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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Drainage basin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drainage_basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Course" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Course"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Course</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Course-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Course subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Course-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Upper_course" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_course"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Upper course</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_course-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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id="toc-Lower_course,_Somerton,_Heyford,_Rousham_and_Shipton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_course,_Somerton,_Heyford,_Rousham_and_Shipton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Lower course, Somerton, Heyford, Rousham and Shipton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_course,_Somerton,_Heyford,_Rousham_and_Shipton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_city_of_Oxford" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_city_of_Oxford"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>The city of Oxford</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_city_of_Oxford-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">River Cherwell</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Cherwell" title="River Cherwell – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="River Cherwell" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afon_Cherwell" title="Afon Cherwell – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Afon Cherwell" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Cherwell" title="River Cherwell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="River Cherwell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherwell_(rivi%C3%A8re)" title="Cherwell (rivière) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cherwell (rivière)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="चारवेल नदी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चारवेल नदी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherwell_(rivier)" title="Cherwell (rivier) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cherwell (rivier)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="چرول دریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چرول دریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherwell" title="Cherwell – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cherwell" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Чаруэлл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чаруэлл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherwell" title="Cherwell – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cherwell" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherwell" title="Cherwell – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cherwell" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Cherwell" title="River Cherwell – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="River Cherwell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_(%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Чарвелл (річка) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чарвелл (річка)" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Cherwell&params=51_44_32_N_1_14_54_W_type:river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°44′32″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°14′54″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.74222°N 1.24833°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.74222; -1.24833</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tributary of the River Thames in central England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the River in New Zealand, see <a href="/wiki/Charwell_River" title="Charwell River">Charwell River</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Cherwell</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boat_rentals_by_Magdalen_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1419179.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Boat_rentals_by_Magdalen_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1419179.jpg/250px-Boat_rentals_by_Magdalen_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1419179.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Boat_rentals_by_Magdalen_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1419179.jpg/375px-Boat_rentals_by_Magdalen_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1419179.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Boat_rentals_by_Magdalen_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1419179.jpg/500px-Boat_rentals_by_Magdalen_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1419179.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Cherwell at <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_Bridge" title="Magdalen Bridge">Magdalen Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="8" data-overlays="["_600a1deb1d5c70a88afe25997a57dedd72923890"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=River_Cherwell&revid=1258857417&groups=_600a1deb1d5c70a88afe25997a57dedd72923890" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=River_Cherwell&revid=1258857417&groups=_600a1deb1d5c70a88afe25997a57dedd72923890 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Location</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Counties</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Towns</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Banbury" title="Banbury">Banbury</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hellidon" title="Hellidon">Hellidon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daventry" title="Daventry">Daventry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Cherwell&params=52_12_23_N_1_14_49_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°12′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°14′49″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.20639°N 