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袨锌褉芯懈褋褏芯卸写械薪懈懈褌械褉屑懈薪邪褋褍褖械褋褌胁褍褞褌褉邪蟹薪褘械谐懈锌芯褌械蟹褘, 褌. 泻. 褋谢芯胁芯芦袘.禄薪械胁褋褌褉械褔邪械褌褋褟胁泻谢邪褋褋懈褔械褋泻芯泄谢邪褌褘薪懈. 袩芯屑薪械薪懈褞楔. <a href="/text/袛褞泻邪薪卸邪.html"style="font-style:italic;">袛褞泻邪薪卸邪</a>, 袘. 锌褉芯懈褋褏芯写懈褌芯褌锌芯蟹写薪械谢邪褌. baccalarius (baccalaria - 锌芯屑械褋褌褜械), 褝褌懈屑褋谢芯胁芯屑胁褉邪薪薪械屑褋褉械写薪械胁械泻芯胁褜械薪邪蟹褘胁邪谢懈薪械胁褋褌褍锌懈胁褕懈褏胁斜褉邪泻写械褌械泄泻芯谢芯薪芯胁. 袙写邪谢褜薪械泄褕械屑薪邪蟹胁邪薪懈械芦袘.禄褍锌芯褌褉械斜谢褟谢芯褋褜锌芯芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈褞泻屑械谢泻芯锌芯屑械褋褌薪褘屑写胁芯褉褟薪邪屑, 泻-褉褘械褟胁谢褟谢懈褋褜胁芯锌芯谢褔械薪懈械斜械蟹胁邪褋褋邪谢芯胁. 袩芯蟹写薪械械胁谐芯褉芯写褋泻懈褏褉械屑械褋谢械薪薪褘褏褑械褏邪褏袘. 褋褌邪谢懈薪邪蟹褘胁邪褌褜锌芯写屑邪褋褌械褉褜械胁, 械褖械薪械褋褌邪胁褕懈褏锌褉懈褋褟卸薪褘屑懈屑邪褋褌械褉邪屑懈. 袩芯褟胁懈谢褋褟褌邪泻卸械褌械褉屑懈薪芦褑械褉泻芯胁薪褘泄袘.禄锌芯芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈褞泻褑械褉泻芯胁薪芯褋谢褍卸懈褌械谢褟屑, 械褖械薪械锌褉懈薪褟胁褕懈屑褋邪薪邪. 袗泻邪写械屑懈褔械褋泻邪褟褋褌械锌械薪褜袘. 胁锌械褉胁褘械斜褘谢邪胁胁械写械薪邪袪懈屑褋泻懈屑锌邪锌芯泄 <a href="/text/袚褉懈谐芯褉懈械屑 IX.html"style="font-style:italic;">袚褉懈谐芯褉懈械屑 IX</a> (1227-1241) 薪邪斜芯谐芯褋谢芯胁褋泻芯屑褎邪泻-褌械袩邪褉懈卸褋泻芯谐芯褍薪-褌邪写谢褟芯斜芯蟹薪邪褔械薪懈褟褋褌褍写械薪褌芯胁, 胁褘写械褉卸邪胁褕懈褏锌械褉胁芯薪邪褔邪谢褜薪芯械懈褋锌褘褌邪薪懈械懈蟹邪褖懈褌懈胁褕懈褏写懈褋锌褍褌懈谢懈写械褌械褉屑懈薪邪褑懈褞. 小芯胁褉械屑械薪械屑褌械褉屑懈薪芦袘.禄褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪懈谢褋褟薪邪胁褋械褎邪泻-褌褘蟹邪锌邪写薪芯械胁褉芯锌. 褍薪-褌芯胁懈褋褌邪谢芯斜芯蟹薪邪褔邪褌褜 1-褞褋褌械锌械薪褜, 锌芯谢褍褔邪械屑褍褞锌芯褋谢械芯泻芯薪褔邪薪懈褟泻褍褉褋邪薪邪褍泻. 袣泻芯薪. 啸啸胁. 褋褌械锌械薪褜袘. 锌芯谢褍褔懈谢邪褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪械薪懈械胁褋懈褋褌械屑械芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈褟胁小楔袗, 袙械谢懈泻芯斜褉懈褌邪薪懈懈懈褉褟写械械胁褉芯锌. 褋褌褉邪薪. 袙芯肖褉邪薪褑懈懈褋褌械锌械薪褜袘. 锌褉懈褋胁邪懈胁邪械褌褋褟胁褘锌褍褋泻薪懈泻邪屑谢懈褑械械胁, 邪胁袙械谢懈泻芯斜褉懈褌邪薪懈懈懈小楔袗 - 褋褌褍写械薪褌邪屑, 锌褉芯褕械写褕懈屑锌械褉胁芯薪邪褔邪谢褜薪褘泄泻褍褉褋胁褘褋褕械泄褕泻芯谢褘. 袛谢褟写芯褋褌懈卸械薪懈褟褋褌械锌械薪懈袘. 薪械芯斜褏芯写懈屑芯锌褉芯泄褌懈锌芯写谐芯褌芯胁懈褌械谢褜薪褘泄泻褍褉褋 (1 谐芯写) 懈芯斜褍褔械薪懈械胁斜邪泻邪谢邪胁褉懈邪褌械 (3 谐芯写邪), 泻-褉芯械锌褉械写锌芯谢邪谐邪械褌懈蟹褍褔械薪懈械泻邪泻芯斜褖械芯斜褟蟹邪褌械谢褜薪褘褏, 褌邪泻懈褋锌械褑懈邪谢褜薪褘褏 (锌芯胁褘斜芯褉褍褋褌褍写械薪褌邪) 薪邪褍褔薪褘褏写懈褋褑懈锌谢懈薪. 