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<li id="toc-Founding,_1789–1796" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding,_1789–1796"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Founding, 1789–1796</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding,_1789–1796-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adams_and_the_Revolution_of_1800" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adams_and_the_Revolution_of_1800"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Adams and the Revolution of 1800</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adams_and_the_Revolution_of_1800-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jefferson's_presidency,_1801–1809" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jefferson's_presidency,_1801–1809"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Jefferson's presidency, 1801–1809</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jefferson's_presidency,_1801–1809-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madison's_presidency,_1809–1817" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madison's_presidency,_1809–1817"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Madison's presidency, 1809–1817</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madison's_presidency,_1809–1817-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monroe_and_Era_of_Good_Feelings,_1817–1825" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monroe_and_Era_of_Good_Feelings,_1817–1825"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Monroe and Era of Good Feelings, 1817–1825</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monroe_and_Era_of_Good_Feelings,_1817–1825-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years,_1825–1829" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years,_1825–1829"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Final years, 1825–1829</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years,_1825–1829-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_party_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_party_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origins of party name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_party_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ideology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ideology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Base_of_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Base_of_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Base of support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Base_of_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Factions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizational_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizational_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Organizational strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizational_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Electoral history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Electoral history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidential_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Presidential elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congressional_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congressional_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Congressional representation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congressional_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Biographies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>State studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Democratic-Republican Party</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9)" title="الحزب الجمهوري الديمقراطي (الولايات المتحدة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحزب الجمهوري الديمقراطي (الولايات المتحدة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Дэмакратычна-рэспубліканская партыя ЗША – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэмакратычна-рэспубліканская партыя ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_Dem%C3%B2crata-Republic%C3%A0" title="Partit Demòcrata-Republicà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partit Demòcrata-Republicà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokraticky-republik%C3%A1nsk%C3%A1_strana" title="Demokraticky-republikánská strana – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Demokraticky-republikánská strana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratisk-republikanske_parti" title="Demokratisk-republikanske parti – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Demokratisk-republikanske parti" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratisch-Republikanische_Partei" title="Demokratisch-Republikanische Partei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Demokratisch-Republikanische Partei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C-%CE%A1%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Δημοκρατικό-Ρεπουμπλικανικό Κόμμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δημοκρατικό-Ρεπουμπλικανικό Κόμμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Dem%C3%B3crata-Republicano_(Estados_Unidos)" title="Partido Demócrata-Republicano (Estados Unidos) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Demócrata-Republicano (Estados Unidos)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrat-Respublikana_Partio_(Usono)" title="Demokrat-Respublikana Partio (Usono) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Demokrat-Respublikana Partio (Usono)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87" title="حزب دموکرات-جمهوری‌خواه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب دموکرات-جمهوری‌خواه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_r%C3%A9publicain-d%C3%A9mocrate" title="Parti républicain-démocrate – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti républicain-démocrate" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1irt%C3%AD_Daonlathach-Poblachtach_(St%C3%A1it_Aontaithe)" title="Páirtí Daonlathach-Poblachtach (Stáit Aontaithe) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Páirtí Daonlathach-Poblachtach (Stáit Aontaithe)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EB%8B%B9_(%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD)" title="민주공화당 (미국) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="민주공화당 (미국)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Demokrat-Republik" title="Partai Demokrat-Republik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai Demokrat-Republik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Democratico-Repubblicano" title="Partito Democratico-Repubblicano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Democratico-Repubblicano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המפלגה הדמוקרטית-רפובליקנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המפלגה הדמוקרטית-רפובליקנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A8)" title="დემოკრატიულ-რესპუბლიკური პარტია (აშშ) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დემოკრატიულ-რესპუბლიკური პარტია (აშშ)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrat%C5%B3-respublikon%C5%B3_partija" title="Demokratų-respublikonų partija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Demokratų-respublikonų partija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrata-Republik%C3%A1nus_P%C3%A1rt" title="Demokrata-Republikánus Párt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Demokrata-Republikánus Párt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Демократско-републиканска партија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Демократско-републиканска партија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="डेमोक्रॅटिक-रिपब्लिकन पक्ष – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डेमोक्रॅटिक-रिपब्लिकन पक्ष" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%89" title="الحزب الجمهورى الديموقراطى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الحزب الجمهورى الديموقراطى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Demokratik%E2%80%93Republikan" title="Parti Demokratik–Republikan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parti Demokratik–Republikan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratisch-Republikeinse_Partij" title="Democratisch-Republikeinse Partij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Democratisch-Republikeinse Partij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%85%9A_(%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB)" title="民主共和党 (アメリカ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="民主共和党 (アメリカ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_demokratisk-republikanske_parti" title="Det demokratisk-republikanske parti – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det demokratisk-republikanske parti" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%BA%D9%88%DA%9A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DA%AB%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ډیموکرات-جمهوریت غوښتونکی ګوند – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډیموکرات-جمهوریت غوښتونکی ګوند" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokraatsch-Republiekaansche_Partei" title="Demokraatsch-Republiekaansche Partei – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Demokraatsch-Republiekaansche Partei" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partia_Demokratyczno-Republika%C5%84ska" title="Partia Demokratyczno-Republikańska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Partia Demokratyczno-Republikańska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Democrata-Republicano" title="Partido Democrata-Republicano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido Democrata-Republicano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partidul_Democrat-Republican" title="Partidul Democrat-Republican – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Partidul Democrat-Republican" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демократическо-республиканская партия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Демократическо-республиканская партия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partia_Demokratike-Republikane" title="Partia Demokratike-Republikane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Partia Demokratike-Republikane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Democratic-Republican Party" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokraticko-republik%C3%A1nska_strana_(USA)" title="Demokraticko-republikánska strana (USA) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Demokraticko-republikánska strana (USA)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Демократско-републиканска странка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Демократско-републиканска странка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratsko-republikanska_stranka" title="Demokratsko-republikanska stranka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Demokratsko-republikanska stranka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_demokraattis-republikaaninen_puolue" title="Yhdysvaltain demokraattis-republikaaninen puolue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain demokraattis-republikaaninen puolue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratisk-republikanska_partiet" title="Demokratisk-republikanska partiet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Demokratisk-republikanska partiet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratik-Cumhuriyet%C3%A7i_Parti" title="Demokratik-Cumhuriyetçi Parti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Demokratik-Cumhuriyetçi Parti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Демократично-республіканська партія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Демократично-республіканська партія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%DA%A9_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="ڈیموکریٹک ریپبلکن پارٹی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈیموکریٹک ریپبلکن پارٹی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_D%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7_C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a" title="Đảng Dân chủ Cộng hòa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đảng Dân chủ Cộng hòa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E9%BB%A8" title="民主共和黨 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="民主共和黨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42186#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">American political party (1792–1834)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Democratic Republican" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republican_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Democratic Republican (disambiguation)">Democratic Republican (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republican_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Democratic Republican Party (disambiguation)">Democratic Republican Party</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #008000; border-bottom:2px solid #008000; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Democratic-Republican Party</div> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tricolour_Cockade.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Tricolour_Cockade.svg/180px-Tricolour_Cockade.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Tricolour_Cockade.svg/270px-Tricolour_Cockade.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Tricolour_Cockade.svg/360px-Tricolour_Cockade.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Other name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Jeffersonian Republicans</li><li>Republican Party</li><li>Democratic Party<sup id="cite_ref-internalNameLink_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internalNameLink-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap">May 13, 1792<span class="noprint">; 232 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1792-05-13</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-bill_2047_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bill_2047-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">c. 1825<span class="noprint">; 200 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1825</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/National_Gazette" title="National Gazette">National Gazette</a></i> (1791–1793)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Larson_2007_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larson_2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States#18th_and_19th_century" title="Liberalism in the United States">Classical liberalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Factions</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Radicalism in the United States">Radicalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Matthews_1984_p._8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthews_1984_p.-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social liberalism</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#002387; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CC0000; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Senate (<a href="/wiki/1822%E2%80%9323_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1822–23 United States Senate elections">1822</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">44 / 48</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008000; color:inherit; width: 92%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> (peak)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">House (<a href="/wiki/1822%E2%80%9323_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1822–23 United States House of Representatives elections">1822</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">189 / 213</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008000; color:inherit; width: 89%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> (peak)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #008000;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #3333FF; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Liberalism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#3333FF; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Liberalism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism#United_States" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern/Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Harm Principle">Harm Principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_egalitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal egalitarianism">Legal egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unalienable_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Unalienable rights">Unalienable rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Deal" title="Fair Deal">Fair Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America_movement" title="Young America movement">Young America movement</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Abbott" title="Edith Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steele_Commager" title="Henry Steele Commager">Commager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Frank" title="Thomas Frank">Frank (Thomas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Ingersoll" title="Robert G. Ingersoll">Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Ireland" title="Patricia Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">King (Coretta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King (Martin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Maddow" title="Rachel Maddow">Maddow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Mott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauli_Murray" title="Pauli Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Pinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Rorty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Schlesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Edward_Smith" title="Stephen Edward Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Sontag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Trilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Monroe_Trotter" title="William Monroe Trotter">Trotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Vidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wellstone" title="Paul Wellstone">Wellstone</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stacey_Abrams" title="Stacey Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams"> Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Aguilar" title="Pete Aguilar">Aguilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Buttigieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Clark" title="Katherine Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton (Bill)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton (Hillary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">Clyburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Cuomo (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">Cuomo (Mario)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_Frank" title="Barney Frank">Frank (Barney)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Glasser" title="Ira Glasser">Glasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers" title="Samuel Gompers">Gompers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Garfield_Hays" title="Arthur Garfield Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steny_Hoyer" title="Steny Hoyer">Hoyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_K._Javits" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob K. Javits">Javits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramila_Jayapal" title="Pramila Jayapal">Jayapal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Kennedy (Joseph)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Kennedy (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Kennedy (Ted)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">King (Coretta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King (Martin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">La Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Murphy" title="Chris Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson" title="Gaylord Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Newsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Eleanor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Franklin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Theodore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wellstone" title="Paul Wellstone">Wellstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Yarborough" title="Ralph Yarborough">Yarborough</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(streamer)" title="Destiny (streamer)">Bonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamelle_Bouie" title="Jamelle Bouie">Bouie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Carville" title="James Carville">Carville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Chait" title="Jonathan Chait">Chait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta-Nehisi_Coates" title="Ta-Nehisi Coates">Coates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Colbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Croly" title="Herbert Croly">Croly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maureen_Dowd" title="Maureen Dowd">Dowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxane_Gay" title="Roxane Gay">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Goldberg" title="Michelle Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hayes" title="Chris Hayes">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Howe" title="Irving Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianna_Huffington" title="Arianna Huffington">Huffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Kimmel" title="Jimmy Kimmel">Kimmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Klein" title="Ezra Klein">Klein (Ezra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Maddow" title="Rachel Maddow">Maddow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Marshall" title="Josh Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meyers" title="Seth Meyers">Meyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Moyers" title="Bill Moyers">Moyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Noah" title="Trevor Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Oliver" title="John Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pakman" title="David Pakman">Pakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Polgreen" title="Lydia Polgreen">Polgreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Withers" title="Dean Withers">Withers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Yglesias" class="mw-redirect" title="Matt Yglesias">Yglesias</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Darrow" title="Clarence Darrow">Darrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Houston" title="Charles Hamilton Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">K. B. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Tribe" title="Laurence Tribe">Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Democratic-Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">National Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive Party</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive Party</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive Party</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-tan_faction" title="Black-and-tan faction">Black-and-tans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-Breeds_(politics)" title="Half-Breeds (politics)">Half-Breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Republicans">Rockefeller Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Roosevelt Republicans">Roosevelt Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)">Moderate Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugwumps" title="Mugwumps">Mugwumps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party (factions)</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Budget_and_Policy_Priorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Budget and Policy Priorities">Center for Budget and Policy Priorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute" title="Roosevelt Institute">Roosevelt Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Constitution_Society" title="American Constitution Society">American Constitution Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_and_State" title="Americans United for Separation of Church and State">Americans United for Separation of Church and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennan_Center_For_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Brennan Center For Justice">Brennan Center For Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Justice_Works" title="Equal Justice Works">Equal Justice Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_American_Way" title="People for the American Way">People for the American Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NARAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NARAL">NARAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Center_for_Human_Rights" title="Southern Center for Human Rights">Southern Center for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCC" class="mw-redirect" title="SNCC">SNCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Prospect" title="The American Prospect">The American Prospect</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Last_Week_Tonight_with_John_Oliver" title="Last Week Tonight with John Oliver">Last Week Tonight with John Oliver</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Show" title="The Daily Show">The Daily Show</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_with_Jon_Stewart" title="The Problem with Jon Stewart">The Problem with Jon Stewart</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sojourners" title="Sojourners">Sojourners</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talking_Points_Memo" title="Talking Points Memo">Talking Points Memo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ThinkProgress" title="ThinkProgress">ThinkProgress</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Liberal bias in academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">Liberal bias in the media</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberal_Imagination" title="The Liberal Imagination">The Liberal Imagination</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1950)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #3333FF; border-bottom:1px solid #3333FF"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_US" title="Template:Liberalism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_US" title="Template talk:Liberalism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Republican Party</b>, known retrospectively as the <b>Democratic-Republican Party</b> (also referred to by historians as the <b>Jeffersonian Republican Party</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-internalNameLink_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internalNameLink-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, was an <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">American political party</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> in the early 1790s. It championed <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism</a>, individual liberty, equal rights, separation of church and state, freedom of religion, anti-clericalism, emancipation of religious minorities, decentralization, free markets, free trade, and <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarianism</a>. In foreign policy, it was hostile to Great Britain and in sympathy with the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic wars">Napoleonic wars</a>. The party became increasingly dominant after the <a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_elections" title="1800 United States elections">1800 elections</a> as the opposing <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a> collapsed. </p><p>Increasing dominance over American politics led to increasing factional splits within the party. <a href="/wiki/Old_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Republicans">Old Republicans</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">John Taylor of Caroline</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">John Randolph of Roanoke</a>, believed that the administrations of Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe—and the Congresses led by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>—had in some ways betrayed the republican "<a href="/wiki/Principles_of_%2798" title="Principles of '98">Principles of '98</a>" by expanding the size and scope of the national government. The Republicans splintered during the <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 presidential election</a>. Those calling for a return to the older founding principles of the party were often referred to as "Democratic Republicans" (later <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>) while those embracing the newer nationalist principles of "<a href="/wiki/American_System_(economic_plan)" title="American System (economic plan)">The American System</a>" were often referred to as <a href="/wiki/National_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="National Republicans">National Republicans</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whigs</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-pop_style_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop_style-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Republican Party originated in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> to oppose the nationalist and economically interventionist policies of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, who served as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a> under President <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>. The Republicans and the opposing <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a> each became more cohesive during Washington's second term, partly as a result of the debate over the <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a>. Though he was defeated by Federalist <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796 presidential election</a>, Jefferson and his Republican allies came into power following the 1800 elections. As president, Jefferson presided over a reduction in the national debt and government spending, and completed the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> with <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a>. </p><p>Madison succeeded Jefferson as president in 1809 and led the country during the largely inconclusive <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> with <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>. After the war, Madison and his congressional allies established the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a> and implemented protective <a href="/wiki/Tariffs_in_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariffs in United States history">tariffs</a>, marking a move away from the party's earlier emphasis on <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a> and a strict construction of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>. The Federalists collapsed after 1815, beginning a period known as the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a>. Lacking an effective opposition, the Republicans split into rival groups after the <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 presidential election</a>: one faction supported President <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> and became known as the <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a> which later merged into the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a>, while another faction backed General <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> and became the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>. </p><p>Republicans were deeply committed to the principles of republicanism, which they feared were threatened by the aristocratic tendencies of the Federalists. During the 1790s, the party strongly opposed Federalist programs, including the <a href="/wiki/History_of_central_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of central banking in the United States">national bank</a>. After the War of 1812, Madison and many other party leaders came to accept the need for a national bank and federally funded infrastructure projects. In foreign affairs, the party advocated western expansion and tended to favor France over Britain, though the party's pro-French stance faded after <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> took power. The Democratic-Republicans were strongest in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">western frontier</a>, and weakest in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic-Republican_Party&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding,_1789–1796"><span id="Founding.2C_1789.E2.80.931796"></span>Founding, 1789–1796</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic-Republican_Party&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Founding, 1789–1796"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">Presidency of George Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration party</a>, and <a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:171px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(by_Rembrandt_Peale,_1800).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg/143px-Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg/215px-Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg/286px-Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="2996" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, 3rd president of the United States (1801–1809)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:171px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Madison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/James_Madison.jpg/141px-James_Madison.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/James_Madison.jpg/212px-James_Madison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/James_Madison.jpg/282px-James_Madison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2465" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, 4th president of the United States (1809–1817)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election" title="1788–89 United States presidential election">1788–89 presidential election</a>, the first such election following the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> in 1788, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> won the votes of every member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GWelections_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GWelections-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His unanimous victory in part reflected the fact that no formal <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">political parties</a> had formed at the national level in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> prior to 1789, though the country had been broadly polarized between the <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States#Early_federalism" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalists</a>, who supported ratification of the Constitution, and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalists</a>, who opposed ratification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReichley200025,_29_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichley200025,_29-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington selected <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he relied on <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> as a key adviser and ally in Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hamilton implemented an expansive economic program, establishing the <a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="First Bank of the United States">First Bank of the United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and convincing Congress to <a href="/wiki/Funding_Act_of_1790" title="Funding Act of 1790">assume the debts</a> of state governments.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamilton pursued his programs in the belief that they would foster a prosperous and stable country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200544–45_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200544–45-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His policies engendered an opposition, chiefly concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, that objected to Hamilton's <a href="/wiki/Anglophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglophilia">Anglophilia</a> and accused him of unduly favoring well-connected wealthy Northern merchants and speculators. Madison emerged as the leader of the congressional opposition while Jefferson, who declined to publicly criticize Hamilton while both served in Washington's Cabinet, worked behind the scenes to stymie Hamilton's programs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200545–48_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200545–48-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jefferson and Madison established the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Gazette" title="National Gazette">National Gazette</a></i>, a newspaper which recast national politics not as a battle between Federalists and Anti-Federalists, but as a debate between aristocrats and republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election" title="1792 United States presidential election">1792 election</a>, Washington effectively ran unopposed for president, but Jefferson and Madison backed New York Governor <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Clinton (New York)">George Clinton</a>'s unsuccessful attempt to unseat Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1980174–175_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1980174–175-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political leaders on both sides were reluctant to label their respective faction as a political party, but distinct and consistent voting blocs emerged in Congress by the end of 1793. Jefferson's followers became known as the Republicans (or sometimes as the Democratic-Republicans)<sup id="cite_ref-drname_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drname-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Hamilton's followers became the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While economic policies were the original motivating factor in the growing partisan split, foreign policy became even more important as war broke out between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> (favored by Federalists) and <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">France</a>, which Republicans favored until 1799.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partisan tensions escalated as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a> and Washington's subsequent denunciation of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Societies" title="Democratic-Republican Societies">Democratic-Republican Societies</a>, a type of new local political societies that favored democracy and generally supported the Jeffersonian position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200560,_64–65_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200560,_64–65-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians use the term "Democratic-Republican" to describe these new organizations, but that name was rarely used at the time. They usually called themselves "Democratic", "Republican", "True Republican", "Constitutional", "United Freeman", "Patriotic", "Political", "Franklin", or "Madisonian".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a> with Britain further inflamed partisan warfare, resulting in a hardening of the divisions between the Federalists and the Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferling300s_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferling300s-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1795–96, election campaigns—federal, state and local—were waged primarily along partisan lines between the two national parties, although local issues continued to affect elections, and party affiliations remained in flux.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Washington declined to seek a third term, the <a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796 presidential election</a> became the first contested president election. Having retired from Washington's Cabinet in 1793, Jefferson had left the leadership of the Democratic-Republicans in Madison's hands. Nonetheless, the Democratic-Republican <a href="/wiki/Congressional_nominating_caucus" title="Congressional nominating caucus">congressional nominating caucus</a> chose Jefferson as the party's presidential nominee, in the belief that he would be the party's strongest candidate; the caucus chose Senator <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> of New York as Jefferson's running mate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200572–73,_86_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200572–73,_86-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, an informal caucus of Federalist leaders nominated a ticket of John Adams and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pinckney" title="Thomas Pinckney">Thomas Pinckney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mcdonald178181_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcdonald178181-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the candidates themselves largely stayed out of the fray, supporters of the candidates waged an active campaign; Federalists attacked Jefferson as a <a href="/wiki/Francophile" title="Francophile">Francophile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>, while the Democratic-Republicans accused Adams of being an anglophile and a <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">monarchist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JAelections_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAelections-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, Adams won the presidency by a narrow margin, garnering 71 electoral votes to 68 for Jefferson, who became the vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-mcdonald178181_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcdonald178181-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12thA_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12thA-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adams_and_the_Revolution_of_1800">Adams and the Revolution of 1800</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic-Republican_Party&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Adams and the Revolution of 1800"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">Presidency of John Adams</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1800.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/ElectoralCollege1800.svg/290px-ElectoralCollege1800.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/ElectoralCollege1800.svg/435px-ElectoralCollege1800.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/ElectoralCollege1800.svg/580px-ElectoralCollege1800.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> in the 1800 presidential election, thereby becoming the first Democratic-Republican president.</figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly after Adams took office, he dispatched a group of envoys to seek peaceful relations with France, which had begun seizing American merchantmen trading with Britain after the ratification of the Jay Treaty. The failure of talks, and the French demand for bribes in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/XYZ_Affair" title="XYZ Affair">XYZ Affair</a>, outraged the American public and led to the <a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a>, an undeclared naval war between France and the United States. The Federalist-controlled Congress passed measures to expand the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">American military</a> and also pushed through the <a href="/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts" title="Alien and Sedition Acts">Alien and Sedition Acts</a>. These acts restricted speech critical of the government while also implementing stricter naturalization requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200577–78_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200577–78-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous journalists and other individuals aligned with the Democratic-Republicans were prosecuted under the Sedition Act, sparking a backlash against the Federalists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200580–82_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200580–82-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Jefferson and Madison drafted the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions</a>, which held that state legislatures could determine the constitutionality of federal laws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200578–79_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200578–79-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800 presidential election</a>, the Democratic-Republicans once again nominated a ticket of Jefferson and Burr. Shortly after a Federalist caucus re-nominated President Adams on a ticket with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles Cotesworth Pinckney</a>, Adams dismissed two Hamilton allies from his Cabinet, leading to an open break between the two key figures in the Federalist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200585–87_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200585–87-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the Federalist Party united against Jefferson's candidacy and waged an effective campaign in many states, the Democratic-Republicans won the election by winning most Southern electoral votes and carrying the crucial state of New York.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200586,_91–92_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200586,_91–92-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A significant element in the party's success in New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore and other east-coast cities were <a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">United Irish</a> exiles, and other <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish immigrants</a>, whom the Federalists regarded with distinct suspicion.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gilmore_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilmore-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these was <a href="/wiki/William_Duane_(journalist)" title="William Duane (journalist)">William Duane</a> who in his newspaper, the <i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Aurora" title="Philadelphia Aurora">Philadelphia Aurora</a></i>, exposed the details of the <a href="/wiki/James_Ross_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="James Ross (Pennsylvania politician)">Ross Bill</a>, by means of which the Federalist-controlled Congress sought to establish a closed-door Grand Committee with powers to disqualify <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">College electors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adams was to name Duane one of the three or four men most responsible for his eventual defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jefferson and Burr both finished with 73 electoral votes, more than Adams or Pinckney, necessitating a contingent election between Jefferson and Burr in the House of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-12thA_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12thA-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burr declined to take his name out of consideration, and the House deadlocked as most Democratic-Republican congressmen voted for Jefferson and most Federalists voted for Burr. Preferring Jefferson to Burr, Hamilton helped engineer Jefferson's election on the 36th ballot of the contingent election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200592–94_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200592–94-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jefferson would later describe the 1800 election, which also saw Democratic-Republicans gain control of Congress, as the "Revolution of 1800", writing that it was "as real of a revolution in the principles of our government as that of [1776] was in its form."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200597–98_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200597–98-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the final months of his presidency, Adams reached an agreement with France to end the Quasi-War<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and appointed several Federalist judges, including Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jefferson's_presidency,_1801–1809"><span id="Jefferson.27s_presidency.2C_1801.E2.80.931809"></span>Jefferson's presidency, 1801–1809</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic-Republican_Party&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jefferson's presidency, 1801–1809"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Presidency of Thomas Jefferson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisiana_Purchase.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Louisiana_Purchase.png/260px-Louisiana_Purchase.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Louisiana_Purchase.png/390px-Louisiana_Purchase.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Louisiana_Purchase.png/520px-Louisiana_Purchase.png 2x" data-file-width="3433" data-file-height="2414" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> in 1803 totaled 827,987 <a href="/wiki/Square_mile" title="Square mile">square miles</a> (2,144,480 square kilometers), doubling the size of the United States.</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the intensity of the 1800 election, the transition of power from the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans was peaceful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200599–100_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200599–100-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his inaugural address, Jefferson indicated that he would seek to reverse many Federalist policies, but he also emphasized reconciliation, noting that "every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200595–97_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200595–97-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He appointed a geographically balanced and ideologically moderate Cabinet that included Madison as Secretary of State and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a> as Secretary of the Treasury; Federalists were excluded from the Cabinet, but Jefferson appointed some prominent Federalists and allowed many other Federalists to keep their positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005101–102_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005101–102-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gallatin persuaded Jefferson to retain the First Bank of the United States, a major part of the Hamiltonian program, but other Federalist policies were scrapped.