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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Painting by Peter Paul Rubens</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width: 22em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: left; float:right;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic">Self-Portrait in a Circle of Friends in Mantua</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>Self-Portrait in a Circle of Stoic Friends in Mantua</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_at_Mantua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_at_Mantua.jpg/300px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_at_Mantua.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_at_Mantua.jpg/450px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_at_Mantua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_at_Mantua.jpg/600px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_at_Mantua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1251" data-file-height="952" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Artist</th><td class="infobox-data attendee"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3630746?uselang=en#P170" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Year</th><td class="infobox-data">1602–1606</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Medium</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Oil_paint" title="Oil paint">oil paint</a>, canvas</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data">77.5 cm (30.5 in) × 101 cm (40 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wallraf%E2%80%93Richartz_Museum" title="Wallraf–Richartz Museum">Wallraf–Richartz Museum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data">Kunstbesitz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3630746?uselang=en#P127" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Accession No.</th><td class="infobox-data">Dep. 0248 <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3630746?uselang=en#P217" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Identifiers</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/images/194591">RKDimages ID: 194591</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bildindex.de/document/obj05011390">Bildindex der Kunst und Architektur ID (deprecated): 05011390</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div class="metadata" style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3630746" class="extiw" title="d:Q3630746">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Self-portrait in a circle of friends in Mantua</b></i>, also referred to as <b>Self-Portrait in the Circle of Mantuan Friends</b> or, for short, as <b>Mantuan Friendship Picture</b><sup id="cite_ref-sven_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sven-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an oil painting on canvas by the Flemish artist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, produced between 1602 and 1606 when the artist worked in <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> as a court painter of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Gonzaga" title="House of Gonzaga">Gonzagas</a>. It is in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Wallraf-Richartz_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallraf-Richartz Museum">Wallraf-Richartz Museum</a> in Cologne.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the oldest known self-portrait by Rubens. It falls in a particular genre of portraits which was popular in the 16th and 17th century, the so-called friendship portrait which depicts an informal gathering of friends or companions. It is more specifically a portrait of a circle of Stoic friends or companions.<sup id="cite_ref-sven_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sven-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reev_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reev-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_from_Mantua&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The picture depicts six men at bust-length shown in profile or semi-profile in front of a marine landscape bathed in an unnatural light. A barque or gondola is visible on the lake.<sup id="cite_ref-sven_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sven-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_location">The location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_from_Mantua&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the distance a small section of a marine landscape and a dramatically lit sky are visible.<sup id="cite_ref-museum_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While following the rediscovery of the painting in the early 20th century, the painting was initially believed to be depicting a scene in Rome, a careful study of the landscape has shown that it is actually a view of Mantua. It represents the Ponte di San Giorgio (Saint George Bridge, destroyed), which connected the Lago Inferiore (Lower Lake) and the Lago di Mezzo (Middle Lake). The vantage point for seeing the bridge from the angle depicted in the painting must have been the <a href="/wiki/Ducal_Palace,_Mantua" title="Ducal Palace, Mantua">Palazzo Ducale</a>, and more precisely what is now the Appartamento della Mostra or Rustica. Rubens was at the time a court painter to the Gonzaga family in Mantua living in the Palazzo.<sup id="cite_ref-sven_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sven-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification_of_the_sitters">Identification of the sitters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_from_Mantua&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Identification of the sitters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a scholarly consensus that the picture does not depict an actual meeting of the persons depicted in it. Rather it falls in a genre of form of portrait painting referred to as friendship portraits in which an artist depicts together portraits of friends or acquaintances who are connected through a common feature, such as for instance a friendship portrait of fellow artists.