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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1982_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1982_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1982 election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1982_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Presidency</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Economic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Domestic elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Electoral reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempt_to_legalize_abortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempt_to_legalize_abortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Attempt to legalize abortion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempt_to_legalize_abortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1984_Molotov_cocktail_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1984_Molotov_cocktail_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>1984 Molotov cocktail attack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1984_Molotov_cocktail_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-San_Juanico_explosions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#San_Juanico_explosions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>San Juanico explosions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-San_Juanico_explosions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1985_Earthquake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1985_Earthquake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>1985 Earthquake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1985_Earthquake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1986_FIFA_World_Cup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1986_FIFA_World_Cup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>1986 FIFA World Cup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1986_FIFA_World_Cup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Split_in_the_PRI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Split_in_the_PRI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Split in the PRI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Split_in_the_PRI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Drug trafficking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1988_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1988_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>1988 election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1988_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Post-presidency</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-presidency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-presidency subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Director_of_Fondo_de_Cultura_Económica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Director_of_Fondo_de_Cultura_Económica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Director of Fondo de Cultura Económica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Director_of_Fondo_de_Cultura_Económica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversial_statements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversial_statements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Controversial statements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversial_statements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_image_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_image_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Public image and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_image_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Miguel de la Madrid</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Miguel de la Madrid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="ميغيل دي لا مدريد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميغيل دي لا مدريد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Miguel de la Madrid" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migel_de_la_Madrid" title="Migel de la Madrid – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Migel de la Madrid" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4" title="Мігель дэ ла Мадрыд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мігель дэ ла Мадрыд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid_Hurtado" title="Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Miguel de la Madrid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid_Hurtado" title="Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Miguel de la Madrid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Miguel de la Madrid" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid_Hurtado" title="Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Miguel de la Madrid" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="میگوئل د لا مادرید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میگوئل د لا مادرید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Miguel de la Madrid" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B2%94_%EB%8D%B0_%EB%9D%BC_%EB%A7%88%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C" title="미겔 데 라 마드리드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미겔 데 라 마드리드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D5%A4%D5%A5_%D5%AC%D5%A1_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A4" title="Միգել դե լա Մադրիդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միգել դե լա Մադրիդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid_Hurtado" title="Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Miguel de la Madrid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Miguel de la Madrid" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9C_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93" title="מיגל דה לה מדריד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיגל דה לה מדריד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="მიგელ დე ლა მადრიდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მიგელ დე ლა მადრიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_de_la_Madrid_Hurtado" title="Michael de la Madrid Hurtado – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Michael de la Madrid Hurtado" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Miguel de la Madrid" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="ميجيل دى لا مدريد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ميجيل دى لا مدريد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Miguel de la Madrid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="ミゲル・デ・ラ・マドリ・ウルタード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミゲル・デ・ラ・マドリ・ウルタード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Miguel de la Madrid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid_Hurtado" title="Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Miguel de la Madrid" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Miguel de la Madrid" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Miguel de la Madrid" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Мадрид, Мигель де ла – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мадрид, Мигель де ла" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Miguel de la Madrid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Мигел де ла Мадрид – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мигел де ла Мадрид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Miguel de la Madrid" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Miguel de la Madrid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Miguel de la Madrid" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Мігель де ла Мадрид – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мігель де ла Мадрид" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Miguel de la Madrid" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Miguel de la Madrid" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E9%A6%AC%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C" title="米格爾德拉馬德里 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="米格爾德拉馬德里" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Miguel de la Madrid" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C" title="米格尔·德拉马德里 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="米格尔·德拉马德里" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of Mexico from 1982 to 1988</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> de la Madrid</i> and the second or maternal family name is <i> Hurtado</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Miguel de la Madrid</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Miguel_de_la_Madrid_official_portrait_(cropped)(b).