Submission guidelines | European Journal of Wildlife Research

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xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-news-medium"></use></svg><span>Journal updates</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="app-page-layout "> <main class="app-page-layout__main" id="main" data-test="listingContent=false"> <div> <h1 class="u-h2 u-mb-32" data-test="page-title">Submission guidelines</h1> <div class="c-list-bullets app-content-page"> <div data-test="submission-guidelines"> <section class="u-mt-48"> <h2 class="u-h3 eds-c-section-heading u-mb-16" id="contents">Contents</h2> <ul> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Instructions for Authors">Instructions for Authors</a> <ul> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Ensuring that manuscripts build on existing literature" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Ensuring that manuscripts build on existing literature">Ensuring that manuscripts build on existing literature</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Announcing Continuous Article Publishing" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Announcing Continuous Article Publishing">Announcing Continuous Article Publishing</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Types of papers" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Types of papers">Types of papers</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Manuscript Submission" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Manuscript Submission">Manuscript Submission</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Title Page" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Title Page">Title Page</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Text" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Text">Text</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Scientific style" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Scientific style">Scientific style</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_References" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="References">References</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Tables" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Tables">Tables</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Artwork and Illustrations Guidelines" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Artwork and Illustrations Guidelines">Artwork and Illustrations Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Supplementary Information (SI)" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Supplementary Information (SI)">Supplementary Information (SI)</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Ethical Responsibilities of Authors" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Ethical Responsibilities of Authors">Ethical Responsibilities of Authors</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Authorship principles" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Authorship principles">Authorship principles</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Compliance with Ethical Standards" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Compliance with Ethical Standards">Compliance with Ethical Standards</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Competing Interests" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Competing Interests">Competing Interests</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Research involving human participants, their data or biological material" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Research involving human participants, their data or biological material">Research involving human participants, their data or biological material</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Research involving animals, their data or biological material" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Research involving animals, their data or biological material">Research involving animals, their data or biological material</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Research Data Policy and Data Availability Statements" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Research Data Policy and Data Availability Statements">Research Data Policy and Data Availability Statements</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_After acceptance" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="After acceptance">After acceptance</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Open Choice" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Open Choice">Open Choice</a> </li> <li> <a href="#Instructions for Authors_Editing Services" data-track="toc_instructions-for-authors" data-track-context="click toc link on journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-action="click link on table of contents on a journal submission guidelines page" data-track-label="Editing Services">Editing Services</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="#openAccessPublishing">Open access publishing</a> </li> <li> <a data-track="click_presubmission_checklist" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page mistakes to avoid link" data-track-category="pre-submission-checklist" data-track-action="click ifa checklist link" data-track-label="link" data-test="ifa-checklist-link" href="https://beta.springernature.com/pre-submission?journalId=10344">Mistakes to avoid during manuscript preparation</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section> <h2 id="Instructions for Authors" class="u-h3 eds-c-section-heading u-mb-16">Instructions for Authors</h2> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Ensuring that manuscripts build on existing literature">Ensuring that manuscripts build on existing literature</h3> <p>Poor citation practices, failing to properly review and cite existing literature, distorts scientific knowledge. One example to avoid this, regarding tests of conservation interventions, is the Conservation Evidence website (<a href="http://www.conservationevidence.com/">www.conservationevidence.com</a>), which was developed to collect, curate, and summarize tests of conservation interventions. It provides a means of checking the literature. Authors may summarize the existing literature by referring to the individual papers or, if the literature is extensive, make use of the review provided (<a href="https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cobi.13555">Sutherland et al. 2020</a>). Careful reviewing and accurate and honest citing of existing literature is also required in any other field within the scope of EJWR.</p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Announcing Continuous Article Publishing">Announcing Continuous Article Publishing</h3> <p>As of 2017, <strong>European Journal of Wildlife Research</strong> has changed its publication structure from paginated issues to a consecutive publishing model: <strong>Continuous Article Publishing</strong>.</p><p>This means that papers are published in a volume/issue immediately after acceptance. The Online First queue has become obsolete and the time from submission to publication in an issue is now significantly shorter. Continuous Article Publishing gives articles full citation details instantly after online publication.</p><p>As a further aspect of the new system, articles are no longer paginated sequentially by issue. Therefore, every article starts with page number 1. Page numbers are not used for article citation but every article has a citation ID number, called the ArticleCitationID. The ArticleCitationID is replacing the page numbers in the citation line, which includes the journal citation title, year, volume number and ArticleCitationID now . </p><p>Example:</p><p><table typ="2"></p><p> <tr><td>Old</td><td>New</td></tr></p><p> <tr><td>Eur J Wildl Res (2016) 62:377-393</td><td>Eur J Wildl Res (2017) 63: 123</td></tr></p><p></table></p><p>This method of citation is accepted by the Web of Science/Journal Citation Reports (ISI).</p><p>We feel that our authors and readers greatly benefit from this change in the publication structure of <strong>European Journal of Wildlife Research</strong>. </p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Types of papers">Types of papers</h3> <p>EJWR accepts six types of papers: Reviews; Original Papers; Short Communications; Commentaries, Perspectives and Technical Notes.</p> <ul> <li>Authors are encouraged to submit <strong>Review Articles</strong> but should get in touch with the Chief Editor of the journal to discuss the topic before submission. Reviews should cover a topic of current interest and present novel insights or conclusions. Proposed and invited reviews on wildlife disease related topics are welcome. Reviews should include at least the following sections: Abstract, Introduction, Discussion / Conclusions, and References.</li> <li><strong>Original Papers</strong> must present scientific results that are essentially new and that have not been published or are not being considered for publication elsewhere.</li><li><strong>Short Communications</strong> should also report novel results. Their length is limited to 13,000 characters including spaces and two figures or tables.</li><li><strong>Commentaries</strong> are an in-depth analysis to draw attention to a work already published or contemporary subject of interest relevant to the scope of the journal such as funding, political issues, environmental changes, etc. The expected length is about 1000-1500 words, maximum of five references and no more than two tables or figures.</li><li><strong>Perspectives</strong> are a personal opinion on existing problems, fundamental concepts, or prevalent notions on a specific topic relevant to the scope of the journal. Perspective pieces may also focus on the latest developments and indicate future directions on a topic. The expected length is no more than 2000 words and 10 references. Tables or figures should be included only if it helps to understand the message that the author wants to convey.</li><li><strong>Technical Notes</strong> should describe novel techniques or methodological improvements for wildlife research in a broad sense, including molecular methods, remote surveillance, monitoring, capture and sampling methods, diagnostic tests, etc. The technical notes should include a detailed description of the method and show results to demonstrate its application. As with Short Communications, their length is limited to 13,000 characters including spaces and two figures or tables.</li></ul> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Manuscript Submission">Manuscript Submission</h3> <h4>Manuscript Submission</h4> <p>Submission of a manuscript implies: that the work described has not been published before; that it is not under consideration for publication anywhere else; that its publication has been approved by all co-authors, if any, as well as by the responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – at the institute where the work has been carried out. The publisher will not be held legally responsible should there be any claims for compensation.