<sup id="cite_ref-burke_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burke-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_at_Mantua_(landscape_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_at_Mantua_%28landscape_detail%29.jpg/175px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_at_Mantua_%28landscape_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_at_Mantua_%28landscape_detail%29.jpg/263px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_at_Mantua_%28landscape_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_at_Mantua_%28landscape_detail%29.jpg/350px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_at_Mantua_%28landscape_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption><i>Self-Portrait in a Circle of Friends in Mantua (landscape detail)</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Rubens placed himself on the centre right of the picture with his gaze turned directly towards the viewer. He is wearing a satin costume with a lace collar, more rich and elaborate than those of the other sitters.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is depicted somewhat closer and above the other sitters, in the so-called "Venetian pose", i.e. with his back half turned to the viewer and looking back over his shoulder. This has been interpreted as an expression of the artist's self-confidence.<sup id="cite_ref-sven_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sven-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rubens is surrounded by bust portraits of five men shown in profile or semi-profile. There is no consensus on the identity of some of the sitters in the portrait. Immediately behind Rubens is the portrait of his older brother <a href="/wiki/Philip_Rubens" title="Philip Rubens">Philip</a> who was a <a href="/wiki/Philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philologist">philologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antiquarian" title="Antiquarian">antiquarian</a>, legal scholar and librarian. He had traveled to Italy in 1601 to further his studies and met up with his brother in Mantua in 1604. Philip had studied in his home country with the famous philosopher <a href="/wiki/Justus_Lipsius" title="Justus Lipsius">Justus Lipsius</a> (18 October 1547 – 23 March 1606). Lipsius was feted throughout Europe for his <a href="/wiki/Neostoicism" title="Neostoicism">Neostoic</a> writings. In these he attempted to build a bridge between the Christian religion and the Antique philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a>. Other students of Lipsius in Flanders are also depicted in the composition: the young Guillaume (or Willem) Richardot on the far left with either <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Rockox" title="Nicolaas Rockox">Nicolaas Rockox</a> or Juan Batiste Perez de Baron behind him. Lipsius himself is depicted almost like a portrait bust on the right-hand edge of the picture, as if he is overlooking the others as their mentor.<sup id="cite_ref-museum_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The barque or gondola on the lake may be a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a>, the river of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a> in Greek mythology and its inclusion in the picture could mean that Lipsius was already dead at the time it was painted, although this is not certain.<sup id="cite_ref-sven_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sven-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The person immediately across from Rubens who has placed his hand on his arm was long thought to be his fellow Flemish painter <a href="/wiki/Frans_Pourbus_the_Younger" title="Frans Pourbus the Younger">Frans Pourbus the Younger</a>. Pourbus was a portrait painter at the court at Mantua during the period that Rubens was also a court painter there. It is now believed that the person is not Pourbus but the famous scientist <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>. Galilei likely visited Mantua during Rubens' residence. The pair are known to have established a life-long friendship.<sup id="cite_ref-huem_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huem-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent X-ray radiography seems to support the identification with Galilei. It revealed under the left eye of the sitter a circular irregularity which seems to evoke the wart that is depicted at that same location in many other portraits of Galilei. It is possible that this wart has become less prominent due to later overpainting and varnishing of Rubens' canvas.<sup id="cite_ref-sven_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sven-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prominent presence of Galilei in this circle of Stoic friends has been explained by the fact that the Rubens brothers were of the view that Galilei relied on Stoic principles in some of his theories.<sup id="cite_ref-reev_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reev-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lipsius had been the founder of Stoic science with his 1605 edition of Seneca's <i>Naturales quaestiones</i> (Natural Questions), which influenced, amongst others, <a href="/wiki/Kepler" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler">Kepler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-huem_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huem-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galileo can be regarded as a member of the group of Neo-Stoics in terms of his ideas and his interest in Seneca. Galilei's teachings on optics were also of great importance to Rubens, who himself authored a work on optics. The reddish luminous phenomenon in the left half of the landscape which mainly surrounds Galilei has been interpreted as the depiction of an <a href="/wiki/Aurora_borealis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora borealis">aurora borealis</a>, a yet poorly understood event at the time. Galileo's gesture of placing his hand on Rubens' arm has been interpreted in various ways from "<a href="/wiki/Consolatio" title="Consolatio">consolatio</a>" to a simple friendly touch.