1.24694°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.20639; -1.24694</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • elevation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">179 m (587 ft)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">Mouth</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • location</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Cherwell&params=51_44_32_N_1_14_54_W_type:river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°44′32″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°14′54″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.74222°N 1.24833°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.74222; -1.24833</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • elevation</div></th><td class="infobox-data">56 m (184 ft)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">40 mi (64 km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Basin size</th><td class="infobox-data">943 km<sup>2</sup> (364 sq mi)</td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">7.2 m<sup>3</sup>/s (250 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Enslow Mill</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">3.84 m<sup>3</sup>/s (136 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Banbury" title="Banbury">Banbury</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1.05 m<sup>3</sup>/s (37 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Basin features</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tributaries</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • left</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/River_Ray" title="River Ray">River Ray</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • right</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sor_Brook" title="Sor Brook">Sor Brook</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Swere" title="River Swere">River Swere</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mill_Lane_brook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mill Lane brook (page does not exist)">Mill Lane brook</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>River Cherwell</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4a\/En-uk-RiverCherwell.ogg\/En-uk-RiverCherwell.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-RiverCherwell.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/En-uk-RiverCherwell.ogg/En-uk-RiverCherwell.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-RiverCherwell.ogg" title="File:En-uk-RiverCherwell.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">CHAR</span>-wel</i></a> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">CHUR</span>-wel</i></a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> in central England. It rises near <a href="/wiki/Hellidon" title="Hellidon">Hellidon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a> and flows southwards for 40 miles (64 km) to meet the Thames at <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone2014_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The river gives its name to the <a href="/wiki/Cherwell_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherwell District">Cherwell local government district</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cherwell_(newspaper)" title="Cherwell (newspaper)">Cherwell</a></i>, an <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> student newspaper. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Cherwell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cherwell is pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span>, particularly near Oxford, and <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span> in north Oxfordshire.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The village of <a href="/wiki/Charwelton" title="Charwelton">Charwelton</a> uses the river name. It lies upriver in Northamptonshire, suggesting that the pronunciation <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span> has long vied for use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drainage_basin">Drainage basin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Cherwell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Drainage basin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The river drains an area of 943 square kilometres (364 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cherwell is the second largest tributary of the Thames by average discharge (after the <a href="/wiki/River_Kennet" title="River Kennet">River Kennet</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-CEH_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEH-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course">Course</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Cherwell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Course"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_course">Upper course</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Cherwell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Upper course"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:River_Cherwell,_Trafford_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/River_Cherwell%2C_Trafford_Bridge.jpg/220px-River_Cherwell%2C_Trafford_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/River_Cherwell%2C_Trafford_Bridge.jpg/330px-River_Cherwell%2C_Trafford_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/River_Cherwell%2C_Trafford_Bridge.jpg/440px-River_Cherwell%2C_Trafford_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>The River Cherwell near <a href="/wiki/Edgcote" title="Edgcote">Edgcote</a>, Northamptonshire</figcaption></figure> <p>The Cherwell is the northernmost Thames tributary.