</p> <h4>Permissions</h4> <p>Authors wishing to include figures, tables, or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright owner(s) for both the print and online format and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.</p> <h4>Online Submission</h4> <p>Please follow the hyperlink “Submit manuscript” and upload all of your manuscript files following the instructions given on the screen.</p> <h4>Source Files</h4> <p>Please ensure you provide all relevant editable source files at every submission and revision. Failing to submit a complete set of editable source files will result in your article not being considered for review. For your manuscript text please always submit in common word processing formats such as .docx or LaTeX.</p> <h4>Submitting Declarations</h4> <p>Please note that <a href="https://www.springer.com/gp/editorial-policies/authorship-principles#toc-49265">Author Contribution information</a> and <a href="https://www.springer.com/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests-policy">Competing Interest information</a> must be provided at submission via the submission interface. Only the information submitted via the interface will be used in the final published version. Please make sure that if you are an editorial board member and also a listed author that you also declare this information in the Competing Interest section of the interface.</p><p>Please see the relevant sections in the submission guidelines for further information on these statements as well as possible other mandatory statements.</p> <h4>Cover Photograph</h4> <p>Upon acceptance of the manuscript, please submit a high-resolution color photo which is topical connected with your research. A highlight article for each issue will be chosen by the Chief Editor. The cover of each issue will display wildlife associated with the highlight article. The cover and the highlight article will be featured in the cover gallery of the journal later on. Ideally, digital photographs should have a minimum resolution of 300 dpi and be saved as either tiff or jpeg file.</p> <h4>Cost of Color Illustrations</h4> <ul> <li>Online publication of color illustrations is always free of charge.</li><li>For color in the print version, authors will be expected to make a contribution towards the extra costs of EUR 950 / US$ 1150 (+ local tax) per article, irrespective of the number of figures in it.</li></ul> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Title Page">Title Page</h3> <p>Please make sure your title page contains the following information.</p><p><strong>Title</strong></p><p>The title should be concise and informative.</p><p><strong>Author information</strong></p><p><ul><li>The name(s) of the author(s)</li></p><p><li>The affiliation(s) of the author(s), i.e. institution, (department), city, (state), country</li></p><p><li>A clear indication and an active e-mail address of the corresponding author</li></p><p><li>If available, the 16-digit <a href="https://orcid.org/">ORCID</a> of the author(s)</li></ul></p><p>If address information is provided with the affiliation(s) it will also be published.</p><p>For authors that are (temporarily) unaffiliated we will only capture their city and country of residence, not their e-mail address unless specifically requested.</p><p>Large Language Models (LLMs), such as <a href="https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt/">ChatGPT</a>, do not currently satisfy our <a href="https://www.springer.com/us/editorial-policies/authorship-principles">authorship criteria</a>. Notably an attribution of authorship carries with it accountability for the work, which cannot be effectively applied to LLMs. Use of an LLM should be properly documented in the Methods section (and if a Methods section is not available, in a suitable alternative part) of the manuscript. The use of an LLM (or other AI-tool) for "AI assisted copy editing" purposes does not need to be declared. In this context, we define the term "AI assisted copy editing" as AI-assisted improvements to human-generated texts for readability and style, and to ensure that the texts are free of errors in grammar, spelling, punctuation and tone. These AI-assisted improvements may include wording and formatting changes to the texts, but do not include generative editorial work and autonomous content creation. In all cases, there must be human accountability for the final version of the text and agreement from the authors that the edits reflect their original work.</p> <h4>Abstract</h4> <p>Please provide an abstract of 150 to 250 words. The abstract should not contain any undefined abbreviations or unspecified references.</p><p><em>For life science journals only (when applicable)</em></p><p><ul></p><p><li>Trial registration number and date of registration for prospectively registered trials</li></p><p><li>Trial registration number and date of registration, followed by “retrospectively registered”, for retrospectively registered trials</li></p><p></ul></p> <h4>Keywords</h4> <p>Please provide 4 to 6 keywords which can be used for indexing purposes.</p> <h4>Statements and Declarations</h4> <p>The following statements should be included under the heading "Statements and Declarations" for inclusion in the published paper. Please note that submissions that do not include relevant declarations will be returned as incomplete. </p><p><ul></p><p><li><strong>Competing Interests:</strong> Authors are required to disclose financial or non-financial interests that are directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for publication. Please refer to “Competing Interests and Funding” below for more information on how to complete this section.</li></p><p></ul></p><p>Please see the relevant sections in the submission guidelines for further information as well as various examples of wording. Please revise/customize the sample statements according to your own needs.</p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Text">Text</h3> <h4>Text Formatting</h4> <p>Manuscripts should be submitted in Word.</p><p><ul><li>Use a normal, plain font (e.g., 10-point Times Roman) for text.</li></p><p><li>Use italics for emphasis.</li></p><p><li>Use the automatic page numbering function to number the pages.</li></p><p><li>Do not use field functions.</li></p><p><li>Use tab stops or other commands for indents, not the space bar.</li></p><p><li>Use the table function, not spreadsheets, to make tables.</li></p><p><li>Use the equation editor or MathType for equations.</li></p><p><li>Save your file in docx format (Word 2007 or higher) or doc format (older Word versions).</li></ul></p> <p>Manuscripts with mathematical content can also be submitted in LaTeX. We recommend using <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/campaigns/latex-author-support">Springer Nature’s LaTeX template</a>.</p> <h4>Headings</h4> <p>Please use no more than three levels of displayed headings.</p> <h4>Abbreviations</h4> <p>Abbreviations should be defined at first mention and used consistently thereafter.</p> <h4>Footnotes</h4> <p>Footnotes can be used to give additional information, which may include the citation of a reference included in the reference list. They should not consist solely of a reference citation, and they should never include the bibliographic details of a reference. They should also not contain any figures or tables. </p><p>Footnotes to the text are numbered consecutively; those to tables should be indicated by superscript lower-case letters (or asterisks for significance values and other statistical data). Footnotes to the title or the authors of the article are not given reference symbols. </p><p>Always use footnotes instead of endnotes.</p> <h4>Acknowledgments</h4> <p>Acknowledgments of people, grants, funds, etc. should be placed in a separate section on the title page. The names of funding organizations should be written in full.</p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Scientific style">Scientific style</h3> <ul><li>Please always use internationally accepted signs and symbols for units (<a href="https://www.bipm.org/en/measurement-units">SI units</a>).</li><li>Nomenclature: Insofar as possible, authors should use systematic names similar to those used by <a href="https://iupac.org/">IUPAC</a>.</li><li>Genus and species names should be in italics.</li></ul> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_References">References</h3> <h4>Citation</h4> <p>Cite references in the text by name and year in parentheses. Some examples:</p><p><ul></p><p><li>Negotiation research spans many disciplines (Thompson 1990).</li></p><p><li>This result was later contradicted by Becker and Seligman (1996).</li></p><p><li>This effect has been widely studied (Abbott 1991; Barakat et al. 1995a, b; Kelso and Smith 1998; Medvec et al. 1999, 2000).</li></ul></p> <h4>Reference list</h4> <p>The list of references should only include works that are cited in the text and that have been published or accepted for publication. Personal communications and unpublished works should only be mentioned in the text. </p><p>Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last names of the first author of each work. Please alphabetize according to the following rules: 1) For one author, by name of author, then chronologically; 2) For two authors, by name of author, then name of coauthor, then chronologically; 3) For more than two authors, by name of first author, then chronologically.</p><p>If available, please always include DOIs as full DOI links in your reference list (e.g. “https://doi.org/abc”).</p><p><ul><li>Journal article</p><p>Gamelin FX, Baquet G, Berthoin S, Thevenet D, Nourry C, Nottin S, Bosquet L (2009) Effect of high intensity intermittent training on heart rate variability in prepubescent children. Eur J Appl Physiol 105:731-738. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-008-0955-8</p><p>Ideally, the names of all authors should be provided, but the usage of “et al” in long author lists will also be accepted:</p><p>Smith J, Jones M Jr, Houghton L et al (1999) Future of health insurance. N Engl J Med 965:325–329 </li></p><p><li>Article by DOI </p><p>Slifka MK, Whitton JL (2000) Clinical implications of dysregulated cytokine production. J Mol Med. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001090000086</li></p><p><li>Book</p><p>South J, Blass B (2001) The future of modern genomics. Blackwell, London</li></p><p><li>Book chapter</p><p>Brown B, Aaron M (2001) The politics of nature. In: Smith J (ed) The rise of modern genomics, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 230-257</li></p><p><li>Online document</p><p>Cartwright J (2007) Big stars have weather too. IOP Publishing PhysicsWeb. http://physicsweb.org/articles/news/11/6/16/1. Accessed 26 June 2007</li></p><p><li>Dissertation</p><p>Trent JW (1975) Experimental acute renal failure. Dissertation, University of California</li></ul></p><p>Always use the standard abbreviation of a journal’s name according to the ISSN List of Title Word Abbreviations, see</p> <p> <a href="http://www.issn.org/services/online-services/access-to-the-ltwa/" data-track="click_info_for_authors_document" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-category="submission-guidelines" data-track-external data-track-action="click link to information for authors page from html">ISSN LTWA </a> </p> <p>If you are unsure, please use the full journal title.</p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Tables">Tables</h3> <ul><li>All tables are to be numbered using Arabic numerals.</li><li>Tables should always be cited in text in consecutive numerical order. </li><li>For each table, please supply a table caption (title) explaining the components of the table.</li><li>Identify any previously published material by giving the original source in the form of a reference at the end of the table caption.</li><li>Footnotes to tables should be indicated by superscript lower-case letters (or asterisks for significance values and other statistical data) and included beneath the table body.</li></ul> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Artwork and Illustrations Guidelines">Artwork and Illustrations Guidelines</h3> <h4>Electronic Figure Submission</h4> <ul><li>Supply all figures electronically.</li><li>Indicate what graphics program was used to create the artwork.</li><li>For vector graphics, the preferred format is EPS; for halftones, please use TIFF format. MSOffice files are also acceptable.</li><li>Vector graphics containing fonts must have the fonts embedded in the files.</li><li>Name your figure files with "Fig" and the figure number, e.g., Fig1.eps.</li></ul> <h4>Line Art</h4> <img loading="lazy" src="https://media.springer.com/full/springer-instructions-for-authors-assets/gif/332564_line-bw.gif" alt=""/> <ul><li>Definition: Black and white graphic with no shading.</li><li>Do not use faint lines and/or lettering and check that all lines and lettering within the figures are legible at final size.</li><li>All lines should be at least 0.1 mm (0.3 pt) wide.</li><li>Scanned line drawings and line drawings in bitmap format should have a minimum resolution of 1200 dpi.</li><li>Vector graphics containing fonts must have the fonts embedded in the files.</li></ul> <h4>Halftone Art</h4> <img loading="lazy" src="https://media.springer.com/full/springer-instructions-for-authors-assets/jpg/332563_halftone-gray-color.jpg" alt=""/> <ul><li>Definition: Photographs, drawings, or paintings with fine shading, etc.</li><li>If any magnification is used in the photographs, indicate this by using scale bars within the figures themselves.</li><li>Halftones should have a minimum resolution of 300 dpi.</li> </ul> <h4>Combination Art</h4> <img loading="lazy" src="https://media.springer.com/full/springer-instructions-for-authors-assets/jpg/332562_combined.jpg" alt=""/> <ul><li>Definition: a combination of halftone and line art, e.g., halftones containing line drawing, extensive lettering, color diagrams, etc.</li><li>Combination artwork should have a minimum resolution of 600 dpi.</li></ul> <h4>Color Art</h4> <ul><li>Color art is free of charge for online publication.</li><li>If black and white will be shown in the print version, make sure that the main information will still be visible. Many colors are not distinguishable from one another when converted to black and white. A simple way to check this is to make a xerographic copy to see if the necessary distinctions between the different colors are still apparent.</li> <li>If the figures will be printed in black and white, do not refer to color in the captions.</li><li>Color illustrations should be submitted as RGB (8 bits per channel).</li></ul> <h4>Figure Lettering</h4> <ul><li>To add lettering, it is best to use Helvetica or Arial (sans serif fonts).</li> <li>Keep lettering consistently sized throughout your final-sized artwork, usually about 2–3 mm (8–12 pt).</li><li>Variance of type size within an illustration should be minimal, e.g., do not use 8-pt type on an axis and 20-pt type for the axis label.</li><li>Avoid effects such as shading, outline letters, etc.</li><li>Do not include titles or captions within your illustrations.</li></ul> <h4>Figure Numbering</h4> <ul><li>All figures are to be numbered using Arabic numerals.</li><li>Figures should always be cited in text in consecutive numerical order.</li><li>Figure parts should be denoted by lowercase letters (a, b, c, etc.).</li><li>If an appendix appears in your article and it contains one or more figures, continue the consecutive numbering of the main text. Do not number the appendix figures,"A1, A2, A3, etc." Figures in online appendices [Supplementary Information (SI)] should, however, be numbered separately.</li></ul> <h4>Figure Captions</h4> <ul><li>Each figure should have a concise caption describing accurately what the figure depicts. Include the captions in the text file of the manuscript, not in the figure file.</li><li>Figure captions begin with the term Fig. in bold type, followed by the figure number, also in bold type.</li><li>No punctuation is to be included after the number, nor is any punctuation to be placed at the end of the caption.</li><li>Identify all elements found in the figure in the figure caption; and use boxes, circles, etc., as coordinate points in graphs.</li><li>Identify previously published material by giving the original source in the form of a reference citation at the end of the figure caption.</li></ul> <h4>Figure Placement and Size</h4> <ul><li>Figures should be submitted within the body of the text. Only if the file size of the manuscript causes problems in uploading it, the large figures should be submitted separately from the text.</li><li>When preparing your figures, size figures to fit in the column width.</li><li>For large-sized journals the figures should be 84 mm (for double-column text areas), or 174 mm (for single-column text areas) wide and not higher than 234 mm.</li><li>For small-sized journals, the figures should be 119 mm wide and not higher than 195 mm.</li></ul> <h4>Permissions</h4> <p>If you include figures that have already been published elsewhere, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner(s) for both the print and online format. Please be aware that some publishers do not grant electronic rights for free and that Springer will not be able to refund any costs that may have occurred to receive these permissions. In such cases, material from other sources should be used.</p> <h4>Accessibility</h4> <p>In order to give people of all abilities and disabilities access to the content of your figures, please make sure that</p><p><ul><li>All figures have descriptive captions (blind users could then use a text-to-speech software or a text-to-Braille hardware)</li> </p><p><li>Patterns are used instead of or in addition to colors for conveying information (colorblind users would then be able to distinguish the visual elements)</li></p><p><li>Any figure lettering has a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1</li></ul></p> <h4>Generative AI Images</h4> <p>Please check <a href="https://www.springer.com/us/editorial-policies/artificial-intelligence--ai-/25428500">Springer’s policy on generative AI images</a> and make sure your work adheres to the principles described therein.</p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Supplementary Information (SI)">Supplementary Information (SI)</h3> <p>Springer accepts electronic multimedia files (animations, movies, audio, etc.) and other supplementary files to be published online along with an article or a book chapter. This feature can add dimension to the author's article, as certain information cannot be printed or is more convenient in electronic form.</p><p>Before submitting research datasets as Supplementary Information, authors should read the journal’s Research data policy. We encourage research data to be archived in data repositories wherever possible.</p> <h4>Submission</h4> <ul><li>Supply all supplementary material in standard file formats.</li><li>Please include in each file the following information: article title, journal name, author names; affiliation and e-mail address of the corresponding author.</li><li>To accommodate user downloads, please keep in mind that larger-sized files may require very long download times and that some users may experience other problems during downloading.</li><li>High resolution (streamable quality) videos can be submitted up to a maximum of 25GB; low resolution videos should not be larger than 5GB.</li></ul> <h4>Audio, Video, and Animations</h4> <ul><li>Aspect ratio: 16:9 or 4:3</li> <li>Maximum file size: 25 GB for high resolution files; 5 GB for low resolution files</li> <li>Minimum video duration: 1 sec </li> <li>Supported file formats: avi, wmv, mp4, mov, m2p, mp2, mpg, mpeg, flv, mxf, mts, m4v, 3gp</li></ul> <h4>Text and Presentations</h4> <ul><li>Submit your material in PDF format; .doc or .ppt files are not suitable for long-term viability.</li> <li>A collection of figures may also be combined in a PDF file.</li></ul> <h4>Spreadsheets</h4> <ul><li>Spreadsheets should be submitted as .csv or .xlsx files (MS Excel).</li></ul> <h4>Specialized Formats</h4> <ul><li>Specialized format such as .pdb (chemical), .wrl (VRML), .nb (Mathematica notebook), and .tex can also be supplied.</li></ul> <h4>Collecting Multiple Files</h4> <ul><li>It is possible to collect multiple files in a .zip or .gz file.</li></ul> <h4>Numbering</h4> <ul><li>If supplying any supplementary material, the text must make specific mention of the material as a citation, similar to that of figures and tables.</li><li>Refer to the supplementary files as “Online Resource”, e.g., "... as shown in the animation (Online Resource 3)", “... additional data are given in Online Resource 4”.</li><li>Name the files consecutively, e.g. “ESM_3.mpg”, “ESM_4.pdf”.</li></ul> <h4>Captions</h4> <ul><li>For each supplementary material, please supply a concise caption describing the content of the file. </li></ul> <h4>Processing of supplementary files</h4> <ul><li>Supplementary Information (SI) will be published as received from the author without any conversion, editing, or reformatting. </li></ul> <h4>Accessibility</h4> <p>In order to give people of all abilities and disabilities access to the content of your supplementary files, please make sure that </p><p><ul><li>The manuscript contains a descriptive caption for each supplementary material</li></p><p><li>Video files do not contain anything that flashes more than three times per second (so that users prone to seizures caused by such effects are not put at risk)</li></ul> </p> <h4>Generative AI Images</h4> <p>Please check <a href="https://www.springer.com/us/editorial-policies/artificial-intelligence--ai-/25428500">Springer’s policy on generative AI images</a> and make sure your work adheres to the principles described therein.