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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Rome?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, the plebeians or plebs<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-1">[1]</a> were the general body of free <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_citizens?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman citizens">Roman citizens</a> who were not <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patricians</a>, as determined by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capite_censi?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Capite censi">census</a>, or in other words "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commoner?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Commoner">commoners</a>". Both classes were hereditary. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Sale_bread_MAN_Napoli_Inv9071_n01.jpg?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sale_bread_MAN_Napoli_Inv9071_n01.jpg/220px-Sale_bread_MAN_Napoli_Inv9071_n01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sale_bread_MAN_Napoli_Inv9071_n01.jpg/330px-Sale_bread_MAN_Napoli_Inv9071_n01.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sale_bread_MAN_Napoli_Inv9071_n01.jpg/440px-Sale_bread_MAN_Napoli_Inv9071_n01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="2700"></a> <figcaption> Distributing bread to plebeians </figcaption> </figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#In_ancient_Rome">2 In ancient Rome</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Conflict_of_the_Orders">2.1 Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Noble_plebeians">2.2 Noble plebeians</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Later_history">2.3 Later history</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Life">3 Life</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Childhood_and_education">3.1 Childhood and education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Family_life">3.2 Family life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Living_quarters">3.3 Living quarters</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Attire">3.4 Attire</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Meals">3.5 Meals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Recreation_and_entertainment">3.6 Recreation and entertainment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Financial_status">3.7 Financial status</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Derivatives">4 Derivatives</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#United_States_military_academies">4.1 United States military academies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Philippine_Military_Academy">4.2 Philippine Military Academy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#British_and_Commonwealth_usage">4.3 British and Commonwealth usage</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#In_popular_culture">5 In popular culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#References">7 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Citations">7.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Sources">7.2 Sources</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Further_reading">8 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The precise origins of the group and the term are unclear, but may be related to the Greek, plēthos, meaning masses.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012-2">[2]</a> In Latin, the word <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plebs%23Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:plebs">plebs</a> is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grammatical_number?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Grammatical number">singular</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Collective_noun?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Collective noun">collective noun</a>, and its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genitive?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> is plebis. Plebeians were not a monolithic social class. Those who resided in the city and were part of the four urban tribes are sometimes called the plebs urbana, while those who lived in the country and were part of the 31 smaller rural tribes are sometimes differentiated by using the label plebs rustica.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="In_ancient_Rome">In ancient Rome</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: In ancient Rome" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Social class in ancient Rome</a> </div> In the annalistic tradition of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Livy?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Livy">Livy</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius</a>, the distinction between patricians and plebeians was as old as Rome itself, instituted by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romulus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>' appointment of the first hundred senators, whose descendants became the patriciate.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005157-3">[3]</a> Modern hypotheses date the distinction "anywhere from the regal period to the late fifth century" BC.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005157-3">[3]</a> The 19th-century historian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barthold_Georg_Niebuhr?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Barthold Georg Niebuhr">Barthold Georg Niebuhr</a> believed plebeians were possibly foreigners immigrating from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_peoples_of_italy?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient peoples of italy">other parts of Italy</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995242-4">[4]</a> This hypothesis, that plebeians were racially distinct from patricians, however, is not supported by the ancient evidence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012-2">[2]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Alternatively, the patriciate may have been defined by their monopolisation of hereditary priesthoods that granted ex officio membership in the senate.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005167%E2%80%9368-6">[6]</a> Patricians also may have emerged from a nucleus of the rich religious leaders who formed themselves into a closed elite after accomplishing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">expulsion of the kings</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995251%E2%80%9352-7">[7]</a> Certain <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gens?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Gens">gentes</a> ("clans") were patrician, signalled by their family names (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Roman naming conventions">nomen</a>).[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the early <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Republic?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, there are attested 43 clan names, of which 10 are plebeian with 17 of uncertain status.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005157-3">[3]</a> A single clan also might have both patrician and plebeian branches sharing a nomen distinguished by a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cognomen?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a>.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There existed an aristocracy of wealthy families in the regal period, but "a clear-cut distinction of birth does not seem to have become important before the foundation of the Republic".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012-2">[2]</a> The literary sources hold that in the early Republic, plebeians were excluded from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Magistrates?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Magistrates">magistracies</a>, religious <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_collegia?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman collegia">colleges</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Senate?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012-2">[2]</a> Those sources also hold that they were also not permitted to know the laws by which they were governed.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, some scholars doubt that patricians monopolised the magistracies of the early republic, as plebeian names appear in the lists of Roman magistrates back to the fifth century BC.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015151-8">[8]</a> It is likely that patricians, over the course of the first half of the fifth century, were able to close off high political office from plebeians and exclude plebeians from permanent social integration through marriage.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995255%E2%80%9356-9">[9]</a> Plebeians were enrolled into the curiae and the tribes; they also served in the army and also in army officer roles as tribuni militum.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Conflict_of_the_Orders">Conflict of the Orders</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Conflict of the Orders" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a> </div> The Conflict of the Orders (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_language?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: ordo meaning "social rank") refers to a struggle by plebeians for full political rights from the patricians.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015146-10">[10]</a> According to Roman tradition, shortly after the establishment of the Republic, plebeians objected to their exclusion from power and exploitation by the patricians. The plebeians were able to achieve their political goals by a series of secessions from the city: "a combination of mutiny and a strike".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015147-11">[11]</a> Ancient Roman tradition claimed that the Conflict led to laws being published, written down, and given open access starting in 494 BC with the law of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Twelve_Tables?