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It rises in the <a href="/wiki/Ironstone" title="Ironstone">ironstone</a> hills at <a href="/wiki/Hellidon" title="Hellidon">Hellidon</a>, 2 miles (3.2 km) west of <a href="/wiki/Charwelton" title="Charwelton">Charwelton</a> near <a href="/wiki/Daventry" title="Daventry">Daventry</a>. Helidon Hill, immediately north, forms a <a href="/wiki/Water_divide" class="mw-redirect" title="Water divide">watershed</a>: on the south side, the Cherwell feeds the Thames, in turn the North Sea; opposite, the <a href="/wiki/River_Leam" title="River Leam">Leam</a> feeds the <a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a>'s <a href="/wiki/River_Avon_(Warwickshire)" class="mw-redirect" title="River Avon (Warwickshire)">Avon</a> through <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a> into the <a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">Severn</a>, the head of the Bristol Channel. Another source rises east of Charwelton and feeds headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/River_Nene" title="River Nene">Nene</a>, an inflow of the North Sea at <a href="/wiki/The_Wash" title="The Wash">The Wash</a> and the source of the similar <a href="/wiki/River_Great_Ouse" title="River Great Ouse">River Great Ouse</a> is nearby. </p><p>South of Charwelton, the Cherwell passes between the villages of <a href="/wiki/Hinton,_Northamptonshire" title="Hinton, Northamptonshire">Hinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodford_Halse" title="Woodford Halse">Woodford Halse</a>. </p><p>Two miles further on, the river swings westward a few miles, passing below the village of <a href="/wiki/Chipping_Warden" title="Chipping Warden">Chipping Warden</a> through <a href="/wiki/Edgcote" title="Edgcote">Edgcote</a>, site of a <a href="/wiki/Romano-British" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-British">Romano-British</a> <a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">villa</a>, then entering Oxfordshire at Hay's Bridge on the <a href="/wiki/A361_road" title="A361 road">A361</a>'s Daventry to <a href="/wiki/Banbury" title="Banbury">Banbury</a> stretch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cropredy_and_the_Upper_Oxford_Canal">Cropredy and the Upper Oxford Canal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Cherwell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cropredy and the Upper Oxford Canal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Half-a-mile north of the village of <a href="/wiki/Cropredy" title="Cropredy">Cropredy</a>, the Cherwell resumes south. The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Canal" title="Oxford Canal">Oxford Canal</a> enters the valley here, and roughly follows, on its route to <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> until <a href="/wiki/Thrupp,_Oxfordshire" title="Thrupp, Oxfordshire">Thrupp</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kidlington" title="Kidlington">Kidlington</a>. The canal connects the <a href="/wiki/Coventry_Canal" title="Coventry Canal">Coventry Canal</a> to the Thames, and the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">Act of Parliament</a> authorising it was passed in 1769. A few years earlier, Oxford merchants had proposed canalising the river as far as Banbury. </p><p>Construction of the canal began near <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>. The canal reached Banbury in 1778, however it was a further 12 years before the southernmost section was completed and the first boats reached Oxford in January 1790. </p><p>The Cherwell skirts the east side of Cropredy itself and passes under <a href="/wiki/Cropredy_Bridge" title="Cropredy Bridge">Cropredy Bridge</a>, site of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cropredy_Bridge" title="Battle of Cropredy Bridge">a major battle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> in 1644, a long encounter with riverside skirmishes concentrated along 3 miles (4.8 km) of bank between Hay's bridge and a ford at Slat Mill near Great Bourton. <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles's</a> forces beat the <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarian</a> army. The bridge has a plaque with words: "Site of the Battle of Cropredy Bridge 1644. From Civil War deliver us." The bridge was rebuilt in 1780 and this plaque is a facsimile of the original one. Cropredy's church holds battle relics. Local tradition holds that locals hid the church's <a href="/wiki/Eagle_lectern" title="Eagle lectern">eagle lectern</a> in the Cherwell in case marauding soldiers damaged or stole it. </p><p>South of the bridge, the river runs through fields used for the annual <a href="/wiki/Cropredy_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Cropredy Festival">Cropredy Festival</a>, a three-day music event run by the band <a href="/wiki/Fairport_Convention" title="Fairport Convention">Fairport Convention</a>. It then passes an ex-<a href="/wiki/Watermill" title="Watermill">water mill</a> as usual created by a <a href="/wiki/Weir" title="Weir">weir</a> holding back a millpond and a mill race (leat); this is the highest major mill. Upstream simpler mills are suspected from the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> and similar land returns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banbury">Banbury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Cherwell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Banbury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a few miles the Cherwell passes under the <a href="/wiki/M40_motorway" title="M40 motorway">M40 motorway</a> and the industrial hinterland of Banbury, a town centred on the river, passing another mill position. From here, a main line railway runs alongside on the west side. This line was built by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a> and links London and Oxford with <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> and the north. South, the railway closely follows the valley. </p><p>A Roman villa at nearby Wykham Park dates from around the year 250. Much later the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon people">Saxons</a> built the first settlement: west of the flow. On the opposite bank is the Saxon-established <a href="/wiki/Grimsbury" title="Grimsbury">Grimsbury</a>, now absorbed into Banbury. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Banbury_Castle" title="Banbury Castle">Banbury Castle</a> was built in 1135 to command the river and valley. The castle was extended and rebuilt many times. In the civil war it became a <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Royalist</a> stronghold and was besieged during the winter of 1644–1645. A second siege began in January 1646 and lasted until April when a surrender was negotiated. After petition to the much-empowered <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> in 1648, it was demolished. </p><p>A great water mill ground grain near the castle. The brick-built building and miller's cottage have been modernised and extended as Banbury's main theatre and arts centre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_of_Banbury">South of Banbury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Cherwell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: South of Banbury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South of Banbury, the valley widens. On the west bank is a large housing estate built in the 1970s, Cherwell Heights, and a mile south the ancient village of <a href="/wiki/Bodicote" title="Bodicote">Bodicote</a> on high ground west of the river. Downstream, most of the valley's villages are similarly set back to enable <a href="/wiki/Flood-meadow" title="Flood-meadow">flood-meadows</a>. </p><p>After Bodicote, the river passes an industrial estate at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twyford_Mill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Twyford Mill (page does not exist)">Twyford Mill</a> before reaching <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Sutton" title="King's Sutton">King's Sutton</a>, a village noted for its rare, high <a href="/wiki/Spire" title="Spire">spire</a> which overlooks the river. At Kings Sutton the <a href="/wiki/Sor_Brook" title="Sor Brook">Sor</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mill_Lane_brook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mill Lane brook (page does not exist)">Mill Lane brooks</a> join. Two miles further, the Cherwell reaches a neighbourhood <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nell_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nell Bridge (page does not exist)">Nell Bridge</a> and passes under a main road leading to <a href="/wiki/Aynho" title="Aynho">Aynho</a>, a village a mile east on a low hill, overlooking.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after this comes a crossing of the Oxford Canal <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_bisector" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpendicular bisector">at a right-angle</a>, flowing in on the east and out over a weir. Such level river crossings are rare nationally. The canal, a few yards below, has <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aynho_Weir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aynho Weir (page does not exist)">Aynho Weir</a> <a href="/wiki/Canal_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal lock">Lock</a>, unusual as instead of rectangular form, it has a wide, lozenge chamber – the lock lowers the canal by 12 inches (30 cm) – the form speedily tops up the water as often used up in the fall of locks below. </p><p>By the weir the railway's older line continues down the valley to Oxford; east of it, a more direct route (opened in 1910 by the Great Western Railway) runs via <a href="/wiki/Bicester" title="Bicester">Bicester</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Wycombe" title="High Wycombe">High Wycombe</a> to London, originally connecting <a href="/wiki/Paddington_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddington railway station">Paddington station</a>, succeeded by London's newest main terminus, <a href="/wiki/Marylebone_station" title="Marylebone station">Marylebone</a>. </p><p>The Cherwell supplied water to the engines on the Oxford route, feeding long troughs on top of the sleepers between rails for scooping up water at stations or at low speed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_course,_Somerton,_Heyford,_Rousham_and_Shipton"><span id="Lower_course.2C_Somerton.2C_Heyford.2C_Rousham_and_Shipton"></span>Lower course, Somerton, Heyford, Rousham and Shipton</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Cherwell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lower course, Somerton, Heyford, Rousham and Shipton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherwell_and_canal_Bunkers_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cherwell_and_canal_Bunkers_Hill.jpg/220px-Cherwell_and_canal_Bunkers_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cherwell_and_canal_Bunkers_Hill.jpg/330px-Cherwell_and_canal_Bunkers_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cherwell_and_canal_Bunkers_Hill.jpg/440px-Cherwell_and_canal_Bunkers_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption>View upstream as the River Cherwell (flowing under the bridge) is joined by the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Canal" title="Oxford Canal">Oxford Canal</a> (coming from the right)</figcaption></figure> <p>From Aynho, the Cherwell meanders, overlooked by hilltop villages. <a href="/wiki/Somerton,_Oxfordshire" title="Somerton, Oxfordshire">Somerton</a> and Heyford, the only villages adjacent, once had water mills. That at <a href="/wiki/Lower_Heyford" title="Lower Heyford">Lower Heyford</a> (noted as pre-<a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Conquest of England">Conquest</a> and in 1086 there in the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a>) was last rebuilt in the early 19th century, milling until 1946. </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Rousham_House" title="Rousham House">Rousham</a>, the river passes a famous <a href="/wiki/Landscape_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape garden">landscape garden</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/William_Kent" title="William Kent">William Kent</a>. It features many statues and a near-replica Roman pagan "temple" which overlooks. The river terrace is named the Praeneste after