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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Examples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exceptions_that_do_not_predict_pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exceptions_that_do_not_predict_pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Exceptions that do not predict pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exceptions_that_do_not_predict_pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Personal names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Variants </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Variants subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_Korean_variant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Korean_variant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 North Korean variant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Korean_variant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korean_variant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korean_variant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 South Korean variant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korean_variant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ALA-LC_variant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ALA-LC_variant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 ALA-LC variant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ALA-LC_variant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Other systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">McCune–Reischauer</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" > 33 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCune-Reischauer" title="McCune-Reischauer – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="McCune-Reischauer" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E2%80%93%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ম্যাককিউন–রাইশাওয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ম্যাককিউন–রাইশাওয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%8E%D0%BD-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Система на Маккюн-Райшауер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Система на Маккюн-Райшауер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCune-Reischauer" title="McCune-Reischauer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="McCune-Reischauer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCune-Reischauer" title="McCune-Reischauer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="McCune-Reischauer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD-%CE%A1%CE%AC%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Μακούν-Ράισαουερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μακούν-Ράισαουερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizaci%C3%B3n_McCune-Reischauer" title="Romanización McCune-Reischauer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Romanización McCune-Reischauer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transskribo_de_McCune-Reischauer" title="Transskribo de McCune-Reischauer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Transskribo de McCune-Reischauer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="McCune–Reischauer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%93%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="مک‌کیون–ریشاور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مک‌کیون–ریشاور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisation_McCune-Reischauer" title="Romanisation McCune-Reischauer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Romanisation McCune-Reischauer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizaci%C3%B3n_McCune-Reischauer" title="Romanización McCune-Reischauer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Romanización McCune-Reischauer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%A4%ED%81%94-%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%83%A4%EC%9B%8C_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95" title="매큔-라이샤워 표기법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="매큔-라이샤워 표기법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCune-Reischauer" title="McCune-Reischauer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="McCune-Reischauer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_McCune-Reischauer" title="Sistema McCune-Reischauer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sistema McCune-Reischauer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer-%C3%A1t%C3%ADr%C3%A1s" title="McCune–Reischauer-átírás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="McCune–Reischauer-átírás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perumian_McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="Perumian McCune–Reischauer – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perumian McCune–Reischauer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCune-Reischauer" title="McCune-Reischauer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="McCune-Reischauer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%83%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E5%BC%8F" title="マッキューン＝ライシャワー式 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マッキューン＝ライシャワー式" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCune-Reischauer" title="McCune-Reischauer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="McCune-Reischauer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transkrypcja_McCune%E2%80%99a-Reischauera" title="Transkrypcja McCune’a-Reischauera – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Transkrypcja McCune’a-Reischauera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCune-Reischauer" title="McCune-Reischauer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="McCune-Reischauer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCune-Reischauer" title="McCune-Reischauer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="McCune-Reischauer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Романизация Маккьюна — Райшауэра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Романизация Маккьюна — Райшауэра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A-%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A" title="මැකූන්-රයිෂවර් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මැකූන්-රයිෂවර්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="McCune–Reischauer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer-romanisaatio" title="McCune–Reischauer-romanisaatio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="McCune–Reischauer-romanisaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="McCune–Reischauer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisasyong_McCune-Reischauer" title="Romanisasyong McCune-Reischauer – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Romanisasyong McCune-Reischauer" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99-%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ระบบแมกคูน-ไรซ์ชาวเออร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบแมกคูน-ไรซ์ชาวเออร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%27%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Система Макк'юна — Райшауера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Система Макк'юна — Райшауера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="McCune–Reischauer" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Korean language romanization system</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McCune-Reischauer_Romanization_(5587390187).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An overhead sign in rose and white with a big number 8 and the words Chamshil and Amsa in hangul and Latin script." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/McCune-Reischauer_Romanization_%285587390187%29.jpg/220px-McCune-Reischauer_Romanization_%285587390187%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/McCune-Reischauer_Romanization_%285587390187%29.jpg/330px-McCune-Reischauer_Romanization_%285587390187%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/McCune-Reischauer_Romanization_%285587390187%29.jpg/440px-McCune-Reischauer_Romanization_%285587390187%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>In this sign on <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Subway_Line_8" title="Seoul Subway Line 8">Seoul Subway Line 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamsil_station" title="Jamsil station">Chamshil</a> (잠실역) and <a href="/wiki/Amsa_station" title="Amsa station">Amsa</a> (암사역) are romanized with <a href="#South_Korean_variant">the South Korean variant</a> of McCune–Reischauer. They would be Jamsil and Amsa in Revised Romanization.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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systems</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li>Chosŏn'gŭl (in <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Korean_Orthography" title="New Korean Orthography">New Korean Orthography</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanja#Gukja" title="Hanja">Gukja</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hanja#Yakja" title="Hanja">Yakja</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugyeol" title="Gugyeol">Gugyeol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hyangchal" title="Hyangchal">Hyangchal</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Korean_mixed_script" title="Korean mixed script">Mixed script</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Braille</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean" title="Romanization of Korean">Transcription</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">McCune–Reischauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean_(North)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Korean (North)">Romanization of Korean (North)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bok_Moon_Kim_romanization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bok Moon Kim romanization (page does not exist)">Bok Moon Kim romanization</a> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%80%EB%B3%B5%EB%AC%B8_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95" class="extiw" title="ko:김복문 로마자 표기법">ko</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Korean" title="Cyrillization of Korean">Kontsevich</a> (Cyrillic)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kholodovich_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kholodovich system (page does not exist)">Kholodovich system</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Система Холодовича">ru</a>] (Cyrillic)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean" title="Romanization of Korean">Transliteration</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Korean" title="Yale romanization of Korean">Yale (scholar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">ISO/TR 11941</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Korean_writing" title="Template:Korean writing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Korean_writing" title="Template talk:Korean writing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Korean_writing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Korean writing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> McCune–Reischauer romanization (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/məˈkjuːn ˈraɪʃaʊ.