</p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Ethical Responsibilities of Authors">Ethical Responsibilities of Authors</h3> <p>This journal is committed to upholding the integrity of the scientific record. As a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (<a href="https://publicationethics.org/about/our-organisation">COPE</a>) the journal will follow the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/about/our-organisation">COPE</a> guidelines on how to deal with potential acts of misconduct. </p><p>Authors should refrain from misrepresenting research results which could damage the trust in the journal, the professionalism of scientific authorship, and ultimately the entire scientific endeavour. Maintaining integrity of the research and its presentation is helped by following the rules of good scientific practice, which include*:</p><p><ul></p><p> <li>The manuscript should not be submitted to more than one journal for simultaneous consideration. </li></p><p> <li>The submitted work should be original and should not have been published elsewhere in any form or language (partially or in full), unless the new work concerns an expansion of previous work. (Please provide transparency on the re-use of material to avoid the concerns about text-recycling (‘self-plagiarism’).</li></p><p> <li>A single study should not be split up into several parts to increase the quantity of submissions and submitted to various journals or to one journal over time (i.e. ‘salami-slicing/publishing’).</li></p><p> <li>Concurrent or secondary publication is sometimes justifiable, provided certain conditions are met. Examples include: translations or a manuscript that is intended for a different group of readers. </li></p><p> <li>Results should be presented clearly, honestly, and without fabrication, falsification or inappropriate data manipulation (including image based manipulation). Authors should adhere to discipline-specific rules for acquiring, selecting and processing data.</li></p><p> <li>No data, text, or theories by others are presented as if they were the author’s own (‘plagiarism’). Proper acknowledgements to other works must be given (this includes material that is closely copied (near verbatim), summarized and/or paraphrased), quotation marks (to indicate words taken from another source) are used for verbatim copying of material, and permissions secured for material that is copyrighted. </li></ul></p><p><strong>Important note: the journal may use software to screen for plagiarism.</strong></p><p> <ul><li>Authors should make sure they have permissions for the use of software, questionnaires/(web) surveys and scales in their studies (if appropriate).</li></p><p> <li>Research articles and non-research articles (e.g. Opinion, Review, and Commentary articles) must cite appropriate and relevant literature in support of the claims made. Excessive and inappropriate self-citation or coordinated efforts among several authors to collectively self-cite is strongly discouraged. </li></p><p> <li>Authors should avoid untrue statements about an entity (who can be an individual person or a company) or descriptions of their behavior or actions that could potentially be seen as personal attacks or allegations about that person. </li></p><p> <li>Research that may be misapplied to pose a threat to public health or national security should be clearly identified in the manuscript (e.g. dual use of research). Examples include creation of harmful consequences of biological agents or toxins, disruption of immunity of vaccines, unusual hazards in the use of chemicals, weaponization of research/technology (amongst others).</li></p><p> <li>Authors are strongly advised to ensure the author group, the Corresponding Author, and the order of authors are all correct at submission. Adding and/or deleting authors during the revision stages is generally not permitted, but in some cases may be warranted. Reasons for changes in authorship should be explained in detail. Please note that changes to authorship cannot be made after acceptance of a manuscript.</li></p><p></ul></p> <p>*All of the above are guidelines and authors need to make sure to respect third parties rights such as copyright and/or moral rights.</p><p>Upon request authors should be prepared to send relevant documentation or data in order to verify the validity of the results presented. This could be in the form of raw data, samples, records, etc. Sensitive information in the form of confidential or proprietary data is excluded.</p><p>If there is suspicion of misbehavior or alleged fraud the Journal and/or Publisher will carry out an investigation following <a href="https://publicationethics.org/about/our-organisation">COPE</a> guidelines. If, after investigation, there are valid concerns, the author(s) concerned will be contacted under their given e-mail address and given an opportunity to address the issue. Depending on the situation, this may result in the Journal’s and/or Publisher’s implementation of the following measures, including, but not limited to: </p><p><ul></p><p> <li>If the manuscript is still under consideration, it may be rejected and returned to the author. </li></p><p> <li>If the article has already been published online, depending on the nature and severity of the infraction: </p><p>- an erratum/correction may be placed with the article</p><p>- an expression of concern may be placed with the article</p><p>- or in severe cases retraction of the article may occur.</li></ul></p><p>The reason will be given in the published erratum/correction, expression of concern or retraction note. Please note that retraction means that the article is <strong>maintained on the platform</strong>, watermarked “retracted” and the explanation for the retraction is provided in a note linked to the watermarked article.</p><p><ul></p><p> <li>The author’s institution may be informed</li></p><p> <li>A notice of suspected transgression of ethical standards in the peer review system may be included as part of the author’s and article’s bibliographic record.</li></p><p></ul></p> <h4>Fundamental errors</h4> <p>Authors have an obligation to correct mistakes once they discover a significant error or inaccuracy in their published article. The author(s) is/are requested to contact the journal and explain in what sense the error is impacting the article. A decision on how to correct the literature will depend on the nature of the error. This may be a correction or retraction. The retraction note should provide transparency which parts of the article are impacted by the error.</p> <h4>Suggesting / excluding reviewers</h4> <p>Authors are welcome to suggest suitable reviewers and/or request the exclusion of certain individuals when they submit their manuscripts. When suggesting reviewers, authors should make sure they are totally independent and not connected to the work in any way. It is strongly recommended to suggest a mix of reviewers from different countries and different institutions. When suggesting reviewers, the Corresponding Author must provide an institutional email address for each suggested reviewer, or, if this is not possible to include other means of verifying the identity such as a link to a personal homepage, a link to the publication record or a researcher or author ID in the submission letter. Please note that the Journal may not use the suggestions, but suggestions are appreciated and may help facilitate the peer review process.</p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Authorship principles">Authorship principles</h3> <p>These guidelines describe authorship principles and good authorship practices to which prospective authors should adhere to.</p> <h4>Authorship clarified</h4> <p>The Journal and Publisher assume all authors agreed with the content and that all gave explicit consent to submit and that they obtained consent from the responsible authorities at the institute/organization where the work has been carried out, <strong>before</strong> the work is submitted.</p><p>The Publisher does not prescribe the kinds of contributions that warrant authorship. It is recommended that authors adhere to the guidelines for authorship that are applicable in their specific research field. In absence of specific guidelines it is recommended to adhere to the following guidelines*:</p><p>All authors whose names appear on the submission </p><p>1) made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data; or the creation of new software used in the work;</p><p>2) drafted the work or revised it critically for important intellectual content; </p><p>3) approved the version to be published; and </p><p>4) agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. </p><p>* Based on/adapted from:</p> <p> <a href="http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html" data-track="click_info_for_authors_document" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-category="submission-guidelines" data-track-external data-track-action="click link to information for authors page from html">ICMJE, Defining the Role of Authors and Contributors, </a> </p> <p> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1715374115" data-track="click_info_for_authors_document" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-category="submission-guidelines" data-track-external data-track-action="click link to information for authors page from html">Transparency in authors’ contributions and responsibilities to promote integrity in scientific publication, McNutt at all, PNAS February 27, 2018 </a> </p> <h4>Disclosures and declarations</h4> <p>All authors are requested to include information regarding sources of funding, financial or non-financial interests, study-specific approval by the appropriate ethics committee for research involving humans and/or animals, informed consent if the research involved human participants, and a statement on welfare of animals if the research involved animals (as appropriate).</p><p>The decision whether such information should be included is not only dependent on the scope of the journal, but also the scope of the article. Work submitted for publication may have implications for public health or general welfare and in those cases it is the responsibility of all authors to include the appropriate disclosures and declarations.</p> <h4>Data transparency</h4> <p>All authors are requested to make sure that all data and materials as well as software application or custom code support their published claims and comply with field standards. Please note that journals may have individual policies on (sharing) research data in concordance with disciplinary norms and expectations.