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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East-West_theological_contrast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East-West_theological_contrast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>East-West theological contrast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East-West_theological_contrast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East-West_liturgical_contrast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East-West_liturgical_contrast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>East-West liturgical contrast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East-West_liturgical_contrast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Further divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terms_for_Syriac_Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms_for_Syriac_Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Terms for Syriac Christians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terms_for_Syriac_Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Churches_of_Syriac_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Churches_of_Syriac_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Churches of Syriac traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Churches_of_Syriac_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مسيحية سريانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مسيحية سريانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianisme_sir%C3%ADac" title="Cristianisme siríac – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cristianisme siríac" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syr%C5%A1t%C3%AD_k%C5%99es%C5%A5an%C3%A9" title="Syrští křesťané – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Syrští křesťané" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrisches_Christentum" title="Syrisches Christentum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Syrisches Christentum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Συριακός Χριστιανισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συριακός Χριστιανισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismo_sir%C3%ADaco" title="Cristianismo siríaco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cristianismo siríaco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مسیحیت سریانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسیحیت سریانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%84%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սիրիական քրիստոնեություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիրիական քրիստոնեություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="सीरियाई ईसाई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सीरियाई ईसाई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekristenan_Suriah" title="Kekristenan Suriah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekristenan Suriah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianesimo_siriaco" title="Cristianesimo siriaco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cristianesimo siriaco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="נצרות סורית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נצרות סורית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukristo_wa_Kisiria" title="Ukristo wa Kisiria – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ukristo wa Kisiria" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%ADr_kereszt%C3%A9nys%C3%A9g" title="Szír kereszténység – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szír kereszténység" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristianisma_siriaka" title="Kristianisma siriaka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kristianisma siriaka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4" title="സുറിയാനി ക്രിസ്തീയത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുറിയാനി ക്രിസ്തീയത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المسيحية السريانية – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المسيحية السريانية" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrisch_christendom" title="Syrisch christendom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Syrisch christendom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrisk_kristendom" title="Syrisk kristendom – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Syrisk kristendom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrisk_kristendom" title="Syrisk kristendom – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Syrisk kristendom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismo_s%C3%ADrio" title="Cristianismo sírio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cristianismo sírio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сирийское христианство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сирийское христианство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сиријско хришћанство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сиријско хришћанство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syyriankielinen_kristillisyys" title="Syyriankielinen kristillisyys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Syyriankielinen kristillisyys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrisk_kristendom" title="Syrisk kristendom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Syrisk kristendom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiyanismong_Siriako" title="Kristiyanismong Siriako – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kristiyanismong Siriako" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сирійське християнство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сирійське християнство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="سریانی مسیحیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سریانی مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="敘利亞基督教 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="敘利亞基督教" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Christianity" title="Category:Eastern Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Holy-Sepulchre_Jesus-Detail-01.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)"><img alt="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jerusalem_Holy-Sepulchre_Jesus-Detail-01.png/120px-Jerusalem_Holy-Sepulchre_Jesus-Detail-01.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jerusalem_Holy-Sepulchre_Jesus-Detail-01.png/180px-Jerusalem_Holy-Sepulchre_Jesus-Detail-01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jerusalem_Holy-Sepulchre_Jesus-Detail-01.png/240px-Jerusalem_Holy-Sepulchre_Jesus-Detail-01.png 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="1416" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Mainstream communions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean</a> -, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_See_of_Cilicia" title="Holy See of Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Indian</a>) </small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a>)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Independent communions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Russian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestantism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church" title="Armenian Evangelical Church">Armenian Evangelical Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Evangelical_Church" title="Assyrian Evangelical Church">Assyrian Evangelical Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church" title="Assyrian Pentecostal Church">Assyrian Pentecostal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believers_Eastern_Church" title="Believers Eastern Church">Believers Eastern Church of India</a></li> <li>Eastern Rite Community in Germany and the Czech Republic</li> <li>Evangelical Baptist Church of Georgia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Egypt_(Synod_of_the_Nile)" title="Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile)">Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Romania" title="Evangelical Church of Romania">Evangelical Church of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Slovenia" title="Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia">Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Orthodox_Church" title="Evangelical Orthodox Church">Evangelical Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Protestant_Evangelical_Church" title="Kosovo Protestant Evangelical Church">Kosovo Protestant Evangelical Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" title="Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%27ent%27ay" title="P'ent'ay">P'ent'ay - Ethiopian and Eritrean Evangelical Churches</a></li> <li>Russian Evangelical Church</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite#Society_for_Eastern_Rite_Anglicanism" title="Byzantine Rite">Society for Eastern Rite Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India">St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India</a></li> <li>St. Valentine's Fellowship</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Lutheran_Church" title="Ukrainian Lutheran Church">Ukrainian Lutheran Church</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Eastern liturgical rites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Rite" title="Coptic Rite">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Rite">Ge'ez</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_rites" title="Malabar rites">Malabar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Major controversies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyophysitism" title="Dyophysitism">Dyophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotikon" title="Henotikon">Henotikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-Chapter_Controversy" title="Three-Chapter Controversy">Three Chapters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoenergism" title="Monoenergism">Monoenergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyoenergism" title="Dyoenergism">Dyoenergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyothelitism" title="Dyothelitism">Dyothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodoxy">Russian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syriac</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Greek_Christians" title="Antiochian Greek Christians">Antiochian Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronites</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.15em 0.75em 0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christian history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian_monasticism" title="Eastern Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Eastern_Christianity-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Eastern Christianity-related articles">Index of related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Eastern Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eastern Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Syriac Christianity</b> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ</span>, <i>Mšiḥoyuṯo Suryoyto</i> or <i>Mšiḥāyūṯā Suryāytā</i>) is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a> of which formative <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">theological</a> writings and traditional <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">liturgies</a> are expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a> language, a <a href="/wiki/Variation_(linguistics)" title="Variation (linguistics)">variation</a> of the old <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERompay2008365–386_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERompay2008365–386-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg2007249_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg2007249-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen201266–77_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen201266–77-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a wider sense, the term can also refer to <b>Aramaic Christianity</b> in general, thus encompassing all Christian traditions that are based on liturgical uses of the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic language</a> and its variations, both historical and modern.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimmons195913_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimmons195913-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAufrecht2001149_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAufrecht2001149-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuispel200880_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuispel200880-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>, Classical Syriac was one of the three most important languages of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock20055–20_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock20055–20-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became a vessel for the development of a distinctive Syriac form of Christianity which flourished throughout the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> and other parts of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Asia" title="Christianity in Asia">Asia</a> during <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Early_Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Medieval">Early Medieval</a> period, giving rise to various liturgical and denominational traditions, represented in modern times by several churches which continue to uphold the religious and cultural heritage of Syriac Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler2019119–133_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler2019119–133-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter2019783–796_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter2019783–796-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Syriac Christianity comprises two <a href="/wiki/Ritual_family" title="Ritual family">liturgical traditions</a>: the <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarghese2019391–404_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarghese2019391–404-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The East Syriac Rite (also known variably as the Assyrian, Sassanid, Babylonian or Persian Rite),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose main <a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(liturgy)" title="Anaphora (liturgy)">anaphora</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Addai_and_Mari" title="Liturgy of Addai and Mari">Holy Qurbana of Saints Addai and Mari</a>, is the rite of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> (including its offshoot, the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> and the component <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Chaldean Syrian Church</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Catholic Church</a>. The West Syriac Rite (also called Antiochian Syriac Rite), which has the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_James" title="Liturgy of Saint James">Divine Liturgy of Saint James</a> as its anaphora, is the rite of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> (including the component <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a>, and the Indian <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a>. <a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant forms</a> of this rite are used by the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India">St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India</a>. </p><p>In India, indigenous Eastern Christians (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a>) of both liturgical traditions (East and West Syriac) are called Syrian Christians. The traditional East Syriac community is represented by the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church and the Chaldean Syrian Church of India. The West Syriac liturgical tradition was introduced after 1665, and the community associated with it is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a> (a part of the Syriac Orthodox Church), the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> (both of them belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>), the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church (an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic church</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>), the Mar Thoma Syrian Church (part of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a> (an independent Oriental Orthodox Church not part of the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Communion</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerczel2019653–697_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerczel2019653–697-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Syriac language is a variety of Aramaic language, that emerged in <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>) during the first centuries AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1998708-719_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1998708-719-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is related to the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic of Jesus">Aramaic of Jesus</a>, a Galilean dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This relationship added to its prestige for Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontgomery200227_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery200227-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The form of the language in use in <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a> predominated in Christian writings and was accepted as the standard form, "a convenient vehicle for the spread of Christianity wherever there was a substrate of spoken Aramaic".