ər/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">mə-KEWN RYSHE-ow-ər</a>) is one of the two most widely used <a href="/wiki/Korean-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean-language">Korean-language</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean" title="Romanization of Korean">romanization systems</a>. It was created in 1937 and the <a href="#ALA-LC_variant">ALA-LC variant</a> based on it is currently used for standard romanization library catalogs in North America.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The system was first published in 1939 by <a href="/wiki/George_M._McCune" title="George M. McCune">George M. McCune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_O._Reischauer" title="Edwin O. Reischauer">Edwin O. Reischauer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> With a few exceptions, it does not attempt to transliterate Korean <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">hangul</a> but rather represents the phonetic pronunciation.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean_(North)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Korean (North)">A variant of McCune–Reischauer</a> is still used as the official system in <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> formerly used <a href="#South_Korean_variant">another variant of McCune–Reischauer</a> as its official system between 1984 and 2000, but replaced it with the <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization of Korean</a> in 2000. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_and_usage">Characteristics and usage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics and usage">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="Special:EditPage/McCune–Reischauer">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (October 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Under the McCune–Reischauer system, <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> like k', t', p' and ch' are distinguished by <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophes</a> from unaspirated ones. The apostrophe is also used to distinguish ㄴㄱ from ㅇㅇ: 연구 is transcribed as yŏn'gu while 영어 is yŏngŏ. The <a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a> is used to differentiate vowels in Korean: ㅜ is spelled u, ㅡ is ŭ, ㅗ is o and ㅓ is ŏ. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> Because of the dual use of apostrophes—the more common being for syllabic boundaries—it can be ambiguous for persons unfamiliar with McCune–Reischauer as to how a romanized Korean word is pronounced. For example, 뒤차기 → twich'agi, which consists of the syllables twi, ch'a and gi). In the early days of the Internet, the apostrophe and breve were even omitted altogether for both technical and practical reasons, which made it impossible to differentiate the aspirated consonants k', t', p' and ch' from the unaspirated consonants k, t, p and ch, ㄴㄱ (n'g) from ㅇㅇ (ng), and the vowels ㅜ and ㅡ as well as ㅗ from ㅓ. As a result, the South Korean government adopted a <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Revised Romanization">revised system of romanization</a> in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-MoCT2000-6">[6]</a> However, Korean critics claimed that the Revised System fails to represent ㅓ and ㅡ in a way that is easily recognizable and misrepresents the way that the unaspirated consonants are actually pronounced. Regardless of the official adoption of the new system in South Korea, North Korea continues to use a version of McCune–Reischauer. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Guide">Guide</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Guide">edit</a>]</div> This is a simplified guide for the McCune–Reischauer system. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hangul </th> <td>ㅏ</td> <td>ㅐ</td> <td>ㅑ</td> <td>ㅒ</td> <td>ㅓ</td> <td>ㅔ</td> <td>ㅕ</td> <td>ㅖ</td> <td>ㅗ</td> <td>ㅘ</td> <td>ㅙ</td> <td>ㅚ</td> <td>ㅛ</td> <td>ㅜ</td> <td>ㅝ</td> <td>ㅞ</td> <td>ㅟ</td> <td>ㅠ</td> <td>ㅡ</td> <td>ㅢ</td> <td>ㅣ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Romanization </th> <td>a</td> <td>ae</td> <td>ya</td> <td>yae</td> <td>ŏ</td> <td>e<a href="#cite_note-7">[a]</a></td> <td>yŏ</td> <td>ye</td> <td>o</td> <td>wa</td> <td>wae</td> <td>oe</td> <td>yo</td> <td>u</td> <td>wŏ</td> <td>we</td> <td>wi</td> <td>yu</td> <td>ŭ</td> <td>ŭi</td> <td>i </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> ㅔ is written as ë after ㅏ and ㅗ. This is to distinguish ㅏ에 (aë) from ㅐ (ae), and ㅗ에 (oë) from ㅚ (oe). The combinations ㅏ에 (aë) and ㅗ에 (oë) very rarely occur except in sentences when a noun is followed by a postposition, as, for example, 회사에서 hoesaësŏ 'at a company' and 차고에 ch'agoë 'in a garage'. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Hangul </th> <td>ㄱ</td> <td>ㄲ</td> <td>ㄴ</td> <td>ㄷ</td> <td>ㄸ</td> <td>ㄹ</td> <td>ㅁ</td> <td>ㅂ</td> <td>ㅃ</td> <td>ㅅ</td> <td>ㅆ</td> <td>ㅇ</td> <td>ㅈ</td> <td>ㅉ</td> <td>ㅊ</td> <td>ㅋ</td> <td>ㅌ</td> <td>ㅍ</td> <td>ㅎ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Romanization</th> <th>Initial </th> <td rowspan="2">k</td> <td>kk</td> <td rowspan="2">n</td> <td rowspan="2">t</td> <td>tt</td> <td>r</td> <td rowspan="2">m</td> <td rowspan="2">p</td> <td>pp</td> <td>s</td> <td>ss</td> <td>–</td> <td>ch</td> <td>tch</td> <td>ch'</td> <td>k'</td> <td>t'</td> <td>p'</td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <th>Final </th> <td>k</td> <td>–</td> <td>l</td> <td>–</td> <td>t</td> <td>t</td> <td>ng</td> <td>t</td> <td>–</td> <td>t</td> <td>k</td> <td>t</td> <td>p</td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><ul><li>The heterogeneous consonant digraphs (ㄳ, ㄵ, ㄶ, ㄺ, ㄻ, ㄼ, ㄽ, ㄾ, ㄿ, ㅀ, ㅄ) exist only as finals and are transcribed by their actual pronunciation.