<sup id="cite_ref-sven_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sven-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_118.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Peter_Paul_Rubens_118.jpg/220px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_118.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Peter_Paul_Rubens_118.jpg/330px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_118.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Peter_Paul_Rubens_118.jpg/440px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_118.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Philosophers" title="The Four Philosophers">The Four Philosophers</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>As some art historians believed that the person depicted across Rubens was the Flemish portrait painter Frans Pourbus the younger, the painting was interpreted as being a friendship portrait of artists. It is now clear that the work does not depict a meeting of artist friends, but rather an imaginary gathering of Stoic friends and companions who were personally and intellectually important to Rubens during his years in Mantua. By creating a friendship portrait of this circle of close, learned friends, Rubens emphasized his social status and showed his desire to be regarded as an educated, learned painter, i.e. as a 'pictor doctus'. He clearly felt that his friendships with these humanist scholars 'ennobled' him on an intellectual level.<sup id="cite_ref-museum_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Another_Stoic_friendship_portrait_by_Rubens">Another Stoic friendship portrait by Rubens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_from_Mantua&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Another Stoic friendship portrait by Rubens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1611–12 Rubens painted another, better known group portrait of four Neo-Stoic companions. Referred to traditionally as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Philosophers" title="The Four Philosophers">The Four Philosophers</a></i> (Galleria Palatina of the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti" title="Palazzo Pitti">Palazzo Pitti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>), it depicts Rubens, his brother Philip, Lipsius and <a href="/wiki/Joannes_Woverius" title="Joannes Woverius">Joannes Woverius</a>. In a niche on the right-hand wall is a bust owned by Rubens which was at the time believed to be a portrait of Seneca, but has since been identified as a copy of an imaginary Hellenistic portrait of the Greek poet <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_from_Mantua&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sven-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sven_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sven_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sven_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sven_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sven_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sven_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sven_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sven_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/artdok/8452">Schütte, Sven, <i>Rubens' Mantuan self portrait with companions : fact checking, new insights and a book</i></a>, 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rubensprojekt.wallraf.museum/2013/10/freundschaftsbild">"Peter Paul Rubens: Selbstbildnis im Kreise der Mantuaner Freunde, um 1602/1605"</a>. <i>site of the Wallraf-Richartz-Museum</i> (in German). 16 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=site+of+the+Wallraf-Richartz-Museum&rft.atitle=Peter+Paul+Rubens%3A+Selbstbildnis+im+Kreise+der+Mantuaner+Freunde%2C+um+1602%2F1605&rft.date=2013-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frubensprojekt.wallraf.museum%2F2013%2F10%2Ffreundschaftsbild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-Portrait+in+a+Circle+of+Friends+from+Mantua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reev-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reev_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reev_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eileen Reeves, Painting the Heavens: Art and Science in the Age of Galileo, Princeton University Press, 1999, pp. 68-76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-museum-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-museum_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museum_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museum_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museenkoeln.de/portal/bild-der-woche.aspx?bdw=2006_42">B. Schaefer, <i>Der Gipfel der Freundschaft ....oder wenn Freunde sich treffen</i></a>, Bild der 42. Woche - 16. bis 22. Oktober 2006, on website of the museum of Cologne</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burke-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-burke_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Burke, <i>Humanism and Friendship in Sixteenth-Century Europe', Groniek 134 (1996), pp. 90-98</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24658595">Huemer, Frances. "Rubens and Galileo 1604: Nature, Art, and Poetry."</a> Wallraf-Richartz-Jahrbuch, vol. 44, 1983, pp. 175–96. JSTOR Accessed 12 Feb. 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-huem-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-huem_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-huem_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/23207892">Huemer, Frances. “Rubens's Portrait of Galileo in the Cologne Group Portrait.”</a> Source: Notes in the History of Art, vol. 24, no. 1, 2004, pp. 18–25. JSTOR. Accessed 12 Feb. 