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERompay2008365–386_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERompay2008365–386-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area where Syriac or Aramaic was spoken, an area of contact and conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, extended from around <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> in the west to <a href="/wiki/Seleucia-Ctesiphon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a>, the Sasanian capital, in the east and comprised the whole or parts of present-day Syria, Lebanon, Israel/Palestine, Iraq, and parts of Turkey and Iran, with its speakers being largely Semitic <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeans">Judeans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg2007249_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurre_van_den_Berg2007249-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERompay2008365–386_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERompay2008365–386-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_Christianity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of the Syriac language">Names of the Syriac language</a></div> <p>In modern <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, the term "Syriac Christianity" is preferred over the alternative form "Syrian Christianity", that was also commonly used in older literature, as a <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonym</a>, particularly during the 19th and the 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinsonCoakley20131,_note_1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinsonCoakley20131,_note_1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the latter term proved to be very <a href="/wiki/Polysemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysemic">polysemic</a>, a tendency occurred (firstly among scholars) to reduce the term "Syrian Christianity" to its primary (regional) meaning, that designates the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Syria" title="Christianity in Syria">Christianity in Syria</a>, while more specific term (Syriac Christianity) came to be used as preferred designation for the entire Syriac branch of Eastern Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillar2006107–109_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar2006107–109-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That distinction is not yet universally accepted, even among scholars. It is gradually introduced in most of the English speaking world, with some notable exceptions. Churches of Syriac tradition in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> still <a href="/wiki/Self-identify" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-identify">self-identify</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian English</a>, as "Syrian" Churches, both for <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociolinguistic">sociolinguistic</a> and legal reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’Mahony2006511_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO’Mahony2006511-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler2019130–132_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler2019130–132-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern distinctions between "Syrian" and "Syriac" (Christianity) are observed in English language as a partially accepted <a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">convention</a>, but such distinctions do not exist in most of the other languages, nor on the <a href="/wiki/Endonymic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonymic">endonymic</a> (native) level among adherents of Syriac Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillar2006107–109_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar2006107–109-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Native terms (<a href="/wiki/Ethnonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnonyms">ethnonyms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonyms">demonyms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguonyms">linguonyms</a>) that were derived from the name of Syria did not possess a distinctive formal duality that would be equivalent to the conventional English distinction between terms <i>Syrian</i> and <i>Syriac</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2019157–174_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2019157–174-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the proposed distinction is not yet universally accepted among scholars, its individual and often inconsistent application has created a complex narrative, that is additionally burdened by older problems, inherited from terminological controversies that originated much earlier, within <a href="/wiki/Syriac_studies" title="Syriac studies">Syriac studies</a> in particular, and also within <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_studies" title="Aramaic studies">Aramaic studies</a> in general.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnett2005421–436_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnett2005421–436-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of Syrian/Syriac labels was also challenged by common scholarly reduction of Syriac Christianity to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Aramaic">Eastern Aramaic</a> Christian heritage found among the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian people</a> in what is today Iraq, Southeast Turkey and Northwest Iran, and its offspring. Such reduction was detaching Syriac Christianity from <a href="/wiki/Western_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Aramaic">Western Aramaic</a> Christian traditions, that were enrooted in the very homeland of Christianity, encompassing ancient <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic-speaking</a> communities in <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>, and also those in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Nabatea" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabatea">Nabatea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyrene</a> to the east,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJobling199662–73_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJobling199662–73-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a> proper to the north. Since Western Aramaic Christians did not fit into narrow scholarly definition of Syriac Christianity, focused on <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Aramaic">Eastern Aramaic</a> traditions,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERompay2008366_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERompay2008366-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> various researchers have opted for an additional use of some wider terms, like "Aramaic Christianity",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimmons195913_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimmons195913-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAufrecht2001149_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAufrecht2001149-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "Aramaic Christendom",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuispel200880_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuispel200880-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus designating a religious, cultural and linguistic continuum, encompassing the entire branch of Christianity that stemmed from the first Aramaic-speaking Christian communities, formed in apostolic times, and then continued to develop throughout history, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> and also in several other regions of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Asia" title="Christianity in Asia">Asia</a>, including India and China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickens2019583–624_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens2019583–624-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakahashi2019625–652_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakahashi2019625–652-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In English language, the term <i>Aramaic Christianity</i> should not be confused with term <i>Aramean Christianity</i>, since the first designation is linguistically defined and thus refers to Aramaic-speaking Christians in general, while the second designation is more specific and refers only to Christian <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealey2014391_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2014391-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealey2019a433–446_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealey2019a433–446-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_Christianity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">History of Eastern Christianity</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syriac_Christian_denominations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Syriac_Christian_denominations.svg/400px-Syriac_Christian_denominations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Syriac_Christian_denominations.svg/600px-Syriac_Christian_denominations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Syriac_Christian_denominations.svg/800px-Syriac_Christian_denominations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Present-day Middle-Eastern Syriac Christian denominations</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syriac_Christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Syriac_Christianity.svg/300px-Syriac_Christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Syriac_Christianity.svg/450px-Syriac_Christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Syriac_Christianity.svg/600px-Syriac_Christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1273" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>East Syriac (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>) metropolitan sees in <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Asia" title="Christianity in Asia">Asia</a> from the 9th to the 13th centuries</figcaption></figure> <p>Christianity began in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> among Aramaic-speaking <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>. It soon spread to other Aramaic-speaking <a href="/wiki/Semitic_people" title="Semitic people">Semitic peoples</a> like Aramaic pagan peoples along the Eastern Mediterranean coast<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and also to the inland parts of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and beyond that into the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> and the later <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaryaee201933–43_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaryaee201933–43-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, which was dominated at different times and to varying extents by these empires. </p><p>The ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos_church" title="Dura-Europos church">Dura-Europos church</a>, dating from the first half of the 3rd century are concrete evidence of the presence of organized Christian communities in the Aramaic-speaking area, far from Jerusalem and the Mediterranean coast, and there are traditions of the preaching of Christianity in the region as early as the time of the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a>. </p><p>However, "virtually every aspect of Syriac Christianity prior to the fourth century remains obscure, and it is only then that one can feel oneself on firmer ground".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2004a362_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2004a362-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fourth century is marked by the many writings in Syriac of Saint <a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a>, the <i>Demonstrations</i> of the slightly older <a href="/wiki/Aphrahat" title="Aphrahat">Aphrahat</a> and the anonymous ascetical <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Steps" title="Book of Steps">Book of Steps</a></i>. Ephrem lived in the Roman Empire, close to the border with the Sasanian Empire, to which the other two writers belonged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2004a362_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2004a362-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, another source claims there is a significant amount of evidence from the fourth century and before about liturgical practices.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other items of early literature of Syriac Christianity are the <a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tatian" title="Tatian">Tatian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Curetonian_Gospels" title="Curetonian Gospels">Curetonian Gospels</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Sinaiticus" title="Syriac Sinaiticus">Syriac Sinaiticus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a> Bible and the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Addai" title="Doctrine of Addai">Doctrine of Addai</a>. </p><p>The bishops who took part in the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicea" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Nicea">First Council of Nicea</a> (325), the first of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical councils</a>, included twenty from Syria and one from Persia, outside the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontgomery200227,_57_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery200227,_57-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two councils held in the following century divided Syriac Christianity into two opposing parties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East-West_theological_contrast">East-West theological contrast</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_Christianity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: East-West theological contrast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dioceses_of_the_Syrian_Orthodox_Church.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dioceses_of_the_Syrian_Orthodox_Church.svg/250px-Dioceses_of_the_Syrian_Orthodox_Church.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dioceses_of_the_Syrian_Orthodox_Church.svg/375px-Dioceses_of_the_Syrian_Orthodox_Church.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dioceses_of_the_Syrian_Orthodox_Church.svg/500px-Dioceses_of_the_Syrian_Orthodox_Church.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2102" data-file-height="1690" /></a><figcaption>West Syriac dioceses of the Syriac Orthodox Church during the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> period</figcaption></figure> <p>Syriac Christianity is divided on several <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">theological</a> issues, both <a href="/wiki/Christological" class="mw-redirect" title="Christological">Christological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pneumatological" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatological">Pneumatological</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHainthaler2019377–390_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHainthaler2019377–390-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 431, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a>, which is reckoned as the third ecumenical council, condemned <a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a>. That condemnation was consequently ignored by the East Syriac <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, which had been previously established in the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> as a distinct Church at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a> in 410, and which at the Synod of Dadisho in 424 had declared the independence of its head, the <a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">Catholicos</a>, in relation to "western" (Roman Empire) Church authorities. Even in its modern form of Assyrian Church of the East and Ancient Church of the East, it honours Nestorius as a teacher and saint.