袩芯褋谢械芯泻芯薪褔邪薪懈褟芯斜褍褔械薪懈褟薪械芯斜褏芯写懈屑芯褋写邪褌褜褝泻蟹邪屑械薪褘锌芯胁褋械屑锌褉械写屑械褌邪屑, 蟹邪褌械屑褋褌褍写械薪褌褘锌芯谢褍褔邪褞褌褋褌械锌械薪褜袘. 懈屑芯谐褍褌锌褉芯写芯谢卸懈褌褜褋胁芯械芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈械胁屑邪谐懈褋褌褉邪褌褍褉械. </p> <p> 袙袪芯褋褋懈懈褌械褉屑懈薪芦袘.禄锌芯褟胁懈谢褋褟胁 60-褏谐谐. XVIII 胁., 褍锌芯褌褉械斜谢褟谢褋褟胁袦芯褋泻芯胁褋泻芯屑褍薪-褌械锌芯芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈褞泻芯褋芯斜芯芯褌谢懈褔懈胁褕懈屑褋褟褋褌褍写械薪褌邪屑. 袧械锌芯谢褍褔懈胁褕懈褉芯泻芯谐芯褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪械薪懈褟胁褍薪-褌械, 褋褌械锌械薪褜袘. 斜褘谢邪胁芯褋锌褉懈薪褟褌邪胁写褍褏芯胁薪褘褏邪泻邪写械屑懈褟褏, 谐写械袘. 褋褌邪谢懈懈屑械薪芯胁邪褌褜锌褉械锌芯写邪胁邪褌械谢械泄, 薪械蟹邪褖懈褌懈胁褕懈褏写懈褋褋械褉褌邪褑懈褞懈薪械锌芯谢褍褔懈胁褕懈褏屑邪谐懈褋褌械褉褋泻褍褞褋褌械锌械薪褜. 袟胁邪薪懈械袘. 锌褉芯褋褍褖械褋褌胁芯胁邪谢芯胁写褍褏芯胁薪褘褏邪泻邪写械屑懈褟褏写芯胁胁械写械薪懈褟褍褋褌邪胁邪 1869 谐. 袙 90-褏谐谐. 啸啸胁. 锌芯写胁谢懈褟薪懈械屑蟹邪锌. 褋懈褋褌械屑褘芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈褟褋褌械锌械薪褜袘. 褋薪芯胁邪锌芯褟胁懈谢邪褋褜胁薪械泻-褉褘褏胁褘褋褕懈褏褍褔械斜薪褘褏蟹邪胁械写械薪懈褟褏袪芯褋褋懈懈 (褋胁械褌褋泻懈褏懈写褍褏芯胁薪褘褏). 小褌械锌械薪褜锌褉懈褋胁邪懈胁邪械褌褋褟锌芯褋谢械褍褋锌械褕薪芯谐芯芯泻芯薪褔邪薪懈褟泻褍褉褋邪芯斜褍褔械薪懈褟 (芯斜褘褔薪芯 4-谢械褌薪械谐芯) 懈褋写邪褔懈谐芯褋. 褝泻蟹邪屑械薪芯胁 (懈薪芯谐写邪锌芯褋谢械蟹邪褖懈褌褘褉械褎械褉邪褌懈胁薪芯泄褉邪斜芯褌褘). 袩褉懈褋胁芯械薪懈械褋褌械锌械薪懈袘. 胁袪肖褉械谐谢邪屑械薪褌懈褉褍械褌褋褟芦袩芯谢芯卸械薪懈械屑芯锌芯褉褟写泻械锌褉懈褋褍卸写械薪懈褟褍褔械薪褘褏褋褌械锌械薪械泄懈锌褉懈褋胁芯械薪懈懈褍褔械薪褘褏蟹胁邪薪懈泄禄. 袠蟹胁褘褋褕懈褏写褍褏芯胁薪褘褏褍褔械斜薪褘褏蟹邪胁械写械薪懈泄袪袩笑锌褉邪胁芯锌褉懈褋胁邪懈胁邪褌褜褋褌械锌械薪褜袘. 懈屑械械褌 <a href="/text/袩褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁薪褘泄小胁褟褌芯-孝懈褏芯薪芯胁褋泻懈泄斜芯谐芯褋谢芯胁褋泻懈泄懈薪-褌.html"style="font-style:italic;">袩褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁薪褘泄小胁褟褌芯-孝懈褏芯薪芯胁褋泻懈泄斜芯谐芯褋谢芯胁褋泻懈泄懈薪-褌</a> (袦芯褋泻胁邪). </p> <div class="reference"> 袥懈褌.: <span style="font-style:italic;">小褍胁芯褉芯胁</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">袧</span>. 小褉械写薪械胁械泻芯胁褘械褍薪懈胁械褉褋懈褌械褌褘. 袦., 1898; <span style="font-style:italic;">袠胁邪薪芯胁</span> <span style="font-style:italic;">袗</span>. <span style="font-style:italic;">袝</span>. 校褔械薪褘械褋褌械锌械薪懈胁袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻芯泄懈屑锌械褉懈懈 XVIII 胁.- 1917 谐. 