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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ruth B. Shipley</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruth_B._Shipley,_Head_of_the_Passport_Division,_Department_of_State_-_NARA_148728398_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ruth_B._Shipley%2C_Head_of_the_Passport_Division%2C_Department_of_State_-_NARA_148728398_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ruth_B._Shipley%2C_Head_of_the_Passport_Division%2C_Department_of_State_-_NARA_148728398_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ruth_B._Shipley%2C_Head_of_the_Passport_Division%2C_Department_of_State_-_NARA_148728398_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Ruth_B._Shipley%2C_Head_of_the_Passport_Division%2C_Department_of_State_-_NARA_148728398_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ruth_B._Shipley%2C_Head_of_the_Passport_Division%2C_Department_of_State_-_NARA_148728398_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Ruth_B._Shipley%2C_Head_of_the_Passport_Division%2C_Department_of_State_-_NARA_148728398_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2037" data-file-height="2548" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ruth Bielaski</div><br />April 20, 1885<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Maryland" title="Montgomery County, Maryland">Montgomery County, Maryland</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 3, 1966 (aged 81)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employer</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bielaski" title="Alexander Bielaski">Alexander Bielaski</a> (grandfather)<br /><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Bielaski" title="Oscar Bielaski">Oscar Bielaski</a> (uncle)<br /><a href="/wiki/A._Bruce_Bielaski" title="A. Bruce Bielaski">A. Bruce Bielaski</a> (brother)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ruth Bielaski Shipley</b> (April 20, 1885 – November 3, 1966)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an American government employee who served as the head of the Passport Division of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> for 27 years, from 1928 to 1955. Her decisions to refuse passports were widely seen as undemocratic, dictatorial, whimsical and often personal.<sup id="cite_ref-nytobit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytobit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Shipley&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shipley was born Ruth Bielaski on April 20, 1885, in <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Maryland" title="Montgomery County, Maryland">Montgomery County, Maryland</a>, the daughter of a Methodist minister.<sup id="cite_ref-nytobit_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytobit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She attended high school in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and took the civil service examination after graduating. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Shipley&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shipley first worked for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a> beginning in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-nytobit_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytobit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mclaughlin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mclaughlin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She joined the State Department on August 25, 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1924, she became assistant chief of the Office of Coordination and Review. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passport_Division">Passport Division</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Shipley&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Passport Division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>She became head of the Passport Division in 1928, the first woman to hold the position,<sup id="cite_ref-mclaughlin_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mclaughlin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after twice declining the appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-mclaughlin_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mclaughlin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She succeeded foreign service officer Parker Wilson Buhrman<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and initially headed a staff of more than 70.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1930, she joined the United States delegation to the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_Codification_Conference,_1930" title="League of Nations Codification Conference, 1930">Hague conference on the codification of international law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three years later, she led a successful campaign over the objections of some at the State Department, to prevent a magazine's advertising campaign from using the word "passport" to identify its promotional literature. She believed it "cheapened...the high plane to which a passport had been raised."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1937, she altered the Passport Division's policies and began issuing passports in a married woman's maiden name alone if she requested it, no longer followed by the phrase "wife of". She noted that the passports of married men never carried "husband of" as further identification.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_Act_of_1939#Neutrality_Act_of_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality Act of 1939">Neutrality Act of 1939</a> restricted travel by American citizens to certain areas and forbade transport on the ships of nations involved in hostilities. Shipley reviewed every application personally and the number of passports issued fell from 75,000 monthly in 1930 to 2,000. She also oversaw the issuance of new passports to all citizens abroad and the incorporation of new anti-counterfeiting measures into their design.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1945, <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)"><i>Fortune</i></a> called her "redoubtable" and in 1951 <i>Time</i> described her as "the most invulnerable, most unfirable, most feared and most admired career woman in Government."