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler20035,_30_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler20035,_30-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 451, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a>, the fourth ecumenical council, condemned <a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a>, and also rejected <a href="/wiki/Dyoprosopic_Christology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyoprosopic Christology">Dyoprosopism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This council was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> (among which is the Syriac Orthodox Church) that use the West Syriac Rite. The <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Antioch">Patriarchate of Antioch</a> was consequently divided between two communities, pro-<a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> and non-Chalcedonian. The Chalcedonians were often labelled as '<a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkites</a>' (Imperials), while their opponents were labelled <a href="/wiki/Monophysite" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophysite">Monophysites</a> (those who believe in the one rather than two natures of Christ) and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Jacobites</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Baradaeus" title="Jacob Baradaeus">Jacob Baradaeus</a>). </p><p>In 553, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constantinople_(553)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Constantinople (553)">Council of Constantinople</a>, the fifth ecumenical council, anathematized <a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Mopsuestia" title="Theodore of Mopsuestia">Theodore of Mopsuestia</a>, and also condemned several writings of <a href="/wiki/Theodoret_of_Cyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodoret of Cyrus">Theodoret of Cyrus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibas_of_Edessa" title="Ibas of Edessa">Ibas of Edessa</a> (see: <a href="/wiki/Three-Chapter_Controversy" title="Three-Chapter Controversy">Three-Chapter Controversy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since those three theologians were highly regarded among Eastern Syriac Christians, further rifts were created, culminating in 612, when a major council of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/Seleucia-Ctesiphon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a>. Presided by <a href="/wiki/Babai_the_Great" title="Babai the Great">Babai the Great</a> (d. 628), the council officially adopted specific Christological formulations, using <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> term <i>qnoma</i> (ܩܢܘܡܐ) as designation for dual (divine and human) properties within one <a href="/wiki/Prosopon" title="Prosopon">prosopon</a> (person) of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1999d281–298_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1999d281–298-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theological estrangement between East Syriac and West Syriac branches was manifested as a prolonged rivalry, that was particularly intensive between the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maphrianate_of_the_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Maphrianate of the East">Maphrianate of the East</a> (Syriac Orthodox Church),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with each branch claiming that its doctrines were not <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretical</a> while also accusing the other of teaching heresy. Their theological estrangement has persisted through the medieval and early modern periods and into the present era. In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a>, a sister-church of the Syriac Orthodox Church, blocked admittance of the Assyrian Church of the East to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Council_of_Churches" title="Middle East Council of Churches">Middle East Council of Churches</a>, which has among its members the Chaldean Catholic Church,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003151–152_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003151–152-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2004b58_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2004b58-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols2010137_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols2010137-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and demanded that it remove from its liturgy the mention of <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_of_Tarsus" title="Diodorus of Tarsus">Diodorus of Tarsus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Mopsuestia" title="Theodore of Mopsuestia">Theodore of Mopsuestia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a>, whom it venerates as "the Greek doctors".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East-West_liturgical_contrast">East-West liturgical contrast</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_Christianity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: East-West liturgical contrast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_mass_of_the_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Holy_mass_of_the_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.jpg/250px-Holy_mass_of_the_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Holy_mass_of_the_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.jpg/375px-Holy_mass_of_the_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Holy_mass_of_the_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.jpg/500px-Holy_mass_of_the_Syriac_Orthodox_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbana" title="Holy Qurbana">Holy Qurbana</a> of the Syriac Orthodox Church celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy_of_Saint_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Liturgy of Saint James">Divine Liturgy of Saint James</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The liturgies of the East and West Syriacs are quite distinct. The East Syriac Rite is noted especially for its eucharistic <a href="/wiki/Qurbana_of_Addai_and_Mari" class="mw-redirect" title="Qurbana of Addai and Mari">Qurbana of Addai and Mari</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Words_of_Institution" title="Words of Institution">Words of Institution</a> are absent. West Syriacs use the Syro-Antiochian or West Syriac Rite, which belongs to the family of liturgies known as the <a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochene Rite</a>. </p><p>The Syriac Orthodox Church adds to the <a href="/wiki/Trisagion" title="Trisagion">Trisagion</a> ("Holy God, Holy Mighty, Holy Immortal, have mercy on us") the phrase "who were crucified for us". The Church of the East interpreted this as heretical.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Timothy_I_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Timothy I of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Timothy I</a> of the Church of the East declared: "And also in all the countries of Babylon, of Persia, and of Assyria, and in all the countries of the sunrise, that is to say, among the Indians, the Chinese, the Tibetans, the Turks, and in all the provinces under the jurisdiction of this Patriarchal See, there is no addition of Crucifixus es pro nobis".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMingana1926466_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMingana1926466-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the Saint Thomas Christians of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the East Syriac Rite was the one originally used, but those who in the 17th century accepted union with the Syriac Orthodox Church adopted the rite of that church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_divisions">Further divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_Christianity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg/400px-Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg/600px-Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg/800px-Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Present-day divisions of Saint Thomas Christians (also known as Syrian Christians)</figcaption></figure> <p>A schism in 1552 in the Church of the East gave rise to a separate patriarchate, which at first entered into union with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> but later formed the nucleus of the present-day Assyrian Church of the East and Ancient Church of the East, while at the end of the 18th century most followers of the earlier patriarchate chose union with Rome and, with some others, now form the Chaldean Catholic Church. </p><p>In India, all of the Saint Thomas Christians are still collectively called "Syrian Christians". The majority of the Saint Thomas Christians, who initially depended on the Church of the East, maintained union with Rome in spite of discomforts felt at Latinization by their Portuguese rulers and clergy, against which they protested. They now form the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Catholic Church</a>. A small group, which split from these in the early 19th century, united at the beginning of the 20th century, under the name of <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Chaldean Syrian Church</a>, with the Assyrian Church of the East. </p><p>Those who in 1653 broke with the Catholic Church as dominated by the Portuguese in India and soon chose union with the Syriac Orthodox Church later split into various groups. The first separation was that of the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a> in 1772.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the 19th century and in the course of the 20th, a division arose among those who remained united with the Syriac Orthodox Church who insisted on full <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephaly</a> and are now called the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> and those, the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a>, who remain faithful to the patriarch. </p><p>A reunion movement led in 1930 to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> between some of the Malankara Syrian Orthodox and the Catholic Church. They now form the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a>. </p><p>In the Middle East, the newly enthroned patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church, <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Michael_III_Jarweh" title="Ignatius Michael III Jarweh">Ignatius Michael III Jarweh</a>, declared himself a Catholic and, having received confirmation from Rome in 1783, became the head of the Syriac Catholic Church. </p><p>In the 19th and 20th centuries many Syriac Christians, both East and West, left the Middle East for other lands, creating a substantial diaspora.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaillot1998_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaillot1998-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern times, several Churches of Syriac tradition are actively participating in <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_dialogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical dialogue">ecumenical dialogue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1999e189-197_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1999e189-197-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2004b44-65_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2004b44-65-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terms_for_Syriac_Christians">Terms for Syriac Christians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_Christianity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Terms for Syriac Christians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Terms for Syriac Christians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SyriacChurch-Mosul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/SyriacChurch-Mosul.jpg/220px-SyriacChurch-Mosul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/SyriacChurch-Mosul.jpg/330px-SyriacChurch-Mosul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/SyriacChurch-Mosul.jpg/440px-SyriacChurch-Mosul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Celebration at a <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Orthodox">Syriac Orthodox</a> monastery in <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>), early 20th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>-speaking communities of the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܣܘܪܝܝܐ</span>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سُريان</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonabed201518_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonabed201518-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adopted Christianity very early, perhaps already from the first century, and began to abandon their three-millennia-old traditional <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">ancient Mesopotamian religion</a>, although this religion did not fully die out until as late as the tenth century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a>, with the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a>, was absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in 114 as a semi-autonomous vassal state and then, after a period under the supremacy of <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>, was incorporated as a <a href="/wiki/Osroene_(Roman_province)" title="Osroene (Roman province)">Roman province</a>, first in 214, and finally in 242.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss200149_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200149-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 431 the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> declared <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> a heresy. Nestorians, persecuted in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, sought refuge in the parts of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> that were part of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>. This encouraged acceptance of Nestorian doctrine by the Persian <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, which spread Christianity outside Persia, to India, China, Tibet and Mongolia, expanding the range of this eastern branch of Syriac Christianity. The western branch, the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite Church">Jacobite Church</a>, appeared after the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a>'s condemnation of <a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a> in 451.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Churches_of_Syriac_traditions">Churches of Syriac traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_Christianity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Churches of Syriac traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syriac_gospel_miniature_from_Mosul,_Iraq,_c._1220._(British_Museum_Add._7170,_fol._145r).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Syriac_gospel_miniature_from_Mosul%2C_Iraq%2C_c._1220._%28British_Museum_Add._7170%2C_fol._145r%29.jpg/220px-Syriac_gospel_miniature_from_Mosul%2C_Iraq%2C_c._1220._%28British_Museum_Add._7170%2C_fol._145r%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Syriac_gospel_miniature_from_Mosul%2C_Iraq%2C_c._1220._%28British_Museum_Add._7170%2C_fol._145r%29.jpg/330px-Syriac_gospel_miniature_from_Mosul%2C_Iraq%2C_c._1220._%28British_Museum_Add._7170%2C_fol._145r%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Syriac_gospel_miniature_from_Mosul%2C_Iraq%2C_c._1220._%28British_Museum_Add._7170%2C_fol._145r%29.jpg/440px-Syriac_gospel_miniature_from_Mosul%2C_Iraq%2C_c._1220._%28British_Museum_Add._7170%2C_fol._145r%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>Syriac gospel miniature from <a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zengid dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, Iraq, c. 1216–1220.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> (Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and all the East, based in <a href="/wiki/Damascus,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Damascus, Syria">Damascus, Syria</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a> (Syriac Orthodox Church in India, <a href="/wiki/Catholicosate" title="Catholicosate">Catholicosate</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi, Kerala, India</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> (Indian Orthodox Church, <a href="/wiki/Catholicosate" title="Catholicosate">Catholicosate</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam, Kerala, India</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a> (Independent Oriental Orthodox Church, based in <a href="/wiki/Thozhiyoor" title="Thozhiyoor">Thozhiyur, Kerala, India</a>, not part of the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Communion">Oriental Orthodox Communion</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> of the <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Catholic Church">Maronite Catholic Church</a> (Syriac Maronite Patriarchate of Antioch and all the East, based in <a href="/wiki/Bkerk%C3%A9" title="Bkerké">Bkerké, Lebanon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> (Syriac Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch and all the East, based in <a href="/wiki/Beirut,_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Beirut, Lebanon">Beirut, Lebanon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a> (Malankara Syrian Catholic Church, <a href="/wiki/Catholicosate" title="Catholicosate">Catholicosate</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Trivandrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivandrum">Trivandrum, Kerala, India</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant Churches</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a> (In <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Thiruvalla" title="Thiruvalla">Thiruvalla, Kerala, India</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India">St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India</a> (based in <a href="/wiki/Thiruvalla" title="Thiruvalla">Thiruvalla, Kerala, India</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a></b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></i> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>, traditionalist continuation that emerged from the <i>Shimun line</i> of patriarchs of the Church of the East that took this name in 1976 <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Chaldean Syrian Church</a> an archbishopric in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> of the Assyrian Church of the East</li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a>, split from the Assyrian Church of the East in the 1960s.