the temple in <a href="/wiki/Palestrina" title="Palestrina">Palestrina</a> near Rome. </p><p>Two miles south, the river is crossed by a medieval <a href="/wiki/Packhorse_bridge" title="Packhorse bridge">packhorse bridge</a> at Northbrook and a further mile south the course of <a href="/wiki/Akeman_Street" title="Akeman Street">Akeman Street</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Roman_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman road">Roman road</a>. South, the valley narrows and becomes more wooded. </p><p>The Cherwell passes under the <a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_Oxfordshire" title="Woodstock, Oxfordshire">Woodstock</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bicester" title="Bicester">Bicester</a> road and shortly after the Oxford Canal flows into it from the east. The next mile of the river is used by boats as part of the canal, passing a now-demolished cement works once supplied by canal <a href="/wiki/Narrowboat" title="Narrowboat">narrowboats</a> and which used river water. </p><p>After sharing their course for about 1 mile (1.6 kilometres), the watercourses diverge at Shipton Weir Lock (in larger, lozenge form) west of which is <a href="/wiki/Shipton_on_Cherwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipton on Cherwell">Shipton on Cherwell</a>. </p><p>East of Shipton, the deserted village of <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Gay" title="Hampton Gay">Hampton Gay</a> fronted the river, main remnants being its disused church in the <a href="/wiki/Watermeadow" class="mw-redirect" title="Watermeadow">watermeadows</a> and ruins of a manor house. </p><p>Below, the river reaches <a href="/wiki/Thrupp,_Oxfordshire" title="Thrupp, Oxfordshire">Thrupp</a> where the Oxford Canal finally leaves the valley. </p><p>In hills to the east, a Romano-British settlement stood near <a href="/wiki/Kidlington" title="Kidlington">Kidlington</a> and a contemporary villa in a west-bank parish, <a href="/wiki/Islip,_Oxfordshire" title="Islip, Oxfordshire">Islip</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> To its east is a wide plain, <a href="/wiki/Otmoor" title="Otmoor">Otmoor</a>, drained by the multi-headwater <a href="/wiki/River_Ray" title="River Ray">Ray</a>, the largest tributary, which joins at a weir in Islip, known as The Stank. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_city_of_Oxford">The city of Oxford</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Cherwell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The city of Oxford"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OxfordBoats.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/OxfordBoats.JPG/220px-OxfordBoats.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/OxfordBoats.JPG/330px-OxfordBoats.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/OxfordBoats.JPG 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Punts on the river at Oxford</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punt-rollers-river-cherwell-oxford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Punt-rollers-river-cherwell-oxford.jpg/220px-Punt-rollers-river-cherwell-oxford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Punt-rollers-river-cherwell-oxford.jpg/330px-Punt-rollers-river-cherwell-oxford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Punt-rollers-river-cherwell-oxford.jpg/440px-Punt-rollers-river-cherwell-oxford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The punt rollers at "<a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia,_Oxford" title="Mesopotamia, Oxford">Mesopotamia</a>" on the River Cherwell in <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Entering Oxford, the average flow rate of the Thames is 17.6 m<sup>3</sup>/s (620 cu ft/s) then exiting after taking in the Cherwell it is 24.8 m<sup>3</sup>/s (880 cu ft/s).<sup id="cite_ref-CEH_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEH-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cherwell reaches the northern outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and runs south on the eastern edge of <a href="/wiki/North_Oxford" title="North Oxford">North Oxford</a> to the city centre. Near <a href="/wiki/Summertown,_Oxford" title="Summertown, Oxford">Summertown</a> it passes the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Arms,_Marston" title="Victoria Arms, Marston">Victoria Arms</a> riverside public house/restaurant at <a href="/wiki/Marston,_Oxfordshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Marston, Oxfordshire">Marston</a> and then under a modern bridge, part of <a href="/wiki/Marston_Ferry_Road" title="Marston Ferry Road">Marston Ferry Road</a>. A little further south, it passes <a href="/wiki/Wolfson_College,_Oxford" title="Wolfson College, Oxford">Wolfson College</a> (a graduate college of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Cherwell_Boathouse" title="Cherwell Boathouse">Cherwell Boathouse</a> (where <a href="/wiki/Punt_(boat)" title="Punt (boat)">punts</a> can be hired) and the playing fields of the <a href="/wiki/Dragon_School" title="Dragon School">Dragon School</a>. Next is <a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Hall,_Oxford" title="Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford">Lady Margaret Hall</a>, the first of the previously all-women's colleges. </p><p>The river is then flanked by <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Parks" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Parks">Oxford University Parks</a> and passes under <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Bridge,_Oxford" title="Rainbow Bridge, Oxford">Rainbow Bridge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parson%27s_Pleasure" title="Parson's Pleasure">Parson's Pleasure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dame%27s_Delight" title="Dame's Delight">Dame's Delight</a> were for typically nude bathing for men and women respectively, now defunct. Below the Parks, the river splits into up to three streams, with a series of islands. One is <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia,_Oxford" title="Mesopotamia, Oxford">Mesopotamia</a>, which is a long thin island just south of the Parks with a scenic, tree-lined path. At the northern end are punt rollers next to a weir. <a href="/wiki/St_Catherine%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St Catherine's College, Oxford">St Catherine's College</a> is on the largest island formed by the split of the river. It also flows past <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College</a>. </p><p>The river conjoins again into two close streams to flow under <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_Bridge" title="Magdalen Bridge">Magdalen Bridge</a>. Early on <a href="/wiki/May_Morning" title="May Morning">May Morning</a>, students used to jump off the bridge, a dangerous tradition if the river is low, so more recently the bridge has been closed on May Day.