Centralized multicasting AODV routing protocol optimized for intermittent cognitive radio ad hoc networks: Multicasting AODV routing in intermittent cognitive radio ad hoc networks | EAI Endorsed Transactions on Mobile Communications and Applications

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US" xml:lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title> Centralized multicasting AODV routing protocol optimized for intermittent cognitive radio ad hoc networks: Multicasting AODV routing in intermittent cognitive radio ad hoc networks | EAI Endorsed Transactions on Mobile Communications and Applications </title> <link rel="icon" href="https://publications.eai.eu/public/journals/13/favicon_en_US.png"> <meta name="generator" content="Open Journal Systems 3.3.0.18"> <link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Phetho Phaswana"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Sindiso M Nleya"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Mthulisi Velempini"/> <meta name="DC.Date.created" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-02-19"/> <meta name="DC.Date.dateSubmitted" scheme="ISO8601" content="2023-09-15"/> <meta name="DC.Date.issued" scheme="ISO8601" content="2023-10-23"/> <meta name="DC.Date.modified" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-02-19"/> <meta name="DC.Description" xml:lang="en" content="The advancement of wireless technology is affected by Spectrum scarcity and the overcrowding of free spectrum. Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks (CRAHNs) have emerged as a possible solution to both the scarcity and overcrowding challenges of the spectrum. The CRAHNs ensure that the Secondary Users (SUs) do co-exist with Primary Users (PUs) in a non-interfering manner. The SUs access the licensed spectrum opportunistically when they are idle. CRAHNs have many use cases which include intermittent networks here referred to as intermittent CRAHNs (ICRAHNs). For example, the Military (MCRAHNs). MCRAHN is complex and characterized by a dynamic topology which is subject to frequent partitioning and route breakages due to attacks and destruction in combat. This study optimizes the routing protocols for intermittent networks such as the MCRAHNs. ICRAHN routing is a challenge due to the network’s intermittent attribute, which is subject to destruction in the case of MCRAHN which is characterized by frequent link breakages. To better understand the routing in this network scenario, this paper presents two analytic models for the AODV and MAODV protocols based on queuing theory. The analytic models simulate unicast and multicast AODV in terms of factors such as queuing delay, throughput, and network scalability. Numerical analysis shows that MAODV outperforms AODV. Furthermore, the suggested routing protocols' performance was tested using network simulations utilizing the following metrics: throughput, Routing Path delay, Node Relay delay, and Spectrum Mobility delay. The simulation findings suggest that the MAODV protocol outperforms the AODV protocol."/> <meta name="DC.Format" scheme="IMT" content="application/pdf"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier" content="3888"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier.DOI" content="10.4108/eetmca.3888"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier.URI" content="https://publications.eai.eu/index.php/mca/article/view/3888"/> <meta name="DC.Language" scheme="ISO639-1" content="en"/> <meta name="DC.Rights" content="Copyright (c) 2023 EAI Endorsed Transactions on Mobile Communications and Applications"/> <meta name="DC.Rights" content="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"/> <meta name="DC.Source" content="EAI Endorsed Transactions on Mobile Communications and Applications"/> <meta name="DC.Source.ISSN" content="2032-9504"/> <meta name="DC.Source.Volume" content="8"/> <meta name="DC.Source.URI" content="https://publications.eai.eu/index.php/mca"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="Spectrum Scarcity"/> <meta name="DC.Title" content="Centralized multicasting AODV routing protocol optimized for intermittent cognitive radio ad hoc networks"/> <meta name="DC.Type" content="Text.Serial.Journal"/> <meta name="DC.Type.articleType" content="Research article"/> <meta name="gs_meta_revision" content="1.1"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="EAI Endorsed Transactions on Mobile Communications and Applications"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="EAI Endorsed Trans Mob Com Appl"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2032-9504"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Phetho