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2009291–296_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2009291–296-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jefferson and his Democratic-Republican allies eliminated the whiskey excise and other taxes,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shrank the army and the navy,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> repealed the Alien and Sedition Acts, and pardoned all ten individuals who had been prosecuted under the acts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald197641–42_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald197641–42-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the repeal of Federalist laws and programs, many Americans had little contact with the federal government in their daily lives, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">postal service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2009293_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2009293-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partly as a result of these spending cuts, Jefferson lowered the national debt from $83 million to $57 million between 1801 and 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-Meacham387_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meacham387-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he was largely able to reverse Federalist policies, Federalists retained a bastion of power on the Supreme Court; <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Court" title="Marshall Court">Marshall Court</a> rulings continued to reflect Federalist ideals until Chief Justice Marshall's death in the 1830s.<sup id="cite_ref-Appleby6569_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appleby6569-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Supreme Court case of <i><a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a></i>, the Marshall Court established the power of <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States" title="Judicial review in the United States">judicial review</a>, through which the <a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">judicial branch</a> had the final word on the constitutionality of federal laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Appleby,_2003,_pp._7–8,_61–63_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appleby,_2003,_pp._7–8,_61–63-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Gallatin,_by_Rembrandt_Peale,_from_life,_1805.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Albert_Gallatin%2C_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_from_life%2C_1805.jpg/220px-Albert_Gallatin%2C_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_from_life%2C_1805.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Albert_Gallatin%2C_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_from_life%2C_1805.jpg/330px-Albert_Gallatin%2C_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_from_life%2C_1805.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Albert_Gallatin%2C_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_from_life%2C_1805.jpg/440px-Albert_Gallatin%2C_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_from_life%2C_1805.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a> served as Secretary of the Treasury under Presidents Jefferson and Madison.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the time Jefferson took office, Americans had settled as far west as the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2009357–359_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2009357–359-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many in the United States, particularly those in the west, favored further territorial expansion, and especially hoped to annex the Spanish province of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Louisiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppleby200363–64_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleby200363–64-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1803, Jefferson dispatched <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> to France to join ambassador <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston_(chancellor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)">Robert Livingston</a> on a diplomatic mission to purchase New Orleans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugent200861–62_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugent200861–62-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the surprise of the American delegation, Napoleon offered to sell the entire territory of Louisiana for $15 million.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005108_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005108-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Secretary of State James Madison gave his assurances that the purchase was well within even the strictest interpretation of the Constitution, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> quickly ratified the treaty, and the House immediately authorized funding.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodriguez97_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodriguez97-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Louisiana Purchase nearly doubled the size of the United States, and Treasury Secretary Gallatin was forced to borrow from foreign banks to finance the payment to France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppleby200364–65_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleby200364–65-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the Louisiana Purchase was widely popular, some Federalists criticized it; Congressman <a href="/wiki/Fisher_Ames" title="Fisher Ames">Fisher Ames</a> argued that "We are to spend money of which we have too little for land of which we already have too much."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2009369–370_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2009369–370-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1804, Vice President Burr had thoroughly alienated Jefferson, and the Democratic-Republican presidential nominating caucus chose George Clinton as Jefferson's running mate for the <a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804 presidential election</a>. That same year, Burr challenged Hamilton to a <a href="/wiki/Burr%E2%80%93Hamilton_duel" title="Burr–Hamilton duel">duel</a> after taking offense to a comment allegedly made by Hamilton; Hamilton died in the subsequent duel. Bolstered by a superior party organization, Jefferson won the 1804 election in a landslide over Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005115–116_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005115–116-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1807, as the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> continued, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> announced the <a href="/wiki/Orders_in_Council_(1807)" title="Orders in Council (1807)">Orders in Council</a>, which called for a blockade on French-controlled ports.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutland199012_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland199012-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to subsequent British and French searches of American shipping, the Jefferson administration passed the <a href="/wiki/Embargo_Act_of_1807" title="Embargo Act of 1807">Embargo Act of 1807</a>, which cut off American trade with Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutland199013_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland199013-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The embargo proved unpopular and difficult to enforce, especially in Federalist-leaning <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, and expired at the end of Jefferson's second term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005130–134_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005130–134-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jefferson declined to seek a third term in the <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808 presidential election</a>, but helped Madison triumph over George Clinton and James Monroe at the party's congressional nominating caucus. Madison won the general election in a landslide over Pinckney.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005134–135_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005134–135-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madison's_presidency,_1809–1817"><span id="Madison.27s_presidency.2C_1809.E2.80.931817"></span>Madison's presidency, 1809–1817</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic-Republican_Party&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Madison's presidency, 1809–1817"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">Presidency of James Madison</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:174px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Clay_1848_restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Henry_Clay_1848_restored.jpg/143px-Henry_Clay_1848_restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Henry_Clay_1848_restored.jpg/215px-Henry_Clay_1848_restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Henry_Clay_1848_restored.jpg/286px-Henry_Clay_1848_restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1762" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:174px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_John_C._Calhoun_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_John_C._Calhoun_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/141px-George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_John_C._Calhoun_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_John_C._Calhoun_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/212px-George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_John_C._Calhoun_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_John_C._Calhoun_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/282px-George_Peter_Alexander_Healy_-_John_C._Calhoun_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6149" data-file-height="7621" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>As attacks on American shipping continued after Madison took office, both Madison and the broader American public moved towards war.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public resentment towards Britain led to the election of a new generation of Democratic-Republican leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a>, who championed high <a href="/wiki/Tariffs_in_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariffs in United States history">tariffs</a>, federally funded <a href="/wiki/Internal_improvement" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal improvement">internal improvements</a> and a jingoistic attitude towards Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005147–148_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005147–148-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 1, 1812, Madison asked Congress for a declaration of war.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The declaration was passed largely along sectional and party lines, with intense opposition coming from the Federalists and some other congressmen from the Northeast.<sup id="cite_ref-RRA_217-224_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRA_217-224-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many who favored war, national honor was at stake; <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> wrote that the only alternative to war was "the abandonment of our right as an independent nation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005156_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005156-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George Clinton's nephew, <a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a>, challenged Madison in the <a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812 presidential election</a>. Though Clinton assembled a formidable coalition of Federalists and anti-Madison Democratic-Republicans, Madison won a close election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005156–159_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005156–159-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Madison initially hoped for a quick end to the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, but the war got off to a disastrous start as multiple American invasions of <a href="/wiki/The_Canadas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadas">Canada</a> were defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States had more military success in 1813, and American troops under <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_confederacy" title="Tecumseh's confederacy">Tecumseh's confederacy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Battle of the Thames</a> in 1814, crushing Indian resistance to <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">U.S. expansion</a>. Britain shifted troops to North America in 1814 following Napoleon's abdication, and British forces <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">captured and burnt Washington</a> in August 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005160–161_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005160–161-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1815, Madison learned that his negotiators in Europe had signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a>, ending the war without major concessions by either side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutland1990186–188_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland1990186–188-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though it had no effect on the treaty, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>'s victory in the January 1815 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a> ended the war on a triumphant note.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005175–176_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005175–176-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon's defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> in June 1815 brought a final end to the Napoleonic Wars and European interference with American shipping.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutland1990192,_201_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland1990192,_201-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Americans celebrating a successful "second war of independence", the Federalist Party slid towards national irrelevance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutland1990211–212_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland1990211–212-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsequent period of virtually one-party rule by the Democratic-Republican Party is known as the "<a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a>."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In his first term, Madison and his allies had largely hewed to Jefferson's domestic agenda of low taxes and a reduction of the national debt, and Congress allowed the national bank's charter to expire during Madison's first term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutland199020,_68–70_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland199020,_68–70-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The challenges of the War of 1812 led many Democratic-Republicans to reconsider the role of the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005181–182_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005181–182-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/14th_United_States_Congress" title="14th United States Congress">14th Congress</a> convened in December 1815, Madison proposed the re-establishment of the national bank, increased spending on the army and the navy, and a tariff designed to <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protect</a> American goods from foreign competition. Madison's proposals were strongly criticized by strict constructionists like <a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">John Randolph</a>, who argued that Madison's program "out-Hamiltons Alexander Hamilton."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutland1990195–198_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutland1990195–198-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Responding to Madison's proposals, the 14th Congress compiled one of the most productive legislative records up to that point in history, enacting the <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1816" title="Tariff of 1816">Tariff of 1816</a> and establishing the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200782–84_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200782–84-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the party's 1816 <a href="/wiki/Congressional_nominating_caucus" title="Congressional nominating caucus">congressional nominating caucus</a>, Secretary of State James Monroe defeated Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> in a 65-to-54 vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham199615–18_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham199615–18-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Federalists offered little opposition in the <a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816 presidential election</a> and Monroe won in a landslide election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham199618–19_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham199618–19-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monroe_and_Era_of_Good_Feelings,_1817–1825"><span id="Monroe_and_Era_of_Good_Feelings.2C_1817.E2.80.931825"></span>Monroe and Era of Good Feelings, 1817–1825</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic-Republican_Party&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Monroe and Era of Good Feelings, 1817–1825"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">Presidency of James Monroe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.jpg/220px-James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.jpg/330px-James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.jpg/440px-James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2491" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>, 5th President of the United States (1817–1825)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1824.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/ElectoralCollege1824.svg/290px-ElectoralCollege1824.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/ElectoralCollege1824.svg/435px-ElectoralCollege1824.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/ElectoralCollege1824.svg/580px-ElectoralCollege1824.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Four Democratic-Republicans sought the presidency in 1824: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, William H. Crawford, and Henry Clay.</figcaption></figure> <p>Monroe believed that the existence of political parties was harmful to the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe93–94_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe93–94-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he sought to usher in the end of the Federalist Party by avoiding divisive policies and welcoming ex-Federalists into the fold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham199619–21_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham199619–21-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monroe favored infrastructure projects to promote economic development and, despite some constitutional concerns, signed bills providing federal funding for the <a href="/wiki/National_Road" title="National Road">National Road</a> and other projects.<sup id="cite_ref-JM:DA_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JM:DA-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partly due to the mismanagement of national bank president <a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(statesman)" title="William Jones (statesman)">William Jones</a>, the country experienced a prolonged economic recession known as the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1819" title="Panic of 1819">Panic of 1819</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005206–207_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005206–207-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The panic engendered a widespread resentment of the national bank and a distrust of <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">paper money</a> that would influence national politics long after the recession ended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005209–210,_251–252_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005209–210,_251–252-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the ongoing economic troubles, the Federalists failed to field a serious challenger to Monroe in the <a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_presidential_election" title="1820 United States presidential election">1820 presidential election</a>, and Monroe won re-election essentially unopposed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005217_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005217-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the proceedings over the admission of <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri Territory</a> as a state, Congressman <a href="/wiki/James_Tallmadge,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Tallmadge, Jr.">James Tallmadge, Jr.</a> of New York "tossed a bombshell into the Era of Good Feelings" by proposing amendments providing for the eventual exclusion of slavery from Missouri.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007147_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007147-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amendments sparked the first major national <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> debate since the ratification of the Constitution,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham199628–29_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham199628–29-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and instantly exposed the <a href="/wiki/Sectionalism" title="Sectionalism">sectional</a> polarization over the issue of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2004376_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2004376-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northern Democratic-Republicans formed a coalition across partisan lines with the remnants of the Federalist Party in support of the amendments, while Southern Democratic-Republicans were almost unanimously against such the restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2004380,_386_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2004380,_386-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1820, Congressman <a href="/wiki/Jesse_B._Thomas" title="Jesse B. Thomas">Jesse B. Thomas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> proposed <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">a compromise</a>, in which Missouri would be admitted as a slave state, but slavery would be excluded in the remaining <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territories</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Parallel_36%C2%B030%E2%80%B2_north" title="Parallel 36°30′ north">parallel 36°30′ north</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham1996101–103_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham1996101–103-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bill based on Thomas's proposal became law in April 1820.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham1996103–104_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham1996103–104-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1824, the Federalist Party had largely collapsed as a national party, and the <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 presidential election</a> was waged by competing members of the Democratic-Republican Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParsons200970–72_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParsons200970–72-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party's congressional nominating caucus was largely ignored, and candidates were instead nominated by state legislatures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParsons200979–86_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParsons200979–86-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, former Speaker of the House Henry Clay, Secretary of the Treasury William Crawford, and General <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> emerged as the major candidates in the election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaplan2014386–389_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplan2014386–389-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regional strength of each candidate played an important role in the election; Adams was popular in New England, Clay and Jackson were strong in the West, and Jackson and Crawford competed for the South.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaplan2014386–389_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplan2014386–389-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As no candidate won a majority of the electoral vote in the 1824 election, the House of Representatives held a <a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">contingent election</a> to determine the president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaplan2014391–393,_398_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplan2014391–393,_398-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clay personally disliked Adams but nonetheless supported him in the contingent election over Crawford, who opposed Clay's nationalist policies, and Jackson, whom Clay viewed as a potential tyrant.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Clay's backing, Adams won the contingent election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005254–255_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005254–255-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Clay accepted appointment as Secretary of State, Jackson's supporters claimed that Adams and Clay had reached a "<a href="/wiki/Corrupt_Bargain" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrupt Bargain">Corrupt Bargain</a>" in which Adams promised Clay the appointment in return for Clay's support in the contingent election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaplan2014391–393,_398_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplan2014391–393,_398-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson, who was deeply angered by the result of the contingent election, returned to Tennessee, where the state legislature quickly nominated him for president in the <a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005256–257_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005256–257-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years,_1825–1829"><span id="Final_years.2C_1825.E2.80.931829"></span>Final years, 1825–1829</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic-Republican_Party&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Final years, 1825–1829"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">Presidency of John Quincy Adams</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JQA_Photo.