-Image ee0ct7c0"/></noscript></span></span></div></figure></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-18mjolk-ComponentWrapper e1xue1i89"><figure class="ssrcss-17obw6s-StyledFigure e34k3c23"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-1ix1qms-Placeholder e16icw910"><span><noscript><img alt="Presentational white space" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/604B/production/_97415642_007_in_numbers_624.png 240w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/604B/production/_97415642_007_in_numbers_624.png 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/604B/production/_97415642_007_in_numbers_624.png 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/604B/production/_97415642_007_in_numbers_624.png 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/604B/production/_97415642_007_in_numbers_624.png 800w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/604B/production/_97415642_007_in_numbers_624.png 976w" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/604B/production/_97415642_007_in_numbers_624.png" width="624" height="1" loading="lazy" class="ssrcss-1drmwog-Image ee0ct7c0"/></noscript></span></span></div></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">FOB systems are not by any means new. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">The idea was pursued by the Soviet Union during the Cold War and is now seemingly being revived by China. The idea is for a weapon that enters a partial orbit around the earth to strike targets from an unexpected direction. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">What China appears to have done is to combine the FOBS technology with a hypersonic glider - they glide along the outer edge of the atmosphere avoiding radar and missile defences - into a new system. But why?</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">"Beijing fears that the United States will use a combination of modernised nuclear forces and missile defences to take away their nuclear deterrent," says Mr Lewis. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">"If the US were to strike Beijing first, which we publicly retain the option of doing, the missile defence system in Alaska might be able to handle the small number of China's nuclear weapons that survive."</p></div></div><div data-component="unordered-list-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><div class="ssrcss-1pzprxn-BulletListContainer e5tfeyi0"><ul role="list"><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-57157476" class="ssrcss-9nsdc6-InlineLink e1no5rhv0">'My dad was treated like a nuclear guinea pig'</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-56124183" class="ssrcss-9nsdc6-InlineLink e1no5rhv0">How US nuclear missiles found a base in Scotland</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">All the major nuclear players are developing hypersonic systems but view them differently, says Aaron Stein. And these differing points of view, he argues, feed into the other sides' paranoia, fuelling the arms race.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Both Beijing and Moscow view hypersonics as a means to ensure the defeat of missile defences, he believes. But in contrast, the US plans to use them to strike so-called hard targets like things that support nuclear command and control, using conventional or non-nuclear warheads.</p></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-18mjolk-ComponentWrapper e1xue1i89"><figure class="ssrcss-17obw6s-StyledFigure e34k3c23"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-4lxdld-Placeholder e16icw910"><span><noscript><img alt="A display of Russia's Avangard hypersonic boost-glide weapon" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/D320/production/_121184045_russia_getty976.jpg 240w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/D320/production/_121184045_russia_getty976.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/D320/production/_121184045_russia_getty976.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/D320/production/_121184045_russia_getty976.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/D320/production/_121184045_russia_getty976.jpg 800w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/D320/production/_121184045_russia_getty976.jpg 976w" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/D320/production/_121184045_russia_getty976.jpg" width="976" height="650" loading="lazy" class="ssrcss-1drmwog-Image ee0ct7c0"/></noscript></span></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-1ecljvk-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Image source, </span>TASS</span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-1rnnz6t-StyledFigureCaption e34k3c22"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Image caption, </span>Russia's Avangard hypersonic boost-glide weapon</figcaption></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Some advocates of rapid US nuclear modernisation have seen the recent Chinese tests as "a Sputnik moment" a reference to the surprise and alarm registered in the US at the Soviet Union's first orbital satellite in the late 1950s. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">But some experts would disagree and don't believe this test by China creates a new threat. James Acton of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace says the US has been vulnerable to nuclear attack by China since at least the 1980s. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">But he thinks intensive Chinese, Russian and North Korean programmes to defeat US missile defences should prompt the US to reconsider whether treaties that impose limits on such defences are, after all, in the US interest.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Mr Lewis stresses that the important thing now is for the US to draw the right conclusions. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">"I fear this is much more like 9/11 where in the aftermath of the surprise and reeling from a mix of fear and vulnerability, we embarked on a series of disastrous foreign policy decisions that made us far less safe. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">"In fact, one of the things that we did was to withdraw from the Anti-Ballistic Missile or ABM Treaty, which is far more responsible for China's development of this system than anything else."</p></div></div><div data-component="media-block" class="ssrcss-18mjolk-ComponentWrapper e1xue1i89"><figure class="ssrcss-17obw6s-StyledFigure e34k3c23"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><div class="ssrcss-dtyrnv-MediaPlayerWrapper e1h75hkw3"><div class="ssrcss-aqb7dr-Container e1h75hkw2"><div data-testid="bbc-logo-wrapper" class="ssrcss-1d84lqw-LogoIconWrapper e1h75hkw0"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 210.69 60" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e6m7o991" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M36.76 33.87c-2.21-.78-3.78-.78-7.12-.78h-5.18v11.79H30c4.28 0 5.61-.25 7.37-1a5.58 5.58 0 002.47-2 4.86 4.86 0 00.85-2.55 5.11 5.11 0 00-.87-3.33 6.31 6.31 0 00-3.06-2.13zM35.25 24.36a5.28 5.28 0 001.51-4.23c-.06-2.62-1.6-5-7.63-5h-4.67v11.21h3.37c3.56 0 6.01-.62 7.42-1.98z"></path><path d="M0 0v60h63.76V0zm46.69 45.76a11.33 11.33 0 01-5.3 4.24 22.16 22.16 0 01-8.89 1.64H16.72V8.41h12.21a22.73 22.73 0 019 1.44 11.34 11.34 0 014.94 4 9.73 9.73 0 011.8 5.93c0 4.09-1.77 6.94-5.51 8.86a13.9 13.9 0 016.74 3.92 10.42 10.42 0 012.71 7.32 10.86 10.86 0 01-1.92 5.88zM110.22 33.87c-2.21-.78-3.78-.78-7.12-.78h-5.17v11.79h5.5c4.28 0 5.62-.25 7.37-1a5.53 5.53 0 002.47-2 4.69 4.69 0 00.85-2.55 5 5 0 00-.84-3.35 6.22 6.22 0 00-3.06-2.11zM108.71 24.36a5.24 5.24 0 001.51-4.23c-.06-2.62-1.59-5-7.62-5h-4.67v11.21h3.37c3.56 0 6.01-.62 7.41-1.98z"></path><path d="M73.46 0v60h63.76V0zm46.69 45.76a11.35 11.35 0 01-5.29 4.24 22.16 22.16 0 01-8.86 1.63H90.19V8.41h12.21a22.73 22.73 0 019 1.44 11.31 11.31 0 014.93 4 9.67 9.67 0 011.8 5.93c.06 4.09-1.76 6.94-5.51 8.86a13.86 13.86 0 016.74 3.92 10.38 10.38 0 012.71 7.32 10.78 10.78 0 01-1.92 5.88zM146.93 0v60h63.76V0zM198 48.24a36.9 36.9 0 01-8.07 3 38.19 38.19 0 01-8.6.93 28.11 28.11 0 01-12.73-2.8 22.06 22.06 0 01-8.73-7.84 20.39 20.39 0 01-3.35-11.13 21.92 21.92 0 013.4-11.71 23 23 0 019-8A28.39 28.39 0 01182 7.86a35.63 35.63 0 017.52 1 58.32 58.32 0 018 2.65v8A40.05 40.05 0 00189.8 16a28.65 28.65 0 00-7.39-1.28 19.92 19.92 0 00-9 1.7 15.8 15.8 0 00-6.57 5.51 14.64 14.64 0 006.46 21.71 21.75 21.75 0 009.09 1.65 26.09 26.09 0 007.1-1.2 34.81 34.81 0 008.5-4z"></path></svg></div></div><noscript><div class="ssrcss-rjl2v3-ErrorMessage eitf6461"><div class="ssrcss-mufbiz-StyledInnerContainer eitf6460"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">This video can not be played</p><h2 class="ssrcss-1qr3f1s-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10">To play this video you need to enable JavaScript in your browser.</h2></div></div></noscript></div></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-1rnnz6t-StyledFigureCaption e34k3c22"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Media caption, </span>Nuclear weapons: Explained in numbers</figcaption></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">America's potential adversaries are all seeking to modernise and upgrade their nuclear weaponry. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">China's arsenal, though, is still dwarfed by that of the United States. But concerns about US missile defences and conventional precision long-range strike systems are all pushing it to develop a larger and more diverse nuclear arsenal.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">North Korea too is seeking to modernise and refine its nuclear capability, not least, as Ankit Panda of the Carnegie Endowment notes, to secure added leverage in future diplomacy. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">"For a few years now," he says, "they've demanded to be treated by the United States as an equal and see the development of ever-more-advanced nuclear and missile capabilities as one way to earn that respect."</p></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-18mjolk-ComponentWrapper e1xue1i89"><figure class="ssrcss-17obw6s-StyledFigure e34k3c23"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-mg5n8g-Placeholder e16icw910"><span><noscript><img alt="Putin and his defence chiefs watch a hypersonic missile launch via video link in 2018" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/4A7C/production/_121186091_putin_976getty.jpg 240w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/4A7C/production/_121186091_putin_976getty.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/4A7C/production/_121186091_putin_976getty.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/4A7C/production/_121186091_putin_976getty.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/4A7C/production/_121186091_putin_976getty.jpg 800w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/4A7C/production/_121186091_putin_976getty.jpg 976w" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/4A7C/production/_121186091_putin_976getty.jpg" width="976" height="652" loading="lazy" class="ssrcss-1drmwog-Image ee0ct7c0"/></noscript></span></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-1ecljvk-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Image source, </span>Getty Images</span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-1rnnz6t-StyledFigureCaption e34k3c22"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Image caption, </span>Putin and his defence chiefs watch a hypersonic missile launch via video link</figcaption></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">It all contributes to a growing nuclear headache for the Biden administration. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">The collapse of much of the existing fabric of arms control agreements inherited from the Cold War does not help. Neither do the growing tensions with both Moscow and Beijing.