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year <i><a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a></i> wrote that: "No American can go abroad without her authorization. She decides whether the applicant is entitled to a passport and also whether he would be a hazard to Uncle Sam's security or create prejudice against the United States by unbecoming conduct."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942, she was criticized for issuing a passport to a Polish-American Catholic priest who visited <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> to plead for a democratic post-war Poland. Her decision was defended by President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-retire_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retire-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of World War II, her staff included more than 200 employees.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of her personal role in issuing passports, many important figures corresponded with and met with her to document their reasons for travel abroad, including <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> playwright <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Hellman" title="Lillian Hellman">Lillian Hellman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_project" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattan project">Manhattan project</a> physicist <a href="/wiki/Martin_David_Kamen" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin David Kamen">Martin David Kamen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon her retirement, an editorial in the <i>New York Times</i> attributed her reputation for "arbitrary" decision to the fact that she had to enforce newly restrictive government policies. Despite the conflict between individual freedom and government policies, it said, "there was never any doubt that Mrs. Shipley did her duty as she saw it."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She retired on April 30, 1955,<sup id="cite_ref-retire_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retire-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when she reached the mandatory retirement age of 70. She said that she chose her successor, Frances G. Knight, herself.<sup id="cite_ref-cited_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cited-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The State Department awarded her its Distinguished Service Medal upon retirement.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her decisions to withhold issuance of great numbers of passports were seen as arbitrary, and her actions presented unwarranted difficulties impeding the travel of many U.S. citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-retire_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retire-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_from_Ruth_B._Shipley,_Chief_Passport_Division,_Department_of_State_(United_States)_to_Linus_Pauling_on_February_14,_1952.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Letter_from_Ruth_B._Shipley%2C_Chief_Passport_Division%2C_Department_of_State_%28United_States%29_to_Linus_Pauling_on_February_14%2C_1952.jpg/220px-Letter_from_Ruth_B._Shipley%2C_Chief_Passport_Division%2C_Department_of_State_%28United_States%29_to_Linus_Pauling_on_February_14%2C_1952.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Letter_from_Ruth_B._Shipley%2C_Chief_Passport_Division%2C_Department_of_State_%28United_States%29_to_Linus_Pauling_on_February_14%2C_1952.jpg/330px-Letter_from_Ruth_B._Shipley%2C_Chief_Passport_Division%2C_Department_of_State_%28United_States%29_to_Linus_Pauling_on_February_14%2C_1952.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Letter_from_Ruth_B._Shipley%2C_Chief_Passport_Division%2C_Department_of_State_%28United_States%29_to_Linus_Pauling_on_February_14%2C_1952.jpg/440px-Letter_from_Ruth_B._Shipley%2C_Chief_Passport_Division%2C_Department_of_State_%28United_States%29_to_Linus_Pauling_on_February_14%2C_1952.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1179" /></a><figcaption>Letter notifying Pauling of Shipley's refusal to grant him a passport</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Controversies">Controversies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Shipley&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Her authority was widely acknowledged and rarely challenged with success. Decisions of the Passport Division were not subject to judicial review during her years of service and her authority was described as "limitless discretion."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bill Donovan of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> (OSS) first tried to win favor with Shipley by hiring her brother. When she nevertheless insisted on identifying OSS agents by noting "on Official Business" on their passports, Donovan had to get President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> to reverse her.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her efforts to deny travel privileges to the children of U.S. diplomats were similarly overridden in the years following World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, she became the object of controversy when critics accused her of denying passports without due process on the basis of politics, while critics defended her actions as attempts to support the fight against <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>. Senator <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Morse" title="Wayne Morse">Wayne Morse</a> called her decisions "tyrannical and capricious" for failure to disclose the reasons for the denial of passport applications.<sup id="cite_ref-retire_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retire-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her supporters included Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a> and Senator <a href="/wiki/Pat_McCarran" title="Pat McCarran">Pat McCarran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-retire_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retire-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such decisions were made necessary by Section 6 of the <a href="/wiki/Subversive_Activities_Control_Act_of_1950" class="mw-redirect" title="Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950">Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950</a>, which made it a crime for any member of a communist organization to use or obtain a passport. This provision was declared unconstitutional by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> in its 1964 decision in the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Aptheker_v._Secretary_of_State" title="Aptheker v. Secretary of State">Aptheker v. Secretary of State</a></i>. </p><p>In September 1952, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a> called his relations with Shipley's "Queendom of Passports" "a hard struggle" and said that passport, travel and visa issues were "the most distasteful part of this job."