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a>, which also introduced the concept of equality before the law, often referred to in Latin as libertas, which became foundational to republican politics.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201048-12">[12]</a> This succession also forced the creation of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebeian_tribunes?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian tribunes">plebeian tribunes</a> with authority to defend plebeian interests.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015146-10">[10]</a> Following this, there was a period of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consular_tribunes?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Consular tribunes">consular tribunes</a> who shared power between plebeians and patricians in various years, but the consular tribunes apparently were not endowed with religious authority.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201049-13">[13]</a> In 445 BC, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lex_Canuleia?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Lex Canuleia">lex Canuleia</a> permitted intermarriage among plebeians and patricians.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201045-14">[14]</a> There was a radical reform in 367–6 BC, which abolished consular tribunes and "laid the foundation for a system of government led by two consuls, shared between patricians and plebeians"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201050-15">[15]</a> over the religious objections of patricians, requiring at least one of the consuls to be a plebeian.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015148,_151-16">[16]</a> And after 342 BC, plebeians regularly attained the consulship.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201051-17">[17]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Debt_bondage?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Debt bondage">Debt bondage</a> was abolished in 326, freeing plebeians from the possibility of slavery by patrician creditors.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015147%E2%80%9348-18">[18]</a> By 287, with the passage of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lex_Hortensia?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Lex Hortensia">lex Hortensia</a>, plebiscites – or laws passed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concilium_plebis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Concilium plebis">concilium plebis</a> – were made binding on the whole Roman people.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201052-19">[19]</a> Moreover, it banned senatorial vetoes of plebeian council laws.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-20">[20]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] And also around the year 300 BC, the priesthoods also were shared between patricians and plebeians, ending the "last significant barrier to plebeian emancipation".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201052-19">[19]</a> The veracity of the traditional story is profoundly unclear: "many aspects of the story as it has come down to us must be wrong, heavily modernised... or still much more myth than history".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015150%E2%80%9351-21">[21]</a> Substantial portions of the rhetoric put into the mouths of the plebeian reformers of the early Republic are likely imaginative reconstructions reflecting the late republican politics of their writers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015151-8">[8]</a> Contradicting claims that plebs were excluded from politics from the fall of the monarchy, plebeians appear in the consular lists during the early fifth century BC.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015151-8">[8]</a> The form of the state may also have been substantially different, with a temporary ad hoc "senate", not taking on fully classical elements for more than a century from the republic's establishment.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015152-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Noble_plebeians">Noble plebeians</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Noble plebeians" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The completion of plebeian political emancipation was founded on a republican ideal dominated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobiles?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Nobiles">nobiles</a>, who were defined not by caste or heredity, but by their accession to the high offices of state, elected from both patrician and plebeian families.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201025-23">[23]</a> There was substantial convergence in this class of people, with a complex culture of preserving the memory of and celebrating one's political accomplishments and those of one's ancestors.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201039-24">[24]</a> This culture also focused considerably on achievements in terms of war and personal merit.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201051-17">[17]</a> Throughout the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Samnite_War?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Samnite War">Second Samnite War</a> (326–304 BC), plebeians who had risen to power through these social reforms began to acquire the aura of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobiles?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Nobiles">nobilitas</a> ("nobility", also "fame, renown"), marking the creation of a ruling elite of nobiles.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-25">[25]</a> From the mid-4th century to the early 3rd century BC, several plebeian–patrician "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ticket_(election)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Ticket (election)">tickets</a>" for the consulship repeated joint terms, suggesting a deliberate political strategy of cooperation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005269-26">[26]</a> No contemporary definition of nobilis or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Novus_homo?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Novus homo">novus homo</a> (a person entering the nobility) exists; Mommsen, positively referenced by Brunt (1982), said the nobiles were patricians, patrician whose families had become plebeian (in a conjectural transitio ad plebem), and plebeians who had held curule offices (e.g., dictator, consul, praetor, and curule aedile).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Becoming a senator after election to a quaestorship did not make a man a nobilis, only those who were entitled to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Curule_seat?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Curule seat">curule seat</a> were nobiles.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower2010155%E2%80%936-28">[28]</a> However, by the time of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cicero?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> in the post-Sullan Republic, the definition of nobilis had shifted.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower2010156-29">[29]</a> Now, nobilis came to refer only to former consuls and the direct relatives and male descendants thereof.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower2010156-29">[29]</a> The new focus on the consulship "can be directly related to the many other displays of pedigree and family heritage that became increasingly common after Sulla" and with the expanded senate and number of praetors diluting the honour of the lower offices.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower2010156%E2%80%9357-30">[30]</a> A person becoming nobilis by election to the consulate was a novus homo (a new man). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaius_Marius?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Gaius Marius">Marius</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cicero?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> are notable examples of novi homines (new men) in the late Republic,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-31">[31]</a> when many of Rome's richest and most powerful men – such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucullus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Lucullus">Lucullus</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Marcus Crassus</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pompey?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> – were plebeian nobles. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Later_history">Later history</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Later history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the later Republic, the term lost its indication of a social order or formal hereditary class, becoming used instead to refer to citizens of lower socio-economic status.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012-2">[2]</a> By the early empire, the word was used to refer to people who were not senators (of the empire or of the local municipalities) or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Equites?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Equites">equestrians</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012-2">[2]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Life">Life</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Much less is known about the plebeians than the patricians in Ancient Rome, as most could not write, and thus could not record what happened in their daily life.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Childhood_and_education">Childhood and education</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Childhood and education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The average plebeian did not come into a wealthy family; the politically active nobiles as a whole comprised a very small portion of the whole population. The average plebeian child was expected to enter the workforce at a young age. Plebeians typically belonged to a lower socio-economic class than their patrician counterparts, but there also were poor patricians and rich plebeians by the late Republic.