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">In Ankit Panda's view, the single most meaningful thing the United States could do to stem and slow the ongoing arms race is to discuss limitations on strategic missile defences, as it did during the Cold War. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">"Putting missile defence on the table"' he says, "would allow Washington to extract meaningful concessions from Russia and China. It would additionally dissuade each from pursuing costly, convoluted, and dangerous means to deliver nuclear weapons."</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00"><i class="ssrcss-xbdn93-ItalicText e5tfeyi2">Jonathan Marcus is honorary professor at the Strategy and Security Institute, University of Exeter, UK</i></p></div></div><section data-component="tag-list" class="ssrcss-2z3pjz-SectionWrapper e1nh2i2l2"><div class="ssrcss-1ydmugk-StyledTagContainer ed0g1kj1"><div class="ssrcss-4c4zzp-SectionHeaderWrapper e1nh2i2l3"><h2 class="ssrcss-18xk9km-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10">Related Topics</h2></div><div class="ssrcss-i7uuy0-Cluster e1ihwmse1"><ul role="list" spacing="2" class="ssrcss-d7aixc-ClusterItems e1ihwmse0"><li><a href="/web/20211027095628/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/topics/cd39m6424jwt" class="ssrcss-1yno9a1-StyledLink 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update</span></span></span></p></span></a></div></div></div></div></li></ul></div></aside></div></div></div><div></div><div></div></main><footer id="footer-content" data-testid="footer-content" class="ssrcss-1so9cru-FooterSection eustbbg0"><div><nav aria-label="BBC News Services" class="ssrcss-h6te6b-ServiceBar env7qt33"><div class="ssrcss-1ocoo3l-Wrap e42f8511"><div class="ssrcss-1a6riyw-ServiceBarTitle env7qt34"><h2 class="ssrcss-121h027-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10">BBC News Services</h2></div><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-1lx08fz-ServiceLinkList env7qt31"><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10628994" class="ssrcss-kf2wvi-StyledLink env7qt32"><span class="ssrcss-fjeiuk-StyledIconContainer env7qt30"><svg viewbox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e6m7o991" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M7.7 29.2c0 1.2.7 1.9 1.9 1.9h12.9c1.2 0 1.9-.7 1.9-1.9V2.8c0-1.2-.7-1.9-1.9-1.9H9.6c-1.2.1-1.9.7-1.9 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32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e6m7o991" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M26.9 16c0-3.9-1.5-7.4-3.9-10.1l-1.8 1.8c2 2.2 3.2 5.1 3.2 8.3s-1.2 6.1-3.2 8.3l1.8 1.8c2.4-2.7 3.9-6.2 3.9-10.1zm2.6 0c0 4.6-1.8 8.8-4.7 11.9l1.8 1.8C29.9 26.1 32 21.3 32 16S29.9 5.9 26.5 2.3l-1.8 1.8c3 3.1 4.8 7.3 4.8 11.9zm-23 3.9V12H1.2c-.7 0-1.2.5-1.2 1.2v5.4c0 .7.5 1.2 1.2 1.2h5.3zM.3 15.1l2.4 1.4 11.9-7v13L3.5 16.1l-2.4 1.4L17 26.7V5.3L.3 15.1z"></path></svg></span><p class="ssrcss-6arcww-PromoHeadline e1f5wbog4"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Ghouls just want to have fun! Audio</span><span aria-hidden="true">Ghouls just want to have fun!</span></p></span></a></div><div spacing="4" class="ssrcss-1tha3dg-Stack e1y4nx260"><div><dl class="ssrcss-a9p4w5-MetadataStrip e1ojgjhb2"><div class="ssrcss-1oqhpru-MetadataStripItem e1ojgjhb1"><dt class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Attribution</dt><dd class="ssrcss-m5j4pi-MetadataContent e1ojgjhb0"><span class="ssrcss-8g95ls-MetadataSnippet ecn1o5v2">BBC Sounds</span></dd></div></dl></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-z60stg-PromoImageContainer ehnfhlg4"><div class="ssrcss-17h6w1t-PromoImageContainerInner ehnfhlg2"><div aria-hidden="true" class="ssrcss-1wsf921-PageTypeWrapper ehnfhlg0"><span class="ssrcss-1g2d4su-Container e3knq6c7"><span class="ssrcss-pyt26q-StyledIconContainer-MediumIconContainer e3knq6c1"><svg viewbox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e6m7o991" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M26.9 16c0-3.9-1.5-7.4-3.9-10.1l-1.8 1.8c2 2.2 3.2 5.1 3.2 8.3s-1.2 6.1-3.2 8.3l1.8 1.8c2.4-2.7 3.9-6.2 3.9-10.1zm2.6 0c0 4.6-1.8 8.8-4.7 11.9l1.8 1.8C29.9 26.1 32 21.3 32 16S29.9 5.9 26.5 2.3l-1.8 1.8c3 3.1 4.8 7.3 4.8 11.9zm-23 3.9V12H1.2c-.7 0-1.2.5-1.2 1.2v5.4c0 .7.5 1.2 1.2 1.2h5.3zM.3 15.1l2.4 1.4 11.9-7v13L3.5 16.1l-2.4 1.4L17 26.7V5.3L.3 15.1z"></path></svg></span></span></div><div class="ssrcss-fec6qv-ImageWrapper ehnfhlg3"><span class="ssrcss-19fwdgz-Placeholder e16icw910"><span><noscript><img alt="" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p0b0c3ss.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p0b0c3ss.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800xn/p0b0c3ss.jpg 800w" sizes="(max-width: 399px) 320px, (max-width: 599px) 480px, (max-width: 899px) 800px, 480px" width="240" height="135" loading="lazy" class="ssrcss-1drmwog-Image ee0ct7c0"/></noscript></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="ssrcss-7f38ye-GELGridCell eezbm9e0"><div type="audio" class="ssrcss-psxhdh-Promo ett16tt0"><div class="ssrcss-1ibj4yt-PromoPortrait-PromoSwitchLayoutAtBreakpoints e3z3r3u0"><div class="ssrcss-1gi6l8c-PromoContent e1f5wbog7"><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1cbga70-Stack e1y4nx260"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p09zr55s#xtor=CS8-1000-[Discovery_Cards]-[Multi_Site]-[GR01]-[PS_SOUNDS~N~~P_ComedyOfTheWeekGeoffNorcott]" class="ssrcss-lm9icl-PromoLink e1f5wbog0"><span role="text"><span class="ssrcss-1i5ua56-PageTypeIconContainer e1f5wbog5"><svg viewbox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e6m7o991" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M26.9 16c0-3.9-1.5-7.4-3.9-10.1l-1.8 1.8c2 2.2 3.2 5.1 3.2 8.3s-1.2 6.1-3.2 8.3l1.8 1.8c2.4-2.7 3.9-6.2 3.9-10.1zm2.6 0c0 4.6-1.8 8.8-4.7 11.9l1.8 1.8C29.9 26.1 32 21.3 32 16S29.9 5.9 26.5 2.3l-1.8 1.8c3 3.1 4.8 7.3 4.8 11.9zm-23 3.9V12H1.2c-.7 0-1.2.5-1.2 1.2v5.4c0 .7.5 1.2 1.2 1.2h5.3zM.3 15.1l2.4 1.4 11.9-7v13L3.5 16.1l-2.4 1.4L17 26.7V5.3L.3 15.1z"></path></svg></span><p class="ssrcss-6arcww-PromoHeadline e1f5wbog4"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Do we all get offended too easily now? Audio</span><span aria-hidden="true">Do we all get offended too easily now?