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utpictura18.univ-amu.fr/notice/15379-quatre-philosophes-pierre-paul-rubens"><i>Les quatre philosophes - Pierre-Paul Rubens</i></a> at Utpictura 18</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Template:Peter Paul Rubens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Template talk:Peter Paul Rubens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peter Paul Rubens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peter_Paul_Rubens" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">Paintings<br />and drawings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Descent_from_the_Cross_(Rubens,_1600%E2%80%931602)" title="The Descent from the Cross (Rubens, 1600–1602)">The Descent from the Cross</a></i> (Siegen; 1600–1602)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leda_and_the_Swan_(Rubens)" title="Leda and the Swan (Rubens)">Leda and the Swan</a></i> (1601, 1602)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Deposition_(Rubens)" title="The Deposition (Rubens)">The Deposition</a> </i>(1602)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Self-Portrait in a Circle of Friends from Mantua</a></i> (1602–1605)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Lerma" title="Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Lerma">Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Lerma</a> </i>(1603)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Young_Woman_(Rubens)" title="Portrait of a Young Woman (Rubens)">Portrait of a Young Woman</a></i> (1603)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hercules_and_Omphale_(Rubens)" title="Hercules and Omphale (Rubens)">Hercules and Omphale</a></i> (1603)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus_and_Democritus_(Rubens)" title="Heraclitus and Democritus (Rubens)">Heraclitus and Democritus</a></i> (1603)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virgin_and_Child_(Rubens)" title="Virgin and Child (Rubens)">Virgin and Child</a></i> (c. 1604)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Phaeton_(Rubens)" title="The Fall of Phaeton (Rubens)">The Fall of Phaeton</a></i> (c. 1604/1605)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Christ_(Rubens)" title="The Baptism of Christ (Rubens)">The Baptism of Christ</a></i> (1604–1605)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gonzaga_Family_in_Adoration_of_the_Holy_Trinity" title="The Gonzaga Family in Adoration of the Holy Trinity">The Gonzaga Family in Adoration of the Holy Trinity</a></i> (1604–1605)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_(Rubens)" title="Transfiguration (Rubens)">Transfiguration</a></i> (1604–1605)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Circumcision_(Rubens)" title="The Circumcision (Rubens)">The Circumcision</a></i> (1605)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marchesa_Brigida_Spinola-Doria" title="Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria">Portrait of Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria</a></i> (1606)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Maria_di_Antonio_Serra" title="Portrait of Maria di Antonio Serra">Portrait of Maria di Antonio Serra</a></i> (1606)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Noblewoman_with_an_Attendant" title="Portrait of a Noblewoman with an Attendant">Portrait of a Noblewoman with an Attendant</a></i> (1606)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Giovanni_Carlo_Doria_on_Horseback" title="Portrait of Giovanni Carlo Doria on Horseback">Portrait of Giovanni Carlo Doria on Horseback</a></i> (1606)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_della_Vallicella" title="Madonna della Vallicella">Madonna della Vallicella</a></i> (1606–1608)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Susanna_and_the_Elders_(Rubens)" title="Susanna and the Elders (Rubens)">Susanna and the Elders</a></i> (1607)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Head_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist_Presented_to_Salome" title="The Head of Saint John the Baptist Presented to Salome">The Head of Saint John the Baptist Presented to Salome</a></i> (c. 1609)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Rubens,_Madrid)" title="Adoration of the Magi (Rubens, Madrid)">Adoration of the Magi</a></i> (Madrid; 1609 and 1628–29)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samson_and_Delilah_(Rubens)" title="Samson and Delilah (Rubens)">Samson and Delilah</a></i> (1609–1610)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honeysuckle_Bower" title="Honeysuckle Bower">Honeysuckle Bower</a> </i>(1609–1610)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin_(Rubens)" title="Coronation of the Virgin (Rubens)">Coronation of the Virgin</a></i> (1609–1611)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juno_and_Argus" title="Juno and Argus">Juno and Argus</a></i> (1610)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Elevation_of_the_Cross_(Rubens)" title="The Elevation of the Cross (Rubens)">Raising of the Cross</a></i> (1610–1611)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversion_of_Saint_Paul_(Rubens,_London)" title="The Conversion of Saint Paul (Rubens, London)">Conversion of Saint Paul</a></i> (London; 1610–1612)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents_(Rubens)" title="Massacre of the Innocents (Rubens)">Massacre of the Innocents</a></i> (c. 1611)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Frigida" title="Venus Frigida">Venus Frigida</a></i> (1611)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound_(Rubens)" title="Prometheus Bound (Rubens)">Prometheus Bound</a> </i>(1611–1612)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Philosophers" title="The Four Philosophers">The Four Philosophers</a></i> (1611–1612)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_(Rubens,_Antwerp)" title="Resurrection (Rubens, Antwerp)">Antwerp Resurrection</a></i> (1611–1612)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Rubens)" title="Visitation (Rubens)">Visitation</a></i> (c. 