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/JQA_Photo.tif/lossy-page1-220px-JQA_Photo.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/JQA_Photo.tif/lossy-page1-330px-JQA_Photo.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/JQA_Photo.tif/lossy-page1-440px-JQA_Photo.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2236" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> won the 1824 presidential election as a Democratic-Republican after leaving the Federalist Party earlier in his career.</figcaption></figure> <p>Adams shared Monroe's goal of ending partisan conflict, and his Cabinet included individuals of various ideological and regional backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1825 annual message to Congress, Adams presented a comprehensive and ambitious agenda, calling for major investments in internal improvements as well as the creation of a national university, a naval academy, and a national astronomical observatory.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His requests to Congress galvanized the opposition, spurring the creation of an anti-Adams congressional coalition consisting of supporters of Jackson, Crawford, and Vice President Calhoun.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the 1826 elections, Calhoun and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (who brought along many of Crawford's supporters) agreed to throw their support behind Jackson in the 1828 election.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the press, the two major political factions were referred to as "Adams Men" and "Jackson Men".<sup id="cite_ref-Howe_2007_251_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howe_2007_251-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jacksonians formed an effective party apparatus that adopted many modern campaign techniques and emphasized Jackson's popularity and the supposed corruption of Adams and the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Jackson did not articulate a detailed political platform in the same way that Adams did, his coalition was united in opposition to Adams's reliance on government planning and tended to favor the opening of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> lands to white settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, Jackson won 178 of the 261 electoral votes and just under 56 percent of the popular vote.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson won 50.3 percent of the popular vote in the free states and 72.6 percent of the vote in the slave states.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The election marked the permanent end of the Era of Good Feelings and the start of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a>. The dream of non-partisan politics, shared by Monroe, Adams, and many earlier leaders, was shattered, replaced with Van Buren's ideal of partisan battles between legitimated political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_party_name"><span class="anchor" id="Party_Name"></span> Origins of party name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic-Republican_Party&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Origins of party name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1790s, political parties were new in the United States and people were not accustomed to having formal names for them. There was no single official name for the Democratic-Republican Party, but party members generally called themselves Republicans and voted for what they called the "Republican party", "republican ticket" or "republican interest".<sup id="cite_ref-Republican_name_1_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Republican_name_1-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Republican_name_2_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Republican_name_2-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jefferson and Madison often used the terms "republican" and "Republican party" in their letters.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a general term (not a party name), the word republican had been in widespread usage from the 1770s to describe the type of government the break-away colonies wanted to form: a republic of three separate branches of government derived from some principles and structure from ancient republics; especially the emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Civic_duty" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic duty">civic duty</a> and the opposition to corruption, elitism, aristocracy and monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "Democratic-Republican" was used by contemporaries only occasionally,<sup id="cite_ref-drname_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drname-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but is used by modern political scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199917_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199917-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians often refer to the "Jeffersonian Republicans".<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Democratic Party" was first used pejoratively by Federalist opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians argue that the party died out before the present-day <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> was formed. However, since the days of Franklin Roosevelt Democratic politicians proudly claim Jefferson as their founder.<sup id="cite_ref-bill_2047_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bill_2047-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic-Republican_Party&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson#Political,_social_and_religious_views" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson § Political, social and religious views</a></div> <p>The Democratic-Republican Party saw itself as a champion of republicanism and denounced the Federalists as supporters of monarchy and aristocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-sharp/_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharp/-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Ralph Brown writes that the party was marked by a "commitment to broad principles of personal liberty, social mobility, and westward expansion."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199919_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199919-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political scientist James A. Reichley writes that "the issue that most sharply divided the Jeffersonians from the Federalists was not states rights, nor the national debt, nor the national Bank... but the question of social equality."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReichley200052_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichley200052-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a world in which few believed in democracy or egalitarianism, Jefferson's belief in political equality stood out from many of the other leaders who held that the wealthy should lead society. His opponents, says Susan Dunn<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2022)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup>, warned that Jefferson's "Republicans would turn America upside down, permitting the <a href="/wiki/Hoi_polloi" title="Hoi polloi">hoi polloi</a> to govern the nation and unseating the wealthy social elite, long accustomed to wielding political power and governing the nation."<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jefferson advocated a philosophy that historians call <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a>, which was marked by his belief in <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">strict limits on the national government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppleby20031–5_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleby20031–5-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influenced by the Jeffersonian belief in equality, by 1824 all but three states had removed property-owning requirements for voting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReichley200057_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichley200057-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though open to some redistributive measures, Jefferson saw a strong centralized government as a threat to freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReichley200055–56_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichley200055–56-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the Democratic-Republicans opposed Federalist efforts to build a strong, centralized state, and resisted the establishment of a national bank, the build-up of the army and the navy, and passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReichley200051–52_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichley200051–52-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jefferson was especially averse to a national debt, which he believed to be inherently dangerous and immoral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald197642–43_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald197642–43-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the party took power in 1800, Jefferson became increasingly concerned about foreign intervention and more open to programs of economic development conducted by the federal government. In an effort to promote economic growth and the development of a diversified economy, Jefferson's Democratic-Republican successors would oversee the construction of numerous federally funded infrastructure projects and implement protective tariffs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199919–20_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199919–20-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While economic policies were the original catalyst to the partisan split between the Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists, foreign policy was also a major factor that divided the parties. Most Americans supported the French Revolution prior to the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">Execution of Louis XVI</a> in 1793, but Federalists began to fear the radical egalitarianism of the revolution as it became increasingly violent.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jefferson and other Democratic-Republicans defended the French Revolution<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReichley200035–36_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichley200035–36-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> ascended to power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005108_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005108-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Democratic-Republican foreign policy was marked by support for expansionism, as Jefferson championed the concept of an "<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Liberty" title="Empire of Liberty">Empire of Liberty</a>" that centered on the acquisition and settlement of western territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2009357–358_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2009357–358-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe, the United States completed the Louisiana Purchase, acquired <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a>, and reached a treaty with Britain providing for shared sovereignty over <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1823, the Monroe administration promulgated the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a>, which reiterated the traditional <a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States non-interventionism">U.S. policy of neutrality</a> with regard to European wars and conflicts, but declared that the United States would not accept the recolonization of any country by its former European master.<sup id="cite_ref-JMforeign_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMforeign-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery">Slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic-Republican_Party&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the foundation of the party, slavery divided the Democratic-Republicans. Many Southern Democratic-Republicans, especially from the Deep South, defended the institution. Jefferson and many other Democratic-Republicans from Virginia held an ambivalent view on slavery; Jefferson believed it was an immoral institution, but he opposed the immediate emancipation of all slaves on social and economic grounds. Instead, he favored gradual phasing out of the institution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005136–137_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005136–137-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Northern Democratic-Republicans often took stronger anti-slavery positions than their Federalist counterparts, supporting measures like the abolition of slavery in Washington. In 1807, with President Jefferson's support, Congress <a href="/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">outlawed</a> the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">international slave trade</a>, doing so at the earliest possible date allowed by the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005218–221_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005218–221-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the War of 1812, Southerners increasingly came to view slavery as a beneficial institution rather than an unfortunate economic necessity, further polarizing the party over the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005218–221_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005218–221-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-slavery Northern Democratic-Republicans held that slavery was incompatible with the equality and individual rights promised by the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. They further held that slavery had been permitted under the Constitution only as a local and impermanent exception, and thus, slavery should not be allowed to spread outside of the original thirteen states. The anti-slavery positions developed by Northern Democratic-Republicans would influence later anti-slavery parties, including the <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005225–227_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005225–227-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Democratic-Republicans from the border states, including <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>, continued to adhere to the Jeffersonian view of slavery as a necessary evil; many of these leaders joined the <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a>, which proposed the voluntary recolonization of Africa as part of a broader plan for the gradual emancipation of slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005228–229_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005228–229-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Base_of_support">Base of support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic-Republican_Party&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Base of support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Party_System.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/First_Party_System.svg/310px-First_Party_System.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/First_Party_System.svg/465px-First_Party_System.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/First_Party_System.svg/620px-First_Party_System.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Presidential election results from 1796 to 1824. Darker shades of green indicate that the state generally supported the Democratic-Republicans, and darker shades of brown indicate that the state generally supported the Federalists.</figcaption></figure> <p>Madison and Jefferson formed the Democratic-Republican Party from a combination of former Anti-Federalists and supporters of the Constitution who were dissatisfied with the Washington administration's policies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReichley200036–37_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichley200036–37-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nationwide, Democratic-Republicans were strongest in the South, and many of party's leaders were wealthy Southern slaveowners. The Democratic-Republicans also attracted middle class Northerners, such as artisans, farmers, and lower-level merchants, who were eager to challenge the power of the local elite.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2009166–168_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2009166–168-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every state had a distinct political geography that shaped party membership; in Pennsylvania, the Republicans were weakest around <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> and strongest in <a href="/wiki/Scots-Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Irish American">Scots-Irish</a> settlements in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Federalists had broad support in New England, but in other places they relied on wealthy merchants and landowners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2009168–171_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2009168–171-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1800, the Federalists collapsed in the South and West, though the party remained competitive in New England and in some <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a> states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReichley200054_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichley200054-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Factions">Factions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic-Republican_Party&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Factions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Wesley_Jarvis_-_John_Randolph_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/John_Wesley_Jarvis_-_John_Randolph_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-John_Wesley_Jarvis_-_John_Randolph_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/John_Wesley_Jarvis_-_John_Randolph_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-John_Wesley_Jarvis_-_John_Randolph_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/John_Wesley_Jarvis_-_John_Randolph_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-John_Wesley_Jarvis_-_John_Randolph_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4562" data-file-height="5697" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">John Randolph of Roanoke</a> was a prominent member of a group of Southern plantation owners known as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Republican">Old Republicans</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Sean_Wilentz" title="Sean Wilentz">Sean Wilentz</a> writes that, after assuming power in 1801, the Democratic-Republicans began to factionalize into three main groups: moderates, radicals, and <a href="/wiki/Old_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Republicans">Old Republicans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005100_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005100-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Old Republicans, led by <a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">John Randolph</a>, were a loose group of influential Southern plantation owners who strongly favored states' rights and denounced any form of compromise with the Federalists. The radicals consisted of a wide array of individuals from different sections of the country who were characterized by their support for far-reaching political and economic reforms; prominent radicals include <a href="/wiki/William_Duane_(journalist)" title="William Duane (journalist)">William Duane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Leib" title="Michael Leib">Michael Leib</a>, who jointly led a powerful <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">political machine</a> in Philadelphia. The moderate faction consisted of many former supporters of the ratification of the Constitution, including James Madison, who were more accepting of Federalist economic programs and sought conciliation with moderate Federalists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005105–107_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005105–107-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1810, a younger group of nationalist Democratic-Republicans, led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, rose to prominence. These nationalists favored federally funded internal improvements and high tariffs, positions that would form the basis for Clay's <a href="/wiki/American_System_(economic_plan)" title="American System (economic plan)">American System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005144–148_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005144–148-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to its base among the leaders of Clay and Calhoun's generation, nationalist policies also proved attractive to many older Democratic-Republicans, including James Monroe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005202–203_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005202–203-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Panic of 1819 sparked a backlash against nationalist policies, and many of those opposed to the nationalist policies rallied around William H. Crawford until he had a major stroke in 1823.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005241–242_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005241–242-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 1824 election, most of Crawford's followers, including Martin Van Buren, gravitated to Andrew Jackson, forming a major part of the coalition that propelled Jackson to victory in the 1828 election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005294–296_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005294–296-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizational_strategy"><span class="anchor" id="Organizational_Strategy"></span> Organizational strategy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic-Republican_Party&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Organizational strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Democratic-Republican Party invented campaign and organizational techniques that were later adopted by the Federalists and became standard American practice. It was especially effective in building a network of <a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a> in major cities to broadcast its statements and editorialize its policies.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fisher_Ames" title="Fisher Ames">Fisher Ames</a>, a leading Federalist, used the term "<a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobin</a>" to link members of Jefferson's party to the radicals of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. He blamed the newspapers for electing Jefferson and wrote they were "an overmatch for any Government.... The Jacobins owe their triumph to the unceasing use of this engine; not so much to skill in use of it as by repetition".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham1957167_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham1957167-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As one historian explained: "It was the good fortune of the Republicans to have within their ranks a number of highly gifted political manipulators and propagandists. Some of them had the ability... to not only see and analyze the problem at hand but to present it in a succinct fashion; in short, to fabricate the apt phrase, to coin the compelling slogan and appeal to the electorate on any given issue in language it could understand". Outstanding propagandists included editor William Duane (1760–1835) and party leaders <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cooper_(American_politician,_born_1759)" title="Thomas Cooper (American politician, born 1759)">Thomas Cooper</a> and Jefferson himself.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just as important was effective party organization of the sort that <a href="/wiki/John_J._Beckley" title="John J. Beckley">John J. Beckley</a> pioneered. In 1796, he managed the Jefferson campaign in Pennsylvania, blanketing the state with agents who passed out 30,000 hand-written tickets, naming all 15 electors (printed tickets were not allowed). Beckley told one agent: "In a few days a select republican friend from the City will call upon you with a parcel of tickets to be distributed in your County. Any assistance and advice you can furnish him with, as to suitable districts & characters, will I am sure be rendered". Beckley was the first American professional campaign manager and his techniques were quickly adopted in other states.