</span></p></span></a></div><div spacing="4" class="ssrcss-1tha3dg-Stack e1y4nx260"><div><dl class="ssrcss-a9p4w5-MetadataStrip e1ojgjhb2"><div class="ssrcss-1oqhpru-MetadataStripItem e1ojgjhb1"><dt class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Attribution</dt><dd class="ssrcss-m5j4pi-MetadataContent e1ojgjhb0"><span class="ssrcss-8g95ls-MetadataSnippet ecn1o5v2">BBC Sounds</span></dd></div></dl></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-z60stg-PromoImageContainer ehnfhlg4"><div class="ssrcss-17h6w1t-PromoImageContainerInner ehnfhlg2"><div aria-hidden="true" class="ssrcss-1wsf921-PageTypeWrapper ehnfhlg0"><span class="ssrcss-1g2d4su-Container e3knq6c7"><span class="ssrcss-pyt26q-StyledIconContainer-MediumIconContainer e3knq6c1"><svg viewbox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e6m7o991" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M26.9 16c0-3.9-1.5-7.4-3.9-10.1l-1.8 1.8c2 2.2 3.2 5.1 3.2 8.3s-1.2 6.1-3.2 8.3l1.8 1.8c2.4-2.7 3.9-6.2 3.9-10.1zm2.6 0c0 4.6-1.8 8.8-4.7 11.9l1.8 1.8C29.9 26.1 32 21.3 32 16S29.9 5.9 26.5 2.3l-1.8 1.8c3 3.1 4.8 7.3 4.8 11.9zm-23 3.9V12H1.2c-.7 0-1.2.5-1.2 1.2v5.4c0 .7.5 1.2 1.2 1.2h5.3zM.3 15.1l2.4 1.4 11.9-7v13L3.5 16.1l-2.4 1.4L17 26.7V5.3L.3 15.1z"></path></svg></span></span></div><div class="ssrcss-fec6qv-ImageWrapper ehnfhlg3"><span class="ssrcss-19fwdgz-Placeholder e16icw910"><span><noscript><img alt="" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p066wfsg.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p066wfsg.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800xn/p066wfsg.jpg 800w" sizes="(max-width: 399px) 320px, (max-width: 599px) 480px, (max-width: 899px) 800px, 480px" width="240" height="135" loading="lazy" class="ssrcss-1drmwog-Image ee0ct7c0"/></noscript></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="ssrcss-7f38ye-GELGridCell eezbm9e0"><div type="audio" class="ssrcss-psxhdh-Promo ett16tt0"><div class="ssrcss-1ibj4yt-PromoPortrait-PromoSwitchLayoutAtBreakpoints e3z3r3u0"><div class="ssrcss-1gi6l8c-PromoContent e1f5wbog7"><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1cbga70-Stack e1y4nx260"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m0010wp9#xtor=CS8-1000-[Discovery_Cards]-[Multi_Site]-[GR01]-[PS_SOUNDS~N~~P_Uncanny]" class="ssrcss-lm9icl-PromoLink e1f5wbog0"><span role="text"><span class="ssrcss-1i5ua56-PageTypeIconContainer e1f5wbog5"><svg viewbox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e6m7o991" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M26.9 16c0-3.9-1.5-7.4-3.9-10.1l-1.8 1.8c2 2.2 3.2 5.1 3.2 8.3s-1.2 6.1-3.2 8.3l1.8 1.8c2.4-2.7 3.9-6.2 3.9-10.1zm2.6 0c0 4.6-1.8 8.8-4.7 11.9l1.8 1.8C29.9 26.1 32 21.3 32 16S29.9 5.9 26.5 2.3l-1.8 1.8c3 3.1 4.8 7.3 4.8 11.9zm-23 3.9V12H1.2c-.7 0-1.2.5-1.2 1.2v5.4c0 .7.5 1.2 1.2 1.2h5.3zM.3 15.1l2.4 1.4 11.9-7v13L3.5 16.1l-2.4 1.4L17 26.7V5.3L.3 15.1z"></path></svg></span><p class="ssrcss-6arcww-PromoHeadline e1f5wbog4"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">A student bedroom of pure evil?! Audio</span><span aria-hidden="true">A student bedroom of pure evil?!</span></p></span></a></div><div spacing="4" class="ssrcss-1tha3dg-Stack e1y4nx260"><div><dl class="ssrcss-a9p4w5-MetadataStrip e1ojgjhb2"><div class="ssrcss-1oqhpru-MetadataStripItem e1ojgjhb1"><dt class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Attribution</dt><dd class="ssrcss-m5j4pi-MetadataContent e1ojgjhb0"><span class="ssrcss-8g95ls-MetadataSnippet ecn1o5v2">BBC Sounds</span></dd></div></dl></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-z60stg-PromoImageContainer ehnfhlg4"><div class="ssrcss-17h6w1t-PromoImageContainerInner ehnfhlg2"><div aria-hidden="true" class="ssrcss-1wsf921-PageTypeWrapper ehnfhlg0"><span class="ssrcss-1g2d4su-Container e3knq6c7"><span class="ssrcss-pyt26q-StyledIconContainer-MediumIconContainer e3knq6c1"><svg viewbox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e6m7o991" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M26.9 16c0-3.9-1.5-7.4-3.9-10.1l-1.8 1.8c2 2.2 3.2 5.1 3.2 8.3s-1.2 6.1-3.2 8.3l1.8 1.8c2.4-2.7 3.9-6.2 3.9-10.1zm2.6 0c0 4.6-1.8 8.8-4.7 11.9l1.8 1.8C29.9 26.1 32 21.3 32 16S29.9 5.9 26.5 2.3l-1.8 1.8c3 3.1 4.8 7.3 4.8 11.9zm-23 3.9V12H1.2c-.7 0-1.2.5-1.2 1.2v5.4c0 .7.5 1.2 1.2 1.2h5.3zM.3 15.1l2.4 1.4 11.9-7v13L3.5 16.1l-2.4 1.4L17 26.7V5.3L.3 15.1z"></path></svg></span></span></div><div class="ssrcss-fec6qv-ImageWrapper ehnfhlg3"><span class="ssrcss-19fwdgz-Placeholder e16icw910"><span><noscript><img alt="" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p06mr018.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p06mr018.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800xn/p06mr018.jpg 800w" sizes="(max-width: 399px) 320px, (max-width: 599px) 480px, (max-width: 899px) 800px, 480px" width="240" height="135" loading="lazy" class="ssrcss-1drmwog-Image ee0ct7c0"/></noscript></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="ssrcss-7f38ye-GELGridCell eezbm9e0"><div type="audio" class="ssrcss-psxhdh-Promo ett16tt0"><div class="ssrcss-1ibj4yt-PromoPortrait-PromoSwitchLayoutAtBreakpoints e3z3r3u0"><div class="ssrcss-1gi6l8c-PromoContent e1f5wbog7"><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1cbga70-Stack e1y4nx260"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m0010gvd#xtor=CS8-1000-[Discovery_Cards]-[Multi_Site]-[GR01]-[PS_SOUNDS~N~~P_PressedOverstayYourWelcome]" class="ssrcss-lm9icl-PromoLink e1f5wbog0"><span role="text"><span class="ssrcss-1i5ua56-PageTypeIconContainer e1f5wbog5"><svg viewbox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e6m7o991" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M26.9 16c0-3.9-1.5-7.4-3.9-10.1l-1.8 1.8c2 2.2 3.2 5.1 3.2 8.3s-1.2 6.1-3.2 8.3l1.8 1.8c2.4-2.7 3.9-6.2 3.9-10.1zm2.6 0c0 4.6-1.8 8.8-4.7 11.9l1.8 1.8C29.9 26.1 32 21.3 32 16S29.9 5.9 26.5 2.3l-1.8 1.8c3 3.1 4.8 7.3 4.8 11.9zm-23 3.9V12H1.2c-.7 0-1.2.5-1.2 1.2v5.4c0 .7.5 1.2 1.2 1.2h5.3zM.3 15.1l2.4 1.4 11.9-7v13L3.5 16.1l-2.4 1.4L17 26.7V5.3L.3 15.1z"></path></svg></span><p class="ssrcss-6arcww-PromoHeadline e1f5wbog4"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">The annoyance of panic buyers! Audio</span><span aria-hidden="true">The annoyance of panic buyers!