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1953, she refused <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> a passport for travel to travel to accept the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> in Chemistry because, using the standard language of her office, it "would not be in the best interests of the United States," but was overruled.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Shipley&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>She married Frederick W. van Dorn Shipley in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-retire_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retire-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She left government service for several years while the couple lived in the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a>, where he worked in government administration until his poor health forced their return to the United States. They had a son born in 1911. Her husband died in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-retire_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retire-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_League_Against_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Jewish League Against Communism">American Jewish League Against Communism</a> gave her an award for "a lifetime of service to the American people."<sup id="cite_ref-cited_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cited-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krause_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krause-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She died in Washington, D.C., on November 3, 1966. She is buried in the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Shipley&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shipley's grandfather <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bielaski" title="Alexander Bielaski">Alexander Bielaski</a> died fighting for the Union at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belmont" title="Battle of Belmont">Battle of Belmont</a> and her uncle <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Bielaski" title="Oscar Bielaski">Oscar Bielaski</a> was a professional baseball player. Her brother <a href="/wiki/A._Bruce_Bielaski" title="A. Bruce Bielaski">A. Bruce Bielaski</a> headed the Bureau of Investigation, later the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a>, in the Department of Justice during World War I. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Shipley&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.passport-collector.com/meet-ruth-bielaski-shipley/">"Ruth Bielaski Shipley - US Passport Office"</a>. <i>Passport-collector.com</i>. 2014-09-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Passport-collector.com&rft.atitle=Ruth+Bielaski+Shipley+-+US+Passport+Office&rft.date=2014-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.passport-collector.com%2Fmeet-ruth-bielaski-shipley%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Shipley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytobit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytobit_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytobit_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytobit_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New York Times</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1966/11/05/archives/ruth-b-shipley-expassport-head-federal-employe-47-year-dies-at-81.html">"Ruth B. Shipley, Ex-Passport Head," November 4, 1966</a>, accessed November 22, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebovic2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lebovic, Sam (2020). "No Right to Leave the Nation: The Politics of Passport Denial and the Rise of the National Security State". <i>Studies in American Political Development</i>. <b>34</b>: 170–193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0898588X20000048">10.1017/S0898588X20000048</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0898-588X">0898-588X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213941196">213941196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+American+Political+Development&rft.atitle=No+Right+to+Leave+the+Nation%3A+The+Politics+of+Passport+Denial+and+the+Rise+of+the+National+Security+State&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=170-193&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213941196%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0898-588X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0898588X20000048&rft.aulast=Lebovic&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Shipley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mclaughlin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mclaughlin_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mclaughlin_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mclaughlin_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New York Times</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1939/12/24/archives/womans-place-also-in-the-office-finds-chief-of-the-nations-passport.html">Kathleen McLaughlin, "Woman's Place Also in the Office, Finds Chief of the Nation's Passport Division," December 24, 1929</a>, accessed November 22, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kahn, "Extraordinary," 843</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New York Times</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1928/04/19/archives/woman-passport-chief-mrs-shipley-appointed-to-post-in-state.html">"Woman Passport Chief," April 19, 1928</a>, accessed November 22, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kahn, "Extraordinary," 846</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New York Times</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1941/04/27/archives/guardian-of-american-passports.html">Harold B. Hinton, "Guardian of American Passports," April 27, 1941</a>, accessed November 22, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Candice Lewis Bredbenner, <i>A Nationality of Her Own: Women, Marriage, and the Law of Citizenship</i> (University of California Press, 1998), 