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emergence of the new organizational strategies can be seen in the politics of <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> around 1806, which have been well documented by Cunningham. The Federalists dominated Connecticut, so the Republicans had to work harder to win. In 1806, the state leadership sent town leaders instructions for the forthcoming elections. Every town manager was told by state leaders "to appoint a district manager in each district or section of his town, obtaining from each an assurance that he will faithfully do his duty". Then the town manager was instructed to compile lists and total the number of taxpayers and the number of eligible voters, find out how many favored the Republicans and how many the Federalists and to count the number of supporters of each party who were not eligible to vote but who might qualify (by age or taxes) at the next election. These highly detailed returns were to be sent to the county manager and in turn were compiled and sent to the state manager. Using these lists of potential voters, the managers were told to get all eligible people to town meetings and help the young men qualify to vote. The state manager was responsible for supplying party newspapers to each town for distribution by town and district managers.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This highly coordinated "<a href="/wiki/Get_out_the_vote" title="Get out the vote">get-out-the-vote</a>" drive would be familiar to future political campaigners, but was the first of its kind in world history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy"><span class="anchor" id="Claims_to_the_Party's_Heritage"></span> Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic-Republican_Party&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson#Legacy" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson § Legacy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_jackson_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Andrew_jackson_head.jpg/220px-Andrew_jackson_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Andrew_jackson_head.jpg/330px-Andrew_jackson_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Andrew_jackson_head.jpg/440px-Andrew_jackson_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> led a faction of Democratic-Republicans that ultimately coalesced into the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Federalists collapsed after 1815, beginning a period known as the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 presidential election</a> the Democratic-Republicans split into factions. The coalition of Jacksonians, Calhounites, and Crawfordites built by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> coalesced into the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, which dominated presidential politics in the decades prior to the Civil War. Supporters of <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> would form the main opposition to Jackson as the <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a>, which in turn eventually formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a>, which was the second major party in the United States between the 1830s and the early 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diverse and changing nature of the Democratic-Republican Party allowed both major parties to claim that they stood for Jeffersonian principles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199918–19_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199918–19-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Walker_Howe" title="Daniel Walker Howe">Daniel Walker Howe</a> writes that Democrats traced their heritage to the "Old Republicanism of <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">Crawford</a>", while the Whigs looked to "the new Republican nationalism of <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Gallatin</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007582_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007582-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Whig Party fell apart in the 1850s due to divisions over the expansion of slavery into new territories. The modern <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Republican Party">Republican Party</a> was formed in 1854 to oppose the expansion of slavery, and many former Whig Party leaders joined the newly formed anti-slavery party.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republican Party sought to combine Jefferson and Jackson's ideals of liberty and equality with Clay's program of using an active government to modernize the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Democratic-Republican Party inspired the name and ideology of the Republican Party, but is not directly connected to that party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200766,_275,_897_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200766,_275,_897-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fear of a large debt is a major legacy of the party. Andrew Jackson believed the national debt was a "national curse" and he took special pride in paying off the entire national debt in 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politicians ever since have used the issue of a high national debt to denounce the other party for profligacy and a threat to fiscal soundness and the nation's future.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic-Republican_Party&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_elections">Presidential elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic-Republican_Party&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Presidential elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic-Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of Democratic-Republican Party presidential tickets">List of Democratic-Republican Party presidential tickets</a></div> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Election </th> <th colspan="2">Ticket </th> <th>Popular vote </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral vote</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Presidential nominee </th> <th>Running mate </th> <th>Percentage </th> <th class="unsortable">Electoral votes </th> <th>Ranking </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">46.6 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">68 / 138</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008000; color:inherit; width: 49%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">61.4 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">73 / 138</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008000; color:inherit; width: 53%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">72.8 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">162 / 176</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008000; color:inherit; width: 92%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">64.7 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">122 / 176</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008000; color:inherit; width: 69%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">50.4 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">128 / 217</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008000; color:inherit; width: 59%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>C<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jared_Ingersoll" title="Jared Ingersoll">Jared Ingersoll</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">47.6 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">89 / 217</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008000; color:inherit; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel D. Tompkins</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">68.2 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">183 / 217</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008000; color:inherit; width: 84%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_presidential_election" title="1820 United States presidential election">1820</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">80.6 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">231 / 232</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008000; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>D<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">41.4 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">99 / 261</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008000; color:inherit; width: 38%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">30.9 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">84 / 261</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008000; color:inherit; width: 32%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Nathaniel Macon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">11.2 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">41 / 261</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008000; color:inherit; width: 16%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Nathan Sanford</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">13 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">37 / 261</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008000; color:inherit; width: 14%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In his first presidential run, Jefferson did not win the presidency, and Burr did not win the vice presidency. However, under the pre-<a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">12th Amendment</a> election rules, Jefferson won the vice presidency due to dissension among Federalist electors.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In their second presidential run, Jefferson and Burr received the same number of electoral votes. Jefferson was subsequently chosen as President by the House of Representatives.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While commonly labeled as the Federalist candidate, Clinton technically ran as a Democratic-Republican and was not nominated by the Federalist party itself, the latter simply deciding not to field a candidate. This did not prevent endorsements from state Federalist parties (such as in Pennsylvania), but he received the endorsement from the New York state Democratic-Republicans as well.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a> were nominated for president and vice-president by a group of 66 Congressmen that called itself the "Democratic members of Congress".<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gallatin later withdrew from the contest. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> ran as Republicans, although they were not nominated by any national body. While Jackson won a plurality in the electoral college and popular vote, he did not win the constitutionally required majority of electoral votes to be elected president. The contest was thrown to the House of Representatives, where Adams won with Clay's support. The electoral college chose <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> for vice president.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congressional_representation">Congressional representation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic-Republican_Party&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Congressional representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Party_divisions_of_United_States_Congresses" title="Party divisions of United States Congresses">Party divisions of United States Congresses</a></div> <p>The affiliation of many Congressmen in the earliest years is an assignment by later historians. The parties were slowly coalescing groups; at first there were many independents. Cunningham noted that only about a quarter of the House of Representatives up until 1794 voted with Madison as much as two-thirds of the time and another quarter against him two-thirds of the time, leaving almost half as fairly independent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham195782_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham195782-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr valign="bottom"> <th rowspan="2">Congress </th> <th rowspan="2">Years </th> <th rowspan="25"> </th> <th colspan="5">Senate<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="25"> </th> <th colspan="5">House of Representatives<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="25"> </th> <th rowspan="2">President </th></tr> <tr valign="bottom"> <th>Total </th> <th style="background:#CCFF66"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-<br />Admin</a> </th> <th style="background:#00cc22"><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Pro-<br />Admin</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">Others</a> </th> <th>Vacancies </th> <th>Total </th> <th style="background:#CCFF66">Anti-<br />Admin </th> <th style="background:#00cc22">Pro-<br />Admin </th> <th>Others </th> <th>Vacancies </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1st_United_States_Congress" title="1st United States Congress">1st</a> </td> <td>1789–1791 </td> <td style="background:#00cc22">26 </td> <td style="background:#CCFF66">8 </td> <td style="background:#00cc22"><b>18</b> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background:#00cc22">65 </td> <td style="background:#CCFF66">28 </td> <td style="background:#00cc22"><b>37</b> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2nd_United_States_Congress" title="2nd United States Congress">2nd</a> </td> <td>1791–1793 </td> <td style="background:#00cc22">30 </td> <td style="background:#CCFF66">13 </td> <td style="background:#00cc22"><b>16</b> </td> <td>— </td> <td>1 </td> <td style="background:#00cc22">69 </td> <td style="background:#CCFF66">30 </td> <td style="background:#00cc22"><b>39</b> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/3rd_United_States_Congress" title="3rd United States Congress">3rd</a> </td> <td>1793–1795 </td> <td style="background:#00cc22">30 </td> <td style="background:#CCFF66">14 </td> <td style="background:#00cc22"><b>16</b> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background:#CCFF66">105 </td> <td style="background:#CCFF66"><b>54</b> </td> <td style="background:#00cc22">51 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr valign="bottom"> <th>Congress </th> <th>Years </th> <th>Total </th> <th style="background-color:#AACC99"><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic-Republican Party (United States)">Democratic-<br />Republicans</a> </th> <th style="background-color:#F6D6C9"><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federalist Party (United States)">Federalists</a> </th> <th>Others </th> <th>Vacancies </th> <th>Total </th> <th style="background-color:#AACC99">Democratic-<br />Republicans </th> <th style="background-color:#F6D6C9">Federalists </th> <th>Others </th> <th>Vacancies </th> <th>President </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/4th_United_States_Congress" title="4th United States Congress">4th</a> </td> <td>1795–1797 </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">32 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">11 </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9"><b>21</b> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">106 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>59</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">47 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/5th_United_States_Congress" title="5th United States Congress">5th</a> </td> <td>1797–1799 </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">32 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">10 </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9"><b>22</b> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">106 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">49 </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9"><b>57</b> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/6th_United_States_Congress" title="6th United States Congress">6th</a> </td> <td>1799–1801 </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">32 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">10 </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9"><b>22</b> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">106 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">46 </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9"><b>60</b> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/7th_United_States_Congress" title="7th United States Congress">7th</a> </td> <td>1801–1803 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">34 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>17</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">15 </td> <td>— </td> <td>2 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">107 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>68</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">38 </td> <td>— </td> <td>1 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/8th_United_States_Congress" title="8th United States Congress">8th</a> </td> <td>1803–1805 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">34 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>25</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">9 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">142 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>103</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">39 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/9th_United_States_Congress" title="9th United States Congress">9th</a> </td> <td>1805–1807 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">34 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>27</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">7 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">142 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>114</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">28 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/10th_United_States_Congress" title="10th United States Congress">10th</a> </td> <td>1807–1809 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">34 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>28</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">6 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">142 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>116</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">26 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/11th_United_States_Congress" title="11th United States Congress">11th</a> </td> <td>1809–1811 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">34 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>27</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">7 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">142 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>92</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">50 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/12th_United_States_Congress" title="12th United States Congress">12th</a> </td> <td>1811–1813 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">36 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>30</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">6 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">143 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>107</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">36 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/13th_United_States_Congress" title="13th United States Congress">13th</a> </td> <td>1813–1815 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">36 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>28</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">8 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">182 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>114</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">68 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/14th_United_States_Congress" title="14th United States Congress">14th</a> </td> <td>1815–1817 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">38 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>26</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">12 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">183 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>119</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">64 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/15th_United_States_Congress" title="15th United States Congress">15th</a> </td> <td>1817–1819 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">42 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>30</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">12 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">185 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>146</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">39 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/16th_United_States_Congress" title="16th United States Congress">16th</a> </td> <td>1819–1821 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">46 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>37</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">9 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">186 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>160</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">26 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/17th_United_States_Congress" title="17th United States Congress">17th</a> </td> <td>1821–1823 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">48 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>44</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">4 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">187 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>155</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">32 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/18th_United_States_Congress" title="18th United States Congress">18th</a> </td> <td>1823–1825 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">48 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>43</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">5 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">213 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>189</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">24 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr valign="bottom"> <th>Congress </th> <th>Years </th> <th>Total </th> <th style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Pro-Jackson </th> <th style="background-color:#FFE6B0">Pro-Adams </th> <th>Others </th> <th>Vacancies </th> <th>Total </th> <th style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Pro-Jackson </th> <th style="background-color:#FFE6B0">Pro-Adams </th> <th>Others </th> <th>Vacancies </th> <th>President </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/19th_United_States_Congress" title="19th United States Congress">19th</a> </td> <td>1825–1827 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">48 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>26</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFE6B0">22 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#FFE6B0">213 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">104 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFE6B0"><b>109</b> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/20th_United_States_Congress" title="20th United States Congress">20th</a> </td> <td>1827–1829 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">48 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>27</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFE6B0">21 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">213 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><b>113</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFE6B0">100 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="5">Senate </th> <th colspan="5">House of Representatives </th> <th> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic-Republican_Party&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History of the Democratic Party (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_U.S._foreign_policy,_1801%E2%80%931829" title="History of U.S. foreign policy, 1801–1829">History of U.S. foreign policy, 1801–1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal-Conservative_Party" title="Liberal-Conservative Party">Liberal-Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">List of political parties in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic-Republican_Party&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-internalNameLink-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-internalNameLink_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-internalNameLink_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Party members generally referred to it as the Republican Party; although the word <i>Republican</i> is not to be confused with the modern <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party founded in the 1850s</a>. To distinguish this party from the current Republican Party, political scientists usually use the term "Democratic-Republican".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12thA-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-12thA_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-12thA_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prior to the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twelfth Amendment</a> in 1804, each member of the Electoral College cast two votes, with no distinction made between electoral votes for president and electoral votes for <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a>. Under these rules, an individual who received more votes than any other candidate, and received votes from a majority of the electors, was elected as president. If neither of those conditions were met, the House of Representatives would select the president through a contingent election in which each state delegation received one vote. After the selection of the president, the individual who finished with the most votes was elected as vice president, with the Senate holding a contingent election in the case of a tie.