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The river splits again. To the west is the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Botanic_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Botanic Garden">Oxford Botanic Garden</a>. To the east are <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College_School,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College School, Oxford">Magdalen College School</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Hilda%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St Hilda's College, Oxford">St Hilda's College</a>. The river then skirts <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Meadow,_Oxford" title="Christ Church Meadow, Oxford">Christ Church Meadow</a> before flowing into the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a> (or <a href="/wiki/The_Isis" title="The Isis">Isis</a>) through two branches; the island in between has the main shared college <a href="/wiki/Boathouse" title="Boathouse">boathouses</a> for <a href="/wiki/Sport_rowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport rowing">rowing</a>. </p><p>Easter and Summer <a href="/wiki/Punt_(boat)" title="Punt (boat)">punting</a> is popular on the Oxford stretch. (A punt is a long, flat-bottom, low-topsides, boat propelled by a pole pushed against the river bed.) Punts are typically hired from a punt station by <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_Bridge" title="Magdalen Bridge">Magdalen Bridge</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Cherwell_Boathouse" title="Cherwell Boathouse">Cherwell Boathouse</a> (just to the north of the <a href="/wiki/University_Parks" title="University Parks">University Parks</a>). It is possible to punt all the way from the <a href="/wiki/The_Isis" title="The Isis">Isis</a>, north past the University Parks, and out beyond the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Ring_Road" title="Oxford Ring Road">ring road</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willow_view_-_Flickr_-_Orchids_love_rainwater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large willow tree where Tolkien used to walk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Willow_view_-_Flickr_-_Orchids_love_rainwater.jpg/220px-Willow_view_-_Flickr_-_Orchids_love_rainwater.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Willow_view_-_Flickr_-_Orchids_love_rainwater.jpg/330px-Willow_view_-_Flickr_-_Orchids_love_rainwater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Willow_view_-_Flickr_-_Orchids_love_rainwater.jpg/440px-Willow_view_-_Flickr_-_Orchids_love_rainwater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2626" /></a><figcaption>Tolkien may have based his drawing of the evil character <a href="/wiki/Old_Man_Willow" title="Old Man Willow">Old Man Willow</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a> tree beside the River Cherwell in Oxford,<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_1995_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond_1995-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> like this one in the <a href="/wiki/University_Parks" title="University Parks">University Parks</a> there.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Cherwell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lowest point saw early settlement. The river is known as the divide of the <a href="/wiki/Dobunni" title="Dobunni">Dobunni</a> to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Catuvellauni" title="Catuvellauni">Catuvellauni</a> to the east (<a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celtic</a> tribes documented at the time of Romanisation). </p><p>At Oxney, Oxford a Romano-British settlement grew up, being naturally protected from raids by the large rivers. This settlement dominated the pottery trade in what is now central southern England, distributing it by boats on the Thames and its tributaries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2023, a <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sword from between 850 and 975AD was found in the river.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Navigation">Navigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Cherwell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The river itself has never been properly navigable. In the 17th century weirs were fewer and goods seem to have been laden up to Banbury in modest flat-bottomed boats. A load of coal was taken up the river in 1764 as a test. Since the opening of the Oxford Canal in 1790 only a few sections are navigable, mainly to canoes and punts of shallow <a href="/wiki/Draft_(hull)" title="Draft (hull)">draft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Cherwell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cherwell was mentioned by <a href="/wiki/John_Betjeman" title="John Betjeman">John Betjeman</a> (1906–1984) in his poetry:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="padding-left:40px;" class="poem"> <p>The Cherwell carried under <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_Bridge" title="Magdalen Bridge">Magdalen Bridge</a><br /> Its leisure <a href="/wiki/Punt_(boat)" title="Punt (boat)">puntfuls</a> of the fortunate<br /> Who next term and the next would still come