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Miguel_de_la_Madrid_official_portrait_%28cropped%29%28b%29.jpg/220px-Miguel_de_la_Madrid_official_portrait_%28cropped%29%28b%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Miguel_de_la_Madrid_official_portrait_%28cropped%29%28b%29.jpg/330px-Miguel_de_la_Madrid_official_portrait_%28cropped%29%28b%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Miguel_de_la_Madrid_official_portrait_%28cropped%29%28b%29.jpg/440px-Miguel_de_la_Madrid_official_portrait_%28cropped%29%28b%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="756" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1982</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">59th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 December 1982 – 30 November 1988</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo">José López Portillo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari" title="Carlos Salinas de Gortari">Carlos Salinas de Gortari</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Fondo_de_Cultura_Econ%C3%B3mica" title="Fondo de Cultura Económica">Director of the Fund of Economic Culture</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />15 January 1990 – 13 December 2000</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Pedrero" title="Enrique González Pedrero">Enrique González Pedrero</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Celorio" title="Gonzalo Celorio">Gonzalo Celorio Blasco</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Secretary of Programming and the Budget of Mexico</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />16 May 1979 – 30 September 1981</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo">José López Portillo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Garc%C3%ADa_Sainz" title="Ricardo García Sainz">Ricardo García Sainz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ramón Aguirre Velázquez</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Finance_and_Public_Credit_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat of Finance and Public Credit (Mexico)">Deputy Secretary of Finance and Public Credit of Mexico</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />29 September 1975 – 16 May 1979</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Echeverr%C3%ADa" title="Luis Echeverría">Luis Echeverría</a> <small>(1975–76)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo">José López Portillo</a> <small>(1976–79)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Secretary</th><td class="infobox-data">Mario Ramón Beteta <small>(1975–76)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Julio_Rodolfo_Moctezuma" title="Julio Rodolfo Moctezuma">Julio Rodolfo Moctezuma</a> <small>(1976–77)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/David_Ibarra_Mu%C3%B1oz" title="David Ibarra Muñoz">David Ibarra Muñoz</a> <small>(1976–79)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Ram%C3%B3n_Beteta" title="Mario Ramón Beteta">Mario Ramón Beteta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Silva-Herzog_Flores" title="Jesús Silva-Herzog Flores">Jesús Silva-Herzog Flores</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1935-01-12</span>)</span>12 January 1935<br /><a href="/wiki/Colima_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Colima City">Colima</a>, Mexico</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 April 2012<span style="display:none">(2012-04-01)</span> (aged 77)<br /><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, Mexico</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Iglesia de Santo Tomás</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Paloma_Cordero" title="Paloma Cordero">Paloma Cordero</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1959)<wbr /></div><sup id="cite_ref-cidob_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cidob-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5 including <a href="/wiki/Enrique_de_la_Madrid_Cordero" title="Enrique de la Madrid Cordero">Enrique</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico" title="National Autonomous University of Mexico">National Autonomous University of Mexico</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of Law">LLB</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Public_Administration" title="Master of Public Administration">MPA</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[miˈɣel<span class="wrap"> </span>de<span class="wrap"> </span>la<span class="wrap"> </span>maˈðɾið<span class="wrap"> </span>uɾˈtaðo]</a></span>; 12 January 1935 – 1 April 2012) was a Mexican politician affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a> (PRI) who served as the 59th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">president of Mexico</a> from 1982 to 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inheriting a severe economic and financial crisis from his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo">José López Portillo</a> as a result of the <a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">international drop in oil prices</a> and a crippling <a href="/wiki/External_debt" title="External debt">external debt</a> on which Mexico had defaulted months before he took office, De la Madrid introduced sweeping <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Policies">policies</a> to overcome the crisis, beginning an era of market-oriented presidents in Mexico, along with <a href="/wiki/Austerity_measures" class="mw-redirect" title="Austerity measures">austerity measures</a> involving deep cuts in public spending. In spite of these reforms, De la Madrid's administration continued to be plagued by <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">negative economic growth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> for the rest of his term, while the social effects of the austerity measures were particularly harsh on the lower and middle classes, with real wages falling to half of what they were in 1978 and with a sharp rise in <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Informal_economy" title="Informal economy">informal economy</a> by the end of his term.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De la Madrid's administration was also famous for his "Moral Renovation" campaign, whose purported goal was to fight the government corruption that had become widespread under previous administrations, leading to the arrests of top officials of the López Portillo administration. </p><p>In addition, his administration was criticized for its slow response to the <a href="/wiki/1985_Mexico_City_earthquake" title="1985 Mexico City earthquake">1985 Mexico City earthquake</a>, and the handling of the controversial <a href="/wiki/1988_Mexican_general_election" title="1988 Mexican general election">1988 elections</a> in which the PRI candidate <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari" title="Carlos Salinas de Gortari">Carlos Salinas de Gortari</a> was declared winner, amid accusations of <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">electoral fraud</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_la_Madrid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Miguel de la Madrid was born in the city of <a href="/wiki/Colima_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Colima City">Colima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colima" title="Colima">Colima</a>, Mexico. He was the son of Miguel de la Madrid Castro, a notable lawyer (who was assassinated when his son was only two),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Alicia Hurtado Oldenbourg. His grandfather was Enrique Octavio de la Madrid, the governor of Colima. </p><p>He graduated with a bachelor's degree in law from the <a href="/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico" title="National Autonomous University of Mexico">National Autonomous University of Mexico</a> (UNAM) and received a master's degree in Public Administration from the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_School_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy School of Government">John F. Kennedy School of Government</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1953, he was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Paloma_Cordero" title="Paloma Cordero">Paloma Cordero</a> by her older brother.<sup id="cite_ref-fin_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple began dating in 1955 and married four years later at the Santa Rosa de Lima Church in <a href="/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc" title="Cuauhtémoc">Cuauhtémoc</a> in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-fin_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cordera and de la Madrid had five children - Margarita, Miguel, <a href="/wiki/Enrique_de_la_Madrid_Cordero" title="Enrique de la Madrid Cordero">Enrique Octavio</a>, Federico Luis and Gerardo Antonio.<sup id="cite_ref-fin_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_la_Madrid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He worked for the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico" title="Bank of Mexico">Bank of Mexico</a> and lectured in law at UNAM before he got a position at the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Finance_and_Public_Credit_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat of Finance and Public Credit (Mexico)">Secretariat of Finance</a> in 1965. Between 1970 and 1972, he was employed by <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Pemex" title="Pemex">Petróleos Mexicanos</a></i></span>, Mexico's state-owned <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> company, after which he held several other bureaucratic posts in the government of <a href="/wiki/Luis_Echeverr%C3%ADa" title="Luis Echeverría">Luis Echeverría</a>. In 1979, he was chosen to serve in <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo">José López Portillo</a>'s cabinet as Secretary of Budget and Planning, replacing <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Garc%C3%ADa_Sainz" title="Ricardo García Sainz">Ricardo García Sainz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1982_election">1982 election</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_la_Madrid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1982 election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1982_Mexican_general_election" title="1982 Mexican general election">1982 Mexican general election</a></div> <p>De la Madrid had no political experience as an elected official prior to becoming the candidate for the PRI. In the assessment of political scientist <a href="/wiki/Jorge_G._Casta%C3%B1eda" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorge G. Castañeda">Jorge G. Castañeda</a>, López Portillo designated De la Madrid as a candidate by elimination, not by choice, and that De la Madrid remained in contention as a candidate because he was never the bearer of bad news to the president. Other contenders were <a href="/wiki/Javier_Garc%C3%ADa_Paniagua" title="Javier García Paniagua">Javier García Paniagua</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Ibarra_Mu%C3%B1oz" title="David Ibarra Muñoz">David Ibarra Muñoz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When his candidacy was revealed, his "candidacy was greeted with unusual hostility from some sectors of the political establishment--an indication of the emerging rift between the old <i>políticos</i> and emerging technocrats."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De la Madrid did not run against a strong opposition candidate. His campaign rhetoric emphasized traditional liberal values of representation, federalism, strengthening of the legislature and the judiciary. There was massive turnout in the election, for the first time in many years, voting overwhelmingly for De la Madrid.