SciELO Brasil - Scanning electron microscopy of the corneal endothelium of ostrich Scanning electron microscopy of the corneal endothelium of ostrich

<!DOCTYPE html>     <html class="no-js" lang="pt-BR" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">  <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1.0"> <title>SciELO Brasil - Scanning electron microscopy of the corneal endothelium of ostrich Scanning electron microscopy of the corneal endothelium of ostrich </title>  <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.scielo.br/j/cr/a/93rRdY79ZLrdM4wq9SFNX5R/?lang=en"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Scanning electron microscopy of the corneal endothelium of ostrich"/> <meta property="og:description" content="The aim of this study was to examine the endothelial surface morphology and perform a..."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.scielo.br/media/images/cr_glogo.gif"/>  <meta name="citation_author" content="Pigatto, João Antonio Tadeu"> <meta name="citation_author_affiliation" content="Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Franzen, Angela Aguiar"> <meta name="citation_author_affiliation" content="Universidade Estadual Paulista"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Pereira, Fabiana Quartiero"> <meta name="citation_author_affiliation" content="Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Almeida, Ana Carolina da Veiga Rodarte de"> <meta name="citation_author_affiliation" content="Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Laus, José Luis"> <meta name="citation_author_affiliation" content="Universidade Estadual Paulista"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Santos, Jaime Maia dos"> <meta name="citation_author_affiliation" content="Universidade Estadual Paulista"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Guedes, Pedro Mancini"> <meta name="citation_author_affiliation" content="Universidade de São Paulo"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Barros, Paulo Sérgio de Moraes"> <meta name="citation_author_affiliation" content="Universidade de São Paulo"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Ciência Rural"></meta> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Cienc. Rural"></meta> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Ciênc. rural"></meta> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Universidade Federal de Santa Maria"></meta> <meta name="citation_volume" content="39"></meta> <meta name="citation_number" content="3"></meta> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.scielo.br/j/cr/a/93rRdY79ZLrdM4wq9SFNX5R/?lang=en&format=pdf"></meta> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://www.scielo.br/j/cr/a/93rRdY79ZLrdM4wq9SFNX5R/?format=xml&lang=en"></meta> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="926"></meta> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="929"></meta> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1590/S0103-84782009005000001"></meta> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""></meta> <meta name="citation_issn" content="0103-8478"></meta> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1678-4596"></meta> <meta name="citation_title" content="Scanning electron microscopy of the corneal endothelium of ostrich"></meta> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"></meta> <meta name="citation_abstract" content="The aim of this study was to examine the endothelial surface morphology and perform a morphometric analysis of the corneal endothelial cells of ostrich (Struthio camelus) using scanning electron microscopy. Polygonality, mean cell area, cell density and coefficient of variation of mean cell area were analyzed. The normal corneal endothelium consisted of polygonal cells of uniform size and shape with few interdigitations of the cell borders. Microvilli appeared as protusions on the cellular surface. The average cell area was 269±18µm² and the endothelial cell density was 3717±240cells mm-2. The coefficient of variation of the cell area was 0.06, and the percentage of hexagonal cells was 75%. The parameters evaluated did not differ significantly between the right and the left eye from the same ostrich. The results of this study showed that the ostrich corneal endothelial cells appear quite similar to those of the other vertebrates."