</li></ul></dd></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Final consonant of the previous syllable + initial consonant of the next syllable </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"></th> <th colspan="14">Initial </th></tr> <tr> <th>ㅇ1</th> <th>ㄱ k</th> <th>ㄴ n</th> <th>ㄷ t</th> <th>ㄹ (r)</th> <th>ㅁ m</th> <th>ㅂ p</th> <th>ㅅ2 s</th> <th>ㅈ ch</th> <th>ㅊ ch'</th> <th>ㅋ k'</th> <th>ㅌ t'</th> <th>ㅍ p'</th> <th>ㅎ h </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="8">Final</th> <th>(vowel)3 </th> <td>–</td> <td>g</td> <td>n</td> <td>d</td> <td>r</td> <td>m</td> <td>b</td> <td>s</td> <td>j</td> <td>ch'</td> <td>k'</td> <td>t'</td> <td>p'</td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <th>ㄱ k </th> <td>g</td> <td>kk</td> <td>ngn</td> <td>kt</td> <td>ngn</td> <td>ngm</td> <td>kp</td> <td>ks</td> <td>kch</td> <td>kch'</td> <td>kk'</td> <td>kt'</td> <td>kp'</td> <td>kh </td></tr> <tr> <th>ㄴ n </th> <td>n</td> <td>n'g</td> <td>nn</td> <td>nd</td> <td>ll/nn</td> <td>nm</td> <td>nb</td> <td>ns</td> <td>nj</td> <td>nch'</td> <td>nk'</td> <td>nt'</td> <td>np'</td> <td>nh </td></tr> <tr> <th>ㄷ t </th> <td>d</td> <td>tk</td> <td>nn</td> <td>tt</td> <td>nn</td> <td>nm</td> <td>tp</td> <td>ss</td> <td>tch</td> <td>tch'</td> <td>tk'</td> <td>tt'</td> <td>tp'</td> <td>th </td></tr> <tr> <th>ㄹ l </th> <td>r</td> <td>lg</td> <td>ll</td> <td>ld4</td> <td>ll</td> <td>lm</td> <td>lb</td> <td>ls</td> <td>lj4</td> <td>lch'</td> <td>lk'</td> <td>lt'</td> <td>lp'</td> <td>rh </td></tr> <tr> <th>ㅁ m </th> <td>m</td> <td>mg</td> <td>mn</td> <td>md</td> <td>mn</td> <td>mm</td> <td>mb</td> <td>ms</td> <td>mj</td> <td>mch'</td> <td>mk'</td> <td>mt'</td> <td>mp'</td> <td>mh </td></tr> <tr> <th>ㅂ p </th> <td>b</td> <td>pk</td> <td>mn</td> <td>pt</td> <td>mn</td> <td>mm</td> <td>pp</td> <td>ps</td> <td>pch</td> <td>pch'</td> <td>pk'</td> <td>pt'</td> <td>pp'</td> <td>ph </td></tr> <tr> <th>ㅇ ng </th> <td>ng</td> <td>ngg</td> <td>ngn</td> <td>ngd</td> <td>ngn</td> <td>ngm</td> <td>ngb</td> <td>ngs</td> <td>ngj</td> <td>ngch'</td> <td>ngk'</td> <td>ngt'</td> <td>ngp'</td> <td>ngh </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ol><li>ㅇ is an initial consonant before a vowel to indicate the absence of sound.</li> <li>쉬 is romanized shwi.</li> <li>When the previous syllable ends in a vowel (for example, 아주 is romanized aju, not achu).</li> <li>In Sino-Korean words, lt and lch, respectively.</li></ol></dd></dl></dd></dl> For ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, and ㅈ, the letters g, d, b, or j are used if voiced, k, t, p, or ch otherwise. Pronunciations such as those take precedence over the rules in the table above. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Voiceless/voiced consonants <ul><li>가구 kagu</li> <li>등대 tŭngdae</li> <li>반복 panbok</li> <li>주장 chujang</li></ul></li> <li>The initial consonant ㅇ is disregarded in romanization, since it is only used in order to indicate the absence of sound. <ul><li>국어 (pronounced [구거]) kugŏ (not kukŏ)</li> <li>믿음 (pronounced [미듬]) midŭm (not mitŭm)</li> <li>법인 (pronounced [버빈]) pŏbin (not pŏpin)</li> <li>촬영 (pronounced [촤령]) ch'waryŏng (not ch'walyŏng)</li></ul></li> <li>r vs. l <ul><li>r <ul><li>Between two vowels: 가로 karo, 필요 p'iryo</li> <li>Before initial ㅎ h: 발해 <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Parhae</a>, 실험 sirhŏm</li></ul></li> <li>l <ul><li>Before a consonant (except before initial ㅎ h), or at the end of a word: 날개 nalgae, 구별 kubyŏl, 결말 kyŏlmal</li> <li>ㄹㄹ is written as ll: 빨리 ppalli, 저절로 chŏjŏllo</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Consonant assimilations <ul><li>독립 (pronounced [동닙]) tongnip</li> <li>법률 (pronounced [범뉼]) pŏmnyul</li> <li>않다 (pronounced [안타]) ant'a</li> <li>맞히다 (pronounced [마치다]) mach'ida</li></ul></li> <li>Palatalizations <ul><li>미닫이 (pronounced [미다지]) midaji</li> <li>같이 (pronounced [가치]) kach'i</li> <li>굳히다 (pronounced [구치다]) kuch'ida</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exceptions_that_do_not_predict_pronunciation">Exceptions that do not predict pronunciation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Exceptions that do not predict pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The sequences -ㄱㅎ-, -ㄷㅎ- (only when palatalization does not occur)/-ㅅㅎ-, and -ㅂㅎ- are written as kh, th, and ph, respectively, even though they are pronounced the same as ㅋ (k'), ㅌ (t'), and ㅍ (p'). <ul><li>속히 (pronounced [소키]) sokhi</li> <li>못하다 (pronounced [모타다]) mothada</li> <li>곱하기 (pronounced [고파기]) kophagi</li></ul></li> <li>When a plain consonant (ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅅ, or ㅈ) is pronounced as a tensed consonant (ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, or ㅉ) in the middle of a word, it is written as k, t, p, s, or ch, respectively, even though it is pronounced the same as ㄲ (kk), ㄸ (tt), ㅃ (pp), ㅆ (ss), or ㅉ (tch). <ul><li>태권도 (pronounced [태꿘도]) t'aekwŏndo (cf. 대궐 (pronounced [대궐]) taegwŏl)</li> <li>손등 (pronounced [손뜽]) sontŭng (cf. 전등 (pronounced [전등]) chŏndŭng)</li> <li>문법 (pronounced [문뻡]) munpŏp (cf. 