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Education was limited to what their parent would teach them, which consisted of only learning the very basics of writing, reading and mathematics. Wealthier plebeians were able to send their children to schools or hire a private tutor.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-:1-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Family_life">Family life</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Family life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Throughout Roman society at all levels including plebeians, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pater_familias?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Pater familias">paterfamilias</a> (oldest male in the family) held ultimate authority over household manners. Sons could have no authority over fathers at any point in their life. Women had a subservient position in the family to fathers and husbands.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-:1-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Living_quarters">Living quarters</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Living quarters" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:OstianInsulae.JPG?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/OstianInsulae.JPG/220px-OstianInsulae.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/OstianInsulae.JPG/220px-OstianInsulae.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/OstianInsulae.JPG/330px-OstianInsulae.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/OstianInsulae.JPG/440px-OstianInsulae.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Ruins of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Insula (building)">insulae</a> </figcaption> </figure> Plebeians who lived in the cities were referred to as plebs urbana.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-:2-34">[34]</a> Plebeians in ancient Rome lived in three or four-storey buildings called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insula_(building)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Insula (building)">insula</a>, apartment buildings that housed many families. These apartments usually lacked running water and heat. These buildings had no bathrooms and was common for a pot to be used.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-:1-33">[33]</a> The quality of these buildings varied. Accessing upper floors was done via a staircase from the street they were built on. Sometimes these were built around a courtyard and of these, some were built around a courtyard containing a cistern. Lower floors were of higher quality while the higher ones were less so. By the beginning of the Roman Empire, the insulaes were deemed to be so dangerous because of a risk to collapse that Emperor Augustus passed a law limiting the height of the buildings to 18 metres (59 ft) but it appeared this law was not closely followed as buildings appeared that were six or seven floors high.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-:0-35">[35]</a> Plebeian apartments had frescoes and mosaics on them to serve as decorations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Rents for housing in cities was often high because of the amount of demand and simultaneously low supply.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-:3-37">[37]</a> Rents were higher in Rome than other cities in Italy along with other provincial cities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-:1-33">[33]</a> The owner of the insulae did not attend to duties regarding it and instead used an insularius who was most often an educated slave or a freedman instead. Their job was to collect rent from tenants, manage disputes between individual tenants and be responsible for maintenance.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Not all plebeians lived in these conditions, as some wealthier plebs were able to live in single-family homes, called a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Domus">domus</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-:1-33">[33]</a> Another type of housing that existed was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Diversorias&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="new" title="Diversorias (page does not exist)">diversorias</a> (lodging houses)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-:0-35">[35]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taberna?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Taberna">Tabernae</a> which were made of timber frames and wicker walls open to streets with the exception of shutters being one to two floors high with tightly packed spaces.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-:3-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Attire">Attire</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Attire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Plebeian men wore a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tunic?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Tunic">tunic</a>, generally made of wool felt or inexpensive material, with a belt at the waist, as well as sandals.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Meanwhile, women wore a long dress called a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stola?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Stola">stola</a>. Roman fashion trends changed very little over the course of many centuries. However, hairstyles and facial hair patterns changed as initially early plebeian men had beards before a clean shaven look became more popular during the Republican era before having facial hair was popularized again by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hadrian?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Hadrian">Emperor Hadrian</a> in the 2nd century CE. Some plebeian women would wear cosmetics made from charcoal and chalk. Romans generally wore clothes with bright colors and did wear a variety of jewelry.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-:1-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Meals">Meals</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Meals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Since meat was very expensive, animal products such as pork, beef and veal would have been considered a delicacy to plebeians. Instead, a plebeian diet mainly consisted of bread and vegetables. Common flavouring for their food included honey, vinegar and different herbs and spices. A well-known condiment to this day known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Garum?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Garum">garum</a>, which is a fish sauce, was also largely consumed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-:1-33">[33]</a> Apartments often did not have kitchens in them so families would get food from restaurants and/or bars.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Recreation_and_entertainment">Recreation and entertainment</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Recreation and entertainment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> One popular outlet of entertainment for Roman plebeians was to attend large entertainment events such as gladiator matches, military parades, religious festivals and chariot races. As time went on, politicians increased the number of games in an attempt to win over votes and make the plebeians happy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-:1-33">[33]</a> A popular dice game among plebeians was called alea.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Financial_status">Financial status</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Financial status" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Plebeians who resided in urban areas had to often deal with job insecurity, low pay, unemployment and high prices<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-:2-34">[34]</a> along with underemployment.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-:3-37">[37]</a> A standard workday lasted for 6 hours although the length of the hours varied as Romans divided the day into 12 daytime hours and 12 nighttime hours; with the hours being determined based on the seasons. Cicero wrote in the late republican period that he estimated the average laborer working in the city of Rome earned 6 1/2 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Denarius?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Denarius">denarii</a> a day which was 5 times what a provincial worker would make. By middle of the 1st century CE this number was higher because of inflation but however the high cost of living in the city of Rome kept the value of real wages down.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-:1-33">[33]</a> Some plebeians would sell themselves into slavery or their children in order to have access to wealthy households and to them hopefully advance socially along with getting a chance to have an education. Another way plebeians would try to advance themselves was by joining the military which became easier after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marian_reforms?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Marian reforms">Marian reforms</a> as soldiers were expected to pay for their own weapons. By joining the military they could get a fixed salary, share of war loot along with a pension and an allotted land parcel.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-42">[42]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] There was also the reward of getting citizenship for non-citizens. Potential recruits needed to meet a variety of requirements as well which included: being male, at least 172 centimetres (5.64 ft) tall, enlist before one was 35, having a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Letter_of_recommendation?