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency">Presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_la_Madrid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De la Madrid inherited the financial catastrophe from his predecessor; Mexico experienced per capita negative growth for his entire term. De la Madrid's handling of the devastating 1985 Mexico City earthquake was his own major misstep. The end of his administration was even worse, with his choice of <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari" title="Carlos Salinas de Gortari">Carlos Salinas de Gortari</a> as his successor, the split in the PRI with the exit of <a href="/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas">Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas</a>, and the government's handling of balloting with election results deemed fraudulent. His administration did have some bright spots, with Mexico's becoming a member of the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (GATT) in 1985. Mexico also was part of the <a href="/wiki/Contadora_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Contadora Group">Contadora</a> process to find a solution of the conflicts in Central America.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_la_Madrid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_Nancy_Reagan_Miguel_De_La_Madrid_Hurtado_and_Mrs_De_La_Madrid_Hurtado_in_Cross_Hall_During_State_Dinner_for_President_Miguel_De_La_Madrid_Hurtado_of_Mexico_-_DPLA_-_a5497006bc877bb01646c8ab808be5e3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/President_Ronald_Reagan_Nancy_Reagan_Miguel_De_La_Madrid_Hurtado_and_Mrs_De_La_Madrid_Hurtado_in_Cross_Hall_During_State_Dinner_for_President_Miguel_De_La_Madrid_Hurtado_of_Mexico_-_DPLA_-_a5497006bc877bb01646c8ab808be5e3.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/President_Ronald_Reagan_Nancy_Reagan_Miguel_De_La_Madrid_Hurtado_and_Mrs_De_La_Madrid_Hurtado_in_Cross_Hall_During_State_Dinner_for_President_Miguel_De_La_Madrid_Hurtado_of_Mexico_-_DPLA_-_a5497006bc877bb01646c8ab808be5e3.jpg/375px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/President_Ronald_Reagan_Nancy_Reagan_Miguel_De_La_Madrid_Hurtado_and_Mrs_De_La_Madrid_Hurtado_in_Cross_Hall_During_State_Dinner_for_President_Miguel_De_La_Madrid_Hurtado_of_Mexico_-_DPLA_-_a5497006bc877bb01646c8ab808be5e3.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2645" /></a><figcaption>From left to right: US President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, First Lady <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy</a>, Mexican President Miguel de la Madrid and his wife <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paloma_Cordero" class="extiw" title="es:Paloma Cordero">Paloma Cordero</a> in Cross Hall, White House, at a state dinner.</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike previous Mexican leaders, he was a <a href="/wiki/Market-oriented" class="mw-redirect" title="Market-oriented">market-oriented</a> president. Inflation increased on an average of 100% a year and reached to an unprecedented level of 159% in 1987. The underemployment rate soared to 25% during the mid-1980s, income declined, and economic growth was erratic since prices rose usually much faster than incomes. </p><p>All that was a stark reminder of the gross mismanagement and policies of his two immediate predecessors, particularly the financing of development with excessive overseas borrowing, which was often countered by high internal capital flights.<sup id="cite_ref-time_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De la Madrid himself had been Minister of Budget and Programming under López Portillo, and as such he was perceived by many as being co-responsible for the crisis that he himself had to deal with upon taking office. As an immediate reaction to the economic crisis, he first presented the Immediate Economic Reorganization Program (<i>Programa Inmediato de Reordenación Económica</i>) and, a couple of months later, the National Development Plan (<i>Plan Nacional de Desarrollo</i>). Some of the measures proposed were a reduction of public spending, fiscal reforms, a restructuring of the bureaucracy, and employment protection.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his presidency, De la Madrid introduced <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> economic reforms that encouraged foreign investment, widespread privatization of state-run industries, and reduction of tariffs, a process that continued under his successors, and which immediately caught the attention of the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) and other international observers. In January 1986, Mexico entered the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (GATT) following its efforts at reforming and decentralizing its economy. The number of state-owned industries went down from approximately 1,155 in 1982 to 412 in 1988. De la Madrid re-privatized companies that had been made state-run under his predecessors. He sought better public-private sector relations, but the private sector began backing opposition candidates nonetheless. Given the dire economic circumstances he inherited from his predecessor, he pursued policies of economic austerity, rather than deficit spending.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_elections">Domestic elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_la_Madrid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Domestic elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>President De la Madrid initially stated that further democratization of the country was necessary, and the political system opened up to greater competition. As other parties showed the potential for their electoral success, however, his attitude later seemed to be hostile to the advance of opposition parties, instead allowing the PRI to maintain near-absolute power of the country<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (at the time, the PRI still governed all of the Mexican states plus the Federal District, in addition to holding 299 of the 400 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)">Chamber of Deputies</a> and 63 of the 64 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Mexico">Senate</a>). However, it was during his administration that the opposition <a href="/wiki/National_Action_Party_(Mexico)" title="National Action Party (Mexico)">National Action Party</a> (also known as "PAN" for its initials in Spanish) started to become popular with the masses, especially in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a>. </p><p>In 1983, during the municipal elections in the northern state of <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, the PAN won the state's nine biggest Municipalities, which held 70% of its population. The border state had been one of the most affected by the government's policies, specially the nationalization of the Bank decreed in the last months of former President López Portillo's administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Chihua_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chihua-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than accepting that the unpopularity and corruption of the PRI in Chihuahua had led to such a defeat, the local PRI bosses claimed that the Catholic Church, the local businessmen and even "foreign influences" had persuaded voters to support the PAN. Most importantly, the local PRI stated that the electoral defeat was a "tragic disaster" that should never be repeated.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones_estatales_de_Chihuahua_de_1986" class="extiw" title="es:Elecciones estatales de Chihuahua de 1986">The 1986 gubernatorial elections in that same state</a> [es] were marked by accusations of <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral fraud</a>. Although the PRI candidate, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Baeza_Mel%C3%A9ndez" title="Fernando Baeza Meléndez">Fernando Baeza</a>, was officially pronounced winner, the PAN candidate <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Barrio" title="Francisco Barrio">Francisco Barrio Terrazas</a>, who officially ended in second place with 35.16% of the vote (at the time, the biggest percentage of votes that an opposition candidate had earned in Chihuahua) did not recognize the results, and the PAN promoted acts of civil disobedience to resist the alleged fraud. Many other local elections were marked by accusations of fraud in those years, sometimes ending with violent clashes. In some small municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, the local population even seized or burned the local Town halls in response to alleged electoral frauds.<sup id="cite_ref-Chihua_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chihua-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electoral_reform">Electoral reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_la_Madrid&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Electoral reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to these controversies, an electoral reform was conducted in 1986: </p> <ul><li>The number of members of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)">Chamber of Deputies</a> being elected by <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> (<i>plurinominales</i>) was increased from 100 to 200 and allowed for a better representation of opposition parties.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Mexico)" title="Senate of the Republic (Mexico)">Senate</a> is composed of two senators from each state and two from the <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Federal District of Mexico</a>. An election of half of its members takes place every three years.</li> <li>The Legislative Assembly of the Federal District of Mexico was created.