맨발 (pronounced [맨발]) maenbal)</li> <li>국수 (pronounced [국쑤]) kuksu</li> <li>한자 (漢字, pronounced [한짜]) hancha (cf. 환자 (pronounced [환자]) hwanja)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_names">Personal names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal names">edit</a>]</div> The rules stated above are also applied in personal names, except between a surname and a given name. A surname and a given name are separated by a space, but multiple syllables within a surname or within a given name are joined without hyphens or spaces. The original 1939 paper states the following:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer193952–53-8">[7]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The Romanization of Proper Names and Titles Proper names like words should not be divided into syllables, as has often been done in the past. For example, the geographic term 光州 should be romanized Kwangju. Irregularities occurring in proper names such as in P'yŏngyang 平壤 which is colloquially pronounced P'iyang or P'eyang, should usually be ignored in romanizations intended for scholarly use. Personal names demand special consideration. As in China, the great majority of surnames are monosyllables representing a single character, while a few are two character names. The given name, which follows the surname, usually has two characters but sometimes only one. In both two character surnames and two character given names the general rules of euphonic change should be observed, and the two syllables should be written together. The problem of the euphonic changes between a surname and given name or title is very difficult. A man known as Paek Paksa 백 박사 (Dr. Paek) might prove to have the full name of Paeng Nakchun 백낙준 because of the assimilation of the final k of his surname and the initial n of his given name. The use in romanization of both Dr. Paek and Paeng Nakchun for the same person would result in considerable confusion. Therefore it seems best for romanizations purposes to disregard euphonic changes between surnames and given names or titles, so that the above name should be romanized Paek Nakchun. For ordinary social use our romanization often may not prove suitable for personal names. Even in scholarly work there are also a few instances of rather well-established romanizations for proper names which might be left unchanged, just as the names of some of the provinces of China still have traditional romanizations not in accord with the <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a> system. There is, for example, Seoul, which some may prefer to the Sŏul of our system. Another very important example is <a href="/wiki/Lee_(Korean_surname)" title="Lee (Korean surname)">李</a>, the surname of the kings of the last Korean dynasty and still a very common Korean surname. Actually it is pronounced in the standard dialect and should be romanized I, but some may prefer to retain the older romanization, Yi, because that is already the familiar form. In any case the other romanizations of 李, Ri and Li, should not be used.</blockquote> The original paper also gives McCune–Reischauer romanizations for a number of other personal names: <ul><li>Footnotes on page 1: Ch'oe Hyŏnbae (최현배), Chŏng Insŏp (정인섭), Kim Sŏn'gi (김선기)</li> <li>Footnotes on page 4: Ch'oe Namsŏn (崔南善 (최남선))</li> <li>Footnotes on page 20: Kim Yongun (金龍雲 (김용운)), O Sejun (吳世𤀹 (오세준))</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Variants">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Korean_variant">North Korean variant</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: North Korean variant">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean_(North)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Korean (North)">Romanization of Korean (North)</a></div> A variant of McCune–Reischauer is currently in official use in <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>. The following are the differences between the original McCune–Reischauer and the North Korean variant: <ul><li>Aspirated consonants are represented by adding an h instead of an apostrophe. <ul><li>However, ㅊ is transcribed as ch, not chh.</li></ul></li> <li>ㅈ is transcribed as j even when it is voiceless.</li> <li>ㅉ is transcribed as jj instead of tch.</li> <li>ㄹㄹ is transcribed as lr instead of ll.</li> <li>ㄹㅎ is transcribed as lh instead of rh.</li> <li>When ㄹ is pronounced as ㄴ, it is still transcribed as r instead of n.</li> <li>ㄴㄱ and ㅇㅇ are differentiated by a hyphen. <ul><li>But when ng is followed by y or w, a hyphen is not used, like the original system.</li></ul></li> <li>In personal names, each syllable in a Sino-Korean given name is separated by a space with the first letter of each syllable capitalized (e.g. 안복철 An Pok Chŏl). Syllables in a native Korean name are joined without syllabic division (e.g. 김꽃분이 Kim KKotpuni). <ul><li>However, it is not really possible to follow this rule because a certain name written in hangul can be a native Korean name, or a Sino-Korean name, or even both. For example, <a href="/wiki/Bo-ram_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bo-ram (name)">보람</a> cannot only be a native Korean name,<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> but can also be a Sino-Korean name (e.g. 寶濫).<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> In some cases, parents intend a dual meaning: both the meaning from a native Korean word and the meaning from <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">hanja</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> The following table illustrates the differences above. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hangul</th> <th>McCune–Reischauer</th> <th>North Korean variant</th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>편지</td> <td>p'yŏnji</td> <td>phyŏnji</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">letter (message)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>주체</td> <td>Chuch'e</td> <td>Juche</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>안쪽</td> <td>antchok</td> <td>anjjok</td> <td>inside </td></tr> <tr> <td>빨리</td> <td>ppalli</td> <td>ppalri</td> <td>quickly </td></tr> <tr> <td>발해</td> <td>Parhae</td> <td>Palhae</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>목란</td> <td>mongnan</td> <td>mongran</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnolia_sieboldii" title="Magnolia sieboldii">Magnolia sieboldii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>연구</td> <td>yŏn'gu</td> <td>yŏn-gu</td> <td>research, study </td></tr> <tr> <td>영어</td> <td>yŏngŏ</td> <td>yŏng-ŏ</td> <td>English language </td></tr> <tr> <td>안복철</td> <td>An Pokch'ŏl</td> <td>An Pok Chŏl</td> <td>personal name (surname 안, given name 복철) </td></tr> <tr> <td>렬도 </td> <td>ryŏlto </td> <td>ryŏldo </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korean_variant">South Korean variant</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: South Korean variant">edit</a>]</div> A variant of McCune–Reischauer<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> was in official use in South Korea from 1984 to 2000. The following are the differences between the original McCune–Reischauer and the South Korean variant: <ul><li>시 was written as shi instead of the original system's si. When ㅅ is followed by ㅣ, it is realized as the [ɕ] sound (similar to the English [ʃ] sound (sh as in show)) instead of the normal [s] sound. The original system deploys sh only in the combination 쉬, as shwi.</li> <li>ㅝ was written as wo instead of the original system's wŏ in this variant. Because the diphthong w (ㅗ or ㅜ as a <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowel</a>) + o (ㅗ) does not exist in Korean phonology, the South Korean government omitted a breve in wŏ.</li> <li>Hyphens were used to distinguish between ㄴㄱ and ㅇㅇ, between ㅏ에 and ㅐ, and between ㅗ에 and ㅚ in this variant system, instead of the apostrophes and ë in the original version. Therefore, apostrophes were used only for aspiration marks and ë was not used in the South Korean system.</li> <li>ㄹㅎ was written as lh instead of rh.</li> <li>Assimilation-induced aspiration by an initial ㅎ is indicated. ㄱㅎ is written as kh in the original McCune–Reischauer system and as k' in the South Korean variant.</li> <li>In personal names, each syllable in a given name was separated by a hyphen. The consonants ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, and ㅈ right after a hyphen are written as k, t, p, and ch, respectively, even when they are voiced (e.g. 남궁동자 Namgung Tong-cha). But a hyphen can be omitted in non-Sino-Korean names (e.g. 한하나 Han Hana). <ul><li>However, it is not really possible to follow this rule. See the <a href="#North_Korean_variant">#North Korean variant</a> section above.</li></ul></li></ul> The following table illustrates the differences above. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hangul</th> <th>McCune–Reischauer</th> <th>South Korean variant</th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>시장</td> <td>sijang</td> <td>shijang</td> <td>market </td></tr> <tr> <td>쉽다</td> <td>shwipta</td> <td>swipta</td> <td>easy </td></tr> <tr> <td>소원</td> <td>sowŏn</td> <td>sowon</td> <td>wish, hope </td></tr> <tr> <td>연구</td> <td>yŏn'gu</td> <td>yŏn-gu</td> <td>research, study </td></tr> <tr> <td>영어</td> <td>yŏngŏ</td> <td>yŏng-ŏ</td> <td>English language </td></tr> <tr> <td>회사에서</td> <td>hoesaësŏ</td> <td>hoesa-esŏ</td> <td>at a company </td></tr> <tr> <td>차고에</td> <td>ch'agoë</td> <td>ch'ago-e</td> <td>in a garage </td></tr> <tr> <td>발해</td> <td>Parhae</td> <td>Palhae</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>낙하산</td> <td>nakhasan</td> <td>nak'asan</td> <td>parachute </td></tr> <tr> <td>못하다</td> <td>mothada</td> <td>mot'ada</td> <td>to be poor at </td></tr> <tr> <td>곱하기</td> <td>kophagi</td> <td>kop'agi</td> <td>multiplication </td></tr> <tr> <td>남궁동자</td> <td>Namgung Tongja</td> <td>Namgung Tong-cha</td> <td>personal name (surname 남궁, given name 동자) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ALA-LC_variant">ALA-LC variant</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: ALA-LC variant">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC romanization</a> of Korean<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> is based on but deviates from McCune–Reischauer. <ul><li>Unlike the original McCune–Reischauer, it addresses word division in seven pages of detail. <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Korean_postpositions" title="Korean postpositions">postposition</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particle</a>) is separated from its preceding word, even though the original McCune–Reischauer paper explicitly states that this should not be done.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></li></ul></li> <li>/ㄷ/ + /ㅆ/ is written as ts instead of ss.</li> <li>For personal names: <ul><li>The surname 이 is written as Yi instead of I.</li> <li>A hyphen is inserted between the syllables of a two-syllable given name only when it is preceded by a surname, with the sound change between the syllables indicated. The original McCune–Reischauer paper explicitly states that this also should not be done.