back. </p> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Withywindle" class="mw-redirect" title="Withywindle">Withywindle</a> river in <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>'s fantasy <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> has been identified with the Cherwell near Tolkien's home in Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Growing beside the Withywindle was the evil character <a href="/wiki/Old_Man_Willow" title="Old Man Willow">Old Man Willow</a>; Tolkien made a careful pencil and coloured pencil drawing of the character while he was writing the chapter "The Old Forest". Tolkien's son John suggests that the drawing was based on one of the few <a href="/wiki/Pollarding" title="Pollarding">unpollarded</a> willows on the Cherwell at Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_1995_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond_1995-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Society" title="The Tolkien Society">The Tolkien Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society" title="Mythopoeic Society">Mythopoeic Society</a> have placed a Tolkien memorial bench beside the Cherwell in the <a href="/wiki/University_Parks" title="University Parks">University Parks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Cherwell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tributaries_of_the_River_Thames" title="Tributaries of the River Thames">Tributaries of the River Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rivers in England">List of rivers in England</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Cherwell&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stone2014-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stone2014_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJean_Stone2014" class="citation book cs1">Jean Stone (28 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RgzXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT6"><i>River Cherwell</i></a>. Amberley Publishing Limited. pp. 6–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-3450-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-3450-0"><bdi>978-1-4456-3450-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=River+Cherwell&rft.pages=6-9&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2014-02-28&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-3450-0&rft.au=Jean+Stone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRgzXAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Cherwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/oxford/content/articles/2009/06/24/cherwell.shtml">"Oxford – Places – How do you pronounce Cherwell?"</a>. BBC. 26 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130129041908/http://www.bbc.co.uk/oxford/content/articles/2009/06/24/cherwell.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford+%E2%80%93+Places+%E2%80%93+How+do+you+pronounce+Cherwell%3F&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2009-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Foxford%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2009%2F06%2F24%2Fcherwell.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Cherwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnn_Spokes_SymondsNigel_Morgan2010" class="citation book cs1">Ann Spokes Symonds; Nigel Morgan (2010). <i>The Origins of Oxford Street Names</i>. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-899536-99-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-899536-99-3"><bdi>978-1-899536-99-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Oxford+Street+Names&rft.pages=36&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-899536-99-3&rft.au=Ann+Spokes+Symonds&rft.au=Nigel+Morgan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Cherwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/PDF/GETH0705BJHS-E-E.pdf">"227_10_SD01 Licence strategy template"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110314223943/http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/pdf/GETH0705BJHS-E-E.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=227_10_SD01+Licence+strategy+template&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.environment-agency.gov.uk%2FPDF%2FGETH0705BJHS-E-E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Cherwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CEH-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CEH_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEH_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshHannaford2008" class="citation book cs1">Marsh, T; Hannaford, J, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/3093/1/HydrometricRegister_Final_WithCovers.pdf"><i>UK Hydrographic Register</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hydrological data UK series. Wallingford, Oxfordshire: Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9557672-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9557672-2-7"><bdi>978-0-9557672-2-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005215639/http://www.ceh.ac.uk/products/publications/documents/hydrometricregister_final_withcovers.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kingssutton.net&rft.atitle=Memories&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kingssutton.net%2FMemories.