></meta> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="research-article"></meta> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2009-06"></meta> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="corneal"></meta><meta name="citation_keywords" content="endothelium"></meta><meta name="citation_keywords" content="ostrich"></meta><meta name="citation_keywords" content="Struthio camelus"></meta> <link rel="icon" href="/static/img/favicon.ico" /> <link href="/static/css/bootstrap.css?v=1.1.11" rel="stylesheet">    <div class="widget widget-Lockss widget-instance-IssueBrowseByYear_Lockss"> <input class="at-locks-messaging" type="hidden" value="LOCKSS system has permission to collect, preserve, and serve this Archival Unit" /> <input class="at-clockss-messaging" type="hidden" value="CLOCKSS system has permission to ingest, preserve, and serve this Archival Unit" /> </div>  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class="articleBadge-editionMeta-doi-copyLink"> <span class="_articleBadge">Clinic And Surgery</span><span class="_separator"> • </span><span class="_editionMeta">Cienc. Rural 39 (3) <span class="_separator"> • </span>June 2009</span><span class="_separator"> • </span><span class="group-doi"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782009005000001" class="_doi" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782009005000001</a> <a href="javascript:;" class="btn btn-secondary btn-sm scielo__btn-with-icon--left copyLink" data-clipboard-text="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782009005000001"><span class="material-icons-outlined">link</span>copy</a></span> </div> <h1 class="article-title"> <img alt="Open-access" class="logo-open-access" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" src="https://ds.scielo.org/img/logo-open-access.svg" data-original-title="by-nc 4.0 "> Scanning electron microscopy of the corneal endothelium of ostrich<a id="shorten" href="#" class="short-link"><span class="sci-ico-link"></span></a> </h1> <h2 class="article-title">Microscopia eletrônica de varredura do endotélio da córnea de avestruz</h2> <div class="articleMeta"></div> <div class="scielo__contribGroup"> <a href="" class="btn btn-secondary btn-sm outlineFadeLink" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#ModalTutors">Authorship</a><a href="" class="btn btn-secondary btn-sm outlineFadeLink" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#ModalScimago">SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS</a> </div> <div class="row"> <ul class="d-none d-lg-block col-lg-2 articleMenu"></ul> <article id="articleText" class="col-sm-12 col-lg-10 offset-lg-2"><div class="articleSection" data-anchor="Abstracts"><h3 class="articleSectionTitle">Abstracts</h3></div> <div> <p>The aim of this study was to examine the endothelial surface morphology and perform a morphometric analysis of the corneal endothelial cells of ostrich (Struthio camelus) using scanning electron microscopy. Polygonality, mean cell area, cell density and coefficient of variation of mean cell area were analyzed. The normal corneal endothelium consisted of polygonal cells of uniform size and shape with few interdigitations of the cell borders. Microvilli appeared as protusions on the cellular surface. The average cell area was 269±18µm² and the endothelial cell density was 3717±240cells mm-2. The coefficient of variation of the cell area was 0.06, and the percentage of hexagonal cells was 75%. The parameters evaluated did not differ significantly between the right and the left eye from the same ostrich. The results of this study showed that the ostrich corneal endothelial cells appear quite similar to those of the other vertebrates.</p> <p>corneal; endothelium; ostrich; Struthio camelus</p> </div> <hr> <div> <p>Objetivou-se examinar a superfície posterior do endotélio corneano e realizar análise morfométrica das células endoteliais da córnea de avestruz (Struthio camelus) valendo-se da microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Avaliaram-se o número de lados, a área celular média, a densidade celular e o coeficiente de variação da área celular. O endotélio corneano de avestruz constitui-se de células poligonais uniformes em tamanho e forma, e com poucas interdigitações das bordas celulares. Visibilizaram-se microvilosidades na superfície celular. A área celular média foi de 269±18µm² e a densidade celular foi de 3717±240 células mm-2. O coeficiente de variação foi de 0,06 e o percentual de células hexagonais de 75%. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os parâmetros avaliados entre os olhos esquerdo e direito. Este estudo demonstrou que o endotélio corneano de avestruz é semelhante ao descrito em outros vertebrados.</p> <p>endotélio; córnea; avestruz; Struthio camelus</p> </div> <hr> <div class="articleSection" data-anchor="Text"> <p></p> <p>NOTE </p> <p></p> <p> CLINIC AND SURGERY</p> <p></p> <p>Scanning electron microscopy of the corneal endothelium of ostrich</p> <p></p> <p> <b>Microscopia eletrônica de varredura do endotélio da córnea de avestruz</b> </p> <p></p> <p>João Antonio Tadeu Pigatto<sup><b>I,</b></sup><span class="ref footnote"><sup class="xref"><a href="#nota_ref" name="xref_nota" data-ref=" 1 Autor para correspondência. "><b>1</b></a></sup></span>; Angela Aguiar Franzen<sup><b>II</b></sup>; Fabiana Quartiero Pereira<sup><b>I</b></sup>; Ana Carolina da Veiga Rodarte de Almeida<sup><b>I</b></sup>; José Luis Laus<sup><b>II</b></sup>; Jaime Maia dos Santos<sup><b>II</b></sup>; Pedro Mancini Guedes<sup><b>III</b></sup>; Paulo Sérgio de Moraes Barros<sup><b>III</b></sup></p> <p></p> <p><sup>I</sup>Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), CP 15094, 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. E-mail: <a