</p> <h4>Role of the Corresponding Author</h4> <p><strong>One author</strong> is assigned as Corresponding Author and acts on behalf of all co-authors and ensures that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately addressed. </p><p>The Corresponding Author is responsible for the following requirements:</p><p><ul></p><p> <li>ensuring that all listed authors have approved the manuscript before submission, including the names and order of authors;</li></p><p> <li>managing all communication between the Journal and all co-authors, before and after publication;*</li></p><p> <li>providing transparency on re-use of material and mention any unpublished material (for example manuscripts in press) included in the manuscript in a cover letter to the Editor;</li></p><p> <li>making sure disclosures, declarations and transparency on data statements from all authors are included in the manuscript as appropriate (see above).</li></p><p></ul></p><p>* The requirement of managing all communication between the journal and all co-authors during submission and proofing may be delegated to a Contact or Submitting Author. In this case please make sure the Corresponding Author is clearly indicated in the manuscript.</p> <h4>Author contributions</h4> <p>In absence of specific instructions and in research fields where it is possible to describe discrete efforts, the Publisher recommends authors to include contribution statements in the work that specifies the contribution of every author in order to promote transparency. These contributions should be listed at the separate title page.</p><p><strong>Examples of such statement(s) are shown below:</strong></p><p>• Free text:</p><p>All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by [full name], [full name] and [full name]. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [full name] and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.</p> <p> <a href="http://credit.niso.org" data-track="click_info_for_authors_document" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-category="submission-guidelines" data-track-external data-track-action="click link to information for authors page from html">Example: CRediT taxonomy: </a> </p> <p>• Conceptualization: [full name], …; Methodology: [full name], …; Formal analysis and investigation: [full name], …; Writing - original draft preparation: [full name, …]; Writing - review and editing: [full name], …; Funding acquisition: [full name], …; Resources: [full name], …; Supervision: [full name],….</p><p>For <strong>review articles</strong> where discrete statements are less applicable a statement should be included who had the idea for the article, who performed the literature search and data analysis, and who drafted and/or critically revised the work. </p><p>For articles that are based primarily on the <strong>student’s dissertation or thesis</strong>, it is recommended that the student is usually listed as principal author: </p> <p> <a href="https://www.apa.org/science/leadership/students/authorship-paper.pdf" data-track="click_info_for_authors_document" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-category="submission-guidelines" data-track-external data-track-action="click link to information for authors page from html">A Graduate Student’s Guide to Determining Authorship Credit and Authorship Order, APA Science Student Council 2006 </a> </p> <h4>Affiliation</h4> <p>The primary affiliation for each author should be the institution where the majority of their work was done. If an author has subsequently moved, the current address may additionally be stated. Addresses will not be updated or changed after publication of the article.</p> <h4>Changes to authorship</h4> <p>Authors are strongly advised to ensure the correct author group, the Corresponding Author, and the order of authors at submission. Changes of authorship by adding or deleting authors, and/or changes in Corresponding Author, and/or changes in the sequence of authors are <strong>not</strong> accepted <strong>after acceptance</strong> of a manuscript. </p><p><ul></p><p> <li><strong>Please note that author names will be published exactly as they appear on the accepted submission!</strong></li></p><p></ul></p><p>Please make sure that the names of all authors are present and correctly spelled, and that addresses and affiliations are current. </p><p>Adding and/or deleting authors at revision stage are generally not permitted, but in some cases it may be warranted. Reasons for these changes in authorship should be explained. Approval of the change during revision is at the discretion of the Editor-in-Chief. Please note that journals may have individual policies on adding and/or deleting authors during revision stage.</p> <h4>Author identification</h4> <p>Authors are recommended to use their <a href="https://orcid.org/">ORCID</a> ID when submitting an article for consideration or acquire an <a href="https://orcid.org/">ORCID</a> ID via the submission process. </p> <h4>Deceased or incapacitated authors</h4> <p>For cases in which a co-author dies or is incapacitated during the writing, submission, or peer-review process, and the co-authors feel it is appropriate to include the author, co-authors should obtain approval from a (legal) representative which could be a direct relative.</p> <h4>Authorship issues or disputes</h4> <p>In the case of an authorship dispute during peer review or after acceptance and publication, the Journal will not be in a position to investigate or adjudicate. Authors will be asked to resolve the dispute themselves. If they are unable the Journal reserves the right to withdraw a manuscript from the editorial process or in case of a published paper raise the issue with the authors’ institution(s) and abide by its guidelines.</p> <h4>Confidentiality</h4> <p>Authors should treat all communication with the Journal as confidential which includes correspondence with direct representatives from the Journal such as Editors-in-Chief and/or Handling Editors and reviewers’ reports unless explicit consent has been received to share information.</p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Compliance with Ethical Standards">Compliance with Ethical Standards</h3> <p>To ensure objectivity and transparency in research and to ensure that accepted principles of ethical and professional conduct have been followed, authors should include information regarding sources of funding, potential conflicts of interest (financial or non-financial), informed consent if the research involved human participants, and a statement on welfare of animals if the research involved animals.</p><p>Authors should include the following statements (if applicable) in a separate section entitled “Compliance with Ethical Standards” when submitting a paper:</p><p><ul></p><p> <li>Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest </li></p><p> <li>Research involving Human Participants and/or Animals</li></p><p> <li>Informed consent </li></p><p></ul></p><p>Please note that standards could vary slightly per journal dependent on their peer review policies (i.e. single or double blind peer review) as well as per journal subject discipline. Before submitting your article check the instructions following this section carefully.</p><p>The corresponding author should be prepared to collect documentation of compliance with ethical standards and send if requested during peer review or after publication.</p><p>The Editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the above-mentioned guidelines. The author will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned guidelines.</p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Competing Interests">Competing Interests</h3> <p><strong>Authors</strong> are requested to disclose interests that are directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for publication. Interests within the last 3 years of beginning the work (conducting the research and preparing the work for submission) should be reported. Interests outside the 3-year time frame must be disclosed if they could reasonably be perceived as influencing the submitted work. Disclosure of interests provides a complete and transparent process and helps readers form their own judgments of potential bias. This is not meant to imply that a financial relationship with an organization that sponsored the research or compensation received for consultancy work is inappropriate. </p><p><strong>Editorial Board Members and Editors</strong> are required to declare any competing interests and may be excluded from the peer review process if a competing interest exists. In addition, they should exclude themselves from handling manuscripts in cases where there is a competing interest. This may include – but is not limited to – having previously published with one or more of the authors, and sharing the same institution as one or more of the authors. Where an Editor or Editorial Board Member is on the author list we recommend they declare this in the competing interests section on the submitted manuscript. If they are an author or have any other competing interest regarding a specific manuscript, another Editor or member of the Editorial Board will be assigned to assume responsibility for overseeing peer review. These submissions are subject to the exact same review process as any other manuscript. Editorial Board Members are welcome to submit papers to the journal. These submissions are not given any priority over other manuscripts, and Editorial Board Member status has no bearing on editorial consideration.</p><p>Interests that should be considered and disclosed but are not limited to the following:</p><p><strong>Funding:</strong> Research grants from funding agencies (please give the research funder and the grant number) and/or research support (including salaries, equipment, supplies, reimbursement for attending symposia, and other expenses) by organizations that may gain or lose financially through publication of this manuscript. </p><p><strong>Employment:</strong> Recent (while engaged in the research project), present or anticipated employment by any organization that may gain or lose financially through publication of this manuscript. This includes multiple affiliations (if applicable). </p><p><strong>Financial interests:</strong> Stocks or shares in companies (including holdings of spouse and/or children) that may gain or lose financially through publication of this manuscript; consultation fees or other forms of remuneration from organizations that may gain or lose financially; patents or patent applications whose value may be affected by publication of this manuscript.</p><p>It is difficult to specify a threshold at which a financial interest becomes significant, any such figure is necessarily arbitrary, so one possible practical guideline is the following: "Any undeclared financial interest that could embarrass the author were it to become publicly known after the work was published."