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_reviewing_troops_with_President_Miguel_de_la_Madrid_at_the_Camino_Real_Hotel_landing_zone_in_Mazatlan,_Mexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/President_Ronald_Reagan_reviewing_troops_with_President_Miguel_de_la_Madrid_at_the_Camino_Real_Hotel_landing_zone_in_Mazatlan%2C_Mexico.jpg/250px-President_Ronald_Reagan_reviewing_troops_with_President_Miguel_de_la_Madrid_at_the_Camino_Real_Hotel_landing_zone_in_Mazatlan%2C_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/President_Ronald_Reagan_reviewing_troops_with_President_Miguel_de_la_Madrid_at_the_Camino_Real_Hotel_landing_zone_in_Mazatlan%2C_Mexico.jpg/375px-President_Ronald_Reagan_reviewing_troops_with_President_Miguel_de_la_Madrid_at_the_Camino_Real_Hotel_landing_zone_in_Mazatlan%2C_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/President_Ronald_Reagan_reviewing_troops_with_President_Miguel_de_la_Madrid_at_the_Camino_Real_Hotel_landing_zone_in_Mazatlan%2C_Mexico.jpg/500px-President_Ronald_Reagan_reviewing_troops_with_President_Miguel_de_la_Madrid_at_the_Camino_Real_Hotel_landing_zone_in_Mazatlan%2C_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2629" /></a><figcaption>Miguel de la Madrid (left) with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (center) in <a href="/wiki/Mazatl%C3%A1n" title="Mazatlán">Mazatlán</a> (1988).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempt_to_legalize_abortion">Attempt to legalize abortion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_la_Madrid&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Attempt to legalize abortion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since his campaign for the presidency, De la Madrid had mentioned the importance of discussing the topic of abortion, given the high national demographic growth and the scarce resources that the country had to deal with the necessities of an ever-growing population, specially in the middle of the economic crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon becoming President, De la Madrid and the Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Garc%C3%ADa_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Sergio García Ramírez">Sergio García Ramírez</a> attempted to reform the Penal Code of the <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Federal District</a> to decriminalize abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy "due to failure of the contraceptive methods, fetal alterations and pregnancies due to rape, with previous medical authorization and carried out at a hospital center".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to the highly negative reaction of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mexico" title="Catholic Church in Mexico">Catholic church</a> and the conservative sectors, the initiative was finally withdrawn.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1984_Molotov_cocktail_attack">1984 Molotov cocktail attack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_la_Madrid&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1984 Molotov cocktail attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 May 1984, an anti-government activist named José Antonio Palacios Marquina, along with others, threw <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktail" title="Molotov cocktail">Molotov cocktails</a> at the balcony of the Presidential Palace, where De la Madrid was reviewing the <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> parade. Although the President was unharmed, the incident left many officials and guests injured, including the then-director of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Security_and_Services_for_State_Workers" title="Institute for Social Security and Services for State Workers">ISSTE</a>, Alejandro Carrillo.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="San_Juanico_explosions">San Juanico explosions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_la_Madrid&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: San Juanico explosions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/San_Juanico_disaster" title="San Juanico disaster">San Juanico disaster</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaskessel_gr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gaskessel_gr.jpg/250px-Gaskessel_gr.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gaskessel_gr.jpg/375px-Gaskessel_gr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Gaskessel_gr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>In the San Juanico Disaster, six of these spherical type <a href="/wiki/Liquid_petroleum_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid petroleum gas">liquid petroleum gas</a> (LPG) containers exploded into huge fireballs killing 500–600 people and causing severe burns in 5000–7000 others.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 19 November 1984, a massive series of explosions occurred at a <a href="/wiki/Liquid_petroleum_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid petroleum gas">liquid petroleum gas</a> (LPG) tank farm in the town of <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Ixhuatepec" title="San Juan Ixhuatepec">San Juan Ixhuatepec</a> (outside of <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disaster was initiated by a <a href="/wiki/Gas_leak" title="Gas leak">gas leak</a> on the site, likely caused by a pipe <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rupture" class="extiw" title="wikt:rupture">rupture</a> during transfer operations, which caused a plume of LPG to concentrate at ground level for 10 minutes. The plume eventually grew large enough to drift on the wind towards the west end of the site, where the facility's waste-gas flare pit was located. The explosions devastated the town of San Juan Ixhuatepec, and resulted in 500-600 deaths and 7,000 people with severe injuries. </p><p>The tragedy sparked a national outrage, and President De la Madrid visited the affected area on 20 November. He instructed the creation of a commission to help the survivors and to rebuild the destroyed homes. On 22 December, the Procuraduría General de Justicia found the state-run oil company <a href="/wiki/Pemex" title="Pemex">Pemex</a> to be responsible for the incident, and was ordered to pay indemnification to the victims. Due to the tragedy apparently having been caused by corruption and incompetence at the state-run company, the public further resented the Government and public institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1985_Earthquake">1985 Earthquake</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_la_Madrid&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1985 Earthquake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1985_Mexico_City_earthquake" title="1985 Mexico City earthquake">1985 Mexico City earthquake</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paloma_Cordero_Nancy_Reagan_Mexico_City_1985_earthquake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Paloma_Cordero_Nancy_Reagan_Mexico_City_1985_earthquake.jpg/220px-Paloma_Cordero_Nancy_Reagan_Mexico_City_1985_earthquake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Paloma_Cordero_Nancy_Reagan_Mexico_City_1985_earthquake.jpg/330px-Paloma_Cordero_Nancy_Reagan_Mexico_City_1985_earthquake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Paloma_Cordero_Nancy_Reagan_Mexico_City_1985_earthquake.jpg/440px-Paloma_Cordero_Nancy_Reagan_Mexico_City_1985_earthquake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>First ladies <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paloma_Cordero" class="extiw" title="es:Paloma Cordero">Paloma Cordero</a> of Mexico (left) and <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a> of the United States (right) with US Ambassador to Mexico, <a href="/wiki/John_Gavin" title="John Gavin">John Gavin</a>, observing the damage done by the earthquake.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the morning of 19 September 1985, an 8.0 magnitude earthquake devastated Mexico City and caused the deaths of at least 5,000 people. De La Madrid's mishandling of the disaster damaged his popularity because of his initial refusal of international aid. It placed Mexico's delicate path to economic recovery in an even more precarious situation, as the destruction extended to other parts of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-cidob_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cidob-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The federal government's first public response was President de la Madrid's declaration of a period of mourning for three days starting from 20 September 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-suicidios_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suicidios-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De la Madrid initially refused to send the military to assist on the rescue efforts, and it was later deployed to patrol streets only to prevent <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looting</a> after a <a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">curfew</a> was imposed.<sup id="cite_ref-velasco_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-velasco-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earthquake created many political difficulties for the then-ruling Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) or <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a>. The crisis was severe enough to have tested the capabilities of wealthier countries, but the government from local PRI bosses to President de la Madrid himself exacerbated the problem aside from the lack of money. The <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat of Foreign Affairs">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> declared it would not request aid.<sup id="cite_ref-ConEncMex_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ConEncMex-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was also widely reported in the days after the earthquake that the military assisted factory owners in retrieving their machinery rather than in removing the bodies of dead factory workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirkwood_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirkwood-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President de la Madrid was also criticized for refusing to cut foreign debt payments to use the money to help with the recovery effort (at the time, his administration destined around 30% of the federal budget towards the payments of the foreign debt). The government's response to the earthquake was widely criticized at various levels of Mexican society, being seen as both authoritarian and incompetent.