</span></p></span></a></div><div spacing="4" class="ssrcss-1tha3dg-Stack e1y4nx260"><div><dl class="ssrcss-a9p4w5-MetadataStrip e1ojgjhb2"><div class="ssrcss-1oqhpru-MetadataStripItem e1ojgjhb1"><dt class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Attribution</dt><dd class="ssrcss-m5j4pi-MetadataContent e1ojgjhb0"><span class="ssrcss-8g95ls-MetadataSnippet ecn1o5v2">BBC Sounds</span></dd></div></dl></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-z60stg-PromoImageContainer ehnfhlg4"><div class="ssrcss-17h6w1t-PromoImageContainerInner ehnfhlg2"><div aria-hidden="true" class="ssrcss-1wsf921-PageTypeWrapper ehnfhlg0"><span class="ssrcss-1g2d4su-Container e3knq6c7"><span class="ssrcss-pyt26q-StyledIconContainer-MediumIconContainer e3knq6c1"><svg viewbox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e6m7o991" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M26.9 16c0-3.9-1.5-7.4-3.9-10.1l-1.8 1.8c2 2.2 3.2 5.1 3.2 8.3s-1.2 6.1-3.2 8.3l1.8 1.8c2.4-2.7 3.9-6.2 3.9-10.1zm2.6 0c0 4.6-1.8 8.8-4.7 11.9l1.8 1.8C29.9 26.1 32 21.3 32 16S29.9 5.9 26.5 2.3l-1.8 1.8c3 3.1 4.8 7.3 4.8 11.9zm-23 3.9V12H1.2c-.7 0-1.2.5-1.2 1.2v5.4c0 .7.5 1.2 1.2 1.2h5.3zM.3 15.1l2.4 1.4 11.9-7v13L3.5 16.1l-2.4 1.4L17 26.7V5.3L.3 15.1z"></path></svg></span></span></div><div class="ssrcss-fec6qv-ImageWrapper ehnfhlg3"><span class="ssrcss-19fwdgz-Placeholder e16icw910"><span><noscript><img alt="" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p09xp1bn.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p09xp1bn.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027095628im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800xn/p09xp1bn.jpg 800w" sizes="(max-width: 399px) 320px, (max-width: 599px) 480px, (max-width: 899px) 800px, 480px" width="240" height="135" loading="lazy" class="ssrcss-1drmwog-Image 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news that China had tested a new nuclear-capable hypersonic missile was described by some as a game-changer that stunned US officials. So how big a deal is this, asks Jonathan Marcus of the Strategy and Security Institute, University of Exeter.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The news that China had tested a new nuclear-capable hypersonic missile was described by some as a game-changer that stunned US officials. 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briefed on the intelligence \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"speaking to the Financial Times\",\"locator\":\"https://www.ft.com/content/ba0a3cde-719b-4040-93cb-a486e1f843fb\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"speaking to the Financial Times\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", which broke the story.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"While some US politicians and commentators were alarmed at China's apparent progress, Beijing was quick to deny the report, insisting that this was in fact the test of a re-usable spacecraft. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"While some US politicians and commentators were alarmed at China's apparent progress, Beijing was quick to deny the report, insisting that this was in fact the test of a re-usable spacecraft. 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Beijing\\\".\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"And he finds the claim that China tested an orbital bombardment system [FOB] both \\\"technically plausible and strategically reasonable for Beijing\\\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Presentational grey line\",\"copyright\":null,\"height\":2,\"width\":640,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/640/cpsprodpb/13E83/production/_103693518_086b2036-0a30-4a6f-a4a0-94c46832b58f.jpg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/13E83/production/_103693518_086b2036-0a30-4a6f-a4a0-94c46832b58f.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/13E83/production/_103693518_086b2036-0a30-4a6f-a4a0-94c46832b58f.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/13E83/production/_103693518_086b2036-0a30-4a6f-a4a0-94c46832b58f.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/13E83/production/_103693518_086b2036-0a30-4a6f-a4a0-94c46832b58f.jpg 624w, 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976w\"}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Both the FT story and the Chinese denial could be right, says Aaron Stein, director of research at the Foreign Policy Institute in Philadelphia. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Both the FT story and the Chinese denial could be right, says Aaron Stein, director of research at the Foreign Policy Institute in Philadelphia. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"A reusable space plane is a hypersonic glider. It just lands. A FOB system delivered via some sort of glider would do much of the same thing as a reusable space plane, so I think the actual differences between the two stories is marginal.\\\" \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"A reusable space plane is a hypersonic glider. It just lands. A FOB system delivered via some sort of glider would do much of the same thing as a reusable space plane, so I think the actual differences between the two stories is marginal.\\\" \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Indeed over recent months a number of senior US officials have hinted at this kind of Chinese development.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Indeed over recent months a number of senior US officials have hinted at this kind of Chinese development.