href="mailto:pigatto@ufrgs.br">pigatto@ufrgs.br</a> </p> <p></p> <p><sup>II</sup>Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil </p> <p></p> <p><sup>III</sup>Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil</p> <p></p> <p> <b>ABSTRACT</b> </p> <p></p> <p>The aim of this study was to examine the endothelial surface morphology and perform a morphometric analysis of the corneal endothelial cells of ostrich (<i><b>Struthio camelus</b></i>) using scanning electron microscopy. Polygonality, mean cell area, cell density and coefficient of variation of mean cell area were analyzed. The normal corneal endothelium consisted of polygonal cells of uniform size and shape with few interdigitations of the cell borders. Microvilli appeared as protusions on the cellular surface. The average cell area was 269±18µm<sup>2</sup> and the endothelial cell density was 3717±240cells mm<sup>-2</sup>. The coefficient of variation of the cell area was 0.06, and the percentage of hexagonal cells was 75%. The parameters evaluated did not differ significantly between the right and the left eye from the same ostrich. The results of this study showed that the ostrich corneal endothelial cells appear quite similar to those of the other vertebrates.</p> <p></p> <p><b>Key words:</b> corneal, endothelium, ostrich, <i><b>Struthio camelus</b></i>.</p> <p></p> <p> <b>RESUMO</b> </p> <p></p> <p>Objetivou-se examinar a superfície posterior do endotélio corneano e realizar análise morfométrica das células endoteliais da córnea de avestruz (<i><b>Struthio camelus</b></i>) valendo-se da microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Avaliaram-se o número de lados, a área celular média, a densidade celular e o coeficiente de variação da área celular. O endotélio corneano de avestruz constitui-se de células poligonais uniformes em tamanho e forma, e com poucas interdigitações das bordas celulares. Visibilizaram-se microvilosidades na superfície celular. A área celular média foi de 269±18µm<sup>2</sup> e a densidade celular foi de 3717±240 células mm<sup>-2</sup>. O coeficiente de variação foi de 0,06 e o percentual de células hexagonais de 75%. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os parâmetros avaliados entre os olhos esquerdo e direito. Este estudo demonstrou que o endotélio corneano de avestruz é semelhante ao descrito em outros vertebrados.</p> <p></p> <p><b>Palavras-chave:</b> endotélio, córnea, avestruz, <i><b>Struthio camelus</b></i>.</p> <p></p> <p> The corneal endothelium is a single layer of polygonal cells covering the posterior surface of the cornea (TUFT & COSTER, 1990). The structure of the normal corneal endothelium has been documented in humans (ABIB & BARRETO, 2001), dogs (GWIN et al., 1982; PIGATTO et al., 2006; RODRIGUES et al., 2006), horses (ANDREW et al., 2001) and other animal species (YEE et al., 1987; COLLIN & COLLIN, 1998; PIGATTO et al., 2004; PIGATTO et al., 2005a; PIGATTO et al., 2005b). The ostrich (<i><b>Struthio camelus</b></i>) is the world's largest living bird. Native of Africa, these flightless bird are important animals in many livestock industries. However, studies about the corneal endothelium of the ostrich (<i><b>Struthio camelus</b></i>) have not been reported previously, in the referred literature. The aim of this study was to examine the surface morphology and to perform a morphometric analysis of the normal corneal endothelial cells of ostrich by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).</p> <p></p> <p>These findings help to establish the normal appearance of ostrich corneal endothelial and can be used for comparison with other animal species.</p> <p></p> <p>Twenty-four normal eyes from 12 Ostriches (<i><b>Struthio camelus</b></i>), males, with 1 year old and about 100kg of body weight, were studied. These eyes were obtained from a licensed Brazilian commercial company that breeds ostriches for meat production. All procedures were performed in compliance with the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology statement regarding the use of animals in ophthalmic and vision research. Ostriches were killed in a commercial abattoir, using a standard slaughter protocol. After 1 hour of death, eyes were enucleated and those one that showed evidence of ocular disease were excluded. The posterior endothelial surfaces were examined and photographed using a scanning electron microscope operated at 15kV. Ten photomicrographs were taken from each cornea with magnifications of X 750, X 1,000, and X 1,500. The photomicrographs were scanned into the computer, and polygonality was determined. With image analyzer software, the cell area of 100 endothelial cells from each cornea was measured, and mean endothelial cell density was obtained. The coefficient of variation of mean cell area was calculated by dividing the standard deviation of the cell area by mean cell area. Statistical data analysis was conducted using the Tukey test. Values of P<0.05 were considered significant.