1611–1615)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Charity_(Rubens)" title="Roman Charity (Rubens)">Roman Charity</a></i> (1612)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecce_Homo_(Rubens)" title="Ecce Homo (Rubens)">Ecce Homo</a></i> (1612)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Descent_from_the_Cross_(Rubens,_1612%E2%80%931614)" title="The Descent from the Cross (Rubens, 1612–1614)">Descent from the Cross</a></i> (Antwerp; 1612–1614)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Teresa_of_%C3%81vila%27s_Vision_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Saint Teresa of Ávila's Vision of the Holy Spirit">Saint Teresa of Ávila's Vision of the Holy Spirit</a></i> (Rotterdam; 1612–1614)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Teresa_of_%C3%81vila%27s_Vision_of_the_Holy_Spirit_(Cambridge)" title="Saint Teresa of Ávila's Vision of the Holy Spirit (Cambridge)">Saint Teresa of Ávila's Vision of the Holy Spirit</a></i> (Cambridge; c. 1614)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tribute_Money_(Rubens)" title="The Tribute Money (Rubens)">The Tribute Money</a></i> (1612–1614)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Defeat_of_Sennacherib" title="The Defeat of Sennacherib">The Defeat of Sennacherib</a></i> (1612–1614)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Continents" title="The Four Continents">The Four Continents</a></i> (1610s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_Giving_the_Keys_to_Saint_Peter_(Rubens)" title="Christ Giving the Keys to Saint Peter (Rubens)">Christ Giving the Keys to Saint Peter</a></i> (1612–1614)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Commander" title="Portrait of a Commander">Portrait of a Commander</a></i> (1613)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crowning_of_the_Virtuous_Hero" title="The Crowning of the Virtuous Hero">The Crowning of the Virtuous Hero</a></i> (1613–1614)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Incredulity_of_Saint_Thomas_(Rubens)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Incredulity of Saint Thomas (Rubens)">The Incredulity of Saint Thomas</a></i> (1613–1615)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Adonis_(Rubens)" title="The Death of Adonis (Rubens)">The Death of Adonis</a></i> (1614)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_and_Adonis_(Rubens,_1614)" title="Venus and Adonis (Rubens, 1614)">Venus and Adonis</a></i> (1614)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St_Sebastian_(Rubens)" title="St Sebastian (Rubens)">St Sebastian</a></i> (c. 1614)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_Mary_and_Saint_Francis_Saving_the_World_from_Christ%27s_Anger" title="The Virgin Mary and Saint Francis Saving the World from Christ's Anger">The Virgin Mary and Saint Francis Saving the World from Christ's Anger</a></i> (c. 1614)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Basket_(Rubens)" title="Madonna of the Basket (Rubens)">Madonna della Cesta</a></i> (1615)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ixion,_King_of_the_Lapiths,_Deceived_by_Juno,_Who_He_Wished_to_Seduce" title="Ixion, King of the Lapiths, Deceived by Juno, Who He Wished to Seduce">Ixion, King of the Lapiths, Deceived by Juno, Who He Wished to Seduce</a></i> (1615)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daniel_in_the_Lions%27_Den_(Rubens)" title="Daniel in the Lions' Den (Rubens)">Daniel in the Lions' Den</a></i> (1615)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bacchanalia_(Rubens)" title="Bacchanalia (Rubens)">Bacchanalia</a></i> (c. 1615)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Statue_of_Ceres" title="A Statue of Ceres">A Statue of Ceres</a></i> (c. 1615)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hippopotamus_and_Crocodile_Hunt" title="The Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt">The Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt</a></i> (1615–1616)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tiger_Hunt" title="The Tiger Hunt">The Tiger Hunt</a></i> (1615–1616)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_and_Saint_Ambrose_(Rubens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodosius and Saint Ambrose (Rubens)">Theodosius and Saint Ambrose</a></i> (1615–1616)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Boar_Hunt_(Rubens,_Marseille)" title="The Wild Boar Hunt (Rubens, Marseille)">The Wild Boar Hunt</a></i> (1615–1617)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Resurrection_of_Christ_(Rubens,_Florence)" title="The Resurrection of Christ (Rubens, Florence)">Florence Resurrection</a></i> (1616)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_and_Child_Surrounded_by_the_Holy_Innocents" title="The Virgin and Child Surrounded by the Holy Innocents">The Virgin and Child Surrounded by the Holy Innocents</a></i> (1616)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erichthonius_Discovered_by_the_Daughters_of_Cecrops_(Rubens)" title="Erichthonius Discovered by the Daughters of Cecrops (Rubens)">Erichthonius Discovered by the Daughters of Cecrops</a></i> (c. 1616)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wolf_and_Fox_Hunt" title="The Wolf and Fox Hunt">The Wolf and Fox Hunt</a></i> (c. 1616)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_and_Leopard_Hunt" title="The Lion and Leopard Hunt">The Lion and Leopard Hunt</a></i> (c. 1616)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus_(Rubens)" title="Romulus and Remus (Rubens)">Romulus and Remus</a></i> (1615–1616)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_St._Francis_Xavier_(Rubens)" title="Miracles of St. Francis Xavier (Rubens)">Miracles of St. Francis Xavier</a></i> (1616–1617)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen_Triptych" title="Saint Stephen Triptych">Saint Stephen Triptych</a></i> (1616–1617)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Women_with_a_Candle" title="Two Women with a Candle">Two Women with a Candle</a></i> (1616–1617)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Descent_from_the_Cross_(Rubens,_1617)" title="The