</p><p><strong>Non-financial interests:</strong> In addition, authors are requested to disclose interests that go beyond financial interests that could impart bias on the work submitted for publication such as professional interests, personal relationships or personal beliefs (amongst others). Examples include, but are not limited to: position on editorial board, advisory board or board of directors or other type of management relationships; writing and/or consulting for educational purposes; expert witness; mentoring relations; and so forth. </p><p>Primary research articles require a disclosure statement. Review articles present an expert synthesis of evidence and may be treated as an authoritative work on a subject. Review articles therefore require a disclosure statement. Other article types such as editorials, book reviews, comments (amongst others) may, dependent on their content, require a disclosure statement. If you are unclear whether your article type requires a disclosure statement, please contact the Editor-in-Chief.</p><p>Please note that, in addition to the above requirements, funding information (given that funding is a potential competing interest (as mentioned above)) needs to be disclosed upon submission of the manuscript in the peer review system. This information will automatically be added to the Record of CrossMark, however it is <strong>not added</strong> to the manuscript itself. Under ‘summary of requirements’ (see below) funding information should be included in the ‘<strong>Declarations</strong>’ section.</p> <h4>Summary of requirements</h4> <p>The above should be summarized in a statement and placed in a ‘Declarations’ section before the reference list under a heading of ‘Funding’ and/or ‘Competing interests’. Other declarations include Ethics approval, Consent, Data, Material and/or Code availability and Authors’ contribution statements.</p><p>Please see the various examples of wording below and revise/customize the sample statements according to your own needs. </p><p>When all authors have the same (or no) conflicts and/or funding it is sufficient to use one blanket statement.</p><p><strong>Examples of statements to be used when funding has been received:</strong></p><p><ul></p><p><li>Partial financial support was received from [...]</li></p><p><li>The research leading to these results received funding from […] under Grant Agreement No[…].</li></p><p><li>This study was funded by […]</li></p><p><li>This work was supported by […] (Grant numbers […] and […]</li></p><p></ul></p><p><strong>Examples of statements to be used when there is no funding:</strong></p><p><ul></p><p><li>The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.</li></p><p><li>No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.</li></p><p><li>No funding was received for conducting this study.</li></p><p><li>No funds, grants, or other support was received.</li></p><p></ul></p><p><strong>Examples of statements to be used when there are interests to declare:</strong></p><p><ul></p><p><li><strong>Financial interests:</strong> Author A has received research support from Company A. Author B has received a speaker honorarium from Company W and owns stock in Company X. Author C is consultant to company Y.</p><p><strong>Non-financial interests:</strong> Author C is an unpaid member of committee Z.</li></p><p><li><strong>Financial interests:</strong> The authors declare they have no financial interests.</p><p><strong>Non-financial interests:</strong> Author A is on the board of directors of Y and receives no compensation as member of the board of directors.</li></p><p><li><strong>Financial interests:</strong> Author A received a speaking fee from Y for Z. Author B receives a salary from association X. X where s/he is the Executive Director.</p><p><strong>Non-financial interests:</strong> none.</li></p><p><li><strong>Financial interests:</strong> Author A and B declare they have no financial interests. Author C has received speaker and consultant honoraria from Company M and Company N. Dr. C has received speaker honorarium and research funding from Company M and Company O. Author D has received travel support from Company O.</p><p><strong>Non-financial interests:</strong> Author D has served on advisory boards for Company M, Company N and Company O.</li></p><p></ul></p><p><strong>Examples of statements to be used when authors have nothing to declare:</strong></p><p><ul></p><p><li>The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.</li></p><p><li>The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.</li></p><p><li>All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.</li></p><p><li>The authors have no financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article.</li></p><p></ul></p><p>Authors are responsible for correctness of the statements provided in the manuscript. See also Authorship Principles. The Editor-in-Chief reserves the right to reject submissions that do not meet the guidelines described in this section.</p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Research involving human participants, their data or biological material">Research involving human participants, their data or biological material</h3> <h4>Ethics approval</h4> <p>When reporting a study that involved human participants, their data or biological material, authors should include a statement that confirms that the study was approved (or granted exemption) by the appropriate institutional and/or national research ethics committee (including the name of the ethics committee) and certify that the study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the <a href="https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects/">1964 Declaration of Helsinki</a> and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. If doubt exists whether the research was conducted in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration or comparable standards, the authors must explain the reasons for their approach, and demonstrate that an independent ethics committee or institutional review board explicitly approved the doubtful aspects of the study. If a study was granted exemption from requiring ethics approval, this should also be detailed in the manuscript (including the reasons for the exemption).</p> <h4>Retrospective ethics approval</h4> <p>If a study has not been granted ethics committee approval prior to commencing, retrospective ethics approval usually cannot be obtained and it may not be possible to consider the manuscript for peer review. The decision on whether to proceed to peer review in such cases is at the Editor's discretion.</p> <h4>Ethics approval for retrospective studies</h4> <p>Although retrospective studies are conducted on already available data or biological material (for which formal consent may not be needed or is difficult to obtain) ethics approval may be required dependent on the law and the national ethical guidelines of a country. Authors should check with their institution to make sure they are complying with the specific requirements of their country.</p> <h4>Ethics approval for case studies</h4> <p>Case reports require ethics approval. Most institutions will have specific policies on this subject. Authors should check with their institution to make sure they are complying with the specific requirements of their institution and seek ethics approval where needed. Authors should be aware to secure informed consent from the individual (or parent or guardian if the participant is a minor or incapable) See also section on <strong>Informed Consent</strong>.</p> <h4>Cell lines</h4> <p>If human cells are used, authors must declare in the manuscript: what cell lines were used by describing the source of the cell line, including when and from where it was obtained, whether the cell line has recently been authenticated and by what method. If cells were bought from a life science company the following need to be given in the manuscript: name of company (that provided the cells), cell type, number of cell line, and batch of cells.</p><p>It is recommended that authors check the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/biosample/?term=cell%20line%20status%20misidentified%5bAttribute%5d">NCBI database</a> for misidentification and contamination of human cell lines. This step will alert authors to possible problems with the cell line and may save considerable time and effort.</p><p>Further information is available from the <a href="http://iclac.org/about-iclac/">International Cell Line Authentication Committee</a> (ICLAC).</p><p>Authors should include a statement that confirms that an institutional or independent ethics committee (including the name of the ethics committee) approved the study and that informed consent was obtained from the donor or next of kin.</p> <h4>Research Resource Identifiers (RRID)</h4> <p>Research Resource Identifiers (RRID) are persistent unique identifiers (effectively similar to a DOI) for research resources. This journal encourages authors to adopt RRIDs when reporting key biological resources (antibodies, cell lines, model organisms and tools) in their manuscripts.</p><p><strong>Examples:</strong></p><p><strong>Organism: </strong> <em>Filip1</em><sup><em>tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi</em></sup> <strong> RRID:MMRRC_055641-UCD</strong></p><p><strong>Cell Line:</strong> RST307 cell line <strong>RRID:CVCL_C321</strong></p><p><strong>Antibody:</strong> Luciferase antibody DSHB Cat# LUC-3, <strong>RRID:AB_2722109</strong></p><p><strong>Plasmid:</strong> mRuby3 plasmid <strong>RRID:Addgene_104005</strong></p><p><strong>Software:</strong> ImageJ Version 1.2.4 <strong>RRID:SCR_003070</strong></p><p>RRIDs are provided by the <a href="https://scicrunch.org/resources">Resource Identification Portal</a>. Many commonly used research resources already have designated RRIDs. The portal also provides authors links so that they can quickly <a href="https://scicrunch.org/resources/about/resource">register a new resource</a> and obtain an RRID.</p> <h4>Clinical Trial Registration</h4> <p>The World Health Organization (WHO) definition of a clinical trial is "any research study that prospectively assigns human participants or groups of humans to one or more health-related interventions to evaluate the effects on health outcomes". The WHO defines health interventions as “A health intervention is an act performed for, with or on behalf of a person or population whose purpose is to assess, improve, maintain, promote or modify health, functioning or health conditions” and a health-related outcome is generally defined as a change in the health of a person or population as a result of an intervention.</p><p>To ensure the integrity of the reporting of patient-centered trials, authors must register prospective clinical trials (phase II to IV trials) in suitable publicly available repositories. For example <a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/">www.clinicaltrials.gov</a> or any of the primary registries that participate in the <a href="https://www.who.int/clinical-trials-registry-platform">WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform</a>.</p><p>The trial registration number (TRN) and date of registration should be included as the last line of the manuscript abstract.