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Craig Robertson, <i>The Passport in America: The History of a Document</i> (Oxford University Press, 2010), 40-1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robertson, <i>Passport in America</i>, 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Kahn, "The Extraordinary Mrs. Shipley: How the United States Controlled International Travel Before the Age of Terrorism," <i>Connecticut Law Review</i>, vol. 43, February 2011, 821, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://connecticutlawreview.org/documents/JeffreyKahn43Conn.L.Rev.819.pdf">available online</a>, accessed November 28, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Kahn, "Extraordinary," 840</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-retire-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-retire_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-retire_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-retire_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-retire_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-retire_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-retire_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-retire_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New York Times</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1955/02/25/archives/passport-chief-to-end-career-mrs-shipley-retiring-after-47-years-in.html">"Passport Chief to End Career," February 25, 1955</a>, accessed April 13, 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kahn, "Extraordinary," 859-60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kahn, "Extraordinary," 860</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert Aptheker, ed., <i>The Correspondence of W.E.B. Du Bois</i>, Volume 3: <i>Selections, 1944-1963</i> (University of Massachusetts Press, 1978), 332, 345</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert P. Newman, <i>The Cold War Romance of Lillian Hellman and John Melby</i> (University of North Carolina Press, 1989), <i>passim</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin David Kamen, <i>Radiant Science, Dark Politics: A Memoir of the Nuclear Age</i> (University of California Press, 1985), 214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New York Times</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1955/02/26/archives/mrs-shipley-abdicates.html">"Mrs. Shipley Abdicates," February 26, 1955</a>, accessed November 22, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cited-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cited_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cited_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1955/05/11/archives/mrs-shipley-cited-by-antired-group.html">"Mrs. Shipley Cited by Anti-Red Groups"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. 11 May 1955<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mrs.+Shipley+Cited+by+Anti-Red+Groups&rft.date=1955-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1955%2F05%2F11%2Farchives%2Fmrs-shipley-cited-by-antired-group.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Shipley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kahn, "Extraordinary," 821-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Kent_v._Dulles" title="Kent v. Dulles">Kent v. Dulles</a></i> (1958) established judicial review of passport decisions. Kahn, "Extraordinary," 822</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Waller, <i>Wild Bill Donovan: The Spymaster Who Created the OSS and Modern American Espionage</i> (NY: First Free Press, 2011), 99; Joseph E. Persico, <i>Roosevelt's Secret War: FDR and World War II Espionage</i> (NY: Random House, 2002), 187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kahn, "Extraordinary," 861</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_L._Beisner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert L. Beisner (page does not exist)">Robert L. Beisner</a>, <i>Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War</i> (Oxford University Press, 2006), p. ?</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Berg and Maxine Singer, <i>George Beadle, An Uncommon Farmer: The Emergence of Genetics in the 20th Century</i> (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2003), 219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">OSU Library: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/dna/corr/bio2.002.5-shipley-lp-19520214.html">Letter from Ruth B. Shipley to Linus Pauling. February 14, 1952</a>, accessed November 28, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krause-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krause_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrause2010" class="citation journal cs1">Krause, Allen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41725935">"Rabbi Benjamin Schultz and the American Jewish League Against Communism: From McCarthy to Mississippi"</a>. <i>Southern Jewish History</i>. Southern Jewish Historical Society: 167 (quote), 208 (fn25 on founding)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Jewish+History&rft.atitle=Rabbi+Benjamin+Schultz+and+the+American+Jewish+League+Against+Communism%3A+From+McCarthy+to+Mississippi&rft.pages=167+%28quote%29%2C+208+%28fn25+on+founding%29&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Krause&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F41725935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Shipley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Shipley&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ruth_B._Shipley" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ruth B. Shipley">Ruth B. Shipley</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>"Ruth Shipley: The State Department's Watchdog," <i>Reader's Digest</i>, vol. 59, July 1951.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_Kahn2013" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey Kahn (2013). <i>Mrs. Shipley's Ghost: The Right to Travel and Terrorist Watchlists</i>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0472118588" title="Special:BookSources/978-0472118588"><bdi>978-0472118588</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mrs.+Shipley%27s+Ghost%3A+The+Right+to+Travel+and+Terrorist+Watchlists&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0472118588&rft.au=Jeffrey+Kahn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuth+Shipley" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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