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clay himself was not eligible in the contingent election because the House could only choose from the top-three candidates in the electoral vote tally. Clay finished a close fourth to Crawford in the electoral vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005254–255_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005254–255-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic-Republican_Party&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bill_2047-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bill_2047_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bill_2047_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREF102nd_Congress1991" class="citation cs2">102nd Congress (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/senate-bill/2047/text"><i>S.2047 – A bill to establish a commission to commemorate the bicentennial of the establishment of the Democratic Party of the United States.</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S.2047+%E2%80%93+A+bill+to+establish+a+commission+to+commemorate+the+bicentennial+of+the+establishment+of+the+Democratic+Party+of+the+United+States.&rft.date=1991&rft.au=102nd+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F102nd-congress%2Fsenate-bill%2F2047%2Ftext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span> "In 1992, the Democratic Party of the United States will celebrate the 200th anniversary of its establishment on May 13, 1792... Thomas Jefferson founded the first political party in the United States, the Democratic Party, which was originally known as the Republican Party."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larson_2007-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Larson_2007_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Larson" title="Edward J. Larson">Larson, Edward J.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MXcCdlmwwecC"><i>A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America's First Presidential Campaign</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743293174" title="Special:BookSources/9780743293174"><bdi>9780743293174</bdi></a>. <q>The divisions between Adams and Jefferson were exasperated by the more extreme views expressed by some of their partisans, particularly the High Federalists led by Hamilton on what was becoming known as the political right, and the democratic wing of the Republican Party on the left, associated with New York Governor George Clinton and Pennsylvania legislator Albert Gallatin, among others.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Magnificent+Catastrophe%3A+The+Tumultuous+Election+of+1800%2C+America%27s+First+Presidential+Campaign&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780743293174&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMXcCdlmwwecC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhio_History_Connection" class="citation web cs1">Ohio History Connection. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Democratic-Republican_Party">"Democratic-Republican Party"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ohio_History_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio History Central">Ohio History Central</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2017</span>. <q>Democratic-Republicans favored keeping the U.S. economy based on agriculture and said that the U.S. should serve as the agricultural provider for the rest of the world [...]. Economically, the Democratic-Republicans wanted to remain a predominantly agricultural nation, [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ohio+History+Central&rft.atitle=Democratic-Republican+Party&rft.au=Ohio+History+Connection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohiohistorycentral.org%2Fw%2FDemocratic-Republican_Party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeasley1972" class="citation journal cs1">Beasley, James R. (1972). "Emerging Republicanism and the Standing Order: The Appropriation Act Controversy in Connecticut, 1793 to 1795". <i>The William and Mary Quarterly</i>. <b>29</b> (4): 604. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1917394">10.2307/1917394</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1917394">1917394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Emerging+Republicanism+and+the+Standing+Order%3A+The+Appropriation+Act+Controversy+in+Connecticut%2C+1793+to+1795&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=604&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1917394&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1917394%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Beasley&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2001" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Ian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=apstK1qIvvMC&pg=PA32"><i>Political Ideology Today</i></a> (reprinted, revised ed.). Manchester: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719060205" title="Special:BookSources/9780719060205"><bdi>9780719060205</bdi></a>. <q>Ideologically, all US parties are liberal and always have been. Essentially they espouse classical liberalism, that is a form of democratized Whig constitutionalism plus the free market. The point of difference comes with the influence of social liberalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Ideology+Today&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=32&rft.edition=reprinted%2C+revised&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780719060205&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DapstK1qIvvMC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Democratic-Republican-Party">"Democratic-Republican Party"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. July 20, 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2017</span>. <q>The Republicans contended that the Federalists harboured aristocratic attitudes and that their policies placed too much power in the central government and tended to benefit the affluent at the expense of the common man.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Democratic-Republican+Party&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1998-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FDemocratic-Republican-Party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matthews_1984_p.-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matthews_1984_p._8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1984" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Richard K. (1984). <i>The radical politics of Thomas Jefferson: a revisionist view</i>. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0256-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0256-9"><bdi>0-7006-0256-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10605658">10605658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+radical+politics+of+Thomas+Jefferson%3A+a+revisionist+view&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+KS&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10605658&rft.isbn=0-7006-0256-9&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Richard+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood" class="citation book cs1">Wood. <i>The American Revolution</i>. p. 100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Revolution&rft.pages=100&rft.au=Wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pop_style-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pop_style_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsen2010" class="citation web cs1">Olsen, Henry (Summer 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/populism-american-style">"Populism, American Style"</a>. National Affairs<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2021</span>. <q>Amid the passion and the anger, Jefferson and Madison's Republican Party — the forerunner of today's Democrats — won the day; the coalition they built then proceeded to win every national election until 1824... The elections of 1828 and 1832 saw the ruling Republicans break into two factions: The minority faction — headed by incumbent president John Quincy Adams — became the National Republicans (and then the Whigs); it drew its support from the mercantile regions of the country, mainly New England and the large cities of the South. Members of the majority faction, meanwhile, renamed themselves the Democrats under the leadership of Andrew Jackson.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Populism%2C+American+Style&rft.pub=National+Affairs&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalaffairs.com%2Fpublications%2Fdetail%2Fpopulism-american-style&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Cobb, Jelani (March 8, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/03/15/what-is-happening-to-the-republicans">"What is Happening to the Republicans?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2022</span>. <q>In the uproar that ensued, the Party split, with each side laying claim to a portion of its name: the smaller faction, led by Adams, became the short-lived National Republicans; the larger, led by Jackson, became the Democratic Party.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=What+is+Happening+to+the+Republicans%3F&rft.date=2021-03-08&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jelani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2021%2F03%2F15%2Fwhat-is-happening-to-the-republicans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GWelections-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GWelections_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnott2016" class="citation web cs1">Knott, Stephen (October 4, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/washington/campaigns-and-elections">"George Washington: Campaigns and Elections"</a>. Charlottesville, Virginia: Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728033729/https://millercenter.org/president/washington/campaigns-and-elections">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Washington%3A+Campaigns+and+Elections&rft.place=Charlottesville%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft.aulast=Knott&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fwashington%2Fcampaigns-and-elections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichley200025,_29-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReichley200025,_29_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReichley2000">Reichley (2000)</a>, pp. 25, 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerling2009">Ferling (2009)</a>, pp. 282–284</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerling2009">Ferling (2009)</a>, pp. 292–293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerling2009">Ferling (2009)</a>, pp. 293–298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBordewich2016">Bordewich (2016)</a>, pp. 244–252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200544–45-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200544–45_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, pp. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200545–48-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200545–48_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, pp. 45–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood2009">Wood (2009)</a>, pp. 150–151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1980174–175-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1980174–175_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1980">Thompson (1980)</a>, pp. 174–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-drname-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-drname_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-drname_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>The Aurora General Advertiser</i> (Philadelphia), April. 30, 1795, p. 3; <i>New Hampshire Gazette</i> (Portsmouth), October 15, 1796, p. 3; <i>Claypoole's American Daily Advertiser</i> (Philadelphia), October 10, 1797, p. 3; <i>Columbian Centinel</i> (Boston), September 15, 1798, p. 2; <i>Alexandria (VA) Times</i>, October 8, 1798, p. 2; <i>Daily Advertiser</i> (New York), September 22, 1800, p. 2 & November 25, 1800, p. 2; <i>The Oracle of Dauphin</i> (Harrisburg), October 6, 1800, p. 3; <i>Federal Gazette</i> (Baltimore), October 23, 1800, p. 3; <i>The Spectator</i> (New York), October 25, 1800, p. 3; <i>Poulson's American Daily Advertiser</i> (Philadelphia), November 19, 1800, p. 3; <i>Windham (CT) Herald</i>, November 20, 1800, p. 2; <i>City Gazette</i> (Charleston), November 22, 1800, p. 2; <i>The American Mercury</i> (Hartford), November 27, 1800, p. 3; and <i><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Telegraphe" title="Constitutional Telegraphe">Constitutional Telegraphe</a></i> (Boston), November 29, 1800, p. 3.<br />After 1802, some local organizations slowly began merging "Democratic" into their own name and became known as the "Democratic Republicans". Examples include <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mtj1&fileName=mtj1page025.db&recNum=1138">1802</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/rbpebib:@OR%28@field%28AUTHOR+@3%28Independent+Republican+Citizens,+Philadelphia+County++%29%29+@field%28OTHER+@3%28Independent+Republican+Citizens,+Philadelphia+County++%29%29%29">1803</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/S?ammem/rbpebib:@OR%28@field%28TITLE+@od1%28To+the+Democratic+Republican+electors,+of+the+State+of+Pennsylvania++Fellow+Citizens++The+choice+of+electors+of+the+President+and+Vice-President,+is+to+be+made+on+Friday,+the+2d+of+November+++++Benjamin+Franklin+Bache++%5B1804+++%29%29+@field%28ALTTITLE+@od1%28To+the+Democratic+Republican+electors,+of+the+State+of+Pennsylvania++Fellow+Citizens++The+choice+of+electors+of+the+President+and+Vice-President,+is+to+be+made+on+Friday,+the+2d+of+November+++++Benjamin+Franklin+Bache++%5B1804+++%29%29%29">1804</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(sj003543))">1804</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/rbpebib:@OR%28@field%28AUTHOR+@3%28Democratic+Republican+corresponding+committee++Newcastle+County++Delaware++%29%29+@field%28OTHER+@3%28Democratic+Republican+corresponding+committee++Newcastle+County++Delaware++%29%29%29">1805</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mtj1&fileName=mtj1page036.db&recNum=1114">1806</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mtj1&fileName=mtj1page037.db&recNum=643">1807</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mtj1&fileName=mtj1page041.db&recNum=667">1808</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mtj1&fileName=mtj1page043.db&recNum=1023">1809</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood2009">Wood (2009)</a>, pp. 161–162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerling2009">Ferling (2009)</a>, pp. 299–302, 309–311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200560,_64–65-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200560,_64–65_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, pp. 60, 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner found only two that used the actual term "Democratic-Republican", including the "Democratic-Republican Society of Dumfries", Virginia, 1794. Philip S. Foner, <i>The Democratic-Republican Societies, 1790-1800: A Documentary Source-book of Constitutions, Declarations, Addresses, Resolutions, and Toasts</i> (1977) pp 350, 370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferling300s-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ferling300s_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerling2009">Ferling (2009)</a>, pp. 323–328, 338–344</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerling2003">Ferling (2003)</a>, pp. 397–400</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200572–73,_86-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200572–73,_86_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, pp. 72–73, 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcdonald178181-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcdonald178181_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcdonald178181_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonald1974">McDonald (1974)</a>, pp. 178–181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JAelections-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JAelections_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2016" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, C. James (October 4, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/adams/campaigns-and-elections">"John Adams: Campaigns and Elections"</a>. Charlottesville, Virginia: Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Adams%3A+Campaigns+and+Elections&rft.place=Charlottesville%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=C.+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fadams%2Fcampaigns-and-elections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeale2016" class="citation cs2">Neale, Thomas H. (November 3, 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40504.pdf"><i>Contingent Election of the President and Vice President by Congress: Perspectives and Contemporary Analysis</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Congressional Research Service</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contingent+Election+of+the+President+and+Vice+President+by+Congress%3A+Perspectives+and+Contemporary+Analysis&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2016-11-03&rft.aulast=Neale&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FR40504.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200577–78-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200577–78_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, pp. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200580–82-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200580–82_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, pp. 80–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200578–79-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200578–79_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, pp. 78–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200585–87-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200585–87_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, pp. 85–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200586,_91–92-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200586,_91–92_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, pp. 86, 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1989" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, Edward C. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/987049">"A "Wild Irishman" under Every Federalist's Bed: Naturalization in Philadelphia, 1789-1806"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i>. <b>133</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">178–</span>189. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-049X">0003-049X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/987049">987049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=A+%22Wild+Irishman%22+under+Every+Federalist%27s+Bed%3A+Naturalization+in+Philadelphia%2C+1789-1806&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E189&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F987049%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0003-049X&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Edward+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F987049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilmore-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gilmore_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmoreParkhillRoulston2018" class="citation book cs1">Gilmore, Peter; Parkhill, Trevor; Roulston, William (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancestryireland.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Exiles-lo-res.pdf"><i>Exiles of '98: Ulster Presbyterians and the United States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Belfast, UK: Ulster Historical Foundation. pp. <span class="nowrap">25–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781909556621" title="Special:BookSources/9781909556621"><bdi>9781909556621</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exiles+of+%2798%3A+Ulster+Presbyterians+and+the+United+States&rft.place=Belfast%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.pub=Ulster+Historical+Foundation&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781909556621&rft.aulast=Gilmore&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Parkhill%2C+Trevor&rft.au=Roulston%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancestryireland.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F03%2FExiles-lo-res.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisberger2011" class="citation book cs1">Weisberger, Bernard A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YXU3KFC9lOcC"><i>America Afire: Jefferson, Adams, and the First Contested Election</i></a>. 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(1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20091178">"William Duane, Philadelphia's Democratic Republicans, and the Origins of Modern Politics"</a>. <i>The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i>. <b>101</b> (3): (365–387) 368. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-4587">0031-4587</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20091178">20091178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pennsylvania+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=William+Duane%2C+Philadelphia%27s+Democratic+Republicans%2C+and+the+Origins+of+Modern+Politics&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%28365-387%29+368&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20091178%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0031-4587&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Kim+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20091178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200592–94-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200592–94_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, pp. 92–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200597–98-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200597–98_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, pp. 97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1975">Brown (1975)</a>, pp. 165–166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1975">Brown (1975)</a>, pp. 198–200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200599–100-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200599–100_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, pp. 99–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200595–97-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200595–97_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, pp. 95–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005101–102-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005101–102_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, pp. 101–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2009291–296-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2009291–296_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood2009">Wood (2009)</a>, pp. 291–296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bailey2007">Bailey, 2007</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Chernow04">Chernow, 2004</a>, p. 671.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald197641–42-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald197641–42_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonald1976">McDonald (1976)</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2009293-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2009293_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood2009">Wood (2009)</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meacham387-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meacham387_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Meacham">Meacham, 2012</a>, p. 387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Appleby6569-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Appleby6569_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appleby, 2003, pp. 65–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Appleby,_2003,_pp._7–8,_61–63-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Appleby,_2003,_pp._7–8,_61–63_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appleby, 2003, pp. 7–8, 61–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2009357–359-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2009357–359_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood2009">Wood (2009)</a>, pp. 357–359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleby200363–64-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppleby200363–64_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppleby2003">Appleby (2003)</a>, pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENugent200861–62-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugent200861–62_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNugent2008">Nugent (2008)</a>, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005108-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005108_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005108_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodriguez97-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rodriguez97_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rodriguez">Rodriguez, 2002</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleby200364–65-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppleby200364–65_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppleby2003">Appleby (2003)</a>, pp. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2009369–370-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2009369–370_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood2009">Wood (2009)</a>, pp. 369–370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005115–116-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe (2007)</a>, pp. 82–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham199615–18-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham199615–18_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunningham1996">Cunningham (1996)</a>, pp. 15–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham199618–19-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham199618–19_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunningham1996">Cunningham (1996)</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe93–94-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe93–94_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe">Howe</a>, pp. 