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Cherwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/see-and-do/routes/clifton-and-adderbury">"Cycling | Canal & River Trust"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150227184639/https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/see-and-do/routes/clifton-and-adderbury">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. pp. 155–156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10360-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10360-3"><bdi>978-0-261-10360-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34533659">34533659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%3A+Artist+and+Illustrator&rft.place=London&rft.pages=155-156&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34533659&rft.isbn=978-0-261-10360-3&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft.au=Scull%2C+Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Cherwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwai2024" class="citation news cs1">Kwai, Isabella (15 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/15/world/europe/viking-sword-found-uk-river.html">"This Treasure Hunter's Latest Find? A 1,000-Year-Old Viking Sword"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+1%2C000-Year-Old+Viking+Sword+Emerges+From+an+English+River&rft.date=2024-03-14&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Sonja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2F1000-year-old-viking-sword-emerges-from-english-river-180983936%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Cherwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanceColvinCooperDay1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Chance, Eleanor; Colvin, Christina; Cooper, Janet; Day, C.J.; Hassall, T.G.; Selwyn, Nesta (1979). Crossley, Alan; <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Elrington" title="Christopher Elrington">Elrington, C.R.</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22808#s5"><i>A History of the County of Oxford</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_County_History" title="Victoria County History">Victoria County History</a>. Vol. 4: Communications: Rivers and River Navigation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200827085632/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/oxon/vol4/pp284-295#s5">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Oxford&rft.series=Victoria+County+History&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Chance&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft.au=Colvin%2C+Christina&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Janet&rft.au=Day%2C+C.J.&rft.au=Hassall%2C+T.G.&rft.au=Selwyn%2C+Nesta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.aspx%3Fcompid%3D22808%23s5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Cherwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelaney1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Delaney" title="Frank Delaney">Delaney, Frank</a> (1985). "Oxford". <i>Betjeman Country</i>. <a href="/wiki/Paladin_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Paladin Books">Paladin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/Granada_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Granada Publishing">Granada Publishing</a>. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-586-08499-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-586-08499-1"><bdi>978-0-586-08499-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford&rft.btitle=Betjeman+Country&rft.series=Paladin+Books&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Granada+Publishing&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-586-08499-1&rft.aulast=Delaney&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Cherwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShippey2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Shippey, Tom</a> (2000). <i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_Author_of_the_Century" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century">J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century</a></i>. Harper Collins. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_261_10400_4" title="Special:BookSources/0 261 10400 4"><bdi>0 261 10400 4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%3A+Author+of+the+Century&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0261104004&rft.aulast=Shippey&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Cherwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Tolkien Society Guide to Oxford</i>. Cheltenham: <a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Society" title="The Tolkien Society">The Tolkien Society</a>. 2005. pp. 26–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905520-17-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-905520-17-3"><bdi>0-905520-17-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tolkien+Society+Guide+to+Oxford&rft.place=Cheltenham&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=The+Tolkien+Society&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-905520-17-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Cherwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Cherwell&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.floodplains.org.uk/cherwell.htm">Wise Use of Floodplains – River Cherwell</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051229021153/http://www.floodplains.org.uk/cherwell.htm">Archived</a> 29 December 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#E0FFFF; text-align: center;"> <td style="font-weight: bold;">Next confluence upstream</td> <td style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a></td> <td style="font-weight: bold;">Next confluence downstream</td> </tr><tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Castle_Mill_Stream" title="Castle Mill Stream">Castle Mill Stream</a> (north)</td> <td>River Cherwell</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinksey_Stream" title="Hinksey Stream">Hinksey Stream</a> (south)</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alledge_Brook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alledge Brook (page does not exist)">Alledge Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Avon,_Warwickshire" title="River Avon, Warwickshire">River Avon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">River Cherwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Great_Ouse" title="River Great Ouse">River Great Ouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Brook" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpers Brook">Harpers Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Ise" title="River Ise">River Ise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Jordan,_Northamptonshire" title="River Jordan, Northamptonshire">River Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Nene" title="River Nene">River Nene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rains_Brook" title="Rains 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