<sup id="cite_ref-ConEncMex_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ConEncMex-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As most of the collapsed buildings were of recent construction and public works projects, the government was seen at fault due to mismanagement and corruption in these constructions.<sup id="cite_ref-laguia_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laguia-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government itself realized that it could not handle the crisis alone through already-established institutions and decided to open the process up to "opposition groups".<sup id="cite_ref-ConEncMex_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ConEncMex-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1986_FIFA_World_Cup">1986 FIFA World Cup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_la_Madrid&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1986 FIFA World Cup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his administration, Mexico hosted the <a href="/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1986 FIFA World Cup">1986 FIFA World Cup</a>. There were some protests against the tournament, as Mexico was going through an economic crisis at the time and the country was still recovering from the 1985 earthquake, therefore the World Cup was considered by many as a lavish and unnecessary expense.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the World Cup's inauguration at the <a href="/wiki/Estadio_Azteca" title="Estadio Azteca">Estadio Azteca</a> on 31 May, just before the opening match <a href="/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_A#Bulgaria_vs_Italy" title="1986 FIFA World Cup Group A">Italy vs Bulgaria</a>, De la Madrid was jeered by a crowd of 100,000 while trying to give a speech,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> apparently in protest over his administration's poor reaction to the 1985 earthquake.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An official who was present at the event recalled that "[The President's] words were completely drowned out by boos and whistles [...] I was dying with embarrassment, but it seemed to be the right metaphor for the mood of the country."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Split_in_the_PRI">Split in the PRI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_la_Madrid&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Split in the PRI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 1986, a group of politicians from the <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a> (PRI) led by <a href="/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas">Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_Mu%C3%B1oz_Ledo" title="Porfirio Muñoz Ledo">Porfirio Muñoz Ledo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ifigenia_Mart%C3%ADnez_y_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Ifigenia Martínez y Hernández">Ifigenia Martínez</a>, announced the creation of the Democratic Current (<i>Corriente Democrática</i>) within the PRI. The Democratic Current demanded the establishment of clear rules for the selection of the party's presidential candidate. When they failed, Cárdenas, Muñoz Ledo and Martínez left the PRI the following year and created the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Front_(Mexico)" title="National Democratic Front (Mexico)">National Democratic Front</a> (<i>Frente Democrático Nacional</i>), a loose alliance of left-wing parties.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_trafficking">Drug trafficking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_la_Madrid&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Drug trafficking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Drug_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Drug War">Mexican Drug War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enrique-camarena1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Enrique-camarena1.jpg/220px-Enrique-camarena1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Enrique-camarena1.jpg/330px-Enrique-camarena1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Enrique-camarena1.jpg/440px-Enrique-camarena1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>U.S. DEA agent Kiki Camarena</figcaption></figure> <p>As the U.S. consumption of illegal substances grew in the 1960s and 1970s, the U.S. became interested in strengthening enforcement of drug trafficking in Mexico. In the 1980s U.S. Presidents <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> expanded the so-called "war on drugs" to stop drugs at ports of entry from Mexico. More importantly, the U.S. began asserting extraterritorial jurisdiction over drug trafficking in Mexican national territory.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crackdown on drug trafficking resulted in higher prices for drugs, since there was more risk involved, but trafficking in this era boomed. Drug trafficking organizations in Mexico grew in size and strength. As the U.S. asserted jurisdiction over trafficking in Mexico, Mexico could no longer pursue an autonomous drug policy. Agents of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> (DEA) began operating in Mexico without the consent of Mexican authorities. "In 1987, De la Madrid declared drug trafficking a national security problem and completely reorganized Mexican antidrug policy" and more government financial and personnel resources were devoted to the policy. Arrests in 1987 for drug trafficking reached 17,000. Front-line enforcement agents of the Mexican police were often corrupted by bribes from drug traffickers. Violence between traffickers and the police increased in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major incident in the drug war and in U.S.-Mexican relations was the kidnap, torture, and murder of DEA agent <a href="/wiki/Kiki_Camarena" title="Kiki Camarena">Enrique "Kiki" Camarena</a> in 1985. In 1984, the Mexican government had staged a raid on a suspected site of drug trafficking in Chihuahua state. Traffickers suspected Camarena of providing information to the Mexican government and he was abducted in February 1985, tortured and killed; his body was found a month later. The U.S. responded by sending a special unit of the DEA to coordinate the investigation in Mexico. In the investigation, Mexican government officials were implicated, including Manuel Ibarra Herrera, past director of Mexican Federal Judicial Police, and <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Aldana_Ibarra" title="Miguel Aldana Ibarra">Miguel Aldana Ibarra</a>, the former director of Interpol in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drug trafficking as an issue has continued in Mexico in succeeding presidential administrations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_la_Madrid&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_la_madrid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/De_la_madrid.jpg/250px-De_la_madrid.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/De_la_madrid.jpg/375px-De_la_madrid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/De_la_madrid.jpg/500px-De_la_madrid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="1917" /></a><figcaption>President de la Madrid arriving at Andrews Air Base, Maryland.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1983, the <a href="/wiki/Contadora_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Contadora Group">Contadora Group</a> was launched by Colombia, Panama, Venezuela and Mexico to promote peace in Latin America and to deal with the armed conflicts in El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Guatemala.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 March 1986, the <a href="/wiki/Mexicana_Flight_940" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexicana Flight 940">Mexicana Flight 940</a> crashed in the state of <a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a>, killing everyone on board. Initially, two Middle Eastern terrorist groups claimed responsibility for this crash, along with the bombing of <a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_840_bombing" title="TWA Flight 840 bombing">TWA Flight 840</a>, which occurred just two days later. An anonymous letter signed by those groups claimed that a suicide mission had sabotaged the plane in retaliation against the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-KNE_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KNE-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, sabotage was later dismissed as a cause of the crash, and the investigations carried out by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board" title="National Transportation Safety Board">National Transportation Safety Board</a> and Mexican aeronautical authorities concluded that the cause of the accident was that the center landing gear tire was filled with compressed air, instead of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ecperez.blogspot.co.nz_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecperez.blogspot.co.nz-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1988_election">1988 election</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_la_Madrid&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1988 election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1988_Mexican_general_election" title="1988 Mexican general election">1988 Mexican general election</a></div> <p>Galloping inflation, the controversial privatization program and <a href="/wiki/Austerity_measures" class="mw-redirect" title="Austerity measures">austerity measures</a> imposed by his administration caused the ruling party to lose ground, leading up to the <a href="/wiki/1988_Mexican_general_election" title="1988 Mexican general election">controversial elections of 1988</a>. In the assessment of political scientist <a href="/wiki/Roderic_Ai_Camp" title="Roderic Ai Camp">Roderic Ai Camp</a>, "It would be fair to say that the election of Carlos Salinas de Gortari in 1988 marked the low point of that office as well as the declining legitimacy of the state."