</p> <p></p> <p>The posterior corneal endothelium surface of the ostriches observed on SEM revealed a continuous layer of polygonal cells of uniform size and shape (<a href="" class="open-asset-modal" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#ModalFiga47fig01"><span class="sci-ico-fileFigure"></span>Figure 1</a>). The cell borders showed few interdigitations. Microvilosities appeared as multiple protusions on cell surface . Cilia were not observed. Small pits were observed scattered over the cell surface. Regarding the polygonality of the endothelium, the majority of cells were six-sided (75%), with five- (14%), and seven-sided (11%) cells constituting the remaining corneal endothelium. The mean cell area of corneal endothelium was 269±18µm<sup>2</sup> and the endothelial cell density was 3717±240cells mm<sup>-2</sup>. The coefficient of variation of mean cell area was 0.06. The parameters evaluated did not differ significantly between the right and the left eye from the same Ostrich.</p> <p></p> <p> <div class="row fig" id="a47fig01"> <a name="a47fig01"></a><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4"><a data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#ModalFiga47fig01"><div class="thumbOff"><div class="zoom"><span class="sci-ico-zoom"></span></div></div></a></div> <div class="col-md-8 col-sm-8"><br></div> </div> </p> <p></p> <p>Despite of their considerable use, the effects of preparation of cornea for SEM on corneal endothelium have been described (VIRTANEN et al., 1984). SEM, with appropriate consideration of the effects of fixation, allows the evaluation of morphology and morphometric analysis of endothelial cells of ostrich.</p> <p></p> <p>In most vertebrates the shape of normal corneal endothelial cells shows a mosaic-like pattern of polygonal cells (YEE et al., 1987; COLLIN & COLLIN, 1998; ANDREW et al., 2001; PIGATTO et al., 2004; PIGATTO et al., 2005a; PIGATTO et al., 2006). The pleomorphic characteristics of ostrich corneal endothelium are similar to those of man, cat, dog, and other vertebrates, where 65-80% of corneal endothelial cells area hexagonal (DOUGHTY, 1989; PIGATTO et al., 2005a). This study shows endothelial cells with minimal variation in size and shape, probably because all animals were of the same age, and only healthy corneas were studied. In other species, endothelial morphologic features and cell densities are dependent on age, with a decrease in endothelial cell density and corresponding increases in cell size and variation in shape with age (GWIN et al., 1982). The coefficient of variation in cell area observed in this study was similar to those described in normal corneal endothelium of other avians (YEE et al., 1987; PIGATTO et al., 2005).</p> <p></p> <p>Our results regarding the ultrastructure of the corneal endothelium of ostrich agree with those reported by other authors (YEE et al., 1987; DOUGHTY, 1989; COLLIN & COLLIN, 1998; PIGATTO et al., 2004; PIGATTO et al., 2005a; PIGATTO et al., 2006). Our study confirmed the presence of microvilli distributed over the surface of each endothelial cell. The small microvilli projected from all the endothelial cells have been described in other vertebrates (COLLIN & COLLIN, 1998). In the current investigation, we did not detect cilia in the corneal endothelium. However, this structure, protruding into the anterior chamber, was occasionally found in the endothelial cells of humans as well as in other animals (GALLAGHER, 1980). The small pits observed scattered over the cell surface probably represent pinocytotic vesicles, previously documented (SVEDBERGH & BILL, 1972). Density of corneal endothelial cells using SEM has previously been reported in other species (COLLIN & COLLIN, 1998; PIGATTO et al., 2004; PIGATTO et al., 2005a; RODRIGUES et al., 2006). The cell densities of the representative species of birds ranged from 4.413±766cells mm<sup>-2</sup> to 11.734±1.687cells mm<sup>-2</sup> (COLLIN & COLLIN, 1998). Our results showed that cell density is similar to that found by COLLIN and COLLIN (1998). This study showed that the parameters evaluated did not differ significantly between both eyes from the same ostrich. Such findings are in agreement with previous studies (TUFT & COSTER, 1990; ANDREW et al., 2001; PIGATTO et al., 2004; PIGATTO et al., 2005b). The ultrastructure and the morphometric parameters of the Ostrich corneal endothelium are similar to those described in other vertebrates. Furthermore, these data will increase our understanding about the environmental constraints placed on the non mammalian cornea and the evolutionary development of this tissue.</p> <p></p> <p>Received 05.06.08 </p> <p></p> <p> Approved 10.27.08</p> <p></p> <p> </p> </div> <div class="articleSection" data-anchor="References"> <h3 class="articleSectionTitle">References</h3> <div class="row"><div class="col ref-list"><ul class="refList articleFootnotes"> <li> <a class="" name="B1_ref"></a>ABIB, F.C.; BARRETO, J. Behavior of corneal endothelial density over a lifetime. <b>Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery</b>, v.27, n.10, p.1574-1578, 2001. Disponível em: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VSF-448J975-W&_user=687358&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view= c&_acct=C000037899&_version=1&_urlVe rsion=0&_userid=687358&m d5=0071b6cf46a3a9acfddbd4496628daa6 Doi: 10.1016/S0886-3350(01)00925-7.