Phaswana"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="University of Limpopo "/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Sindiso M Nleya"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="University of Limpopo "/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Mthulisi Velempini"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="University of Limpopo"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Centralized multicasting AODV routing protocol optimized for intermittent cognitive radio ad hoc networks: Multicasting AODV routing in intermittent cognitive radio ad hoc networks"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="citation_date" content="2023"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="8"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.4108/eetmca.3888"/> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://publications.eai.eu/index.php/mca/article/view/3888"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Ad Hoc Networks"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Cognitive radio networks"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Intermittent Networks"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Primary Users"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Secondary Users"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="Spectrum Scarcity"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://publications.eai.eu/index.php/mca/article/download/3888/2892"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="L. 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CRAHNs have many use cases which include intermittent networks here referred to as intermittent CRAHNs (ICRAHNs). For example, the Military (MCRAHNs). MCRAHN is complex and characterized by a dynamic topology which is subject to frequent partitioning and route breakages due to attacks and destruction in combat. This study optimizes the routing protocols for intermittent networks such as the MCRAHNs. ICRAHN routing is a challenge due to the network’s intermittent attribute, which is subject to destruction in the case of MCRAHN which is characterized by frequent link breakages. To better understand the routing in this network scenario, this paper presents two analytic models for the AODV and MAODV protocols based on queuing theory. The analytic models simulate unicast and multicast AODV in terms of factors such as queuing delay, throughput, and network scalability. Numerical analysis shows that MAODV outperforms AODV. Furthermore, the suggested routing protocols' performance was tested using network simulations utilizing the following metrics: throughput, Routing Path delay, Node Relay delay, and Spectrum Mobility delay. The simulation findings suggest that the MAODV protocol outperforms the AODV protocol. 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protocol optimized for intermittent cognitive radio ad hoc networks </h1> <h2 class="subtitle"> Multicasting AODV routing in intermittent cognitive radio ad hoc networks </h2> <div class="row"> <div class="main_entry"> <section class="item authors"> <h2 class="pkp_screen_reader">Authors</h2> <ul class="authors"> <li> <span class="name"> Phetho Phaswana </span> <span class="affiliation"> University of Limpopo <a href="https://ror.org/017p87168"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>  <svg xmlns:i="&ns_ai;" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:sodipodi="http://sodipodi.sourceforge.net/DTD/sodipodi-0.dtd" xmlns:inkscape="http://www.inkscape.org/namespaces/inkscape" version="1.1" id="Layer_1" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 23.4225 16.696501" xml:space="preserve" sodipodi:docname="rorId.svg" 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class="orcid"> <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1619-7429" target="_blank"> https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1619-7429 </a> </span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="item doi"> <h2 class="label"> DOI: </h2> <span class="value"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.4108/eetmca.3888"> https://doi.org/10.4108/eetmca.3888 </a> </span> </section> <section class="item keywords"> <h2 class="label"> Keywords: </h2> <span class="value"> Ad Hoc Networks, Cognitive radio networks, Intermittent Networks, Primary Users, Secondary Users, Spectrum Scarcity </span> </section> <section class="item abstract"> <h2 class="label">Abstract</h2> <p>The advancement of wireless technology is affected by Spectrum scarcity and the overcrowding of free spectrum. <a></a>Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks (<a></a>CRAHNs) have emerged as a possible solution to both the scarcity and overcrowding