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1987, an internal conflict led to a division in the PRI, as President De la Madrid, like previous PRIísta Presidents had traditionally done, handpicked his successor for the Presidency and appointed the Secretary of Budget and Programming, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari" title="Carlos Salinas de Gortari">Carlos Salinas de Gortari</a>, as the PRI candidate for the 1988 elections.<sup id="cite_ref-Delgado_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delgado-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of left-wing PRI politicians, led by <a href="/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas">Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas</a> (the son of former President <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Lázaro Cárdenas</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_Mu%C3%B1oz_Ledo" title="Porfirio Muñoz Ledo">Porfirio Muñoz Ledo</a>, protested Salinas' appointment as they demanded that the PRI should put an end to the practice of the President choosing his own successor, and proposed that the PRI Presidential candidate should be democratically chosen by all of the PRI members through a <a href="/wiki/Political_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Political convention">convention</a>. They also claimed that President De la Madrid had gone too far with his austerity and free-market reforms, and that his protégée Salinas represented a continuation of such policies.<sup id="cite_ref-Delgado_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delgado-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After many public discussions and proposals, the leadership of the PRI stood by President De la Madrid and confirmed Salinas as the party's presidential candidate, while expelling Cárdenas and Muñoz Ledo from the PRI, along with their followers.<sup id="cite_ref-Delgado_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delgado-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the first time since the PRI took power in 1929, the elections featured two strong opposition candidates with enough popularity to beat the PRI candidate. On one hand, after he and Muñoz Ledo were expelled from the PRI, Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas was nominated presidential candidate by the Frente Democrático Nacional, a coalition of leftist parties. Cárdenas attained massive popularity as result of his efforts at democratizing the PRI, his successful tenure as Governor of <a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a>, his opposition to the austerity reforms and his association with his father's nationalist policies.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the right-wing opposition party <a href="/wiki/National_Action_Party_(Mexico)" title="National Action Party (Mexico)">PAN</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Clouthier" title="Manuel Clouthier">Manuel Clouthier</a> as their presidential candidate. A businessman-turned-politician, Clouthier became popular, specially in Northern Mexico, for his populist rhetoric and his dennouncement of the political establishment and the media. </p><p>On Election Day 1988, the computer system used to count the votes shut down, as Cárdenas held an initial lead. That event is remembered by the phrase <i>se cayó el sistema</i> ("the system crashed"). When the system was restored, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari" title="Carlos Salinas de Gortari">Carlos Salinas</a> was declared the winner.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expression "se cayó el sistema" became a euphemism for electoral fraud. All the opposition candidates refused to recognize the official results and claimed that a massive electoral fraud had been orchestrated by the government. Nevertheless, Salinas was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)">Chamber of Deputies</a>, controlled by the PRI, as the winner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency">Post-presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_la_Madrid&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Post-presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Director_of_Fondo_de_Cultura_Económica"><span id="Director_of_Fondo_de_Cultura_Econ.C3.B3mica"></span>Director of Fondo de Cultura Económica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_la_Madrid&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Director of Fondo de Cultura Económica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After completing his term, he became the director of the <a href="/wiki/Fondo_de_Cultura_Econ%C3%B3mica" title="Fondo de Cultura Económica">Fondo de Cultura Económica</a> (FCE) in 1990. He implanted modernization programs in production and administration. It incorporated the most advanced techniques in book publishing and graphic arts and maintained the openness and plurality features in the publication policy of the company. </p><p>On 4 September 1992, he inaugurated the new facilities, on 227 Picacho-Ajusco Road. Surrounded by garden and offices, it hosts cultural unity <a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Silva_Herzog" title="Jesús Silva Herzog">Jesús Silva Herzog</a>, the <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo_Robles" class="extiw" title="es:Gonzalo Robles">Gonzalo Robles</a> Library, which houses the growing publishing history of the Fund, and the seller <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Reyes" title="Alfonso Reyes">Alfonso Reyes</a>. </p><p>On the international scene in 1990, the existing facilities were remodeled subsidiaries. The presence of the Economic Culture Fund acquired a larger projection in the Americas: on 7 September 1990, the subsidiary in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego, California">San Diego, California</a>, was founded. On 21 June 1991 Seller Azteca opened its doors in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. In 1994 FCE facilities were inaugurated in Venezuela, and in 1998, another subsidiary was established in Guatemala. This Thus, the FCE reached a significant presence in Latin America with nine subsidiaries: <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. </p><p>In publishing field, under his direction, 21 new collections were launched: in 1990, Keys (Argentina) in 1991, A la Orilla del Viento, Mexican Codices, University Science and Special Editions of At the Edge of the wind; in 1992, Breviary of Contemporary Science (Argentina) and New Economic Culture, in 1993 Library Prospective, Mexican Library, Library Cervantes Prize (Spain), and History of the Americas Trust and Cruises, in 1994, Word of Life and Indians A Vision of America and the Modernization of Mexico; Files, Sunstone (Peru), Entre Voces, Reading and Designated Fund 2000; Encounters (Peru) History of Mexico, and five periodicals: Galeras Fund, Periolibros, Images, Spaces for Reading and the Fund page. </p><p>During his administration, the FCE received several awards, among them: in 1992, FILIJ Book Award (CNCA) to children's books, in 1993 Golden Laurel Award (Department of Culture of the City of Madrid) in 1993, honorable mention Juan García Bacca (Peruvian Cultural Association) Award, and Gold Aztec Calendar (Mexican Association of Radio and Television). In 1994 and 1995 Award Book Bank of Venezuela for children's books. </p><p>The Spanish Council for Latin American Studies, distinguished him for his contributions to the development of reading in the Spanish language, received in 1997 the IUS Award by the Faculty of Law of the <a href="/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico" title="National Autonomous University of Mexico">UNAM</a>, and in 1998 the government of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> awarded him the <a href="/wiki/Ordre_des_Palmes_Acad%C3%A9miques" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordre des Palmes Académiques">Academic Palms</a> in rank of Commander for his contribution to cultural development. In 1999, Mr. De la Madrid received the medal <a href="/wiki/Picasso" class="mw-redirect" title="Picasso">Picasso</a> Gold (UNESCO), for their work on the diffusion of Latin American culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversial_statements">Controversial statements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_la_Madrid&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Controversial statements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De la Madrid made headlines in May 2009 after a controversial interview with journalist <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Aristegui" title="Carmen Aristegui">Carmen Aristegui</a>. During the interview, he said that his choice of <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari" title="Carlos Salinas de Gortari">Carlos Salinas de Gortari</a> to succeed him in the Presidency had been a mistake and that he felt "very disappointed" in his successor, lamenting the widespread corruption of the Salinas administration. De la Madrid then directly accused Salinas of having stolen the money of the Presidential <a href="/wiki/Slush_fund" title="Slush fund">slush fund</a>, and also accused his brother <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Salinas_de_Gortari" title="Raúl Salinas de Gortari">Raúl Salinas de Gortari</a> of having ties to drug lords.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only two hours after the interview had been broadcast, a group of <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">PRI</a> leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Gamboa_Patr%C3%B3n" title="Emilio Gamboa Patrón">Emilio Gamboa Patrón</a>, Ramón Aguirre, Francisco Rojas, and De la Madrid's sons <a href="/wiki/Enrique_de_la_Madrid_Cordero" title="Enrique de la Madrid Cordero">Enrique</a> and Federico, arrived at De la Madrid's home and reportedly asked him to retract his statements, arguing that they could damage the party. As a result, on the same day De la Madrid issued a statement retracting the comments he had made during the interview with Aristegui, claiming that due to his advanced age and his poor health, he was not able to "correctly process" the questions.