</li> <li> <a class="" name="B2_ref"></a>ANDREW, S.E. et al. Density of corneal endothelial cells and corneal thickness in eyes of euthanatized horses. <b>American Journal of Veterinary Research</b>, v.62, n.4, p.479-482, 2001. Disponível em: http://avmajournals.avma.org/doi/abs/10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.479 Doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.479.</li> <li> <a class="" name="B3_ref"></a>COLLIN, S.P.; COLLIN, H.B. A comparative study of the corneal endothelium in vertebrates. <b>Clinical and Experimental Optometry</b>, v.81, p.245-254, 1998.</li> <li> <a class="" name="B4_ref"></a>DOUGHTY, M.J. Toward a quantitative analysis of corneal endothelial cell morphology: A review of techniques and their application. <b>Optometry and Vision Sciense</b>, v.66, n.9, p.626-646, 1989.</li> <li> <a class="" name="B5_ref"></a>GALLAGHER, B.C. Primary cilia of the corneal endothelium. <b>American Journal of Anatomy</b>, v.159, n.4, p.475-484, 1980. Disponível em: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/109890069/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 Doi: 10.1002/aja.1001590410.</li> <li> <a class="" name="B6_ref"></a>GWIN, L. et al. Decrease in canine corneal endothelial cell density an increase in corneal thickness as function of age. <b>Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science</b>, v.22, n.22, p.267-271, 1982.</li> <li> <a class="" name="B7_ref"></a>PIGATTO, J.A.T. et al. Morphometric analysis of the corneal endothelium of Yacare caiman (<i><b>Caiman yacare</b></i>) using scanning electron microscopy. <b>Veterinary Ophthalmology</b>, v.7, n.3, p. 205-208, 2004. Disponível em: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118811881/abstract Doi: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2004.04025.x.</li> <li> <a class="" name="B8_ref"></a>PIGATTO, J.A.T. et al. Morphometric analysis of the corneal endothelium of rabbits using scanning electron microscopy. <b>Acta Scientiae Veterinariae</b>, v.33, n.1, p.41-45, 2005a.</li> <li> <a class="" name="B9_ref"></a>PIGATTO, J.A.T. et al. Corneal endothelium of the Magellanic penguin (<i><b>Spheniscus Magellanicus</b></i>) by scanning electron microscopy. <b>Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine</b>, v.36, n.5, p.702-705, 2005b.</li> <li> <a class="" name="B10_ref"></a>PIGATTO, J.A.T. et al. Density of corneal endothelial cells in eyes of dogs using specular microscopy. <b>Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science</b>, v.43, n.4, p.476-480, 2006.</li> <li> <a class="" name="B11_ref"></a>RODRIGUES, G.N. et al. Corneal endothelial cell morphology of normal dogs in different ages. <b>Veterinary Ophthalmology</b>, v.9, n.2, p.101-107, 2006. Disponível em: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118599174/abstract Doi: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2006.00427.x.</li> <li> <a class="" name="B12_ref"></a>SVEDBERGH, B., BILL, A. Scanning electron microscopic studies of the corneal endothelium in man and monkeys. <b>Acta Ophthalmologica</b>, v.50, p.321-335, 1972.</li> <li> <a class="" name="B13_ref"></a>TUFT, S.J.; COSTER, D.J. The corneal endothelium. <b>Eye</b>, v.4, p.389-424, 1990.</li> <li> <a class="" name="B14_ref"></a>VIRTANEN, J. et al. The effect of fixation on corneal endothelial cell dimensions and morphology in scanning electron microscopy. <b>Acta Ophthalmologica</b>, v.62, n.4, p.577-585, 1984.</li> <li> <a class="" name="B15_ref"></a>YEE, R. et al. Specular microscopy of vertebrae corneal endothelium: a comparative study. <b>Experimental Eye Research</b>, v.44, n.55, p.703-714, 1987.</li> </ul></div></div> </div> <li> <a name="nota_ref"></a> <span class="xref big">1</span> <div> Autor para correspondência.</div> </li> <div class="articleSection" data-anchor="Publication Dates"> <h3 class="articleSectionTitle">Publication Dates</h3> <div class="row"><div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12"><ul class="articleTimeline"> <li> <strong>Publication in this collection</strong><br>09 Jan 2009</li> <li> <strong>Date of issue</strong><br>June 2009</li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="articleSection" data-anchor="History"> <h3 class="articleSectionTitle">History</h3> <div class="row"><div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12"><ul class="articleTimeline"> <li> <strong>Accepted</strong><br>27 Oct 2008</li> <li> <strong>Received</strong><br>06 May 2008</li> </ul></div></div> </div> <section class="documentLicense"><div class="container-license"><div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-3 col-md-2"><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank" title=""><img src="https://licensebuttons.net/l/by-nc/4.0//88x31.png" alt="Creative