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Letter of recommendation">letter of recommendation</a> and completing training.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-43">[43]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Derivatives">Derivatives</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Derivatives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="United_States_military_academies">United States military academies</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: United States military academies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebe_Summer?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Plebe Summer">Plebe Summer</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Marching_Plebes_USNA.jpg?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marching_Plebes_USNA.jpg/220px-Marching_Plebes_USNA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marching_Plebes_USNA.jpg/220px-Marching_Plebes_USNA.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marching_Plebes_USNA.jpg/330px-Marching_Plebes_USNA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marching_Plebes_USNA.jpg/440px-Marching_Plebes_USNA.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Plebes (first-year students) marching in front of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bancroft_Hall?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Bancroft Hall">Bancroft Hall</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> </figcaption> </figure> In the U.S. military, plebes are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freshman?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Freshman">freshmen</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="United States Military Academy">U.S. Military Academy</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="United States Naval Academy">U.S. Naval Academy</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valley_Forge_Military_Academy_and_College?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Valley Forge Military Academy and College">Valley Forge Military Academy and College</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_Military_Academy?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Marine Military Academy">Marine Military Academy</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="United States Merchant Marine Academy">U.S. Merchant Marine Academy</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georgia_Military_College?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Georgia Military College">Georgia Military College</a> (only for the first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Academic_quarter_(year_division)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Academic quarter (year division)">quarter</a>), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California_Maritime_Academy?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="California Maritime Academy">California Maritime Academy</a>. The term is also used for new cadets at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippine_Military_Academy?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Philippine Military Academy">Philippine Military Academy</a>.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Philippine_Military_Academy">Philippine Military Academy</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Philippine Military Academy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Since the construction of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippine_Military_Academy?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Philippine Military Academy">Philippine Military Academy</a>, the system and traditions were programmed the same as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a>. First Year Cadets in PMA are called Plebes or Plebos (short term for Fourth Class Cadets) because they are still civilian antiques and they are expected to master first the spirit of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Followership?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Followership">Followership</a>. As plebes, they are also expected to become the "working force (force men or "porsmen") in the Corps of Cadets. They must also know the different plebe knowledges.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="British_and_Commonwealth_usage">British and Commonwealth usage</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: British and Commonwealth usage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In British, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_English?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish English">Irish</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australian_English?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Australian English">Australian</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Zealand_English?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_African_English?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="South African English">South African English</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Back-formation?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Back-formation">back-formation</a> pleb, along with the more recently derived <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adjective?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Adjective">adjectival form</a> plebby,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-oedplebby-44">[44]</a> is used as a derogatory term for someone considered unsophisticated, uncultured,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-oedpleb-45">[45]</a> or lower class.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-46">[46]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: In popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> The British comedy show <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs_(TV_series)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Plebs (TV series)">Plebs</a> followed plebeians during ancient Rome.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Margaret_Atwood?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a>'s novel <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oryx_and_Crake?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Oryx and Crake">Oryx and Crake</a>, there is a major class divide. The rich and educated live in safeguarded facilities while others live in dilapidated cities referred to as the "pleeblands".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bread_and_circuses?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Bread and circuses">Bread and circuses</a> – Figure of speech referring to a superficial means of appeasement</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capite_censi?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Capite censi">Capite censi</a> – Lowest class of citizens of ancient Rome</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebeian_Council?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian Council</a> – Principal assembly of the ancient Roman RepublicPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebism?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebism">Plebism</a> – Turkish ideologyPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proletariat?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a> – Class of wage-earners</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebgate?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Plebgate">Plebgate</a> (aka Plodgate or Gategate), a 2012 British political scandal involving the use of the word as a slur</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWright2006" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Edmund, ed. (2006). The Desk Encyclopedia of World History. New York: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 507. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7394-7809-7?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7394-7809-7"><bdi>978-0-7394-7809-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Desk+Encyclopedia+of+World+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=507&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012-2">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012_2-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012_2-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012_2-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012_2-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012_2-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012_2-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomiglianoLintott2012_2-6">g</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#CITEREFMomiglianoLintott2012">Momigliano & Lintott 2012</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005157-3">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005157_3-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005157_3-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005157_3-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 157.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995242-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995242_4-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 242.</li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-5">^</a> Cf <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 244. "That anyone could ever have thought that the Conflict of the Orders arose from a primordial division of the community into two ethnic groups is almost beyond belief".</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005167–68-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005167%E2%80%9368_6-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, pp. 167–68.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995251–52-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995251%E2%80%9352_7-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, pp. 251–52.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015151-8">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015151_8-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015151_8-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015151_8-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#CITEREFBeard2015">Beard 2015</a>, p. 151.