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_la_Madrid&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De la Madrid died on 1 April 2012, at 7:30 am in a Mexican hospital, following a lengthy hospitalization due to complications from <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>, which led to <a href="/wiki/Acute_kidney_injury" title="Acute kidney injury">acute kidney injury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_image_and_legacy">Public image and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_la_Madrid&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Public image and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estatua_del_Ex_Presidente_Miguel_de_la_Madrid_Hurtado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Estatua_del_Ex_Presidente_Miguel_de_la_Madrid_Hurtado.jpg/220px-Estatua_del_Ex_Presidente_Miguel_de_la_Madrid_Hurtado.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Estatua_del_Ex_Presidente_Miguel_de_la_Madrid_Hurtado.jpg/330px-Estatua_del_Ex_Presidente_Miguel_de_la_Madrid_Hurtado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Estatua_del_Ex_Presidente_Miguel_de_la_Madrid_Hurtado.jpg/440px-Estatua_del_Ex_Presidente_Miguel_de_la_Madrid_Hurtado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Miguel de la Madrid in <a href="/wiki/Los_Pinos" title="Los Pinos">Los Pinos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike his predecessors (specially <a href="/wiki/Luis_Echeverr%C3%ADa" title="Luis Echeverría">Luis Echeverría</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo">José López Portillo</a>), President De la Madrid was noted for making relatively few speeches and keeping a more reserved and moderate public image. Although that has been attributed to a strategy to break with his predecessors' populist legacies, President De la Madrid's public image was considered "gray" by critics.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This perception worsened with his government's slow response to the 1985 Earthquake, when President De la Madrid also rejected International aid in the immediate aftermath of the tragedy. </p><p>President De la Madrid's biggest legacy may have been his implementation of economic neoliberal reforms in Mexico, breaking with decades of <a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">economic nationalism</a>, and beginning mass privatization of state-run companies, a process which would be further deepened during the administration of his successor, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari" title="Carlos Salinas de Gortari">Carlos Salinas de Gortari</a>. De la Madrid was also the first of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocrats</a> to become president.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, those reforms and his unwillingness to allow a primary election to choose the PRI candidate for the 1988 Presidential elections are credited as the factors which led to the split of the party in 1987, with <a href="/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas">Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_Mu%C3%B1oz_Ledo" title="Porfirio Muñoz Ledo">Porfirio Muñoz Ledo</a> founding the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Democratic_Revolution" title="Party of the Democratic Revolution">Party of the Democratic Revolution</a> (PRD by its initials in Spanish) in 1989, taking a great number of former priístas with them. </p><p>Under his "Moral Renovation" campaign, his administration attempted to fight corruption at all Government levels, fulfilling Mexico's foreign debt compromises, and creating the Secretaría de la Contraloría General de la Federación (Secretariat of the General Inspectorate of the Federation) to guarantee fiscal discipline and to keep an eye on possible corrupt officials. Nevertheless, his administration still had some corruption scandals of its own, the most notorious being the murder of journalist <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Buend%C3%ADa" title="Manuel Buendía">Manuel Buendía</a> in 1984 by agents of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Security Directorate">Federal Security Directorate</a> (Buendía had been investigating possible ties between Drug cartels, the CIA and the FSD itself).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De la Madrid shut down the FSD in 1985, although in its place similar Intelligence agencies would be created in subsequent years. </p><p>Finally, his administration's handling of the 1986 elections in Chihuahua and, specially, the 1988 Presidential elections, remains highly controversial. </p><p>In a 1998 interview for a documentary produced by Clío TV about his administration, De la Madrid himself concluded: </p> <blockquote><p>"What hurts me the most, is that those years of economic adjustment and structural change, were also characterized by a deterioration of the <a href="/wiki/Income_distribution" title="Income distribution">income distribution</a>, a depression of the <a href="/wiki/Real_wages" title="Real wages">real wages</a>, and an insufficient creation of jobs. In summary, by a deterioration of the social conditions."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In a national survey conducted in 2012, 36% of the respondents considered that the De la Madrid administration was "very good" or "good", 26% responded that it was an "average" administration, and 30% responded that it was a "very bad" or "bad" administration.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_la_Madrid&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_la_Madrid&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cidob-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cidob_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cidob_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.milenio.com&rft.atitle=Muri%C3%B3+Miguel+de+la+Madrid+a+causa+de+enfisema+pulmonar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milenio.com%2Fcdb%2Fdoc%2Fimpreso%2F9139921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiguel+de+la+Madrid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontalvo2012" class="citation web cs1">Montalvo, Tania (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://expansion.mx/nacional/2012/04/01/miguel-de-la-madrid-el-presidente-del-quiebre-priista">"MIGUEL DE LA MADRID, EL PRESIDENTE DEL QUIEBRE PRIISTA"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=El+de+Buend%C3%ADa%2C+el+primer+crimen+de+narcopol%C3%ADtica&rft.aulast=Becerril&rft.aufirst=Andres&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.excelsior.com.mx%2Fnacional%2F2014%2F05%2F30%2F962316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiguel+de+la+Madrid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Miguel de la Madrid - Oportunidades perdidas". <i>Sexenios</i> (in Spanish). Clío TV.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sexenios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiguel+de+la+Madrid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeltran2012" class="citation web cs1">Beltran, Ulises (29 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200126173838/https://www.imagenradio.com.mx/zedillo-y-fox-los-ex-presidentes-de-mexico-mas-reconocidos">"Zedillo y Fox los ex presidentes de México más reconocidos"</a>. Imagen Radio. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imagenradio.com.mx/zedillo-y-fox-los-ex-presidentes-de-mexico-mas-reconocidos">the original</a> on 26 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zedillo+y+Fox+los+ex+presidentes+de+M%C3%A9xico+m%C3%A1s+reconocidos&rft.pub=Imagen+Radio&rft.date=2012-10-29&rft.aulast=Beltran&rft.aufirst=Ulises&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imagenradio.com.mx%2Fzedillo-y-fox-los-ex-presidentes-de-mexico-mas-reconocidos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiguel+de+la+Madrid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_la_Madrid&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_G._Casta%C3%B1eda" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorge G. Castañeda">Castañeda, Jorge G.</a> <i>Perpetuating Power: How Mexican Presidents Were Chosen</i>. New York: The New Press 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56584-616-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56584-616-8">1-56584-616-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Krauze" title="Enrique Krauze">Krauze, Enrique</a>, <i>Mexico: Biography of Power</i>. New York: HarperCollins 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-016325-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-016325-9">0-06-016325-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_la_Madrid&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" class="extiw" title="commons:Miguel de la Madrid"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Miguel de la Madrid</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cidob.org/lider-politico/miguel-de-la-madrid-hurtado">Biography by CIDOB</a> (in Spanish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/87817565">Miguel de la Madrid</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?80104">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Ram%C3%B3n_Beteta" title="Mario Ramón Beteta">Mario Ramón Beteta</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Finance_and_Public_Credit" title="Secretariat of Finance and Public Credit">Deputy Secretary of Finance and Public Credit</a> </b><br />1975–1979 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Silva-Herzog_Flores" title="Jesús Silva-Herzog Flores">Jesús Silva-Herzog Flores</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Garc%C3%ADa_Sainz" title="Ricardo García Sainz">Ricardo García Sainz</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Secretary of Programming and Budget </b><br />1979–1981 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Ramón Aguirre