Descent from the Cross (Rubens, 1617)">Descent from the Cross</a></i> (Lille; 1616–1617)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meeting_Between_Abraham_and_Melchizedek_(Rubens)" title="The Meeting Between Abraham and Melchizedek (Rubens)">The Meeting Between Abraham and Melchizedek</a></i> (1616–1617)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_and_the_Penitent_Sinners" title="Christ and the Penitent Sinners">Christ and the Penitent Sinners</a></i> (1617)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_and_Rhea_Silvia" title="Mars and Rhea Silvia">Mars and Rhea Silvia</a></i> (1617)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Eden_with_the_Fall_of_Man" title="The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man">The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man</a></i> (1617)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Last_Judgement_(Rubens)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Last Judgement (Rubens)">The Great Last Judgement</a></i> (1617)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Bearded_Man" title="A Bearded Man">A Bearded Man</a></i> (c. 1617–18)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Rubens,_Lyon)" title="Adoration of the Magi (Rubens, Lyon)">Adoration of the Magi</a></i> (Lyon; 1617–1618)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Senses_(series)" title="The Five Senses (series)">The Five Senses</a></i> (1617–1618)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Satyrs" title="Two Satyrs">Two Satyrs</a></i> (1618)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Medusa_(Rubens)" title="Medusa (Rubens)">Medusa</a></i> (1618)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Daughters_of_Leucippus" title="The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus">The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus</a></i> (c. 1618)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_Triumphant_over_Sin_and_Death_(Rubens)" title="Christ Triumphant over Sin and Death (Rubens)">Christ Triumphant over Sin and Death</a></i> (c. 1618)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prodigal_Son_(Rubens)" title="The Prodigal Son (Rubens)">The Prodigal Son</a></i> (1618)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Union_of_Earth_and_Water" title="The Union of Earth and Water">The Union of Earth and Water</a></i> (c. 1618)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tigress_with_Her_Cubs" title="Tigress with Her Cubs">Tigress with Her Cubs</a></i> (attributed; 1618)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mucius_Scaevola_before_Lars_Porsenna" title="Mucius Scaevola before Lars Porsenna">Mucius Scaevola before Lars Porsenna</a></i> (c. 1618–1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_in_the_House_of_Simon_the_Pharisee_(Rubens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast in the House of Simon the Pharisee (Rubens)">Feast in the House of Simon the Pharisee</a></i> (1618–1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Boar_Hunt_(Rubens,_Dresden)" title="The Wild Boar Hunt (Rubens, Dresden)">The Wild Boar Hunt</a></i> (1618–1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Magdalene_in_Ecstasy" title="St Mary Magdalene in Ecstasy">St Mary Magdalene in Ecstasy</a></i> (1619–1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Small_Last_Judgement_(Rubens)" title="The Small Last Judgement (Rubens)">The Small Last Judgement</a></i> (1619)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversion_of_Saint_Paul_(Rubens,_Berlin)" title="The Conversion of Saint Paul (Rubens, Berlin)">Conversion of Saint Paul</a></i> (1620s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_Damned" title="The Fall of the Damned">The Fall of the Damned</a></i> (c. 1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_Philemon_and_Baucis" title="Landscape with Philemon and Baucis">Landscape with Philemon and Baucis</a></i> (c. 1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Young_Man_in_Armor" title="Portrait of a Young Man in Armor">Portrait of a Young Man in Armor</a></i> (c. 1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_George_and_the_Dragon_(Rubens)" title="Saint George and the Dragon (Rubens)">Saint George and the Dragon</a></i> (c. 1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perseus_Freeing_Andromeda_(Rubens)" title="Perseus Freeing Andromeda (Rubens)">Perseus Freeing Andromeda</a></i> (1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saints_Dominic_and_Francis_Saving_the_World_from_Christ%27s_Anger" title="Saints Dominic and Francis Saving the World from Christ's Anger">Saints Dominic and Francis Saving the World from Christ's Anger</a></i> (1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_Orithyia_by_Boreas" title="The Rape of Orithyia by Boreas">The Rape of Orithyia by Boreas</a></i> (1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_on_the_Cross_(Rubens)" title="Christ on the Cross (Rubens)">Christ on the Cross</a></i> (1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Graces_(Rubens,_Florence)" title="The Three Graces (Rubens, Florence)">The Three Graces</a></i> (Florence; 1620–1623)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Brant_(drawing)" title="Isabella Brant (drawing)">Isabella Brant</a></i> (c. 1621)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_Hunt_(Rubens)" title="The Lion Hunt (Rubens)">The Lion Hunt</a></i> (1621)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici_cycle" title="Marie de' Medici cycle">Marie de' Medici cycle</a></i> (1621–1630)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Susanna_Lunden" title="Portrait of Susanna Lunden">Portrait of Susanna Lunden</a></i> (1622)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perseus_and_Andromeda_(Rubens)" title="Perseus and Andromeda (Rubens)">Perseus and Andromeda</a></i> (c. 1622)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Constantine" title="The History of Constantine">The History of Constantine</a></i> (1622–1625)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_(Rubens,_London)" title="Self-Portrait (Rubens, London)">Self-Portrait</a></i> (1623)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversion_of_Saint_Bavo" title="The Conversion of Saint Bavo">The Conversion of Saint Bavo</a></i> (1623–1624)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diana_and_Her_Nymphs_Leaving_for_the_Hunt" title="Diana and Her Nymphs Leaving for the Hunt">Diana and Her Nymphs Leaving for the Hunt</a></i> (1623–1624)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Rubens,_Antwerp)" title="Adoration of the Magi (Rubens, Antwerp)">Adoration of the Magi</a></i> (Antwerp; 1624)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reconciliation_of_Esau_and_Jacob" title="The Reconciliation of Esau and Jacob">The Reconciliation of Esau and Jacob</a></i> (1624)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_Appointing_Saint_Roch_as_Patron_Saint_of_Plague_Victims" title="Christ Appointing Saint Roch as Patron Saint of Plague Victims">Christ Appointing Saint Roch as Patron Saint of Plague Victims</a></i> (1623–1626)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Infanta_Isabella_Clara_Eugenia_(Rubens)" title="Portrait of Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia (Rubens)">Portrait of Infante Isabella Clara Eugenia</a></i> (1625)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lost_portrait_of_George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Lost portrait of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham">Portrait of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham</a></i> (c. 1625)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin_(Rubens,_Antwerp)" title="Assumption of the Virgin (Rubens, Antwerp)">Assumption of the Virgin</a></i> (Antwerp; 1625–1626)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angelica_and_the_Hermit" title="Angelica and the Hermit">Angelica and the Hermit</a></i> (c. 1626–1628)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_at_the_Battle_of_Ivry" title="Henry IV at the Battle of Ivry">Henry IV at the Battle of Ivry</a></i> (1627)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Triumphal_Entry_of_Henry_IV_into_Paris" title="The Triumphal Entry of Henry IV into Paris">The Triumphal Entry of Henry IV into Paris</a></i> (1627)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Annunciation_(Rubens)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Annunciation (Rubens)">The Annunciation</a></i> (1627–1628)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Man_(Rubens)" title="The Fall of Man (Rubens)">The Fall of Man</a></i> (1628–1629)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_Europa_(Rubens)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rape of Europa (Rubens)">The Rape of Europa</a></i> (1628–1629)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minerva_Protecting_Peace_from_Mars" title="Minerva Protecting Peace from Mars">Minerva Protecting Peace from Mars</a></i> (1629–1630)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cimon_and_Pero_(Rubens)" title="Cimon and Pero (Rubens)">Cimon and Pero</a></i> (1630)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_Receiving_the_Stigmata_(Rubens)" title="Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata (Rubens)">Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata</a></i> (c. 1630)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crowning_of_Saint_Catherine" title="The Crowning of Saint Catherine">The Crowning of Saint Catherine</a></i> (1631)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ildefonso_Altarpiece" title="Ildefonso Altarpiece">The Ildefonso Altarpiece</a></i> (1630–1631)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper_(Rubens)" title="Last Supper (Rubens)">Last Supper</a></i> (1630–1631)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odysseus_on_the_Island_of_the_Phaecians" title="Odysseus on the Island of the Phaecians">Odysseus on the Island of the Phaecians</a></i> (1630–1635)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Finding_of_Erichthonius" title="The Finding of Erichthonius">The Finding of Erichthonius</a></i> (1632–1634)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rainbow_Landscape_(1632%E2%80%931635)" title="The Rainbow Landscape (1632–1635)">The Rainbow Landscape</a></i> (Saint Petersburg; 1632–1635)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Love_(Rubens)" title="The Garden of Love (Rubens)">The Garden of Love</a></i> (c. 1633)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Rubens,_Cambridge)" title="Adoration of the Magi (Rubens, Cambridge)">Adoration of the Magi</a></i> (Cambridge; 1634)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba_at_the_Fountain" title="Bathsheba at the Fountain">Bathsheba at the Fountain</a></i> (c. 1635)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dance_of_the_Villagers" title="The Dance of the Villagers">The Dance of the Villagers</a></i> (1635)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helena_Fourment_with_Her_Son_Frans" title="Helena Fourment with Her Son Frans">Helena Fourment with Her Son Frans</a></i> (1635)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_and_Adonis_(Rubens,_1635)" title="Venus and Adonis (Rubens, 1635)">Venus and Adonis</a></i> (New York; 1635)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_the_Church_(Rubens)" title="The Triumph of the Church (Rubens)">The Triumph of the Church</a></i> (1635)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Feast_of_Venus_(Rubens)" title="The Feast of Venus (Rubens)">The Feast of Venus</a></i> (1635–1636)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deucalion_and_Pyrrha_(Rubens)" title="Deucalion and Pyrrha (Rubens)">Deucalion and Pyrrha</a></i> (1636–1637)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Feast_of_Herod_(Rubens)" title="The Feast of Herod (Rubens)">The Feast of Herod</a></i> (1635–1638)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Village_F%C3%AAte_(Rubens)" title="The Village Fête (Rubens)">The Village