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995255–56-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995255%E2%80%9356_9-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, pp. 255–56.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015146-10">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015146_10-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015146_10-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#CITEREFBeard2015">Beard 2015</a>, p. 146.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015147-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015147_11-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#CITEREFBeard2015">Beard 2015</a>, p. 147.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201048-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201048_12-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, p. 48.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201049-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201049_13-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, p. 49.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201045-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201045_14-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, p. 45.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201050-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201050_15-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, p. 50.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015148,_151-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015148,_151_16-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#CITEREFBeard2015">Beard 2015</a>, pp. 148, 151.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201051-17">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201051_17-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201051_17-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, p. 51.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015147–48-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015147%E2%80%9348_18-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#CITEREFBeard2015">Beard 2015</a>, pp. 147–48.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201052-19">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201052_19-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201052_19-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, p. 52.</li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris" class="citation web cs1">Harris, Karen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://historydaily.org/when-the-peasants-went-on-strike-ancient-romes-secessions-of-the-plebs">"Secession of the Plebs: When the Peasants Went on Strike"</a>. History Daily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524051634/https://historydaily.org/when-the-peasants-went-on-strike-ancient-romes-secessions-of-the-plebs">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-24. Retrieved 2020-04-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Daily&rft.atitle=Secession+of+the+Plebs%3A+When+the+Peasants+Went+on+Strike&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorydaily.org%2Fwhen-the-peasants-went-on-strike-ancient-romes-secessions-of-the-plebs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015150–51-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015150%E2%80%9351_21-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#CITEREFBeard2015">Beard 2015</a>, pp. 150–51.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard2015152-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard2015152_22-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#CITEREFBeard2015">Beard 2015</a>, p. 152.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201025-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201025_23-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, p. 25.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower201039-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower201039_24-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, p. 39.</li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmon1967" class="citation book cs1">Salmon, E. T. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DboT6HtW5TCQC">Samnium and the Samnites</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-06185-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-06185-8"><bdi>978-0-521-06185-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228052838/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DboT6HtW5TCQC">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-28. Retrieved 2022-02-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samnium+and+the+Samnites&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-521-06185-8&rft.aulast=Salmon&rft.aufirst=E.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DboT6HtW5TCQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005269-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe2005269_26-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 269.</li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunt1982" class="citation journal cs1">Brunt, P. 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The Journal of Roman Studies. 72: 1–17. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F299112">10.2307/299112</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0075-4358">0075-4358</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/299112">299112</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162220741">162220741</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429014009/https://www.jstor.org/stable/299112">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2021-04-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=Nobilitas+and+Novitas&rft.volume=72&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=1982&rft.issn=0075-4358&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162220741%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F299112%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F299112&rft.aulast=Brunt&rft.aufirst=P.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F299112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower2010155–6-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower2010155%E2%80%936_28-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, pp. 155–6.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower2010156-29">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower2010156_29-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower2010156_29-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, p. 156.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlower2010156–57-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlower2010156%E2%80%9357_30-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#CITEREFFlower2010">Flower 2010</a>, pp. 156–57.</li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLintott1974" class="citation journal cs1">Lintott, A. W. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/708820">"Review: Novi Homines"</a>. The Classical Review. 24 (2): 261–263. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252FS0009840X00243242">10.1017/S0009840X00243242</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-840X">0009-840X</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/708820">708820</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162366274">162366274</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429014006/https://www.jstor.org/stable/708820">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2021-04-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Review&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Novi+Homines&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=261-263&rft.date=1974&rft.issn=0009-840X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162366274%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F708820%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009840X00243242&rft.aulast=Lintott&rft.aufirst=A.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F708820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/plebians.html">"Plebians"</a>. The Roman Empire: In The First Century. Devillier Donegan Enterprises. 2006. 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Retrieved 14 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+as+a+Plebeian&rft.aulast=Karen&rft.aufirst=Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fghsgiglio.weebly.com%2Fuploads%2F4%2F0%2F1%2F9%2F40190329%2Flife_as_a_plebeian_in_ancient_rome.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:2-34">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-:2_34-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-:2_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesSwain2010" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Mark Everson; Swain, Hilary (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dg2GLAgAAQBAJ">Aspects of Roman History 82 BC–AD 14: A Source-based Approach</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 15. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135151607?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Special:BookSources/9781135151607"><bdi>9781135151607</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Roman+History+82+BC%E2%80%93AD+14%3A+A+Source-based+Approach&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781135151607&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Mark+Everson&rft.au=Swain%2C+Hilary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2GLAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-35">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-:0_35-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-:0_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenshaw2012" class="citation book cs1">Renshaw, James (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D-mRMAQAAQBAJ">In Search of the Romans</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 162. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853997488?