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> <ul><li>However, if a given name is three syllables long or is of non-Sino-Korean origin, the syllables are joined without syllabic division (e.g. 신사임당 Sin Saimdang, 김삿갓 Kim Satkat).</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> The following table illustrates the differences above. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hangul</th> <th>McCune–Reischauer</th> <th>ALA-LC variant</th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>꽃이</td> <td>kkoch'i</td> <td>kkot i</td> <td>flower + (subject marker) </td></tr> <tr> <td>굳세다</td> <td>kusseda</td> <td>kutseda</td> <td>strong, firm </td></tr> <tr> <td>이석민</td> <td>I Sŏngmin</td> <td>Yi Sŏng-min</td> <td>personal name (surname 이, given name 석민) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_systems">Other systems</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other systems">edit</a>]</div> A third system, the <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Korean" title="Yale romanization of Korean">Yale romanization</a> system, which is a <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> system, exists but is used only in academic literature, especially in linguistics. The <a href="/wiki/Kontsevich_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Kontsevich system">Kontsevich system</a>, based on the earlier Kholodovich system, is used for transliterating Korean into the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>. Like McCune–Reischauer romanization it attempts to represent the pronunciation of a word, rather than provide letter-to-letter correspondence. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Korean_Orthography" title="New Korean Orthography">New Korean Orthography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcCuneReischauer1939" class="citation journal cs1">McCune, G.M.; Reischauer, E.O. (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raskb.com">"The romanization of the Korean language, based upon its phonetic structure"</a>. Transactions of the Korea Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 29: 1–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Korea+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+romanization+of+the+Korean+language%2C+based+upon+its+phonetic+structure&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=1-55&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=McCune&rft.aufirst=G.M.&rft.au=Reischauer%2C+E.O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raskb.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.lib.uchicago.edu/c.php?g=297706&p=1986849">"McCune-Reischauer Romanization"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=McCune-Reischauer+Romanization&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguides.lib.uchicago.edu%2Fc.php%3Fg%3D297706%26p%3D1986849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Sang-il (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42922825">"On Korean Romanization"</a>. The Korean Language in America. 8: 407–421. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42922825">42922825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korean+Language+in+America&rft.atitle=On+Korean+Romanization&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=407-421&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42922825%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Sang-il&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42922825&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=08oPAAAAYAAJ">Tables of the McCune-Reischauer System for the Romanization of Korean</a>. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Korea Branch. 1961. p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tables+of+the+McCune-Reischauer+System+for+the+Romanization+of+Korean&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland.+Korea+Branch&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D08oPAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSong2006" class="citation book cs1">Song, Jae Jung (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k-x-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT87">The Korean Language: Structure, Use and Context</a>. Routledge. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134335893" title="Special:BookSources/9781134335893"><bdi>9781134335893</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+Language%3A+Structure%2C+Use+and+Context&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781134335893&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=Jae+Jung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk-x-AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/Unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/6th-uncsgn-docs/WP/6th_uncsgn_WP46.pdf">"Working Paper No. 46"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/UNGEGN" class="mw-redirect" title="UNGEGN">UNGEGN</a>. Retrieved 2018-03-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNGEGN&rft.atitle=Working+Paper+No.+46&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2FUnsd%2Fgeoinfo%2FUNGEGN%2Fdocs%2F6th-uncsgn-docs%2FWP%2F6th_uncsgn_WP46.