袦., 1994. <table class="onepixdot"><tbody><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="author"><span style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;">袛懈邪泻. 小械褉谐懈泄袦邪褌褞褕懈薪</span></div></div> </div> <div class="see_also_kw"> <div class="header">袪褍斜褉懈泻懈:</div> <span><a href="/rubrics/122958.html">袙褋械屑懈褉薪邪褟懈褋褌芯褉懈褟</a></span> <meta itemprop="category" content="袙褋械屑懈褉薪邪褟懈褋褌芯褉懈褟" /> <span><a href="/rubrics/122962.html">袙褋械屑懈褉薪邪褟懈褋褌芯褉懈褟. 袨褋薪芯胁薪褘械锌芯薪褟褌懈褟</a></span> <meta itemprop="category" content="袙褋械屑懈褉薪邪褟懈褋褌芯褉懈褟. 袨褋薪芯胁薪褘械锌芯薪褟褌懈褟" /> <span><a href="/rubrics/211128.html">袠褋褌芯褉懈褟薪邪褍泻懈</a></span> <meta itemprop="category" content="袠褋褌芯褉懈褟薪邪褍泻懈" /> </div> <div class="see_also_kw"> <div class="header">袣谢褞褔械胁褘械褋谢芯胁邪:</div> <span><a href="/search/keywords.html?kw=547228">袠褋褌芯褉懈泻懈薪邪褍泻懈</a></span> <span><a href="/search/keywords.html?kw=613214">袘邪泻邪谢邪胁褉, 薪懈蟹褕邪褟褍褔械薪邪褟褋褌械锌械薪褜</a></span> <div class="header">小屑.褌邪泻卸械:</div> <div class="article_in_list"><a href="/text/63758.html">袗袣袗袛袝袦袠携</a> 1). 芯褉谐邪薪懈蟹芯胁邪薪薪芯械褋芯芯斜褖械褋褌胁芯褍褔械薪褘褏, 褏褍写芯卸薪懈泻芯胁, 谢懈褌械褉邪褌芯褉芯胁懈写褉.; 2). 褋锌械褑. 褋褉械写薪械械懈谢懈胁褘褋褕. 褍褔械斜薪芯械蟹邪胁械写械薪懈械 </div> <div class="article_in_list"><a href="/text/165067.html">袚袥袗袚袨袥袝袙</a> 小械褉谐械泄小械褉谐械械胁懈褔 (1865 - 1937), 懈褋褌芯褉懈泻褉械谢懈谐懈懈, 邪胁褌芯褉褉邪斜芯褌锌芯芯褋薪芯胁薪芯屑褍斜芯谐芯褋谢芯胁懈褞懈邪锌芯谢芯谐械褌懈泻械</div> <div class="article_in_list"><a href="/text/200103.html">袟校袘袨袙</a> 袙邪褋懈谢懈泄袩邪胁谢芯胁懈褔 (1900 - 1963), 懈褋褌芯褉懈泻薪邪褍泻懈, 懈褋泻褍褋褋褌胁芯胁械写, 屑械写懈械胁懈褋褌, 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉芯谢芯谐, 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎</div> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/highslide/highslide.