Fête</a></i> (1635–1638)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mercury_and_Argus_(Rubens)" title="Mercury and Argus (Rubens)">Mercury and Argus</a></i> (1635–1638)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hercules%27s_Dog_Discovers_Purple_Dye" title="Hercules's Dog Discovers Purple Dye">Hercules's Dog Discovers Purple Dye</a></i> (c. 1636)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helena_Fourment_with_Children" title="Helena Fourment with Children">Helena Fourment with Children</a></i> (1636)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_View_of_Het_Steen_in_the_Early_Morning" title="A View of Het Steen in the Early Morning">A View of Het Steen in the Early Morning</a></i> (1636)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(Rubens)" title="Saturn (Rubens)">Saturn</a></i> (1636)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rainbow_Landscape_(1636)" title="The Rainbow Landscape (1636)">The Rainbow Landscape</a></i> (London; 1636)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pallas_and_Arachne" title="Pallas and Arachne">Pallas and Arachne</a></i> (1636–1637)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Het_Pelsken" title="Het Pelsken">Het Pelsken</a></i> (1636–1638)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin_(Rubens,_Vienna)" title="Assumption of the Virgin (Rubens, Vienna)">Assumption of the Virgin</a></i> (Vienna; c. 1637)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_the_Milky_Way" title="The Birth of the Milky Way">The Birth of the Milky Way</a></i> (c. 1637)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Consequences_of_War" title="Consequences of War">Consequences of War</a></i> (c. 1638)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hercules_in_the_Garden_of_the_Hesperides" title="Hercules in the Garden of the Hesperides">Hercules in the Garden of the Hesperides</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Deianira_Listens_to_Fame" title="Deianira Listens to Fame">Deianira Listens to Fame</a></i> (1638)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Graces_(Rubens,_Madrid)" title="The Three Graces (Rubens, Madrid)">The Three Graces</a></i> (Madrid; 1636–1638)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_Ganymede_(Rubens)" title="The Rape of Ganymede (Rubens)">The Rape of Ganymede</a></i> (1636–1638)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diana_and_Callisto_(Rubens)" title="Diana and Callisto (Rubens)">Diana and Callisto</a></i> (1637–1638)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helena_Fourment_with_a_Carriage" title="Helena Fourment with a Carriage">Helena Fourment with a Carriage</a></i> (1638)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_(Rubens,_Vienna)" title="Self-Portrait (Rubens, Vienna)">Self-Portrait</a></i> (Vienna; 1638–1639)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bacchus_(Rubens)" title="Bacchus (Rubens)">Bacchus</a></i> (1638–1640)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_(Rubens)" title="The Rape of the Sabine Women (Rubens)">The Rape of the Sabine Women</a></i> (1639–1640)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peasants_Returning_From_The_Fields" title="The Peasants Returning From The Fields">The Peasants Returning From The Fields</a></i> (1640)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rainbow_Landscape_(1640)" title="The Rainbow Landscape (1640)">The Rainbow Landscape</a></i> (Munich; 1640)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Judgement_of_Paris_(Rubens)" title="The Judgement of Paris (Rubens)">Judgment of Paris</a></i> (various)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">Tapestries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Constantine" title="The History of Constantine">The History of Constantine</a></i> (1622–1640) (with <a href="/wiki/Pietro_da_Cortona" title="Pietro da Cortona">Pietro da Cortona</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Palazzi_di_Genova" title="Palazzi di Genova">Palazzi di Genova</a></i> (1622)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubenshuis" title="Rubenshuis">Rubenshuis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubens_family" title="Rubens family">Rubens family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Brant" title="Isabella Brant">Isabella Brant</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Fourment" title="Helena Fourment">Helena Fourment</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Rubens,_Lord_of_Rameyen" title="Nicolaas Rubens, Lord of Rameyen">Nicolaas Rubens, Lord of Rameyen</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Rubens" title="Albert Rubens">Albert Rubens</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Rubens" title="Jan Rubens">Jan Rubens</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pypelinckx" title="Maria Pypelinckx">Maria Pypelinckx</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rubens" title="Philip Rubens">Philip Rubens</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Verhaecht" title="Tobias Verhaecht">Tobias Verhaecht</a> (teacher)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_van_Noort" title="Adam van Noort">Adam van Noort</a> (teacher)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_van_Veen" title="Otto van Veen">Otto van Veen</a> (teacher)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Rockox" title="Nicolaas Rockox">Nicolaas Rockox</a> (friend)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poussinists_and_Rubenists" title="Poussinists and Rubenists">Poussinists and Rubenists</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rubens_(film)" title="Rubens (film)">Rubens</a></i> (1977 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubenesque" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubenesque">Rubenesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubens%27_Europe" title="Rubens' Europe">Rubens' Europe</a> (exhibition)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3630746#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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