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Diagram showing arc of ICBM v hypersonic\",\"copyright\":null,\"height\":1225.6,\"width\":1024,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/cpsprodpb/13901/production/_121192108_china_hypersonic_missile640-2x-nc.png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/13901/production/_121192108_china_hypersonic_missile640-2x-nc.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/13901/production/_121192108_china_hypersonic_missile640-2x-nc.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/13901/production/_121192108_china_hypersonic_missile640-2x-nc.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/13901/production/_121192108_china_hypersonic_missile640-2x-nc.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/13901/production/_121192108_china_hypersonic_missile640-2x-nc.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/13901/production/_121192108_china_hypersonic_missile640-2x-nc.png 976w\"}}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Presentational white space\",\"copyright\":null,\"height\":1,\"width\":624,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/604B/production/_97415642_007_in_numbers_624.png\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/604B/production/_97415642_007_in_numbers_624.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/604B/production/_97415642_007_in_numbers_624.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/604B/production/_97415642_007_in_numbers_624.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/604B/production/_97415642_007_in_numbers_624.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/604B/production/_97415642_007_in_numbers_624.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/604B/production/_97415642_007_in_numbers_624.png 976w\"}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"FOB systems are not by any means new. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"FOB systems are not by any means new. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The idea was pursued by the Soviet Union during the Cold War and is now seemingly being revived by China. The idea is for a weapon that enters a partial orbit around the earth to strike targets from an unexpected direction. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The idea was pursued by the Soviet Union during the Cold War and is now seemingly being revived by China. The idea is for a weapon that enters a partial orbit around the earth to strike targets from an unexpected direction. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"What China appears to have done is to combine the FOBS technology with a hypersonic glider - they glide along the outer edge of the atmosphere avoiding radar and missile defences - into a new system. But why?\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"What China appears to have done is to combine the FOBS technology with a hypersonic glider - they glide along the outer edge of the atmosphere avoiding radar and missile defences - into a new system. But why?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Beijing fears that the United States will use a combination of modernised nuclear forces and missile defences to take away their nuclear deterrent,\\\" says Mr Lewis. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Beijing fears that the United States will use a combination of modernised nuclear forces and missile defences to take away their nuclear deterrent,\\\" says Mr Lewis. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"If the US were to strike Beijing first, which we publicly retain the option of doing, the missile defence system in Alaska might be able to handle the small number of China's nuclear weapons that survive.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"If the US were to strike Beijing first, which we publicly retain the option of doing, the missile defence system in Alaska might be able to handle the small number of China's nuclear weapons that survive.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"unorderedList\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"'My dad was treated like a nuclear guinea pig'\",\"locator\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-57157476\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"'My dad was treated like a nuclear guinea pig'\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"How US nuclear missiles found a base in Scotland\",\"locator\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-56124183\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"How US nuclear missiles found a base in Scotland\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"All the major nuclear players are developing hypersonic systems but view them differently, says Aaron Stein. And these differing points of view, he argues, feed into the other sides' paranoia, fuelling the arms race.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"All the major nuclear players are developing hypersonic systems but view them differently, says Aaron Stein. And these differing points of view, he argues, feed into the other sides' paranoia, fuelling the arms race.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Both Beijing and Moscow view hypersonics as a means to ensure the defeat of missile defences, he believes. But in contrast, the US plans to use them to strike so-called hard targets like things that support nuclear command and control, using conventional or non-nuclear warheads.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Both Beijing and Moscow view hypersonics as a means to ensure the defeat of missile defences, he believes. But in contrast, the US plans to use them to strike so-called hard targets like things that support nuclear command and control, using conventional or non-nuclear warheads.