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MoCT2000-6"><a href="#cite_ref-MoCT2000_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070916025652/http://www.korea.net/korea/kor_loca.asp?code=A020303">"Romanization of Korean"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Korea.net" title="Korea.net">Korea.net</a>. Ministry of Culture & Tourism. July 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korea.net/korea/kor_loca.asp?code=A020303">the original</a> on 16 September 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Korea.net&rft.atitle=Romanization+of+Korean&rft.date=2000-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.korea.net%2Fkorea%2Fkor_loca.asp%3Fcode%3DA020303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer193952–53-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer193952–53_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCuneReischauer1939">McCune & Reischauer (1939)</a>, pp. 52–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawpeople.lawtimes.co.kr/lawman/10502/preview"><bdi lang="ko">김보람(金보람)</bdi></a>. 한국법조인대관 [List of Legal Professionals in Korea] (in Korean). 법률신문 (The Law Times). Retrieved 2023-08-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EB%B2%95%EC%A1%B0%EC%9D%B8%EB%8C%80%EA%B4%80&rft.atitle=%EA%B9%80%EB%B3%B4%EB%9E%8C%28%E9%87%91%EB%B3%B4%EB%9E%8C%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flawpeople.lawtimes.co.kr%2Flawman%2F10502%2Fpreview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawpeople.lawtimes.co.kr/lawman/21732/preview"><bdi lang="ko">강보람(姜寶濫)</bdi></a>. 한국법조인대관 [List of Legal Professionals in Korea] (in Korean). 법률신문 (The Law Times). Retrieved 2023-08-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EB%B2%95%EC%A1%B0%EC%9D%B8%EB%8C%80%EA%B4%80&rft.atitle=%EA%B0%95%EB%B3%B4%EB%9E%8C%28%E5%A7%9C%E5%AF%B6%E6%BF%AB%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flawpeople.lawtimes.co.kr%2Flawman%2F21732%2Fpreview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcademy_of_the_Korean_Language1984" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_Language" title="National Institute of Korean Language">Academy of the Korean Language</a> (October 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.korean.go.kr/nkview/nklife/1984_1/1984_0106.pdf#page=2"><bdi lang="ko">국어 로마자 표기법</bdi></a> [Romanization of Korean] (PDF) (in Korean). Korean-language Life (국어생활).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4+%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90+%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95&rft.pub=Korean-language+Life+%28%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4%EC%83%9D%ED%99%9C%29&rft.date=1984-10&rft.au=Academy+of+the+Korean+Language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.korean.go.kr%2Fnkview%2Fnklife%2F1984_1%2F1984_0106.pdf%23page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRepublic_of_Korea1987" class="citation web cs1">Republic of Korea (1987-08-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/5th-uncsgn-doc/e_conf_79_inf68.pdf">"Report on the State of Standardization of Geographical Names and Romanization in Korea"</a> (PDF). United Nations Economic and Social Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+State+of+Standardization+of+Geographical+Names+and+Romanization+in+Korea&rft.pub=United+Nations+Economic+and+Social+Council&rft.date=1987-08-25&rft.au=Republic+of+Korea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fgeoinfo%2Fungegn%2Fdocs%2F5th-uncsgn-doc%2Fe_conf_79_inf68.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/korean.pdf">"ALA-LC Romanization Tables"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=ALA-LC+Romanization+Tables&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcatdir%2Fcpso%2Fromanization%2Fkorean.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCuneReischauer1939">McCune & Reischauer 1939</a>, p. 51: "The nouns, likewise, should be written together with their postpositions, including those called case endings, not separately as in Japanese, because phonetically the two are so merged that it would often be difficult and misleading to attempt to divide them." </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCuneReischauer1939">McCune & Reischauer 1939</a>, p. 49: "A simple example, the word Silla, will help to clarify the point. In Chinese, hsin 新 plus lo 羅 are pronounced Hsin-lo but in Korea, sin 新 plus na (la) 羅 are pronounced Silla. To hyphenate this name as Sil-la would imply that it is composed of two parts which individually are sil and la, which is obviously misleading." </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>PDF files of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1f-8H9pJxwCzT4z0pJIh1ogQhrLIpm7Pm/view?usp=drive_link">1939 paper</a>, and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://koreanstudies.com/DOCS/McCune-Reischauer_1961.pdf">1961 paper</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302174913/http://mccune-reischauer.tistory.com/">A Practical Guide to McCune–Reischauer Romanization</a>: Rules, guidelines, and font</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom2_ko.pdf">Comparison table of different romanization systems from UN Working Group on Romanization Systems (PDF file)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327130423/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/Romanization_Korean.pdf">Romanization System of Korean: McCune Reischauer (with minor modifications) BGN/PCGN 1945 Agreement</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived March 27, 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushuaia.pl/transliterate/?ln=en">Online tool for McCune–Reischauer romanization (with BGN modifications)</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/19px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/29px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/38px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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