</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> of the <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a></i> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Eastern Catholic</a> Church that emerged from the <i>Elia line</i> of patriarchs of the Church of the East following splits in 1552, 1667/1668 and 1779</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a>, an Eastern Catholic Church based in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> that is independent from the Chaldean Catholic hierarchy since the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Diamper" title="Synod of Diamper">Synod of Diamper</a> in 1599.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>East Syriac Christians were involved in the mission to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and many of the present Churches in India are in communion with either East or West Syriac Churches. These Indian Christians are known as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a>. </p><p>In modern times, even apart from the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a> denominations like <a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church_of_Malabar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Thoma Syrian Church of Malabar">Mar Thoma Syrian Church of Malabar</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India">St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India</a>, which originated from Churches of the West Syriac Rite,<sup id="cite_ref-Leustean_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leustean-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fortescue_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> various Evangelical denominations continue to send representatives among Syriac Christians. As a result, several <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">Evangelical</a> groups have been established, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church" title="Assyrian Pentecostal Church">Assyrian Pentecostal Church</a> (mostly in America, Iran, and Iraq) from East Syriac Christians, and the Aramean Free Church (mostly in Germany, Sweden, America and Syria) from West Syriac Christians. Because of their new (<a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>) theology these are sometimes not classified as traditional Churches of Syriac Christianity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_Christianity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERompay2008365–386-1"><span 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href="#CITEREFVarghese2019">Varghese 2019</a>, pp. 391–404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em 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Myers, ed. (1987), "Aramaic". <i>The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary</i>. Grand Rapids, MI: <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans" class="mw-redirect" title="William B. Eerdmans">William B. Eerdmans</a>. p. 72. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2402-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2402-1">0-8028-2402-1</a>. "It is generally agreed that Aramaic was the common language of Palestine in the first century A.D. 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href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0042-6032">0042-6032</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1584359">1584359</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vigiliae+Christianae&rft.atitle=Jewish+Liturgical+Traditions+in+Early+Syriac+Christianity&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=72-93&rft.date=1997-03&rft.issn=0042-6032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1584359%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1584359&rft.aulast=Rouwhorst&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1584359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery200227,_57-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontgomery200227,_57_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontgomery2002">Montgomery 2002</a>, p. 27, 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHainthaler2019377–390-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHainthaler2019377–390_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHainthaler2019">Hainthaler 2019</a>, p. 377–390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler20035,_30-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler20035,_30_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003">Baum & Winkler 2003</a>, pp. 5, 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyendorff1989">Meyendorff 1989</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1999d281–298-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1999d281–298_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrock1999d">Brock 1999d</a>, p. 281–298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003151–152-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003151–152_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumWinkler2003">Baum & Winkler 2003</a>, pp. 151–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2004b58-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2004b58_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrock2004b">Brock 2004b</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols2010137-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols2010137_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols2010">Nichols 2010</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metropolitan-bishoy.org/files/ecumenieng/Assyrian.doc">"Metropolitan Bishoy, "The Assyrian Churches"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metropolitan+Bishoy%2C+%22The+Assyrian+Churches%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmetropolitan-bishoy.org%2Ffiles%2Fecumenieng%2FAssyrian.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/19638871/complete+dissertation.pdf">Marijke Metselaar-Jongens, <i>Defining Christ: The Church of the East and Nascent Islam</i> (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam 2016), p. 79</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMingana1926466-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMingana1926466_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMingana1926">Mingana 1926</a>, p. 466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenwick" class="citation web cs1">Fenwick, John R.K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malabar-Independent-Syrian-Church">"Malabar Independent Syrian Church The Thozhiyur Church"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malabar+Independent+Syrian+Church+The+Thozhiyur+Church&rft.aulast=Fenwick&rft.aufirst=John+R.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgedsh.bethmardutho.org%2FMalabar-Independent-Syrian-Church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaillot1998-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaillot1998_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChaillot1998">Chaillot 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock1999e189-197-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock1999e189-197_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrock1999e">Brock 1999e</a>, p. 189-197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2004b44-65-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2004b44-65_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrock2004b">Brock 2004b</a>, p. 44-65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonabed201518-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonabed201518_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonabed2015">Donabed 2015</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss200149-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss200149_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss2001">Ross 2001</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T.V. Philip, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1553&C=1359">East of the Euphrates: Early Christianity in Asia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170428033153/http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1553&C=1359">Archived</a> 2017-04-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorelik1979" class="citation book cs1">Gorelik, Michael (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warfare.6te.net/Gorelik-Oriental_Armour.htm"><i>Oriental Armour of the Near and Middle East from the Eighth to the Fifteenth Centuries as Shown in Works of Art (in Islamic Arms and Armour)</i></a>. London: Robert Elgood. p. Fig.38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0859674706" title="Special:BookSources/978-0859674706"><bdi>978-0859674706</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oriental+Armour+of+the+Near+and+Middle+East+from+the+Eighth+to+the+Fifteenth+Centuries+as+Shown+in+Works+of+Art+%28in+Islamic+Arms+and+Armour%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=Fig.38&rft.pub=Robert+Elgood&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0859674706&rft.aulast=Gorelik&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwarfare.6te.net%2FGorelik-Oriental_Armour.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leustean-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leustean_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeustean2014" class="citation book cs1">Leustean, Lucian N. (30 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zt2vAwAAQBAJ&q=Eastern+Christianity+and+Politics+in+the+Twenty-First+Century+mar+thoma+anglican"><i>Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century</i></a>. Routledge. p. 568. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81866-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81866-3"><bdi>978-1-317-81866-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Christianity+and+Politics+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=568&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-05-30&rft.isbn=978-1-317-81866-3&rft.aulast=Leustean&rft.aufirst=Lucian+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzt2vAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DEastern%2BChristianity%2Band%2BPolitics%2Bin%2Bthe%2BTwenty-First%2BCentury%2Bmar%2Bthoma%2Banglican&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fortescue-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortescue1913" class="citation book cs1">Fortescue, Adrian (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TKbuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA370"><i>The lesser eastern churches</i></a>. London: Catholic Truth Society. pp. 368–371, 374–375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-177-70798-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-177-70798-5"><bdi>978-1-177-70798-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lesser+eastern+churches&rft.place=London&rft.pages=368-371%2C+374-375&rft.pub=Catholic+Truth+Society&rft.date=1913&rft.isbn=978-1-177-70798-5&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTKbuAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_Christianity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: General and cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbouzayd2019" class="citation book cs1">Abouzayd, Shafiq (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ">"The Maronite Church"</a>. <i>The Syriac World</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 731–750. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018" title="Special:BookSources/9781138899018"><bdi>9781138899018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Maronite+Church&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=731-750&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781138899018&rft.aulast=Abouzayd&rft.aufirst=Shafiq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE48JswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2019" class="citation book cs1">Andrade, Nathanael J. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ">"Syriac and Syrians in the Later Roman Empire: Questions of Identity"</a>. <i>The Syriac World</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 157–174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018" title="Special:BookSources/9781138899018"><bdi>9781138899018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syriac+and+Syrians+in+the+Later+Roman+Empire%3A+Questions+of+Identity&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=157-174&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781138899018&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Nathanael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE48JswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAufrecht2001" class="citation journal cs1">Aufrecht, Walter E. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1HltAAAAMAAJ">"A Legacy of Syria: The Aramaic Language"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies</i>. <b>36</b>: 145–155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Canadian+Society+for+Mesopotamian+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Legacy+of+Syria%3A+The+Aramaic+Language&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=145-155&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Aufrecht&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1HltAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-Asher_Siegal2019" class="citation book cs1">Bar-Asher Siegal, Michal (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38110041">"Judaism and Syriac Christianity"</a>. <i>The Syriac World</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 146–156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Judaism+and+Syriac+Christianity&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=146-156&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Bar-Asher+Siegal&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38110041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumWinkler2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Baum_(historian)" title="Wilhelm Baum (historian)">Baum, Wilhelm</a>; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Church of the East: A Concise History</i></a>. London-New York: Routledge-Curzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134430192" title="Special:BookSources/9781134430192"><bdi>9781134430192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+East%3A+A+Concise+History&rft.place=London-New+York&rft.pub=Routledge-Curzon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781134430192&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft.au=Winkler%2C+Dietmar+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCnSCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2006" class="citation book cs1">Baumer, Christoph (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ7ZAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity</i></a>. London-New York: Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845111151" title="Special:BookSources/9781845111151"><bdi>9781845111151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+East%3A+An+Illustrated+History+of+Assyrian+Christianity&rft.place=London-New+York&rft.pub=Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781845111151&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSQ7ZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sAEaAAAAIAAJ">"Christians in the Sasanian Empire: A Case of Divided Loyalties"</a>. <i>Studies in Church History</i>. <b>18</b>: 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0424208400016004">10.1017/S0424208400016004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631180609" title="Special:BookSources/9780631180609"><bdi>9780631180609</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163971637">163971637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Church+History&rft.atitle=Christians+in+the+Sasanian+Empire%3A+A+Case+of+Divided+Loyalties&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163971637%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0424208400016004&rft.isbn=9780631180609&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsAEaAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hp_YAAAAMAAJ"><i>Studies in Syriac Christianity: History, Literature, and Theology</i></a>. Aldershot: Variorum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860783053" title="Special:BookSources/9780860783053"><bdi>9780860783053</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Syriac+Christianity%3A+History%2C+Literature%2C+and+Theology&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Variorum&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780860783053&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHp_YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jVyzbHAJ_hAC">"Eusebius and Syriac Christianity"</a>. <i>Eusebius, Christianity, and Judaism</i>. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 212–234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814323618" title="Special:BookSources/0814323618"><bdi>0814323618</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eusebius+and+Syriac+Christianity&rft.btitle=Eusebius%2C+Christianity%2C+and+Judaism&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=212-234&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0814323618&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjVyzbHAJ_hAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZB1jAAAAMAAJ"><i>A Brief Outline of Syriac Literature</i></a>. Kottayam: St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Outline+of+Syriac+Literature&rft.place=Kottayam&rft.pub=St.