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"caption\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Russia's Avangard hypersonic boost-glide weapon\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},\"image\":{\"alt\":\"A display of Russia's Avangard hypersonic boost-glide weapon\",\"copyright\":\"TASS\",\"height\":650,\"width\":976,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/D320/production/_121184045_russia_getty976.jpg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/D320/production/_121184045_russia_getty976.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/D320/production/_121184045_russia_getty976.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/D320/production/_121184045_russia_getty976.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/D320/production/_121184045_russia_getty976.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/D320/production/_121184045_russia_getty976.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/D320/production/_121184045_russia_getty976.jpg 976w\"}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Some advocates of rapid US nuclear modernisation have seen the recent Chinese tests as \\\"a Sputnik moment\\\" a reference to the surprise and alarm registered in the US at the Soviet Union's first orbital satellite in the late 1950s. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Some advocates of rapid US nuclear modernisation have seen the recent Chinese tests as \\\"a Sputnik moment\\\" a reference to the surprise and alarm registered in the US at the Soviet Union's first orbital satellite in the late 1950s. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But some experts would disagree and don't believe this test by China creates a new threat. James Acton of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace says the US has been vulnerable to nuclear attack by China since at least the 1980s. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But some experts would disagree and don't believe this test by China creates a new threat. James Acton of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace says the US has been vulnerable to nuclear attack by China since at least the 1980s. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But he thinks intensive Chinese, Russian and North Korean programmes to defeat US missile defences should prompt the US to reconsider whether treaties that impose limits on such defences are, after all, in the US interest.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But he thinks intensive Chinese, Russian and North Korean programmes to defeat US missile defences should prompt the US to reconsider whether treaties that impose limits on such defences are, after all, in the US interest.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Mr Lewis stresses that the important thing now is for the US to draw the right conclusions. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Mr Lewis stresses that the important thing now is for the US to draw the right conclusions. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"I fear this is much more like 9/11 where in the aftermath of the surprise and reeling from a mix of fear and vulnerability, we embarked on a series of disastrous foreign policy decisions that made us far less safe. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"I fear this is much more like 9/11 where in the aftermath of the surprise and reeling from a mix of fear and vulnerability, we embarked on a series of disastrous foreign policy decisions that made us far less safe. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"In fact, one of the things that we did was to withdraw from the Anti-Ballistic Missile or ABM Treaty, which is far more responsible for China's development of this system than anything else.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"In fact, one of the things that we did was to withdraw from the Anti-Ballistic Missile or ABM Treaty, which is far more responsible for China's development of this system than anything else.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"media\",\"model\":{\"caption\":\"Nuclear weapons: Explained in numbers\",\"media\":{\"__typename\":\"ElementsMediaPlayer\",\"items\":[{\"id\":\"p09wt6qh\",\"title\":\"Why are there still so many nuclear weapons?\",\"holdingImageUrl\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p09wwgqk.jpg\",\"kind\":\"programme\",\"isEmbeddingAllowed\":true,\"isAdvertisingAllowed\":true}]}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"America's potential adversaries are all seeking to modernise and upgrade their nuclear weaponry. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"America's potential adversaries are all seeking to modernise and upgrade their nuclear weaponry. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"China's arsenal, though, is still dwarfed by that of the United States. But concerns about US missile defences and conventional precision long-range strike systems are all pushing it to develop a larger and more diverse nuclear arsenal.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"China's arsenal, though, is still dwarfed by that of the United States. But concerns about US missile defences and conventional precision long-range strike systems are all pushing it to develop a larger and more diverse nuclear arsenal.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"North Korea too is seeking to modernise and refine its nuclear capability, not least, as Ankit Panda of the Carnegie Endowment notes, to secure added leverage in future diplomacy. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"North Korea too is seeking to modernise and refine its nuclear capability, not least, as Ankit Panda of the Carnegie Endowment notes, to secure added leverage in future diplomacy. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"For a few years now,\\\" he says, \\\"they've demanded to be treated by the United States as an equal and see the development of ever-more-advanced nuclear and missile capabilities as one way to earn that respect.