Velázquez</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo">José López Portillo</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a> </b><br />1982–1988 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Salinas">Carlos Salinas</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">José López Portillo</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">PRI</a> nominee for President of Mexico </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1982_Mexican_general_election" title="1982 Mexican general election">1982</a> (won) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Carlos Salinas de Gortari</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Non-profit organization positions </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Pedrero" title="Enrique González Pedrero">Enrique González Pedrero</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Fondo_de_Cultura_Econ%C3%B3mica" title="Fondo de Cultura Económica">Director of the Fund of Economic Culture</a> </b><br />1990–2000 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Celorio" title="Gonzalo Celorio">Gonzalo Celorio</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Mexico" title="Template:Presidents of Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Mexico" title="Template talk:Presidents of Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Mexico" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mexico" title="List of heads of state of Mexico">Presidents of Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Victoria" title="Guadalupe Victoria">Guadalupe Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero" title="Vicente Guerrero">Vicente Guerrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Bocanegra" title="José María Bocanegra">José María Bocanegra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_V%C3%A9lez" title="Pedro Vélez">Pedro Vélez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Bustamante" title="Anastasio Bustamante">Anastasio Bustamante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchor_M%C3%BAzquiz" title="Melchor Múzquiz">Melchor Múzquiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_G%C3%B3mez_Pedraza" title="Manuel Gómez Pedraza">Manuel Gómez Pedraza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas" title="Valentín Gómez Farías">Valentín Gómez Farías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Barrag%C3%A1n" title="Miguel Barragán">Miguel Barragán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Justo_Corro" title="José Justo Corro">José Justo Corro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo">Nicolás Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Echeverr%C3%ADa" title="Francisco Javier Echeverría">Francisco Javier Echeverría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Canalizo" title="Valentín Canalizo">Valentín Canalizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Herrera" title="José Joaquín de Herrera">José Joaquín de Herrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Paredes_(President_of_Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariano Paredes (President of Mexico)">Mariano Paredes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mariano_Salas" title="José Mariano Salas">José Mariano Salas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Anaya" title="Pedro María de Anaya">Pedro María de Anaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña">Manuel de la Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Arista" title="Mariano Arista">Mariano Arista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Ceballos" title="Juan Bautista Ceballos">Juan Bautista Ceballos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mar%C3%ADa_Lombardini" title="Manuel María Lombardini">Manuel María Lombardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Carrera" title="Martín Carrera">Martín Carrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_D%C3%ADaz_de_la_Vega" title="Rómulo Díaz de la Vega">Rómulo Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_%C3%81lvarez" title="Juan Álvarez">Juan Álvarez Hurtado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Comonfort" title="Ignacio Comonfort">Ignacio Comonfort</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Mar%C3%ADa_Zuloaga" title="Félix María Zuloaga">Félix María Zuloaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Robles_Pezuela" title="Manuel Robles Pezuela">Manuel Robles Pezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Miram%C3%B3n" title="Miguel Miramón">Miguel Miramón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Pav%C3%B3n" title="José Ignacio Pavón">José Ignacio Pavón</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Lerdo_de_Tejada" title="Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada">Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Iglesias" title="José María Iglesias">José María Iglesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_N._M%C3%A9ndez" title="Juan N. Méndez">Juan N. Méndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Flores" title="Manuel González Flores">Manuel González Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Le%C3%B3n_de_la_Barra" title="Francisco León de la Barra">Francisco León de la Barra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Francisco I. Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Lascur%C3%A1in" title="Pedro Lascuráin">Pedro Lascuráin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta" title="Victoriano Huerta">Victoriano Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_S._Carvajal" title="Francisco S. Carvajal">Francisco S. Carvajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza" title="Venustiano Carranza">Venustiano Carranza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalio_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Eulalio Gutiérrez">Eulalio Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Garza" title="Roque González Garza">Roque González Garza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Lagos_Ch%C3%A1zaro" title="Francisco Lagos Cházaro">Francisco Lagos Cházaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_de_la_Huerta" title="Adolfo de la Huerta">Adolfo de la Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n" title="Álvaro Obregón">Álvaro Obregón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Portes_Gil" title="Emilio Portes Gil">Emilio Portes Gil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascual_Ortiz_Rubio" title="Pascual Ortiz Rubio">Pascual Ortiz Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abelardo_L._Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Abelardo L. Rodríguez">Abelardo Luján Rodríguez</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Lázaro Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_%C3%81vila_Camacho" title="Manuel Ávila Camacho">Manuel Ávila Camacho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Alem%C3%A1n_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Miguel Alemán Valdés">Miguel Alemán Valdés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Ruiz_Cortines" title="Adolfo Ruiz Cortines">Adolfo Ruiz Cortines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_L%C3%B3pez_Mateos" title="Adolfo López Mateos">Adolfo López Mateos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_D%C3%ADaz_Ordaz" title="Gustavo Díaz Ordaz">Gustavo Díaz Ordaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Echeverr%C3%ADa" title="Luis Echeverría">Luis Echeverría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo">José López Portillo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Miguel de la Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari" title="Carlos Salinas de Gortari">Carlos Salinas de Gortari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Zedillo" title="Ernesto Zedillo">Ernesto Zedillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Fox" title="Vicente Fox">Vicente Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Felipe Calderón">Felipe Calderón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto" title="Enrique Peña Nieto">Enrique Peña Nieto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Andrés Manuel López Obrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Sheinbaum" title="Claudia Sheinbaum">Claudia Sheinbaum</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="559" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_Mexico" title="List of vice presidents of Mexico">Vice president</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Mexico" title="Emperor of Mexico">Emperor of Mexico</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mexico" title="List of heads of state of Mexico">Regent</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q296691#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q296691#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q296691#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081082386">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/29568541">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/74970/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhhkJCvK4xJmH6ffFQpfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/121094529">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81071789">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121312241">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121312241">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1652644">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071585389">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000008561&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007450395205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03631766?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd121094529.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029757150">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gs0ng7">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_la_Madrid&oldid=1258151827">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_la_Madrid&oldid=1258151827</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_presidents_of_Mexico" title="Category:20th-century presidents of Mexico">20th-century presidents of Mexico</a></li><li><a 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