challenges of the spectrum. The CRAHNs ensure that the Secondary Users (SUs) do co-exist with Primary Users (PUs) in a non-interfering manner. The SUs access the licensed spectrum opportunistically when they are idle. CRAHNs have many use cases which include intermittent networks here referred to as intermittent CRAHNs (ICRAHNs). For example, the Military (MCRAHNs). MCRAHN is complex and characterized by a dynamic topology which is subject to frequent partitioning and route breakages due to attacks and destruction in combat. This study optimizes the routing protocols for intermittent networks such as the MCRAHNs. ICRAHN routing is a challenge due to the network’s intermittent attribute, which is subject to destruction in the case of MCRAHN which is characterized by frequent link breakages. To better understand the routing in this network scenario, this paper presents two analytic models for the AODV and MAODV protocols based on queuing theory. The analytic models simulate unicast and multicast AODV in terms of factors such as queuing delay, throughput, and network scalability. Numerical analysis shows that MAODV outperforms AODV. Furthermore, the suggested routing protocols' performance was tested using network simulations utilizing the following metrics: throughput, Routing Path delay, Node Relay delay, and Spectrum Mobility delay. The simulation findings suggest that the MAODV protocol outperforms the AODV protocol.</p> </section> <div class="item downloads_chart"> <h3 class="label"> Metrics </h3> <div id="paperbuzz"><div id="loading">Metrics Loading ...</div></div> <script type="text/javascript"> window.onload = function () { var options = { paperbuzzStatsJson: JSON.parse('{\"altmetrics_sources\":[],\"crossref_event_data_url\":\"https:\\/\\/api.eventdata.crossref.org\\/v1\\/events?rows=1000&filter=from-collected-date:1990-01-01,until-collected-date:2099-01-01,obj-id:10.4108\\/eetmca.3888\",\"doi\":\"10.4108\\/eetmca.3888\",\"metadata\":{\"DOI\":\"10.4108\\/eetmca.3888\",\"ISSN\":[\"2032-9504\"],\"URL\":\"http:\\/\\/dx.doi.org\\/10.4108\\/eetmca.3888\",\"abstract\":\"<jats:p>The advancement of wireless technology is affected by Spectrum scarcity and the overcrowding of free spectrum. Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks (CRAHNs) have emerged as a possible solution to both the scarcity and overcrowding challenges of the spectrum. The CRAHNs ensure that the Secondary Users (SUs) do co-exist with Primary Users (PUs) in a non-interfering manner. The SUs access the licensed spectrum opportunistically when they are idle. CRAHNs have many use cases which include intermittent networks here referred to as intermittent CRAHNs (ICRAHNs). For example, the Military (MCRAHNs). MCRAHN is complex and characterized by a dynamic topology which is subject to frequent partitioning and route breakages due to attacks and destruction in combat. This study optimizes the routing protocols for intermittent networks such as the MCRAHNs. ICRAHN routing is a challenge due to the network\\u2019s intermittent attribute, which is subject to destruction in the case of MCRAHN which is characterized by frequent link breakages. 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Neely, "Backpressure delay enhancement for encounter-based mobile networks while sustaining throughput optimality," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 1196--1208, 2015. </p> <p>M. W. Kang and . Y. W. Chung, "An Efficient Routing Protocol with Overload Control for Group Mobility in Delay-Tolerant Networking," Electronics, vol. 10, no. 4, p. 521, 2021. </p> </div> </section> </div> <div class="entry_details"> <div class="item galleys"> <h2 class="pkp_screen_reader"> Downloads </h2> <ul class="value galleys_links"> <li> <a class="obj_galley_link pdf" href="https://publications.eai.eu/index.php/mca/article/view/3888/2892"> PDF </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="item published"> <section class="sub_item"> <h2 class="label"> Published </h2> <div class="value"> <span>19-02-2024</span> </div> </section> </div> <div class="item citation"> <section class="sub_item citation_display"> <h2 class="label"> How to Cite </h2> <div class="value"> <div id="citationOutput" role="region" aria-live="polite"> <div class="csl-bib-body"> <div class="csl-entry"><div class="csl-left-margin">[1]</div><div class="csl-right-inline">P. Phaswana, S. M. Nleya, and M. 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Centralized multicasting AODV routing protocol optimized for intermittent cognitive radio ad hoc networks: Multicasting AODV routing in intermittent cognitive radio ad hoc networks | EAI Endorsed Transactions on Mobile Communications and Applications