</p><p>For clinical trials that have not been registered prospectively, authors are encouraged to register retrospectively to ensure the complete publication of all results. The trial registration number (TRN), date of registration and the words 'retrospectively registered’ should be included as the last line of the manuscript abstract.</p> <h4>Standards of reporting</h4> <p>Springer Nature advocates complete and transparent reporting of biomedical and biological research and research with biological applications. Authors are recommended to adhere to the minimum reporting guidelines hosted by the <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/">EQUATOR Network</a> when preparing their manuscript.</p><p>Exact requirements may vary depending on the journal; please refer to the journal’s Instructions for Authors.</p> <p>Checklists are available for a number of study designs, including:</p><p>Randomised trials <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/consort/">(CONSORT)</a> and Study protocols <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/spirit-2013-statement-defining-standard-protocol-items-for-clinical-trials/">(SPIRIT)</a></p><p>Observational studies <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/strobe/">(STROBE)</a></p><p>Systematic reviews and meta-analyses <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/prisma/">(PRISMA)</a> and protocols <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/prisma-protocols/">(Prisma-P)</a></p><p>Diagnostic/prognostic studies <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/stard/">(STARD)</a> and <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/tripod-statement/">(TRIPOD)</a></p><p>Case reports <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/care/">(CARE)</a></p><p>Clinical practice guidelines <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/the-agree-reporting-checklist-a-tool-to-improve-reporting-of-clinical-practice-guidelines/">(AGREE)</a> and <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/right-statement/">(RIGHT)</a></p><p>Qualitative research <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/srqr/">(SRQR)</a> and <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/coreq/">(COREQ)</a></p><p>Animal pre-clinical studies <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/improving-bioscience-research-reporting-the-arrive-guidelines-for-reporting-animal-research/">(ARRIVE)</a></p><p>Quality improvement studies <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/squire/">(SQUIRE)</a></p><p>Economic evaluations <a href="http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/cheers/">(CHEERS)</a></p> <h4>Summary of requirements</h4> <p>The above should be summarized in a statement and placed in a ‘Declarations’ section before the reference list under a heading of ‘Ethics approval’.</p><p>Please see the various examples of wording below and revise/customize the sample statements according to your own needs.</p><p>Examples of statements to be used when ethics approval has been obtained:</p><p>• All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Medical University of A (No. ...).</p><p>• This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of University B (Date.../No. ...).</p><p>• Approval was obtained from the ethics committee of University C. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.</p><p>• The questionnaire and methodology for this study was approved by the Human Research Ethics committee of the University of D (Ethics approval number: ...).</p><p>Examples of statements to be used for a retrospective study:</p><p>• Ethical approval was waived by the local Ethics Committee of University A in view of the retrospective nature of the study and all the procedures being performed were part of the routine care.</p><p>• This research study was conducted retrospectively from data obtained for clinical purposes. We consulted extensively with the IRB of XYZ who determined that our study did not need ethical approval. An IRB official waiver of ethical approval was granted from the IRB of XYZ.</p><p>• This retrospective chart review study involving human participants was in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The Human Investigation Committee (IRB) of University B approved this study.</p><p>Examples of statements to be used when no ethical approval is required/exemption granted:</p><p>• This is an observational study. The XYZ Research Ethics Committee has confirmed that no ethical approval is required. </p><p>• The data reproduced from Article X utilized human tissue that was procured via our Biobank AB, which provides de-identified samples. This study was reviewed and deemed exempt by our XYZ Institutional Review Board. The BioBank protocols are in accordance with the ethical standards of our institution and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. </p><p>Authors are responsible for correctness of the statements provided in the manuscript. See also Authorship Principles. The Editor-in-Chief reserves the right to reject submissions that do not meet the guidelines described in this section.</p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Research involving animals, their data or biological material">Research involving animals, their data or biological material</h3> <p>The welfare of animals (vertebrate and higher invertebrate) used for research, education and testing must be respected. Authors should supply detailed information on the ethical treatment of their animals in their submission. For that purpose they may use the <a href="http://www.nc3rs.org.uk/arrive-guidelines">ARRIVE</a> checklist which is designed to be used when submitting manuscripts describing animal research.</p><p>For studies involving client-owned animals, authors must also document informed consent from the client or owner and adherence to a high standard (best practice) of veterinary care.</p><p>Authors are recommended to comply with:</p><p>• The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) <a href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/PP-003-En.pdf">Policy Statement on Research Involving Species at Risk of Extinction</a> and consult the <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/search">IUCN red list index of threatened species</a>.</p><p>• <a href="https://www.cites.org/eng/disc/text.php">Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora</a></p> <p>When reporting results authors should indicate:</p><p>• … that the studies have been approved by a research ethics committee at the institution or practice at which the studies were conducted. Please provide the name of ethics committee and relevant permit number;</p><p>• … whether the legal requirements or guidelines in the country and/or state or province for the care and use of animals have been followed. </p><p>Researchers from countries without any legal requirements or guidelines voluntarily should refer to the following sites for guidance:</p><p>– <a href="https://animalresearchtomorrow.org/en/basel-declaration">The Basel Declaration</a> describes fundamental principles of using animals in biomedical research</p><p>– <a href="http://iclas.org/committees/ethics-and-animal-welfare-committee">The International Council for Laboratory Animal Science</a> (ICLAS) provides ethical guidelines for researchers as well as editors and reviewers</p><p>– The <a href="https://www.asab.org/ethics/">Association for the study of Animal Behaviour</a> describes ethical guidelines for the treatment of animals in research and teaching</p><p>– The <a href="https://accountablejournalism.org/ethics-codes/consensus-author-guidelines-on-animal-ethics-and-welfare-for-editors">International Association of Veterinary Editors’ Consensus Author Guidelines on Animal Ethics</a> provide guidelines for authors on animal ethics and welfare</p><p>Researchers may wish to consult the most recent (ethical) guidelines available from relevant taxon-oriented professional societies.</p><p>If a study was granted exemption or did not require ethics approval, this should also be detailed in the manuscript.</p> <h4>Summary of requirements</h4> <p>The above should be summarized in a statement and placed in a ‘Declarations’ section before the reference list under a heading of ‘Ethics approval’.</p><p>Please see the various examples of wording below and revise/customize the sample statements according to your own needs.</p><p><em>Examples of statements to be used when ethics approval has been obtained:</em></p><p>• All procedures involving animals were in compliance with the European Community Council Directive of 24 November 1986, and ethical approval was granted by the Kocaeli University Ethics Committee (No. 29 12 2014, Kocaeli, Turkey).</p><p>• All procedures performed in the study were in accordance with the ARVO Statement for Use of Animals in Ophthalmic Vision and Research. The ethical principles established by the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NIH Publications No. 8523, revised 2011) were followed. The research protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use (Protocol No. 06174/14) of FCAV/Unesp, Jaboticabal.</p><p>• This study involved a questionnaire-based survey of farmers as well as blood sampling from their animals. The study protocol was assessed and approved by Haramaya University, research and extension office. Participants provided their verbal informed consent for animal blood sampling as well as for the related survey questions. Collection of blood samples was carried out by veterinarians adhering to the regulations and guidelines on animal husbandry and welfare.</p><p>• All brown bear captures and handling were approved by the Ethical Committee on Animal Experiments, Uppsala, Sweden (Application C18/15) and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency in compliance with Swedish laws and regulations.</p><p>• The ethics governing the use and conduct of experiments on animals were strictly observed, and the experimental protocol was approved by the University of Maiduguri Senate committee on Medical Research ethics. Proper permit and consent were obtained from the Maiduguri abattoir management, before the faecal samples of the cattle and camels slaughtered in this abattoir were used for this experiment.</p> <p><em>Examples of statements to be used when no ethical approval is required/exemption granted:</em></p><p>• No approval of research ethics committees was required to accomplish the goals of this study because experimental work was conducted with an unregulated invertebrate species.