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"For a few years now,\\\" he says, \\\"they've demanded to be treated by the United States as an equal and see the development of ever-more-advanced nuclear and missile capabilities as one way to earn that respect.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"caption\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Putin and his defence chiefs watch a hypersonic missile launch via video link\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Putin and his defence chiefs watch a hypersonic missile launch via video link in 2018\",\"copyright\":\"Getty Images\",\"height\":652,\"width\":976,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/4A7C/production/_121186091_putin_976getty.jpg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/4A7C/production/_121186091_putin_976getty.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/4A7C/production/_121186091_putin_976getty.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/4A7C/production/_121186091_putin_976getty.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/4A7C/production/_121186091_putin_976getty.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/4A7C/production/_121186091_putin_976getty.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/4A7C/production/_121186091_putin_976getty.jpg 976w\"}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It all contributes to a growing nuclear headache for the Biden administration. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It all contributes to a growing nuclear headache for the Biden administration. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The collapse of much of the existing fabric of arms control agreements inherited from the Cold War does not help. Neither do the growing tensions with both Moscow and Beijing.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The collapse of much of the existing fabric of arms control agreements inherited from the Cold War does not help. Neither do the growing tensions with both Moscow and Beijing.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In Ankit Panda's view, the single most meaningful thing the United States could do to stem and slow the ongoing arms race is to discuss limitations on strategic missile defences, as it did during the Cold War. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In Ankit Panda's view, the single most meaningful thing the United States could do to stem and slow the ongoing arms race is to discuss limitations on strategic missile defences, as it did during the Cold War. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Putting missile defence on the table\\\"' he says, \\\"would allow Washington to extract meaningful concessions from Russia and China. It would additionally dissuade each from pursuing costly, convoluted, and dangerous means to deliver nuclear weapons.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Putting missile defence on the table\\\"' he says, \\\"would allow Washington to extract meaningful concessions from Russia and China. It would additionally dissuade each from pursuing costly, convoluted, and dangerous means to deliver nuclear weapons.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Jonathan Marcus is honorary professor at the Strategy and Security Institute, University of Exeter, UK\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Jonathan Marcus is honorary professor at the Strategy and Security Institute, University of Exeter, UK\",\"attributes\":[\"italic\"]}}]}}]}}]}},\"contributor\":null,\"seeAlsos\":[],\"relatedUrls\":[],\"topics\":[{\"title\":\"China\",\"url\":\"/news/topics/cd39m6424jwt\",\"isEvent\":false},{\"title\":\"United States\",\"url\":\"/news/topics/cx1m7zg01xyt\",\"isEvent\":false}]},\"importance\":\"PRIMARY\",\"hasFetcher\":true},\"onward-journeys?atiContainerId=cps_topStories&country=gb&id=topStories&language=en-GB&limit=3&promoSize=small&promos=%5B%5D§ion=%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia§ionHeader=Top%20Stories&showFirstSummary=true&showTimestamp=true\":{\"name\":\"onward-journeys\",\"props\":{\"id\":\"topStories\",\"atiContainerId\":\"cps_topStories\",\"sectionHeader\":\"Top Stories\",\"showFirstSummary\":true,\"showTimestamp\":true,\"promos\":[],\"limit\":3,\"promoSize\":\"small\",\"country\":\"gb\",\"section\":\"/news/world/asia\",\"language\":\"en-GB\"},\"data\":[{\"headlines\":{\"headline\":\"Sunak set to unveil spending plans in Budget\"},\"url\":\"/news/live/uk-59035120\",\"timestamp\":1635316393000,\"summary\":\"Public sector pay rises and 拢5.9bn for the NHS are among the chancellor's plans as he faces pressure to help people with rising prices.\",\"type\":\"LIV\",\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Rishi Sunak\",\"height\":1080,\"loading\":\"lazy\",\"originalSrc\":\"http://c.files.bbci.co.uk/7CD1/production/_121235913_mediaitem121235912.jpg\",\"iChefRecipe\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/$recipe/cpsprodpb/7CD1/production/_121235913_mediaitem121235912.jpg\",\"width\":1920},\"timestampRelative\":\"3 hours ago\"},{\"headlines\":{\"headline\":\"Sunak promises Budget for new post-Covid economy\"},\"url\":\"/news/uk-politics-59052997\",\"timestamp\":1635327787000,\"summary\":\"Chancellor Rishi Sunak will outline further details of his spending plans at about 12:30 BST.\",\"type\":\"STY\",\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Rishi Sunak preparing for Budget speech\",\"height\":549,\"loading\":\"lazy\",\"originalSrc\":\"http://c.files.bbci.co.uk/6BF1/production/_121233672_976_hi071558939.jpg\",\"iChefRecipe\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/$recipe/cpsprodpb/6BF1/production/_121233672_976_hi071558939.jpg\",\"width\":976},\"timestampRelative\":\"13 minutes ago\"},{\"headlines\":{\"headline\":\"Russia threatens gas supply in Europe's poorest state\"},\"url\":\"/news/world-europe-59048894\",\"timestamp\":1635299713000,\"summary\":\"Moldova has made history by buying gas from somewhere other than Russia. 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