Common - by-nc 4.0 "></a></div> <div class="col-sm-9 col-md-10"><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank" title="">This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</a></div> </div></div></section></article> </div> </div></div></section><div class="modal fade ModalDefault ModalTutors" id="ModalTutors" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h5 class="modal-title">Authorship</h5> <button class="btn-close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"></button> </div> <div class="modal-body"><div class="info"> <div class="tutors"> <strong> João Antonio Tadeu Pigatto </strong><br><div> <span 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data-aff-country="aff02" hidden="">Brazil</span><span data-aff-country-code="aff02" hidden="" country="BR"></span><span data-aff-location="aff02" hidden="">Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil</span><span data-aff-full="aff02" hidden="">Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias , Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil</span><a href="" class="scimago-link" data-scimago-link="aff02"></a> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> <div class="tutors"> <strong> Fabiana Quartiero Pereira </strong><br><div> <span data-aff-display="aff01">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Veterinária , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil</span><span data-aff-orgname="aff01" hidden="">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</span><span data-aff-country="aff01" hidden="">Brazil</span><span data-aff-country-code="aff01" hidden="" country="BR"></span><span data-aff-location="aff01" hidden="">Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil</span><span data-aff-full="aff01" 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class="clearfix"></div> </div> <div class="tutors"> <strong> José Luis Laus </strong><br><div> <span data-aff-display="aff02">Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias , Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil</span><span data-aff-orgname="aff02" hidden="">Universidade Estadual Paulista</span><span data-aff-country="aff02" hidden="">Brazil</span><span data-aff-country-code="aff02" hidden="" country="BR"></span><span data-aff-location="aff02" hidden="">Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil</span><span data-aff-full="aff02" hidden="">Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias , Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil</span><a href="" class="scimago-link" data-scimago-link="aff02"></a> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> <div class="tutors"> <strong> Jaime Maia dos Santos </strong><br><div> <span data-aff-display="aff02">Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias , Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil</span><span data-aff-orgname="aff02" hidden="">Universidade Estadual Paulista</span><span data-aff-country="aff02" hidden="">Brazil</span><span data-aff-country-code="aff02" hidden="" country="BR"></span><span data-aff-location="aff02" hidden="">Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil</span><span data-aff-full="aff02" hidden="">Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias , Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil</span><a href="" class="scimago-link" data-scimago-link="aff02"></a> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> <div class="tutors"> <strong> Pedro Mancini Guedes </strong><br><div> <span data-aff-display="aff03">Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia , São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil</span><span data-aff-orgname="aff03" hidden="">Universidade de São Paulo</span><span data-aff-country="aff03" hidden="">Brazil</span><span data-aff-country-code="aff03" hidden="" country="BR"></span><span data-aff-location="aff03" hidden="">São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil</span><span data-aff-full="aff03" hidden="">Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia , São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil</span><a href="" class="scimago-link" data-scimago-link="aff03"></a> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> <div class="tutors"> <strong> Paulo Sérgio de Moraes Barros </strong><br><div> <span data-aff-display="aff03">Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia , São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil</span><span data-aff-orgname="aff03" hidden="">Universidade de São Paulo</span><span data-aff-country="aff03" hidden="">Brazil</span><span data-aff-country-code="aff03" hidden="" country="BR"></span><span data-aff-location="aff03" hidden="">São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil</span><span data-aff-full="aff03" hidden="">Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia , São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil</span><a href="" class="scimago-link" data-scimago-link="aff03"></a> </div> <div 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