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Special:BookSources/9781853997488"><bdi>9781853997488</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Romans&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781853997488&rft.aulast=Renshaw&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-mRMAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaas2005" class="citation book cs1">Faas, Patrick (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DYXGlAr17oekC">Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 42. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226233475?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Special:BookSources/9780226233475"><bdi>9780226233475</bdi></a>. Retrieved December 9, 2023 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Around+the+Roman+Table%3A+Food+and+Feasting+in+Ancient+Rome&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780226233475&rft.aulast=Faas&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYXGlAr17oekC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:3-37">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-:3_37-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-:3_37-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-:3_37-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultzWardHeichelheimYeo2019" class="citation book cs1">Schultz, Celia E.; Ward, Allen M.; Heichelheim, F. M.; Yeo, C. A. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DZQaQDwAAQBAJ">A History of the Roman People</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351754705?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Special:BookSources/9781351754705"><bdi>9781351754705</bdi></a>. <q>Unemployment and underemployment caused hardship for many. Housing was in high demand and short supply. Rents were steep for even the worst accommodations. This situation encourage overcrowding. That, in turn, produced serious health, sanitation, and safety problems. People lived in tightly packed rows of flimsy tabernae, one- or two-story buildings with timber frames and wicker walls open to the street except shutters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Roman+People&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781351754705&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Celia+E.&rft.au=Ward%2C+Allen+M.&rft.au=Heichelheim%2C+F.+M.&rft.au=Yeo%2C+C.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZQaQDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYavetz1958" class="citation journal cs1">Yavetz, Z. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41521048">"The Living Conditions of the Urban Plebs in Republican Rome"</a>. Latomus. 17 (3): 515. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41521048">41521048</a>. <q>The owner of the insula did not attend to it himself. A so called insularius was installed for that purpose, who was often a freedman, or sometimes an educated slave. The insularius was responsible for the maintenance of good order in the house; he would settle disputes between tenants, and collect the rent at fixed times in the year.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latomus&rft.atitle=The+Living+Conditions+of+the+Urban+Plebs+in+Republican+Rome&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=515&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41521048%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Yavetz&rft.aufirst=Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41521048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.vita-romae.com/ancient-roman-clothing.html">"Ancient Roman Clothing"</a>. www.vita-romae.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113160753/https://www.vita-romae.com/ancient-roman-clothing.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-13. Retrieved 2023-01-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vita-romae.com&rft.atitle=Ancient+Roman+Clothing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vita-romae.com%2Fancient-roman-clothing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://historylink101.com/2/Rome/roman-plebeians.htm">"Plebeians in Ancient Rome"</a>. historylink101.com. 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Past & Present. 147 (147): 3–37. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://doi.org/10.1093%252Fpast%252F147.1.3">10.1093/past/147.1.3</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/651038">651038</a>. Retrieved December 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=Literate+Games%3A+Roman+Urban+Society+and+the+Game+of+Alea&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=147&rft.pages=3-37&rft.date=1995-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F147.1.3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F651038%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Purcell&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F651038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilani2017" class="citation web cs1">Milani, Maria (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://mariamilani.com/ancient_rome/plebeians.htm">"Plebeians"</a>. Maria Milani: Ancient Roman History. Retrieved December 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maria+Milani%3A+Ancient+Roman+History&rft.atitle=Plebeians&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Milani&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmariamilani.com%2Fancient_rome%2Fplebeians.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Lima" class="citation web cs1">de Lima, Carolina Rangel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.britishmuseum.org/blog/introduction-legion-life-roman-army">"Introduction to Legion: life in the Roman army"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Legion%3A+life+in+the+Roman+army&rft.aulast=de+Lima&rft.aufirst=Carolina+Rangel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fblog%2Fintroduction-legion-life-roman-army&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-oedplebby-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-oedplebby_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://www.oed.com/">"plebby"</a>. Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111125659/http://www.oed.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=plebby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-oedpleb-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-oedpleb_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://www.oed.com/">"pleb"</a>. Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111125659/http://www.oed.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=pleb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2014" class="citation web cs1">Walker, Peter (2014-11-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/nov/27/plebgate-andrew-mitchell-explain-non-brits">"Andrew Mitchell and the Plebgate affair explained for non-Brits"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210205452/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/nov/27/plebgate-andrew-mitchell-explain-non-brits">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-10. Retrieved 2022-02-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Andrew+Mitchell+and+the+Plebgate+affair+explained+for+non-Brits&rft.date=2014-11-27&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2014%2Fnov%2F27%2Fplebgate-andrew-mitchell-explain-non-brits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2731624/plotsummary">Plebs (TV Series 2013– )</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819203542/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2731624/plotsummary">archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-19, retrieved 2020-04-15 – via IMDb</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plebs+%28TV+Series+2013%E2%80%93+%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt2731624%2Fplotsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/oryxcrake/section2/page/2/">"Oryx and Crake: Chapter 2 Summary & Analysis"</a>. SparkNotes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629101838/https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/oryxcrake/section2/page/2/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-29. Retrieved 2022-02-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SparkNotes&rft.atitle=Oryx+and+Crake%3A+Chapter+2+Summary+%26+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sparknotes.com%2Flit%2Foryxcrake%2Fsection2%2Fpage%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeard2015" class="citation book cs1">Beard, Mary (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/902661394">SPQR: a history of ancient Rome</a> (1st ed.). New York. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-423-7?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-423-7"><bdi>978-0-87140-423-7</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/902661394">902661394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SPQR%3A+a+history+of+ancient+Rome&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F902661394&rft.isbn=978-0-87140-423-7&rft.aulast=Beard&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F902661394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell1995" class="citation book cs1">Cornell, Tim (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31515793">The beginnings of Rome</a>. 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(2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/301798480">Roman republics</a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14043-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14043-8"><bdi>978-0-691-14043-8</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/301798480">301798480</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307052328/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/301798480">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-07. Retrieved 2021-04-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+republics&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F301798480&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14043-8&rft.aulast=Flower&rft.aufirst=Harriet+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F301798480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsythe2005" class="citation book cs1">Forsythe, Gary (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70728478">A critical history of early Rome</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94029-1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94029-1"><bdi>978-0-520-94029-1</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70728478">70728478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+critical+history+of+early+Rome&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70728478&rft.isbn=978-0-520-94029-1&rft.aulast=Forsythe&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F70728478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomiglianoLintott2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Momigliano, Arnaldo; Lintott, Andrew (2012). "plebs". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 1161. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8"><bdi>978-0-19-954556-8</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/959667246">959667246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=plebs&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+classical+dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1161&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F959667246&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954556-8&rft.aulast=Momigliano&rft.aufirst=Arnaldo&rft.au=Lintott%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpielvogel2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jackson_J._Spielvogel?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Jackson J. Spielvogel">Spielvogel, Jackson J.</a> (2008). World History: Journey Across Time. New York: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History%3A+Journey+Across+Time&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Glencoe%2FMcGraw-Hill&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Spielvogel&rft.aufirst=Jackson+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Plebs <hr> </div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> <ul> <li><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st%3Dwp%26su%3DPlebeians%26library%3DOLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st%3Dwp%26su%3DPlebeians">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st%3Dwp%26su%3DPlebeians%26library%3D0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerenczy1976" class="citation book cs1">Ferenczy, Endre (1976). From the Patrician State to the Patricio-Plebeian State. Amsterdam: A.M. Hakkert.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Patrician+State+to+the+Patricio-Plebeian+State&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=A.M.+Hakkert&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Ferenczy&rft.aufirst=Endre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorsfall2003" class="citation book cs1">Horsfall, Nicholas (2003). The Culture of the Roman Plebs. London: Duckworth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+the+Roman+Plebs&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Horsfall&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillar2002" class="citation book cs1">Millar, Fergus (2002). The Crowd In Rome In the Late Republic. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crowd+In+Rome+In+the+Late+Republic&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1990" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Richard E. (1990). Patricians and plebeians: The origin of the Roman state. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patricians+and+plebeians%3A+The+origin+of+the+Roman+state&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorstein-Marx2004" class="citation book cs1">Morstein-Marx, Robert (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=http://elar.uniyar.ac.ru/jspui/handle/123456789/1102">Mass Oratory and Political Power in the Late Roman Republic</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252FCBO9780511482878">10.1017/CBO9780511482878</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511482878?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Special:BookSources/9780511482878"><bdi>9780511482878</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mass+Oratory+and+Political+Power+in+the+Late+Roman+Republic&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511482878&rft.isbn=9780511482878&rft.aulast=Morstein-Marx&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felar.uniyar.ac.ru%2Fjspui%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F1102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMouritsen2001" class="citation book cs1">Mouritsen, Henrik (2001). Plebsand Politics in the Late Roman Republic. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252FCBO9780511482885">10.1017/CBO9780511482885</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511482885?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Special:BookSources/9780511482885"><bdi>9780511482885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plebsand+Politics+in+the+Late+Roman+Republic&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511482885&rft.isbn=9780511482885&rft.aulast=Mouritsen&rft.aufirst=Henrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaaflaub2005" class="citation book cs1">Raaflaub, Kurt A., ed. (2005). Social Struggles in Archaic Rome. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://doi.org/10.1002%252F9780470752753">10.1002/9780470752753</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470752753?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Special:BookSources/9780470752753"><bdi>9780470752753</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Struggles+in+Archaic+Rome&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470752753&rft.isbn=9780470752753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderbroeck1987" class="citation book cs1">Vanderbroeck, Paul J. J. (1987). Popular leadership and collective behavior in the late Roman Republic (ca. 80–50 B.C.). Amsterdam: Gieben.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+leadership+and+collective+behavior+in+the+late+Roman+Republic+%28ca.+80%E2%80%9350+B.C.%29&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Gieben&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Vanderbroeck&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVishnia1996" class="citation book cs1">Vishnia, Rachel Feig (1996). State, Society, and Popular Leaders In Mid-Republican Rome 241–167 BC. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State%2C+Society%2C+and+Popular+Leaders+In+Mid-Republican+Rome+241%E2%80%93167+BC&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Vishnia&rft.aufirst=Rachel+Feig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2005" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Caroline (2005). The Laws of the Roman People. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://doi.org/10.3998%252Fmpub.15992">10.3998/mpub.15992</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472110537?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Special:BookSources/9780472110537"><bdi>9780472110537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Laws+of+the+Roman+People&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.15992&rft.isbn=9780472110537&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Look up <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pleb" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:pleb">pleb</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Plebs.html">Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, article Plebs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/plebs/">Livius.org: Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Texts on Wikisource: <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%2527s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Plebeians" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Plebeians">Plebeians</a>". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plebeians&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Plebeians" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Plebeians">Plebeians</a>". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plebeians&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica/Plebs" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Plebs">Plebs</a>". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plebs&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeians" class="Z3988"></li> </ul></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DPlebeians%26oldid%3D1259173780">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&oldid=1259173780</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plebeians&action=history&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 23 November 2024, at 19:52 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D9%2587%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1" title="دهماء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دهماء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebs" title="Plebs – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Plebs" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B1%25D1%2581" title="Плебс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Плебс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B8" title="Плебеи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Плебеи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebejci" title="Plebejci – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Plebejci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebs" title="Plebs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plebs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebej" title="Plebej – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plebej" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebejer" title="Plebejer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Plebejer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebejer" title="Plebejer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plebejer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeid" title="Plebeid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Plebeid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A0%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B7%25CE%25B2%25CE%25B5%25CE%25AF%25CE%25BF%25CE%25B9" title="Πληβείοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πληβείοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebe" title="Plebe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plebe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebo" title="Plebo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plebo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebe" title="Plebe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Plebe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C%25E2%2580%258C%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7" title="پلبی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پلبی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%25C3%25A8be" title="Plèbe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plèbe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleibigh" title="Pleibigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pleibigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebe" title="Plebe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Plebe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%2594%258C%25EB%25A0%2588%25EB%25B8%258C%25EC%258A%25A4" title="플레브스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플레브스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%258A%25D5%25AC%25D5%25A5%25D5%25A2%25D5%25A5%25D5%25B5" title="Պլեբեյ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պլեբեյ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A8" title="पिलिबीयन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पिलिबीयन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebejac" title="Plebejac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plebejac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeyo" title="Plebeyo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Plebeyo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebs" title="Plebs – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Plebs" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeiar" title="Plebeiar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Plebeiar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebei" title="Plebei – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Plebei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A4%25D7%259C%25D7%2591%25D7%25A1" title="פלבס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלבס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259E%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2598" title="პლებეები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პლებეები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580" title="Плебейлер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Плебейлер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebs" title="Plebs – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Plebs" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebs" title="Plebs – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Plebs" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeji" title="Plebeji – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plebeji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebsas" title="Plebsas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plebsas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeius" title="Plebeius – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Plebeius" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B5%25D1%2598%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8" title="Плебејци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Плебејци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B2%25E0%25B5%2580%25E0%25B4%25AC%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B5%25BB" title="പ്ലീബിയൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്ലീബിയൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259E%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%2598" title="პლებეეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პლებეეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B3" title="بلبس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بلبس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebs" title="Plebs – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Plebs" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebejer" title="Plebejer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Plebejer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%2597%25E3%2583%25AC%25E3%2583%2596%25E3%2582%25B9" title="プレブス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プレブス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeier" title="Plebeier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Plebeier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%25C3%25A8ba" title="Plèba – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Plèba" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeylar" title="Plebeylar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Plebeylar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebejers" title="Plebejers – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Plebejers" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebejusze" title="Plebejusze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plebejusze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebe" title="Plebe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Plebe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeian" title="Plebeian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Plebeian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9" title="Плебей – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Плебей" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B8" title="Плебеи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плебеи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebs" title="Plebs – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Plebs" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebejere" title="Plebejere – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Plebejere" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebej" title="Plebej – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Plebej" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebejci" title="Plebejci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Plebejci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B5%25D1%2598%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8" title="Плебејци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плебејци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebejci" title="Plebejci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Plebejci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeijit" title="Plebeijit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Plebeijit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebej" title="Plebej – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Plebej" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Plebo" title="Mga Plebo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Plebo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleb" title="Pleb – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pleb" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25A1%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BD%25D1%258C%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D1%2583" title="Плебей Стародавнього Риму – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плебей Стародавнього Риму" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25B9%25B3%25E6%25B0%2591%25EF%25BC%2588%25E5%258F%25A4%25E7%25BD%2597%25E9%25A9%25AC%25EF%25BC%2589" title="平民（古罗马） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="平民（古罗马）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleb" title="Pleb – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pleb" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25B9%25B3%25E6%25B0%2591_(%25E5%258F%25A4%25E7%25BE%2585%25E9%25A6%25AC)" title="平民 (古羅馬) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="平民 (古羅馬)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 19:52 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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</div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-jv6hq","wgBackendResponseTime":211,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.245","walltime":"1.496","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8298,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":199912,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14691,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":169465,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1333.789 1 -total"," 17.28% 230.511 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.28% 190.498 21 Template:Cite_book"," 12.33% 164.399 39 Template:Sfn"," 10.90% 145.441 1 Template:Wikt-lang"," 7.89% 105.284 1 Template:Ancient_Rome_and_the_fall_of_the_Republic"," 7.57% 100.964 1 Template:Sidebar"," 7.24% 96.616 9 Template:Fix"," 6.56% 87.554 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.02% 80.254 1 Template:Social_class"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.847","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21936193,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBeard2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrunt1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornell1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesSwain2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerenczy1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlower2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForsythe2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorsfall2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaren\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLintott1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilani2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillar2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMomiglianoLintott2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorstein-Marx2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMouritsen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurcell1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaaflaub2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenshaw2012\"] = 1,\n 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