+Ephrem+Ecumenical+Research+Institute&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZB1jAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zdoUNivK_hsC">"Syriac Culture, 337–425"</a>. <i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i>. Vol. 13. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 708–719. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521302005" title="Special:BookSources/9780521302005"><bdi>9780521302005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syriac+Culture%2C+337%E2%80%93425&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=708-719&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780521302005&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzdoUNivK_hsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1999a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1999a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jB8LAQAAMAAJ"><i>From Ephrem to Romanos: Interactions Between Syriac and Greek in Late Antiquity</i></a>. Aldershot: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860788003" title="Special:BookSources/9780860788003"><bdi>9780860788003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Ephrem+to+Romanos%3A+Interactions+Between+Syriac+and+Greek+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780860788003&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjB8LAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1999b" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1999b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Beth-Mardutho/hugoye-data/master/pdf/vol2/HV2N1Brock.pdf">"St. Ephrem in the Eyes of Later Syriac Liturgical Tradition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 5–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fhug-2010-020103">10.31826/hug-2010-020103</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212688898">212688898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hugoye%3A+Journal+of+Syriac+Studies&rft.atitle=St.+Ephrem+in+the+Eyes+of+Later+Syriac+Liturgical+Tradition&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-25&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fhug-2010-020103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A212688898%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2FBeth-Mardutho%2Fhugoye-data%2Fmaster%2Fpdf%2Fvol2%2FHV2N1Brock.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1999c" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1999c). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GC4vwTXJSaMC">"Eusebius and Syriac Christianity"</a>. <i>Doctrinal Diversity: Varieties of Early Christianity</i>. New York and London: Garland Publishing. pp. 258–280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815330714" title="Special:BookSources/9780815330714"><bdi>9780815330714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eusebius+and+Syriac+Christianity&rft.btitle=Doctrinal+Diversity%3A+Varieties+of+Early+Christianity&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=258-280&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780815330714&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGC4vwTXJSaMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1999d" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1999d). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GC4vwTXJSaMC">"The Christology of the Church of the East in the Synods of the Fifth to Early Seventh Centuries: Preliminary Considerations and Materials"</a>. <i>Doctrinal Diversity: Varieties of Early Christianity</i>. New York and London: Garland Publishing. pp. 281–298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815330714" title="Special:BookSources/9780815330714"><bdi>9780815330714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Christology+of+the+Church+of+the+East+in+the+Synods+of+the+Fifth+to+Early+Seventh+Centuries%3A+Preliminary+Considerations+and+Materials&rft.btitle=Doctrinal+Diversity%3A+Varieties+of+Early+Christianity&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=281-298&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780815330714&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGC4vwTXJSaMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1999e" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (1999e). "The Importance of the Syriac Traditions in Ecumenical Dialogue on Christology". <i>Christian Orient</i>. <b>20</b>: 189–197.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Orient&rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+the+Syriac+Traditions+in+Ecumenical+Dialogue+on+Christology&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=189-197&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2004a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2004a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aepYpUVf9OkC">"Ephrem and the Syriac Tradition"</a>. <i>The Cambridge History of Early Christian Literature</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 362–372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521460835" title="Special:BookSources/9780521460835"><bdi>9780521460835</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ephrem+and+the+Syriac+Tradition&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Early+Christian+Literature&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=362-372&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780521460835&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaepYpUVf9OkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2004b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2004b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qPgtAAAAYAAJ">"The Syriac Churches in Ecumenical Dialogue on Christology"</a>. <i>Eastern Christianity: Studies in Modern History, Religion and Politics</i>. London: Melisende. pp. 44–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781901764239" title="Special:BookSources/9781901764239"><bdi>9781901764239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Syriac+Churches+in+Ecumenical+Dialogue+on+Christology&rft.btitle=Eastern+Christianity%3A+Studies+in+Modern+History%2C+Religion+and+Politics&rft.place=London&rft.pages=44-65&rft.pub=Melisende&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781901764239&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqPgtAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QOckAQAAIAAJ">"The Syriac Orient: A Third 'Lung' for the Church?"</a>. <i>Orientalia Christiana Periodica</i>. <b>71</b>: 5–20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orientalia+Christiana+Periodica&rft.atitle=The+Syriac+Orient%3A+A+Third+%27Lung%27+for+the+Church%3F&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=5-20&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQOckAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ey_FW7acTycC"><i>Fire from Heaven: Studies in Syriac Theology and Liturgy</i></a>. Aldershot: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754659082" title="Special:BookSources/9780754659082"><bdi>9780754659082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+from+Heaven%3A+Studies+in+Syriac+Theology+and+Liturgy&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780754659082&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEy_FW7acTycC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1956" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Leslie W. (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H9gYAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Indian Christians of St Thomas: An Account of the Ancient Syrian Church of Malabar</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Christians+of+St+Thomas%3A+An+Account+of+the+Ancient+Syrian+Church+of+Malabar&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Leslie+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH9gYAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnett2005" class="citation book cs1">Burnett, Stephen G. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210827102740/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/188050924.pdf">"Christian Aramaism: The Birth and Growth of Aramaic Scholarship in the Sixteenth Century"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Seeking Out the Wisdom of the Ancients</i>. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. pp. 421–436. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/188050924.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-08-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christian+Aramaism%3A+The+Birth+and+Growth+of+Aramaic+Scholarship+in+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.btitle=Seeking+Out+the+Wisdom+of+the+Ancients&rft.place=Winona+Lake&rft.pages=421-436&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F188050924.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChabot1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Chabot" title="Jean-Baptiste Chabot">Chabot, Jean-Baptiste</a> (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/ChabotSynodiconOrientale/chabot%20synodicon%20orientale.pdf"><i>Synodicon orientale ou recueil de synodes nestoriens</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synodicon+orientale+ou+recueil+de+synodes+nestoriens&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Imprimerie+Nationale&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Chabot&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2FChabotSynodiconOrientale%2Fchabot%2520synodicon%2520orientale.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaillot1998" class="citation book cs1">Chaillot, Christine (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cDm4GAAACAAJ"><i>The Syrian Orthodox Church of Antioch and All the East: A Brief Introduction to Its Life and Spirituality</i></a>. Geneva: Inter-Orthodox dialogue.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Syrian+Orthodox+Church+of+Antioch+and+All+the+East%3A+A+Brief+Introduction+to+Its+Life+and+Spirituality&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=Inter-Orthodox+dialogue&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Chaillot&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcDm4GAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaryaee2019" class="citation book cs1">Daryaee, Touraj (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ">"The Sasanian Empire"</a>. <i>The Syriac World</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 33–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018" title="Special:BookSources/9781138899018"><bdi>9781138899018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sasanian+Empire&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=33-43&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781138899018&rft.aulast=Daryaee&rft.aufirst=Touraj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE48JswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebié2009" class="citation journal cs1">Debié, Muriel (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/474647">"Syriac Historiography and Identity Formation"</a>. <i>Church History and Religious Culture</i>. <b>89</b> (1–3): 93–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187124109X408014">10.1163/187124109X408014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History+and+Religious+Culture&rft.atitle=Syriac+Historiography+and+Identity+Formation&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=93-114&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187124109X408014&rft.aulast=Debi%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Muriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F474647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens2019" class="citation book cs1">Dickens, Mark (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ">"Syriac Christianity in Central Asia"</a>. <i>The Syriac World</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 583–624. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018" title="Special:BookSources/9781138899018"><bdi>9781138899018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syriac+Christianity+in+Central+Asia&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=583-624&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781138899018&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE48JswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonabedMako2009" class="citation journal cs1">Donabed, Sargon G.; Mako, Shamiran (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56704913.pdf">"Ethno-cultural and Religious Identity of Syrian Orthodox Christians"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Chronos: Revue d'Histoire de l'Université de Balamand</i>. <b>19</b>: 69–111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chronos%3A+Revue+d%27Histoire+de+l%27Universit%C3%A9+de+Balamand&rft.atitle=Ethno-cultural+and+Religious+Identity+of+Syrian+Orthodox+Christians&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=69-111&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Donabed&rft.aufirst=Sargon+G.&rft.au=Mako%2C+Shamiran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F56704913.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonabed2015" class="citation book cs1">Donabed, Sargon G. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bwLdCQAAQBAJ"><i>Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748686056" title="Special:BookSources/9780748686056"><bdi>9780748686056</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reforging+a+Forgotten+History%3A+Iraq+and+the+Assyrians+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780748686056&rft.aulast=Donabed&rft.aufirst=Sargon+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbwLdCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiey1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Maurice_Fiey" title="Jean Maurice Fiey">Fiey, Jean Maurice</a> (1979) [1963]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4BIXAAAAIAAJ"><i>Communautés syriaques en Iran et Irak des origines à 1552</i></a>. London: Variorum Reprints. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860780519" title="Special:BookSources/9780860780519"><bdi>9780860780519</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communaut%C3%A9s+syriaques+en+Iran+et+Irak+des+origines+%C3%A0+1552&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Variorum+Reprints&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780860780519&rft.aulast=Fiey&rft.aufirst=Jean+Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4BIXAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_H._Griffith" title="Sidney H. 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Washington: CUA Press. pp. 25–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813205960" title="Special:BookSources/9780813205960"><bdi>9780813205960</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ephraem%2C+the+Deacon+of+Edessa%2C+and+the+Church+of+the+Empire&rft.btitle=Diakonia%3A+Studies+in+Honor+of+Robert+T.+Meyer&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=25-52&rft.pub=CUA+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780813205960&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Sidney+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTlEQAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_H._Griffith" title="Sidney H. Griffith">Griffith, Sidney H.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190910102158/http://www.syriacstudies.com/2018/11/29/christianity-in-edessa-and-the-syriac-speaking-world-mani-bar-daysan-and-ephraem-the-struggle-for-allegiance-on-the-aramean-frontier-by-sidney-griffith/">"Christianity in Edessa and the Syriac-Speaking World: Mani, Bar Daysan, and Ephraem, the Struggle for Allegiance on the Aramean Frontier"</a>. <i>Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies</i>. <b>2</b>: 5–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fjcsss-2009-020104">10.31826/jcsss-2009-020104</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212688584">212688584</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriacstudies.com/2018/11/29/christianity-in-edessa-and-the-syriac-speaking-world-mani-bar-daysan-and-ephraem-the-struggle-for-allegiance-on-the-aramean-frontier-by-sidney-griffith">the original</a> on 2019-09-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Canadian+Society+for+Syriac+Studies&rft.atitle=Christianity+in+Edessa+and+the+Syriac-Speaking+World%3A+Mani%2C+Bar+Daysan%2C+and+Ephraem%2C+the+Struggle+for+Allegiance+on+the+Aramean+Frontier&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=5-20&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fjcsss-2009-020104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A212688584%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Sidney+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriacstudies.com%2F2018%2F11%2F29%2Fchristianity-in-edessa-and-the-syriac-speaking-world-mani-bar-daysan-and-ephraem-the-struggle-for-allegiance-on-the-aramean-frontier-by-sidney-griffith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrillmeierHainthaler2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aloys_Grillmeier" title="Aloys Grillmeier">Grillmeier, Aloys</a>; Hainthaler, Theresia (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lokeAAAAQBAJ"><i>Christ in Christian Tradition: The Churches of Jerusalem and Antioch from 451 to 600</i></a>. Vol. 2/3. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199212880" title="Special:BookSources/9780199212880"><bdi>9780199212880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christ+in+Christian+Tradition%3A+The+Churches+of+Jerusalem+and+Antioch+from+451+to+600&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199212880&rft.aulast=Grillmeier&rft.aufirst=Aloys&rft.au=Hainthaler%2C+Theresia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlokeAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaar_Romeny2012" class="citation book cs1">Haar Romeny, Bas ter (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KteqCwAAQBAJ">"Ethnicity, Ethnogenesis and the Identity of Syriac Orthodox Christians"</a>. <i>Visions of Community in the Post-Roman World: The West, Byzantium and the Islamic World, 300–1100</i>. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 183–204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317001362" title="Special:BookSources/9781317001362"><bdi>9781317001362</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnicity%2C+Ethnogenesis+and+the+Identity+of+Syriac+Orthodox+Christians&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Community+in+the+Post-Roman+World%3A+The+West%2C+Byzantium+and+the+Islamic+World%2C+300%E2%80%931100&rft.place=Farnham&rft.pages=183-204&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781317001362&rft.aulast=Haar+Romeny&rft.aufirst=Bas+ter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKteqCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHainthaler2019" class="citation book cs1">Hainthaler, Theresia (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ">"Theological Doctrines and Debates within Syriac Christianity"</a>. <i>The Syriac World</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 377–390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018" title="Special:BookSources/9781138899018"><bdi>9781138899018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theological+Doctrines+and+Debates+within+Syriac+Christianity&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=377-390&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781138899018&rft.aulast=Hainthaler&rft.aufirst=Theresia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE48JswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2019" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Susan A. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ">"Women and Children in Syriac Christianity: Sounding Voices"</a>. <i>The Syriac World</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 554–566. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018" title="Special:BookSources/9781138899018"><bdi>9781138899018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+and+Children+in+Syriac+Christianity%3A+Sounding+Voices&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=554-566&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781138899018&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Susan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE48JswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealey2014" class="citation book cs1">Healey, John F. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sW_AAgAAQBAJ">"Aramaean Heritage"</a>. <i>The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 391–402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004229433" title="Special:BookSources/9789004229433"><bdi>9789004229433</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aramaean+Heritage&rft.btitle=The+Aramaeans+in+Ancient+Syria&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=391-402&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789004229433&rft.aulast=Healey&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsW_AAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealey2019a" class="citation book cs1">Healey, John F. (2019a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39nPxgEACAAJ">"Arameans and Aramaic in Transition – Western Influences and the Roots of Aramean Christianity"</a>. <i>Research on Israel and Aram: Autonomy, Independence and Related Issues</i>. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 433–446. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783161577192" title="Special:BookSources/9783161577192"><bdi>9783161577192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arameans+and+Aramaic+in+Transition+%E2%80%93+Western+Influences+and+the+Roots+of+Aramean+Christianity&rft.btitle=Research+on+Israel+and+Aram%3A+Autonomy%2C+Independence+and+Related+Issues&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=433-446&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9783161577192&rft.aulast=Healey&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D39nPxgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealey2019b" class="citation book cs1">Healey, John F. 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(2022).<i>The Library of Paradise: a History of Contemplative Reading in the Monasteries of the Church of the East.</i> Oxford University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillar2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Millar" title="Fergus Millar">Millar, Fergus</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0bowDwAAQBAJ"><i>A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408–450)</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520253919" title="Special:BookSources/9780520253919"><bdi>9780520253919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Greek+Roman+Empire%3A+Power+and+Belief+under+Theodosius+II+%28408%E2%80%93450%29&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780520253919&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0bowDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillar2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Millar" title="Fergus Millar">Millar, Fergus</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriacstudies.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/24-Evolution-of-Syrian-church.pdf">"The Evolution of the Syrian Orthodox Church in the Pre-Islamic Period: From Greek to Syriac?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Early Christian Studies</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 43–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fearl.2013.0002">10.1353/earl.2013.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170436440">170436440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Syrian+Orthodox+Church+in+the+Pre-Islamic+Period%3A+From+Greek+to+Syriac%3F&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-92&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fearl.2013.0002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170436440%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriacstudies.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F02%2F24-Evolution-of-Syrian-church.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMingana1926" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Mingana" title="Alphonse Mingana">Mingana, Alphonse</a> (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:1m1200&datastreamId=POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS-DOCUMENT.PDF">"The Early Spread of Christianity in India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bulletin of the John Rylands Library</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 435–514. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7227%2FBJRL.10.2.7">10.7227/BJRL.10.2.7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+John+Rylands+Library&rft.atitle=The+Early+Spread+of+Christianity+in+India&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=435-514&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7227%2FBJRL.10.2.7&rft.aulast=Mingana&rft.aufirst=Alphonse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholar.manchester.ac.uk%2Fapi%2Fdatastream%3FpublicationPid%3Duk-ac-man-scw%3A1m1200%26datastreamId%3DPOST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS-DOCUMENT.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery2002" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery, Robert L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RkeOLTrPDI0C"><i>The Lopsided Spread of Christianity: Toward an Understanding of the Diffusion of Religions</i></a>. Westport: Praeger Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275973612" title="Special:BookSources/9780275973612"><bdi>9780275973612</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lopsided+Spread+of+Christianity%3A+Toward+an+Understanding+of+the+Diffusion+of+Religions&rft.place=Westport&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780275973612&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRkeOLTrPDI0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heleen_Murre-van_den_Berg" title="Heleen Murre-van den Berg">Murre van den Berg, Heleen</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fHtSuvaVAAoC">"Syriac Christianity"</a>. <i>The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity</i>. Malden: Blackwell. pp. 249–268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470766392" title="Special:BookSources/9780470766392"><bdi>9780470766392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syriac+Christianity&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Eastern+Christianity&rft.place=Malden&rft.pages=249-268&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780470766392&rft.aulast=Murre+van+den+Berg&rft.aufirst=Heleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfHtSuvaVAAoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2008" class="citation book cs1">Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tfVZnCV6ABcC">"Classical Syriac, Neo-Aramaic, and Arabic in the Church of the East and the Chaldean Church between 1500 and 1800"</a>. <i>Aramaic in Its Historical and Linguistic Setting</i>. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 335–352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447057875" title="Special:BookSources/9783447057875"><bdi>9783447057875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Classical+Syriac%2C+Neo-Aramaic%2C+and+Arabic+in+the+Church+of+the+East+and+the+Chaldean+Church+between+1500+and+1800&rft.btitle=Aramaic+in+Its+Historical+and+Linguistic+Setting&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=335-352&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783447057875&rft.aulast=Murre+van+den+Berg&rft.aufirst=Heleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtfVZnCV6ABcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2015" class="citation book cs1">Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K123rQEACAAJ">"Classical Syriac and the Syriac Churches: A Twentieth-Century History"</a>. <i>Syriac Encounters: Papers from the Sixth North American Syriac Symposium</i>. Louvain: Peeters Publishers. pp. 119–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042930469" title="Special:BookSources/9789042930469"><bdi>9789042930469</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Classical+Syriac+and+the+Syriac+Churches%3A+A+Twentieth-Century+History&rft.btitle=Syriac+Encounters%3A+Papers+from+the+Sixth+North+American+Syriac+Symposium&rft.place=Louvain&rft.pages=119-148&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789042930469&rft.aulast=Murre+van+den+Berg&rft.aufirst=Heleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK123rQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurre-van_den_Berg2019" class="citation book cs1">Murre-van den Berg, Heleen (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ">"Syriac Identity in the Modern Era"</a>. <i>The Syriac World</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 770–782. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018" title="Special:BookSources/9781138899018"><bdi>9781138899018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syriac+Identity+in+the+Modern+Era&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=770-782&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781138899018&rft.aulast=Murre-van+den+Berg&rft.aufirst=Heleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE48JswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Nichols, Aidan</a> (2010) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hje62q52XNsC"><i>Rome and the Eastern Churches: A Study in Schism</i></a> (2nd revised ed.). San Francisco: Ignatius Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586172824" title="Special:BookSources/9781586172824"><bdi>9781586172824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+the+Eastern+Churches%3A+A+Study+in+Schism&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.edition=2nd+revised&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781586172824&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHje62q52XNsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Mahony2006" class="citation book cs1">O’Mahony, Anthony (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1xUV-nMxNGsC">"Syriac Christianity in the modern Middle East"</a>. <i>The Cambridge History of Christianity: Eastern Christianity</i>. Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 511–536. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521811132" title="Special:BookSources/9780521811132"><bdi>9780521811132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syriac+Christianity+in+the+modern+Middle+East&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity%3A+Eastern+Christianity&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=511-536&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521811132&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Mahony&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1xUV-nMxNGsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenn2019" class="citation book cs1">Penn, Michael Philip (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ">"Early Syriac Reactions to the Rise of Islam"</a>. <i>The Syriac World</i>. 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London: Routledge. pp. 653–697. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018" title="Special:BookSources/9781138899018"><bdi>9781138899018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syriac+Christianity+in+India&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=653-697&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781138899018&rft.aulast=Perczel&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE48JswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPossekel2019" class="citation book cs1">Possekel, Ute (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ">"The Emergence of Syriac Literature to AD 400"</a>. <i>The Syriac World</i>. 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(2013) [1915]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sQ4oAAAAQBAJ"><i>Robinson's Paradigms and Exercises in Syriac Grammar</i></a> (6th revised ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199687176" title="Special:BookSources/9780199687176"><bdi>9780199687176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robinson%27s+Paradigms+and+Exercises+in+Syriac+Grammar&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=6th+revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199687176&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Theodore+H.&rft.au=Coakley%2C+James+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsQ4oAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRompay2008" class="citation book cs1">Rompay, Lucas van (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NgPI7Jt1HewC">"The East: Syria and Mesopotamia"</a>. <i>The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Studies</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 365–386. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199271566" title="Special:BookSources/9780199271566"><bdi>9780199271566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+East%3A+Syria+and+Mesopotamia&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Early+Christian+Studies&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=365-386&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780199271566&rft.aulast=Rompay&rft.aufirst=Lucas+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNgPI7Jt1HewC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2001" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Steven K. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xayEAgAAQBAJ"><i>Roman Edessa: Politics and Culture on the Eastern Fringes of the Roman Empire, 114-242 CE</i></a>. London-New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134660636" title="Special:BookSources/9781134660636"><bdi>9781134660636</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Edessa%3A+Politics+and+Culture+on+the+Eastern+Fringes+of+the+Roman+Empire%2C+114-242+CE&rft.place=London-New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781134660636&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Steven+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxayEAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint-Laurent2019" class="citation book cs1">Saint-Laurent, Jeanne-Nicole (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ">"Syriac Hagiographic Literature"</a>. <i>The Syriac World</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 339–354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018" title="Special:BookSources/9781138899018"><bdi>9781138899018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syriac+Hagiographic+Literature&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=339-354&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781138899018&rft.aulast=Saint-Laurent&rft.aufirst=Jeanne-Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE48JswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeleznyov2008" class="citation journal cs1">Seleznyov, Nikolai N. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1845015">"The Church of the East & Its Theology: History of Studies"</a>. <i>Orientalia Christiana Periodica</i>. <b>74</b> (1): 115–131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orientalia+Christiana+Periodica&rft.atitle=The+Church+of+the+East+%26+Its+Theology%3A+History+of+Studies&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=115-131&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Seleznyov&rft.aufirst=Nikolai+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1845015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeleznyov2010" class="citation journal cs1">Seleznyov, Nikolai N. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1845014">"Nestorius of Constantinople: Condemnation, Suppression, Veneration: With special reference to the role of his name in East-Syriac Christianity"</a>. <i>Journal of Eastern Christian Studies</i>. <b>62</b> (3–4): 165–190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Eastern+Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=Nestorius+of+Constantinople%3A+Condemnation%2C+Suppression%2C+Veneration%3A+With+special+reference+to+the+role+of+his+name+in+East-Syriac+Christianity&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=165-190&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Seleznyov&rft.aufirst=Nikolai+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1845014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeleznyov2013" class="citation journal cs1">Seleznyov, Nikolai N. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3605517">"Jacobs and Jacobites: The Syrian Origins of the Name and its Egyptian Arabic Interpretations"</a>. <i>Scrinium: Journal of Patrology, Critical Hagiographyand Ecclesiastical History</i>. <b>9</b>: 382–398.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scrinium%3A+Journal+of+Patrology%2C+Critical+Hagiographyand+Ecclesiastical+History&rft.atitle=Jacobs+and+Jacobites%3A+The+Syrian+Origins+of+the+Name+and+its+Egyptian+Arabic+Interpretations&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=382-398&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Seleznyov&rft.aufirst=Nikolai+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3605517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons1959" class="citation book cs1">Simmons, Ernest (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UnU9AAAAYAAJ"><i>The Fathers and Doctors of the Church</i></a>. Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fathers+and+Doctors+of+the+Church&rft.place=Milwaukee&rft.pub=Bruce+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUnU9AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakahashi2019" class="citation book cs1">Takahashi, Hidemi (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ">"Syriac Christianity in China"</a>. <i>The Syriac World</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 625–652. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018" title="Special:BookSources/9781138899018"><bdi>9781138899018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syriac+Christianity+in+China&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=625-652&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781138899018&rft.aulast=Takahashi&rft.aufirst=Hidemi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE48JswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2019" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, David G. K. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ">"The Coming of Christianity to Mesopotamia"</a>. <i>The Syriac World</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 68–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018" title="Special:BookSources/9781138899018"><bdi>9781138899018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Coming+of+Christianity+to+Mesopotamia&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=68-87&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781138899018&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=David+G.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE48JswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeule2007" class="citation book cs1">Teule, Herman (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/book/9781463212827/10.31826/9781463212827-024.xml">"Current Trends in Syriac Studies"</a>. <i>Eastern Crossroads: Essays on Medieval Christian Legacy</i>. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 387–400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2F9781463212827-024">10.31826/9781463212827-024</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781463212827" title="Special:BookSources/9781463212827"><bdi>9781463212827</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Current+Trends+in+Syriac+Studies&rft.btitle=Eastern+Crossroads%3A+Essays+on+Medieval+Christian+Legacy&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pages=387-400&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2F9781463212827-024&rft.isbn=9781463212827&rft.aulast=Teule&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2F9781463212827%2F10.31826%2F9781463212827-024.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarghese2019" class="citation book cs1">Varghese, Baby (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ">"The Liturgies of the Syriac Churches"</a>. <i>The Syriac World</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 391–404. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018" title="Special:BookSources/9781138899018"><bdi>9781138899018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Liturgies+of+the+Syriac+Churches&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=391-404&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781138899018&rft.aulast=Varghese&rft.aufirst=Baby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE48JswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelteckeYounansardaroud2019" class="citation book cs1">Weltecke, Dorothea; Younansardaroud, Helen (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ">"The Renaissance of Syriac Literature in the Twelfth–Thirteenth Centuries"</a>. <i>The Syriac World</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 698–717. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018" title="Special:BookSources/9781138899018"><bdi>9781138899018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Renaissance+of+Syriac+Literature+in+the+Twelfth%E2%80%93Thirteenth+Centuries&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=698-717&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781138899018&rft.aulast=Weltecke&rft.aufirst=Dorothea&rft.au=Younansardaroud%2C+Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE48JswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt2019" class="citation book cs1">Watt, John W. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ">"Syriac Philosophy"</a>. <i>The Syriac World</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 422–437. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018" title="Special:BookSources/9781138899018"><bdi>9781138899018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syriac+Philosophy&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=422-437&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781138899018&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE48JswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmshurst2019" class="citation book cs1">Wilmshurst, David (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26842432">"The Church of the East in the 'Abbasid Era"</a>. <i>The Syriac World</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 189–201.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Church+of+the+East+in+the+%27Abbasid+Era&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=189-201&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Wilmshurst&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F26842432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkler2019" class="citation book cs1">Winkler, Dietmar W. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ">"The Syriac Church Denominations: An Overview"</a>. <i>The Syriac World</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 119–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018" title="Special:BookSources/9781138899018"><bdi>9781138899018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Syriac+Church+Denominations%3A+An+Overview&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=119-133&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781138899018&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Dietmar+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE48JswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2019" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Philip (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ">"Historiography in the Syriac-Speaking World, 300–1000"</a>. <i>The Syriac World</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 405–421. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138899018" title="Special:BookSources/9781138899018"><bdi>9781138899018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historiography+in+the+Syriac-Speaking+World%2C+300%E2%80%931000&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=405-421&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781138899018&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE48JswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyriac+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syriac_Christianity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External 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title="d:Q80292">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jacobitesyrianchurch.org"><b>Jacobite Syrian Church</b></a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(In French)</span> – Translation into English <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikisyr.com"><b>Syriac Christianity</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090411183545/http://www.wikisyr.com/">Archived</a> 2009-04-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikisyr.com/"><b>WikiSyr</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090411183545/http://www.wikisyr.com/">Archived</a> 2009-04-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(In French)</span> – Translation into English <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cerclesyriac.fr"><b>Syriac Catholic Circle</b></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nasrani.net/2008/10/31/qambel-maran-syriac-chants-from-south-india//">Qambel Maran- Syriac chants from South India- a review and liturgical music tradition of Syriac Christians revisited</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nasrani.net/2007/01/12/preserved-original-rituals-of-the-early-jewish-christians-in-syrian-christians-of-kerala//">Traditions and rituals among the Syrian Christians of Kerala</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msihoye.de/">Audio Aramaic-Bible</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csc.org.il/db/db.aspx?db=SB">The Center for the Study of Christianity: A Comprehensive Bibliography on Syriac Christianity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024110546/http://www.csc.org.il/db/db.aspx?db=SB">Archived</a> 2021-10-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syriac_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syriac_Christianity_footer" title="Template:Syriac Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syriac_Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Syriac Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syriac_Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syriac Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syriac_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syriac Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a>, legacy of <br />the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Antioch" title="Church of Antioch">Church of Antioch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a> (685)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> (1662)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> (512)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a>, legacy of<br />the <i><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></i><br />(the <i>"Nestorian Church"</i>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">410</a>–<a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">1552</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">1552</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> (1552)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Evangelical_Church" title="Assyrian Evangelical Church">Assyrian Evangelical Church</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church" title="Assyrian Pentecostal Church">Assyrian Pentecostal Church</a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_denominations" title="Saint Thomas Christian denominations">Saint Thomas Christians</a>,<br />legacy of<br />the <i><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a></i><br />(active 1st century–1601)<br />in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Eastern_Catholic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a> (East Syriac) (1665)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a> (West Syriac) (1932)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a> (1665)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a> (1772)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nestorian (<a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Chaldean Syrian Church</a> (1701)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" title="Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India">St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believers_Eastern_Church" title="Believers Eastern Church">Believers Eastern Church</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrahat" title="Aphrahat">Aphrahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Baradaeus" title="Jacob Baradaeus">Jacob Baradaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Serugh" title="Jacob of Serugh">Jacob of Serugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch" title="Severus of Antioch">Severus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Jew" title="Paul the Jew">Paul the Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maron" title="Maron">Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philoxenus_of_Mabbug" title="Philoxenus of Mabbug">Philoxenus of Mabbug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Cana" title="Thomas of Cana">Thomas of Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_the_Syrian" title="Isaac the Syrian">Isaac the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maron" title="John Maron">John Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Sabor_and_Mar_Proth" title="Mar Sabor and Mar Proth">Mar Sabor and Mar Proth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_bar_Salibi" title="Dionysius bar Salibi">Dionysius bar Salibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Hebraeus" title="Bar Hebraeus">Bar Hebraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimun_VIII_Yohannan_Sulaqa" title="Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa">Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Angamaly" title="Abraham of Angamaly">Abraham of Angamaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorios_Abdal_Jaleel" title="Gregorios Abdal Jaleel">Gregorios Abdal Jaleel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoma_I" title="Thoma I">Thoma I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Koorilos_I" title="Abraham Koorilos I">Abraham Koorilos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Andrew_Akijan" title="Ignatius Andrew Akijan">Ignatius Andrew Akijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_VI_Tanas" title="Cyril VI Tanas">Cyril VI Tanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Mellus" title="Elias Mellus">Elias Mellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Vattasseril" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysius of Vattasseril">Dionysius of Vattasseril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geevarghese_Ivanios" title="Geevarghese Ivanios">Geevarghese Ivanios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorilos_Paulose" title="Coorilos Paulose">Coorilos Paulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoma_Darmo" title="Thoma Darmo">Thoma Darmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baselios_Paulose_II" title="Baselios Paulose II">Baselios Paulose II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Chaldean Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garshuni" title="Garshuni">Garshuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Hertevin" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Hertevin">Hertevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koy_Sanjaq_Christian_Neo-Aramaic" title="Koy Sanjaq Christian Neo-Aramaic">Koy Sanjaq Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mla%E1%B8%A5s%C3%B4_language" title="Mlaḥsô language">Mlaḥsô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Senaya" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Senaya">Senaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriyani_Malayalam" title="Suriyani Malayalam">Syriac Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> (Liturgical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyrian homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_Assyrian_autonomy_in_Iraq" title="Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq">Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_diaspora" title="Assyrian diaspora">Assyrian diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Terms for Syriac Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara%E2%80%93Persian_ecclesiastical_relations" title="Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations">Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_sacral_music" title="Syriac sacral music">Syriac sacral music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* Defunct with <a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">schism of 1552</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" 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href="/wiki/Syriac_history" coords="357,12,489,36" title="Syriac history" alt="Syriac history" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_rgj6vztonc0gemfdl0oh8bqhli9k3hy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/rgj6vztonc0gemfdl0oh8bqhli9k3hy.png" /></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Template:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">Cultural area</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian traditions</a> that developed since <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Main <br />divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Communions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent Churches/Communions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Orthodox_church" title="True Orthodox church">True Orthodox churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)"><img alt="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/150px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/225px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/300px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="3109" /></a></span><br /><i>Christ Pantocrator</i> (circa 1261) in <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Christianization of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>/<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical council</a></li> <li>Heresies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_Sichuan" title="Church of the East in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_among_the_Mongols" title="Christianity among the Mongols">Mongols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Greek_Christians" title="Antiochian Greek Christians">Antiochian Greek Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Christians" title="Turkic Christians">Turkic Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism_of_the_Russian_Church" title="Schism of the Russian Church">Raskol</a></li> <li>Moscow–Constantinople schisms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism">15th–16th centuries schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996 schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018 schism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scriptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyophysitism" title="Dyophysitism">Dyophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation#Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Theoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(Byzantine_Rite)" title="Praxis (Byzantine Rite)">Praxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ousia#Early_Christianity" title="Ousia">Ousia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence–energies distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omophorion" title="Omophorion">Omophorion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Assyrian_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Assyrian_people_footer" title="Template:Assyrian people footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Assyrian_people_footer" title="Template talk:Assyrian people footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Assyrian_people_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Assyrian people footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Assyrian_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian people</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_continuity" title="Assyrian continuity">Assyrian continuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian%E2%80%93Chaldean%E2%80%93Syriac_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora">Assyrian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholics" title="Chaldean Catholics">Chaldean Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Terms for Syriac Christians</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Assyrians_(gold_and_blue_Assur).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Assyrian flag"><img alt="The Assyrian flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_flag" title="Assyrian flag">Assyrian flag</a><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Syriac-Aramean flag"><img alt="The Syriac-Aramean flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Aramean-Syriac_flag" title="Aramean-Syriac flag">Aramean-Syriac flag</a><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaldean_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Chaldean flag"><img alt="The Chaldean flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chaldean_flag.svg/100px-Chaldean_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chaldean_flag.svg/150px-Chaldean_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chaldean_flag.svg/200px-Chaldean_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_flag" title="Chaldean flag">Chaldean flag</a><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syriac<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> (518–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> (1662–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Evangelical_Church" title="Assyrian Evangelical Church">Assyrian Evangelical Church</a> (1870–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church" title="Assyrian Pentecostal Church">Assyrian Pentecostal Church</a> (1940–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> (1552–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> (1692–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a> (1968–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a><br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Chaldean Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Hertevin" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Hertevin">Hertevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Senaya" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Senaya">Senaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mla%E1%B8%A5s%C3%B4_language" title="Mlaḥsô language">Mlaḥsô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac script</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_culture" title="Assyrian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk/pop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian folk/pop music">Assyrian folk/pop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mesopotamia" title="Music of Mesopotamia">Music of Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_sacral_music" title="Syriac sacral music">Syriac sacral music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk_dance" title="Assyrian folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian clothing">Clothing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Assyrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Assyrian people">History</a><br /><small>(including<br />related<br />contexts)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Assyria" title="Timeline of ancient Assyria">Ancient Assyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Assyrian_period" title="Early Assyrian period">Early Assyrian period</a> (2600–2025 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyrian period</a> (2025–1364 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a> (1363–912 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (911–609 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-imperial_Assyria" title="Post-imperial Assyria">Post-imperial Assyria</a> (609 BCE–240 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient Mesopotamian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_tribes" title="List of Assyrian tribes">Assyrian tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical<br />antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> (312–63 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> (247 BCE–224 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a> (132 BCE–244 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Wars" title="Syrian Wars">Syrian Wars</a> (66 BCE–217 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a> (64 BCE–637 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a> (15–116)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Roman Assyria</a> (116–118)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christianization</a> (1st to 3rd c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorian_schism" title="Nestorian schism">Nestorian schism</a> (5th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> (<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">410</a>-<a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">1552</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Asoristan</a> (226–651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Sasanian wars">Byzantine–Sasanian wars</a> (502–628)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia</a> (630s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of Syria</a> (630s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> (750–1258)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Mosul" title="List of rulers of Mosul">Emirs of Mosul</a> (905–1383)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid amirate</a> (945–1055)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a> (1098–1268)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> (1258–1335)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate</a> (1335–1432)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a> (1375–1468)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a> (1453–1501)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Assyrian_people#Islamic_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Assyrian people">Safavid Empire</a> (1508–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Assyrian_people#Islamic_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Assyrian people">Ottoman Empire</a> (1555–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">Schism of 1552</a> (16th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1843_and_1846_massacres_in_Hakkari" title="1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari">Massacres of Badr Khan</a> (1840s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Diyarbekir_(1895)" title="Massacres of Diyarbekir (1895)">Massacres of Diyarbekir</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Rise of nationalism</a> (19th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> (1914–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Independence movement</a> (1919–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iraq#Post-Saddam_Iraq" title="Assyrians in Iraq">Post-Saddam Iraq</a> (2003–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Christians_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Christians by ISIL">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a> (2014–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_population_by_country" title="Assyrian population by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Homeland</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_settlements" title="List of Assyrian settlements">Settlements</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iraq" title="Assyrians in Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains" title="Nineveh Plains">Nineveh Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qaraqosh" title="Qaraqosh">Qaraqosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alqosh" title="Alqosh">Alqosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Keppe" title="Tel Keppe">Tel Keppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartella" title="Bartella">Bartella</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankawa" title="Ankawa">Ankawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqlawa" title="Shaqlawa">Shaqlawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakho" title="Zakho">Zakho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran" title="Assyrians in Iran">Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmas" title="Salmas">Salmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanandaj" title="Sanandaj">Sanandaj</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Syria" title="Assyrians in Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate">Al-Hasakah Governorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Tamer" title="Tell Tamer">Tell Tamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Turkey" title="Assyrians in Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakkari_(historical_region)" title="Hakkari (historical region)">Hakkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F" title="Elazığ">Elazığ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Province" title="Mardin Province">Mardin Province</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maz%C4%B1da%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Mazıdağı">Mazıdağı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tur_Abdin" title="Tur Abdin">Tur Abdin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian%E2%80%93Chaldean%E2%80%93Syriac_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Armenia" title="Assyrians in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Australians" title="Assyrian Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Belgium" title="Assyrians in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Canadians" title="Assyrian Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Finland" title="Assyrians in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_France" title="Assyrians in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Georgia" title="Assyrians in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Assyrians" title="German Assyrians">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Greece" title="Assyrians in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Israel" title="Assyrians in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Jordan" title="Assyrians in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Lebanon" title="Assyrians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Mexicans" title="Assyrian Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_the_Netherlands" title="Assyrians in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_New_Zealand" title="Assyrians in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Assyrians in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Russia" title="Assyrians in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians/Syriacs_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians/Syriacs in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Assyrians" title="British Assyrians">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Americans" title="Assyrian Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_Eastern_people_in_Metro_Detroit" title="History of the Middle Eastern people in Metro Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Movement" title="Assyrian Democratic Movement">Assyrian Democratic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Organization" title="Assyrian Democratic Organization">Assyrian Democratic Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Universal_Alliance" title="Assyrian Universal Alliance">Assyrian Universal Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawronoye" title="Dawronoye">Dawronoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Syriac Union Party (Syria)">Syriac Union Party (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Union_Party_(Lebanon)" title="Syriac Union Party (Lebanon)">Syriac Union Party (Lebanon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutoro" title="Sutoro">Sutoro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" 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</span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syriac_Christianity&oldid=1255300328">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syriac_Christianity&oldid=1255300328</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Syriac_Christianity" title="Category:Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a 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alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-nfzrr","wgBackendResponseTime":198,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.431","walltime":"1.761","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8766,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":343643,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6945,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":322584,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1490.170 1 -total"," 26.20% 390.357 74 Template:Cite_book"," 12.97% 193.310 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.58% 187.467 11 Template:Navbox"," 11.98% 178.467 51 Template:Sfn"," 7.94% 118.358 1 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