</p><p>• As the trappings of small mammals were conducted as part of regular pest control measures in accordance with the NATO Standardized Agreement 2048 "Deployment Pest and Vector Surveillance and Control ", no approval by an ethics committee was required. </p><p>• All experiments have been conducted as per the guidelines of the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee, Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. However, the insect species used in this study is reared for commercial production of raw silk materials, as a part of agro-based industry. Therefore, use of this animal in research does not require ethical clearance. We have obtained permission from the office of Research officer sericulture, Baripada, Orissa, India for the provision of infrastructure and support for rearing of silkworm both in indoor and outdoor conditions related to our study to promote sericulture practices.</p><p>Authors are responsible for correctness of the statements provided in the manuscript. See also Authorship Principles. The Editor-in-Chief reserves the right to reject submissions that do not meet the guidelines described in this section.</p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Research Data Policy and Data Availability Statements">Research Data Policy and Data Availability Statements</h3> <p>This journal follows Springer Nature <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/research-data-policy">research data policy</a>. Sharing of all relevant research data is strongly encouraged and authors must add a Data Availability Statement to original research articles.</p><p>Research data includes a wide range of types, including spreadsheets, images, textual extracts, archival documents, video or audio, interview notes or any specialist formats generated during research.</p> <h4>Data availability statements</h4> <p>All original research must include a data availability statement. This statement should explain how to access data supporting the results and analysis in the article, including links/citations to publicly archived datasets analysed or generated during the study. Please see our full policy <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/research-data-policy">here</a>.</p><p>If it is not possible to share research data publicly, for instance when individual privacy could be compromised, this statement should describe how data can be accessed and any conditions for reuse. Participant consent should be obtained and documented prior to data collection. See our <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/research-data-policy/sensitive-data">guidance on sensitive data</a> for more information.</p><p>When creating a data availability statement, authors are encouraged to consider the minimal dataset that would be necessary to interpret, replicate and build upon the findings reported in the article.</p><p>Further guidance on writing a data availability statement, including examples, is available at:</p> <p> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/research-data-policy/data-availability-statements" data-track="click_info_for_authors_document" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-category="submission-guidelines" data-track-external data-track-action="click link to information for authors page from html">Data availability statements </a> </p> <h4>Data repositories</h4> <p>Authors are strongly encouraged to deposit their supporting data in a publicly available repository. Sharing your data in a repository promotes the integrity, discovery and reuse of your research, making it easier for the research community to build on and credit your work.</p><p>See our <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/research-data-policy/recommended-repositories">data repository guidance</a> for information on finding a suitable repository.</p><p>We recommend the use of discipline-specific repositories where available. For a number of data types, submission to specific public repositories is mandatory.</p><p>See our <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/research-data-policy/repositories-mandates/19540364">list of mandated data types</a>.</p><p>The journal encourages making research data available under open licences that permit reuse. The journal does not enforce use of particular licences in third party repositories. You should ensure you have necessary rights to share any data that you deposit in a repository.</p> <h4>Data citation</h4> <p>The journal recommends that authors cite any publicly available data on which the conclusions of the paper rely. This includes data the authors are sharing alongside their publication and any secondary data the authors have reused. Data citations should include a persistent identifier (such as a DOI), should be included in the reference list using the minimum information recommended by <a href="https://datacite.org/cite-your-data.html">DataCite</a> (Dataset Creator, Dataset Title, Publisher [repository], Publication Year, Identifier [e.g. DOI, Handle, Accession or ARK]) and follow journal style.</p><p>See our <a href="https://researchdata.springernature.com/posts/the-basics-of-data-citation">further guidance</a> on citing datasets.</p> <h4>Research data and peer review</h4> <p>If the journal that you are submitting to uses double-anonymous peer review and you are providing reviewers with access to your data (for example via a repository link, supplementary information or data on request), it is strongly suggested that the authorship in the data is also anonymised. There are <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/research-data-policy/data-policy-faqs">data repositories that can assist with this</a> and/or will create a link to mask the authorship of your data.</p> <h4>Support with research data policy</h4> <p>Authors who need help understanding our data sharing policy, finding a suitable data repository, or organising and sharing research data can consult our <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/research-data/helpdesk">Research Data Helpdesk</a> for guidance.</p><p>See our <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/research-data-policy/data-policy-faqs">FAQ page</a> for more information on Springer Nature’s research data policy.</p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_After acceptance">After acceptance</h3> <p>Upon acceptance, your article will be exported to Production to undergo typesetting. Shortly after this you will receive two e-mails. One contains a request to confirm your affiliation, choose the publishing model for your article, as well as to arrange rights and payment of any associated publication cost. A second e-mail containing a link to your article’s proofs will be sent once typesetting is completed.</p> <h4>Article publishing agreement</h4> <p>Depending on the ownership of the journal and its policies, you will either grant the Publisher an exclusive licence to publish the article or will be asked to transfer copyright of the article to the Publisher.</p> <h4>Offprints</h4> <p>Offprints can be ordered by the corresponding author.</p> <h4>Color illustrations</h4> <p>Online publication of color illustrations is free of charge. For color in the print version, authors will be expected to make a contribution towards the extra costs.</p> <h4>Proof reading</h4> <p>The purpose of the proof is to check for typesetting or conversion errors and the completeness and accuracy of the text, tables and figures. Substantial changes in content, e.g., new results, corrected values, title and authorship, are not allowed without the approval of the Editor.</p><p>After online publication, further changes can only be made in the form of an Erratum, which will be hyperlinked to the article.</p> <h4>Online First</h4> <p>The article will be published online after receipt of the corrected proofs. This is the official first publication citable with the DOI. After release of the printed version, the paper can also be cited by issue and page numbers.</p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Open Choice">Open Choice</h3> <p>Open Choice allows you to publish open access in more than 1850 Springer Nature journals, making your research more visible and accessible immediately on publication.</p><p>Article processing charges (APCs) vary by journal – <a href="https://www.springernature.com/de/open-research/journals-books/journals">view the full list</a></p><p>Benefits:</p><p><ul></p><p> <li>Increased researcher engagement: Open Choice enables access by anyone with an internet connection, immediately on publication. </li></p><p> <li>Higher visibility and impact: In Springer hybrid journals, OA articles are accessed 4 times more often on average, and cited 1.7 more times on average*.</p><p></li></p><p> <li>Easy compliance with funder and institutional mandates: Many funders require open access publishing, and some take compliance into account when assessing future grant applications.</p><p></li></ul></p><p>It is easy to find funding to support open access – please see our funding and support pages for more information.</p><p>*) Within the first three years of publication. Springer Nature hybrid journal OA impact analysis, 2018.</p> <p> <a href="https://www.springer.com/gp/open-access/springer-open-choice?wt_mc=Internal.Internal.1.AUT642.OpenChoice_IFA&utm_medium=internal&utm_source=internal&utm_content=5282018&utm_campaign=1_barz01_openchoice_ifa" data-track="click_info_for_authors_document" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-category="submission-guidelines" data-track-external data-track-action="click link to information for authors page from html">Open Choice </a> </p> <p> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/funding/articles?wt_mc=Internal.Internal.1.AUT642.Funding_IFA&utm_medium=internal&utm_source=internal&utm_content=5282018&utm_campaign=1_barz01_funding_ifa" data-track="click_info_for_authors_document" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page on springerlink" data-track-category="submission-guidelines" data-track-external data-track-action="click link to information for authors page from html">Funding and Support pages </a> </p> <h4>Copyright</h4> <p>Open Choice articles do not require transfer of copyright as the copyright remains with the author. In opting for open access, the author(s) agree to publish the article under a Creative Commons license. Details of the OA licences offered to authors can be found on the individual journal website, in the journal's <strong>How to publish with us</strong> guide.</p> <div class="u-mt-24"> <div class="backToTop" data-track-context="journal page"> <a href="#top" data-track="click_back_to_top" data-track-category="journal child page" data-track-action="click back to top button" data-track-context="journal submission guidelines page" class="eds-c-button eds-c-button--secondary eds-c-button--1"> <span>Back to top</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-arrow-up"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div> <h3 class="u-h4" id="Instructions for Authors_Editing Services">Editing Services</h3> <h4>English</h4> <p>How can you help improve your manuscript for publication?</p><p>Presenting your work in a well-structured manuscript and in well-written English gives it its best chance for editors and reviewers to understand it and evaluate it fairly. 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