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/highslide_cover.js"></script> <table class="onepixdot"><tbody><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> <br clear="all" /> <div class="footer"> <a href="https://fapmc.gov.ru/rospechat.html">协谢械泻褌褉芯薪薪邪褟胁械褉褋懈褟褉邪蟹褉邪斜芯褌邪薪邪锌褉懈褎懈薪邪薪褋芯胁芯泄锌芯写写械褉卸泻械肖械写械褉邪谢褜薪芯谐芯邪谐械薪褌褋褌胁邪锌芯锌械褔邪褌懈懈屑邪褋褋芯胁褘屑泻芯屑屑褍薪懈泻邪褑懈褟屑</a> <br /> © 1998 - 2023 笑械褉泻芯胁薪芯-薪邪褍褔薪褘泄褑械薪褌褉芦袩褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁薪邪褟协薪褑懈泻谢芯锌械写懈褟禄. </div> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-261055-6', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> <div class="footer_counter"><script id="top100Counter" type="text/javascript" src="https://counter.rambler.ru/top100.jcn?1256149"></script><noscript><img src="https://counter.rambler.ru/top100.cnt?1256149" alt="" width="1" height="1" border="0"></noscript><a href="//top100.rambler.ru/home?id=1256149"><img src="https://top100-images.rambler.ru/top100/banner-88x31-rambler-green2.gif" alt="Rambler's Top100" width="88" height="31" border="0" /></a></div>  <script type="text/javascript"> (function (d, w, c) { (w[c] = w[c] || []).push(function() { try { w.yaCounter810953 = new Ya.Metrika({ id:810953, clickmap:true, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:true, trackHash:true }); } catch(e) { } }); var n = d.getElementsByTagName("script")[0], s = d.createElement("script"), f = function () { n.parentNode.insertBefore(s, n); }; s.type = "text/javascript"; s.async = true; s.src = "//mc.yandex.ru/metrika/watch.js"; if (w.opera == "[object Opera]") { d.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", f, false); } else { f(); } })(document, window, "yandex_metrika_callbacks"); </script> <noscript><div><img src="//mc.yandex.ru/watch/810953" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>  <br clear="all" /> </body> </html>