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham199619–21-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham199619–21_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunningham1996">Cunningham (1996)</a>, pp. 19–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JM:DA-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JM:DA_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/monroe/domestic-affairs">"James Monroe: Domestic Affairs"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Monroe%3A+Domestic+Affairs&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fmonroe%2Fdomestic-affairs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005206–207-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005206–207_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, pp. 206–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005209–210,_251–252-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005209–210,_251–252_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, pp. 209–210, 251–252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005217-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005217_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007147-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007147_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe (2007)</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham199628–29-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham199628–29_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunningham1996">Cunningham (1996)</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2004376-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2004376_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2004">Wilentz (2004)</a>, p. 376: "[T]he sectional divisions among the Jeffersonian Republicans...offers historical paradoxes...in which hard-line slaveholding Southern Republicans rejected the egalitarian ideals of the slaveholder [Thomas] Jefferson while the antislavery Northern Republicans upheld them – even as Jefferson himself supported slavery's expansion on purportedly antislavery grounds.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2004380,_386-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2004380,_386_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2004">Wilentz (2004)</a>, pp. 380, 386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham1996101–103-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham1996101–103_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunningham1996">Cunningham (1996)</a>, pp. 101–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham1996103–104-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham1996103–104_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunningham1996">Cunningham (1996)</a>, pp. 103–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParsons200970–72-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParsons200970–72_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParsons2009">Parsons (2009)</a>, pp. 70–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParsons200979–86-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParsons200979–86_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParsons2009">Parsons (2009)</a>, pp. 79–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplan2014386–389-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaplan2014386–389_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaplan2014386–389_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaplan2014">Kaplan (2014)</a>, pp. 386–389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplan2014391–393,_398-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaplan2014391–393,_398_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaplan2014391–393,_398_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaplan2014">Kaplan (2014)</a>, pp. 391–393, 398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005254–255-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005254–255_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005254–255_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, pp. 254–255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005256–257-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005256–257_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, pp. 256–257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParsons2009">Parsons (2009)</a>, pp. 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaplan2014">Kaplan (2014)</a>, pp. 402–403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParsons2009">Parsons (2009)</a>, pp. 114–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParsons2009">Parsons (2009)</a>, pp. 127–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howe_2007_251-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Howe_2007_251_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe (2007)</a>, p. 251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe (2007)</a>, pp. 275–277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe (2007)</a>, pp. 279–280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParsons2009">Parsons (2009)</a>, pp. 181–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe (2007)</a>, pp. 281–283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParsons2009">Parsons (2009)</a>, pp. 185–187, 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Republican_name_1-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Republican_name_1_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For examples of original quotes and documents from various states, see Cunningham, Noble E., <i>Jeffersonian Republicans: The Formation of Party Organization: 1789–1801</i> (1957), pp. 48, 63–66, 97, 99, 103, 110, 111, 112, 144, 151, 153, 156, 157, 161, 163, 188, 196, 201, 204, 213, 218 and 234.<br />See also "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=rbpe&fileName=rbpe09/rbpe099/09901000/rbpe09901000.db&recNum=1&itemLink=r?ammem/rbpebib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28rbpe+09901000%29%29:&linkText=0">Address of the Republican committee of the County of Gloucester, New-Jersey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171021164216/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=rbpe&fileName=rbpe09%2Frbpe099%2F09901000%2Frbpe09901000.db&recNum=1&itemLink=r%3Fammem%2Frbpebib%3A%40field%28NUMBER+%40band%28rbpe+09901000%29%29%3A&linkText=0">Archived</a> October 21, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Gloucester County, December 15, 1800.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Republican_name_2-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Republican_name_2_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jefferson used the term "republican party" in a letter to Washington in May 1792 to refer to those in Congress who were his allies and who supported the existing republican constitution. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/mtj:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28tj060237%29%29">"Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, May 23, 1792"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson+to+George+Washington%2C+May+23%2C+1792&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Fammem%2Fmtj%3A%40field%2528DOCID%2B%40lit%2528tj060237%2529%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span> At a conference with Washington a year later, Jefferson referred to "what is called the republican party here". Bergh, ed. <i>Writings of Thomas Jefferson</i> (1907) 1:385, 8:345</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mjm&fileName=05/mjm05.db&recNum=591">"James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, March 2, 1794"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Madison+to+Thomas+Jefferson%2C+March+2%2C+1794&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fampage%3FcollId%3Dmjm%26fileName%3D05%2Fmjm05.db%26recNum%3D591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span> "I see by a paper of last evening that even in New York a meeting of the people has taken place, at the instance of the Republican party, and that a committee is appointed for the like purpose." See also: Smith, 832.<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mjm&fileName=11/mjm11.db&recNum=94">"James Madison to William Hayward, March 21, 1809. Address to the Republicans of Talbot Co. Maryland"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Madison+to+William+Hayward%2C+March+21%2C+1809.+Address+to+the+Republicans+of+Talbot+Co.+Maryland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fampage%3FcollId%3Dmjm%26fileName%3D11%2Fmjm11.db%26recNum%3D94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/mtj:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28tj060237%29%29">"Thomas Jefferson to John Melish, January 13, 1813"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson+to+John+Melish%2C+January+13%2C+1813&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Fammem%2Fmtj%3A%40field%2528DOCID%2B%40lit%2528tj060237%2529%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span> "The party called republican is steadily for the support of the present constitution"<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mjm&fileName=17/mjm17.db&recNum=308">"James Madison to Baltimore Republican Committee, April 22, 1815"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Madison+to+Baltimore+Republican+Committee%2C+April+22%2C+1815&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fampage%3FcollId%3Dmjm%26fileName%3D17%2Fmjm17.db%26recNum%3D308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mjm&fileName=20/mjm20.db&recNum=428">"James Madison to William Eustis, May 22, 1823"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Madison+to+William+Eustis%2C+May+22%2C+1823&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fampage%3FcollId%3Dmjm%26fileName%3D20%2Fmjm20.db%26recNum%3D428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I6tLmjLqRfAC&pg=PA317">Transcript</a>. "The people are now able every where to compare the principles and policy of those who have borne the name of Republicans or Democrats with the career of the adverse party and to see and feel that the former are as much in harmony with the Spirit of the Nation as the latter was at variance with both."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Banning, 79–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199917-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199917_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1999">Brown (1999)</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnuf2019" class="citation news cs1">Onuf, Peter (August 12, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/jefferson/impact-and-legacy">"Thomas Jefferson: Impact and Legacy"</a>. Miller Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Thomas+Jefferson%3A+Impact+and+Legacy&rft.date=2019-08-12&rft.aulast=Onuf&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fjefferson%2Fimpact-and-legacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/defense/energy-government-and-defense-magazines/jeffersonian-republican-party">"Jeffersonian Republican Party"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia.com</i>. The Gale Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Jeffersonian+Republican+Party&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdefense%2Fenergy-government-and-defense-magazines%2Fjeffersonian-republican-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster1843" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noah_Webster" title="Noah Webster">Webster, Noah</a> (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acollectionpape00websgoog"><i>A Collection of Papers on Political, Literary, and Moral Subjects</i></a>. Webster & Clark. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acollectionpape00websgoog/page/n338">332</a>. <q>From the time when the anti-federal party assumed the more popular appellation of republican, which was soon after the arrival of the French minister in 1793, that epithet became a powerful instrument in the process of making proselytes to the party. The influence of names on the mass of mankind, was never more distinctly exhibited, than in the increase of the democratic party in the United States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Collection+of+Papers+on+Political%2C+Literary%2C+and+Moral+Subjects&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Webster+%26+Clark&rft.date=1843&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facollectionpape00websgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJandaBerryGoldmanDeborah2015" class="citation book cs1">Janda, Kenneth; Berry, Jeffrey M.; Goldman, Jerry; Deborah, Deborah (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VZ6aBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA212"><i>The Challenge of Democracy: American Government in Global Politics 13th ed</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781305537439" title="Special:BookSources/9781305537439"><bdi>9781305537439</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Challenge+of+Democracy%3A+American+Government+in+Global+Politics+13th+ed.&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781305537439&rft.aulast=Janda&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Berry%2C+Jeffrey+M.&rft.au=Goldman%2C+Jerry&rft.au=Deborah%2C+Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVZ6aBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a private letter in September 1798, George Washington wrote, "You could as soon as scrub the blackamore white, as to change the principles of a profest Democrat; and that he will leave nothing unattempted to overturn the Government of this Country." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Washington1939" class="citation book cs1">George Washington (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x4GyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA474"><i>The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources 1745-1799 Volume 36 August 4, 1797-October 28, 1798</i></a>. Best Books on. p. 474. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781623764463" title="Special:BookSources/9781623764463"><bdi>9781623764463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Writings+of+George+Washington+from+the+Original+Manuscript+Sources+1745-1799+Volume+36+August+4%2C+1797-October+28%2C+1798&rft.pages=474&rft.pub=Best+Books+on&rft.date=1939&rft.isbn=9781623764463&rft.au=George+Washington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx4GyAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sharp/-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sharp/_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Roger Sharp, <i>American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis</i> (1993).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199919-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199919_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1999">Brown (1999)</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichley200052-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReichley200052_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReichley2000">Reichley (2000)</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susan Dunn, <i>Jefferson's second revolution: the election crisis of 1800 and the triumph of republicanism</i> (HMH, 2004) p 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleby20031–5-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppleby20031–5_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppleby2003">Appleby (2003)</a>, pp. 1–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichley200057-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReichley200057_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReichley2000">Reichley (2000)</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichley200055–56-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReichley200055–56_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReichley2000">Reichley (2000)</a>, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichley200051–52-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReichley200051–52_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReichley2000">Reichley (2000)</a>, pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald197642–43-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald197642–43_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonald1976">McDonald (1976)</a>, pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199919–20-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199919–20_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1999">Brown (1999)</a>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichley200035–36-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReichley200035–36_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReichley2000">Reichley (2000)</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2009357–358-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2009357–358_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood2009">Wood (2009)</a>, pp. 357–358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JMforeign-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JMforeign_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/monroe/foreign-affairs">"James Monroe: Foreign Affairs"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Monroe%3A+Foreign+Affairs&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fmonroe%2Fforeign-affairs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005136–137-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005136–137_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, pp. 136–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005218–221-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005218–221_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005218–221_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, pp. 218–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005225–227-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005225–227_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, pp. 225–227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005228–229-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005228–229_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, pp. 228–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichley200036–37-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReichley200036–37_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReichley2000">Reichley (2000)</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2009166–168-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2009166–168_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood2009">Wood (2009)</a>, pp. 166–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2009168–171-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2009168–171_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood2009">Wood (2009)</a>, pp. 168–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichley200054-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReichley200054_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReichley2000">Reichley (2000)</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005100-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005100_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005105–107-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005105–107_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, pp. 105–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005144–148-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005144–148_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, pp. 144–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005202–203-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005202–203_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, pp. 202–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005241–242-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005241–242_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, pp. 241–242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005294–296-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2005294–296_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz (2005)</a>, pp. 294–296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey L. Pasley. <i>"The Tyranny of Printers": Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic</i> (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham1957167-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham1957167_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunningham1957">Cunningham (1957)</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tinkcom, 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham1956" class="citation journal cs1">Cunningham, Noble E. (1956). "John Beckley: An Early American Party Manager". <i>The William and Mary Quarterly</i>. <b>13</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">40–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1923388">10.2307/1923388</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1923388">1923388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=John+Beckley%3A+An+Early+American+Party+Manager&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1923388&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1923388%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Noble+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cunningham (1963), 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199918–19-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199918–19_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1999">Brown (1999)</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007582-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007582_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe (2007)</a>, p. 582.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/tp&CISOPTR=46379&CISOSHOW=46363">"<i>The Origin of the Republican Party</i>, A.F. Gilman, Ripon College, 1914"</a>. Content.wisconsinhistory.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+the+Republican+Party%2C+A.F.+Gilman%2C+Ripon+College%2C+1914&rft.pub=Content.wisconsinhistory.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.wisconsinhistory.org%2Fcdm4%2Fdocument.php%3FCISOROOT%3D%2Ftp%26CISOPTR%3D46379%26CISOSHOW%3D46363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gould (2003), p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe200766,_275,_897-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe200766,_275,_897_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe (2007)</a>, pp. 66, 275, 897.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipset1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipset" title="Seymour Martin Lipset">Lipset, Seymour Martin</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/politicalmansoci00inlips#page/292/mode/2up"><i>Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics</i></a>. Garden City, N.Y.,: Doubleday. p. 292.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Man%3A+The+Social+Bases+of+Politics&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=Garden+City%2C+N.Y.%2C%3A+Doubleday&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Lipset&rft.aufirst=Seymour+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fpoliticalmansoci00inlips%23page%2F292%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemini2008" class="citation book cs1">Remini, Robert V. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D8VbWdnrWmkC&pg=PA180"><i>Andrew Jackson</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230614703" title="Special:BookSources/9780230614703"><bdi>9780230614703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Jackson&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780230614703&rft.aulast=Remini&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD8VbWdnrWmkC%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagel1994" class="citation book cs1">Nagel, Stuart (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xJHKeXEhn4MC&pg=PA503"><i>Encyclopedia of Policy Studies</i></a> (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">503–</span>504. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824791421" title="Special:BookSources/9780824791421"><bdi>9780824791421</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Policy+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E503-%3C%2Fspan%3E504&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780824791421&rft.aulast=Nagel&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxJHKeXEhn4MC%26pg%3DPA503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831001556/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=rbpe&fileName=rbpe19%2Frbpe192%2F1920070a%2Frbpe1920070a.db&recNum=0">"Anti-Caucus/Caucus"</a>. Washington Republican. February 6, 1824. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=rbpe&fileName=rbpe19/rbpe192/1920070a/rbpe1920070a.db&recNum=0">the original</a> on August 31, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Anti-Caucus%2FCaucus&rft.date=1824-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fampage%3FcollId%3Drbpe%26fileName%3Drbpe19%2Frbpe192%2F1920070a%2Frbpe1920070a.db%26recNum%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham195782-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham195782_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunningham1957">Cunningham (1957)</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/history/partydiv.htm">"Party Division"</a>. <i>United States Senate</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Senate&rft.atitle=Party+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fhistory%2Fpartydiv.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.house.gov/Institution/Party-Divisions/Party-Divisions/">"Party Divisions of the House of Representatives, 1789 to Present"</a>. <i>United States House of Representatives</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+House+of+Representatives&rft.atitle=Party+Divisions+of+the+House+of+Representatives%2C+1789+to+Present&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.gov%2FInstitution%2FParty-Divisions%2FParty-Divisions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic-Republican_Party&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppleby2003" class="citation book cs1">Appleby, Joyce Oldham (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7hWOpH0d3E8C"><i>Thomas Jefferson: The American Presidents Series: The 3rd President, 1801–1809</i></a>. Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805069242" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805069242"><bdi>978-0805069242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson%3A+The+American+Presidents+Series%3A+The+3rd+President%2C+1801%E2%80%931809&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0805069242&rft.aulast=Appleby&rft.aufirst=Joyce+Oldham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7hWOpH0d3E8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bailey2007" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Jeremy D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mWu7GGgkDJUC"><i>Thomas Jefferson and Executive Power</i></a>. Twenty-First Century Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139466295" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139466295"><bdi>978-1139466295</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson+and+Executive+Power&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1139466295&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmWu7GGgkDJUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanning1978" class="citation book cs1">Banning, Lance (1978). <i>The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jeffersonian+Persuasion%3A+Evolution+of+a+Party+Ideology&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Banning&rft.aufirst=Lance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jeffersonianpers0000bann">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordewich2016" class="citation book cs1">Bordewich, Fergus M. (2016). <i>The First Congress</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-45169193-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-45169193-1"><bdi>978-1-45169193-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Congress&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-45169193-1&rft.aulast=Bordewich&rft.aufirst=Fergus+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1999" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, David (1999). "Jeffersonian Ideology and the Second Party System". <i>Wiley</i>. <b>62</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">17–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24450533">24450533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wiley&rft.atitle=Jeffersonian+Ideology+and+the+Second+Party+System&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24450533%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1975" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Ralph A. (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofjohn0000brow"><i>The Presidency of John Adams</i></a></span>. American Presidency Series. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0134-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0134-1"><bdi>0-7006-0134-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+John+Adams&rft.series=American+Presidency+Series&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-7006-0134-1&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Ralph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofjohn0000brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Chernow04" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Chernow, Ron</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher"><i>Alexander Hamilton</i></a></span>. Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594200090" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594200090"><bdi>978-1594200090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1594200090&rft.aulast=Chernow&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexanderhamilto00cher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham1996" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Noble (1996). <i>The Presidency of James Monroe</i>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0728-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0728-5"><bdi>0-7006-0728-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+James+Monroe&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7006-0728-5&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Noble&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham1957" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Noble E. Jr. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jeffersonianrepu0000cunn"><i>The Jeffersonian Republicans: The formation of Party Organization, 1789–1801</i></a>. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-835-73909-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-835-73909-2"><bdi>978-0-835-73909-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jeffersonian+Republicans%3A+The+formation+of+Party+Organization%2C+1789%E2%80%931801&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0-835-73909-2&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Noble+E.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjeffersonianrepu0000cunn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham1963" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Noble E. Jr. (1963). <i>The Jeffersonian Republicans in Power: Party Operations 1801–1809</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jeffersonian+Republicans+in+Power%3A+Party+Operations+1801%E2%80%931809&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Noble+E.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerling2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_E._Ferling" title="John E. Ferling">Ferling, John</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leapindark00ferl"><i>A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515924-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515924-1"><bdi>0-19-515924-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Leap+in+the+Dark%3A+The+Struggle+to+Create+the+American+Republic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-515924-1&rft.aulast=Ferling&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleapindark00ferl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerling2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_E._Ferling" title="John E. Ferling">Ferling, John</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ascentofgeorgewa00ferl"><i>The Ascent of George Washington: The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon</i></a>. New York: Bloomsbury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59691-465-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59691-465-0"><bdi>978-1-59691-465-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ascent+of+George+Washington%3A+The+Hidden+Political+Genius+of+an+American+Icon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59691-465-0&rft.aulast=Ferling&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fascentofgeorgewa00ferl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2003" class="citation book cs1">Gould, Lewis (2003). <i>Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans</i>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-50741-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-50741-8"><bdi>0-375-50741-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grand+Old+Party%3A+A+History+of+the+Republicans&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-375-50741-8&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span> concerns the party founded in 1854.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Walker_Howe" title="Daniel Walker Howe">Howe, Daniel Walker</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whathathgodwroug00howe"><i>What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848</i></a>. Oxford History of the United States. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507894-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507894-7"><bdi>978-0-19-507894-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/122701433">122701433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Hath+God+Wrought%3A+The+Transformation+of+America%2C+1815%E2%80%931848&rft.series=Oxford+History+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F122701433&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507894-7&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhathathgodwroug00howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2014" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Fred (2014). <i>John Quincy Adams: American Visionary</i>. HarperCollins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Quincy+Adams%3A+American+Visionary&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Forrest_McDonald" title="Forrest McDonald">McDonald, Forrest</a> (1974). <i>The Presidency of George Washington</i>. American Presidency. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0359-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0359-6"><bdi>978-0-7006-0359-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+George+Washington&rft.series=American+Presidency&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0359-6&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Forrest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald1976" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Forrest (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofthom0000mcdo"><i>The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson</i></a></span>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700603305" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700603305"><bdi>978-0700603305</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Thomas+Jefferson&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0700603305&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Forrest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofthom0000mcdo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Meacham" class="citation book cs1">Meacham, Jon (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thomasjeffersona00meac"><i>Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power</i></a></span>. Random House LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679645368" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679645368"><bdi>978-0679645368</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson%3A+The+Art+of+Power&rft.pub=Random+House+LLC&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0679645368&rft.aulast=Meacham&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthomasjeffersona00meac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNugent2008" class="citation book cs1">Nugent, Walter (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/habitsofempirehi00nuge"><i>Habits of Empire: A History of American Expansion</i></a></span>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400042920" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400042920"><bdi>978-1400042920</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Habits+of+Empire%3A+A+History+of+American+Expansion&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1400042920&rft.aulast=Nugent&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhabitsofempirehi00nuge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons2009" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, Lynn H. (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/birthofmodernpol00lynn"><i>The Birth of Modern Politics: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and the Election of 1828</i></a></span>. Oxford Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531287-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531287-4"><bdi>978-0-19-531287-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Modern+Politics%3A+Andrew+Jackson%2C+John+Quincy+Adams%2C+and+the+Election+of+1828&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531287-4&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Lynn+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbirthofmodernpol00lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichley2000" class="citation book cs1">Reichley, A. James (2000) [1992]. <i>The Life of the Parties: A History of American Political Parties</i> (Paperback ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-0888-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-0888-9"><bdi>0-7425-0888-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+the+Parties%3A+A+History+of+American+Political+Parties&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7425-0888-9&rft.aulast=Reichley&rft.aufirst=A.+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutland1990" class="citation book cs1">Rutland, Robert A (1990). <i>The Presidency of James Madison</i>. Univ. Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700604654" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700604654"><bdi>978-0700604654</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+James+Madison&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0700604654&rft.aulast=Rutland&rft.aufirst=Robert+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1980" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Harry C. (1980). "The Second Place in Rome: John Adams as Vice President". <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>10</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">171–</span>178. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27547562">27547562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Second+Place+in+Rome%3A+John+Adams+as+Vice+President&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E178&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27547562%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Harry+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTinkcom1950" class="citation book cs1">Tinkcom, Harry M. (1950). <i>The Republicans and Federalists in Pennsylvania, 1790–1801</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republicans+and+Federalists+in+Pennsylvania%2C+1790%E2%80%931801&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Tinkcom&rft.aufirst=Harry+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilentz2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sean_Wilentz" title="Sean Wilentz">Wilentz, Sean</a> (September 2004). "Jeffersonian Democracy and the Origins of Political Antislavery in the United States: The Missouri Crisis Revisited". <i>Journal of the Historical Society</i>. <b>4</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">375–</span>401. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1529-921X.2004.00105.x">10.1111/j.1529-921X.2004.00105.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Jeffersonian+Democracy+and+the+Origins+of+Political+Antislavery+in+the+United+States%3A+The+Missouri+Crisis+Revisited&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E375-%3C%2Fspan%3E401&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1529-921X.2004.00105.x&rft.aulast=Wilentz&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilentz2005" class="citation book cs1">Wilentz, Sean (2005). <i>The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln</i>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05820-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-05820-4"><bdi>0-393-05820-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+American+Democracy%3A+Jefferson+to+Lincoln&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-393-05820-4&rft.aulast=Wilentz&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWills2002" class="citation book cs1">Wills, Garry (2002). <i>James Madison: The American Presidents Series: The 4th President, 1809-1817</i>. Times Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Madison%3A+The+American+Presidents+Series%3A+The+4th+President%2C+1809-1817&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=Garry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2009" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Gordon S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireoflibertyh00wood"><i>Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815</i></a>. Oxford History of the United States. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503914-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503914-6"><bdi>978-0-19-503914-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Liberty%3A+A+History+of+the+Early+Republic%2C+1789-1815&rft.series=Oxford+History+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503914-6&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Gordon+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireoflibertyh00wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic-Republican_Party&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Beard, Charles A. <i>Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy</i> (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicorigins01beargoog">online</a></li> <li>Brown, Stuart Gerry. <i>The First Republicans: Political Philosophy and Public Policy in the Party of Jefferson and Madison</i> 1954.</li> <li>Chambers, Wiliam Nisbet. <i>Political Parties in a New Nation: The American Experience, 1776–1809</i> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalparties0000cham_r7n3">online</a></li> <li>Cornell, Saul. <i>The Other Founders: Anti-Federalism and the Dissenting Tradition in America, 1788–1828</i> (1999) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2503-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2503-4">0-8078-2503-4</a>).</li> <li>Cunningham, Noble E., Jr. <i>The Process of Government Under Jefferson</i> (1978).</li> <li>Dawson, Matthew Q. <i>Partisanship and the Birth of America's Second Party, 1796–1800: Stop the Wheels of Government.</i> Greenwood, 2000.</li> <li>Dougherty, Keith L. "TRENDS: Creating Parties in Congress: The Emergence of a Social Network." <i>Political Research Quarterly</i> 73.4 (2020): 759–773. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Keith-Dougherty/publication/342499908_Creating_Parties_in_Congress_The_Emergence_of_a_Social_Network/links/6079ed11881fa114b409faef/Creating-Parties-in-Congress-The-Emergence-of-a-Social-Network.pdf">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Elkins" title="Stanley Elkins">Elkins, Stanley M.</a> and Eric McKitrick. <i>The Age of Federalism</i> (1995), detailed political history of 1790s.</li> <li>Ferling, John. <i>Adams Vs. Jefferson: The Tumultuous Election of 1800</i> (2004) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516771-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516771-6">0-19-516771-6</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_E._Ferling" title="John E. Ferling">Ferling, John</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ascentofgeorgewa00ferl"><i>The Ascent of George Washington: The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon</i></a>. New York: Bloomsbury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59691-465-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59691-465-0"><bdi>978-1-59691-465-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ascent+of+George+Washington%3A+The+Hidden+Political+Genius+of+an+American+Icon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59691-465-0&rft.aulast=Ferling&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fascentofgeorgewa00ferl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Goodman, Paul, ed. <i>The Federalists vs. the Jeffersonian Republicans</i> (1977) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/federalistsvsjef0000good/mode/1up">online</a>, short excerpts by leading historians</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2007" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Daniel Walker (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whathathgodwroug00howe"><i>What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America 1815–1848</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195078947" title="Special:BookSources/9780195078947"><bdi>9780195078947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Hath+God+Wrought%3A+The+Transformation+of+America+1815%E2%80%931848&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780195078947&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhathathgodwroug00howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Klein, Philip Shriver. <i>Pennsylvania Politics, 1817–1832: A Game without Rules</i> 1940.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Morison, Samuel Eliot</a> (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryof00mori"><i>The Oxford History of the American People</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+American+People&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryof00mori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Onuf, Peter S., ed. <i>Jeffersonian Legacies.</i> (1993) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-1462-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8139-1462-0">0-8139-1462-0</a>).</li> <li>Pasley, Jeffrey L. et al. eds. <i>Beyond the Founders: New Approaches to the Political History of the Early American Republic</i> (2004).</li> <li>Ray, Kristofer. "The Republicans Are the Nation? Thomas Jefferson, William Duane, and the Evolution of the Republican Coalition, 1809–1815." <i>American Nineteenth Century History</i> 14.3 (2013): 283–304.</li> <li>Risjord, Norman K.; <i>The Old Republicans: Southern Conservatism in the Age of Jefferson</i> (1965) on the Randolph faction.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Rodriguez" class="citation book cs1">Rodriguez, Junius (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qs7GAwwdzyQC"><i>The Louisiana Purchase: a historical and geographical encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576071885" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576071885"><bdi>978-1576071885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Louisiana+Purchase%3A+a+historical+and+geographical+encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1576071885&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Junius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQs7GAwwdzyQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sharp, James Roger. <i>American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis</i> (1993) detailed narrative of 1790s.</li> <li>Smelser, Marshall. <i>The Democratic Republic 1801–1815</i> (1968), survey of political history.</li> <li>Van Buren, Martin. Van Buren, Abraham, Van Buren, John, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inquiryintoorig00buregoog"><i>Inquiry Into the Origin and Course of Political Parties in the United States</i></a> (1867) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4181-2924-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-4181-2924-0">1-4181-2924-0</a>).</li> <li>Wiltse, Charles Maurice. <i>The Jeffersonian Tradition in American Democracy</i> (1935).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilentz,_2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sean_Wilentz" title="Sean Wilentz">Wilentz, Sean</a> (September 2004). "Jeffersonian Democracy and the Origins of Political Antislavery in the United States: The Missouri Crisis Revisited". <i>Journal of the Historical Society</i>. <b>4</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">375–</span>401. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1529-921X.2004.00105.x">10.1111/j.1529-921X.2004.00105.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Jeffersonian+Democracy+and+the+Origins+of+Political+Antislavery+in+the+United+States%3A+The+Missouri+Crisis+Revisited&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E375-%3C%2Fspan%3E401&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1529-921X.2004.00105.x&rft.aulast=Wilentz&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wills, Garry. <i>Henry Adams and the Making of America</i> (2005), a close reading of Henry Adams (1889–1891).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies">Biographies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic-Republican_Party&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Biographies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmon1971" class="citation book cs1">Ammon, Harry (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesmonroequest00ammo"><i>James Monroe: The Quest for National Identity</i></a></span>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780070015821" title="Special:BookSources/9780070015821"><bdi>9780070015821</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Monroe%3A+The+Quest+for+National+Identity&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780070015821&rft.aulast=Ammon&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesmonroequest00ammo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cunningham, Noble E. <i>In Pursuit of Reason The Life of Thomas Jefferson</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-35380-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-35380-3">0-345-35380-3</a>) (1987).</li> <li>Cunningham, Noble E., Jr. "John Beckley: An Early American Party Manager", <i>William and Mary Quarterly,</i> 13 (January 1956), 40–52, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/1923388">online</a></li> <li>Miller, John C. <i>Alexander Hamilton: Portrait in Paradox</i> (1959), full-scale biography. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto0000unse_t5i8/page/n7/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li>Peterson; Merrill D. <i>Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation: A Biography</i> (1975), full-scale biography.</li> <li>Remini, Robert. <i>Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union</i> (1991), a standard biography.</li> <li>Rutland, Robert A., ed. <i>James Madison and the American Nation, 1751–1836: An Encyclopedia</i> (1994).</li> <li>Schachner, Nathan. <i>Aaron Burr: A Biography</i> (1961), full-scale biography.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Unger" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlow Unger">Unger, Harlow G</a>.. "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306132439/http://dacapopress.com/book/paperback/the-last-founding-father/9780306819186">The Last Founding Father: James Monroe and a Nation's Call to Greatness</a></i>" (2009)</li> <li>Wiltse, Charles Maurice. <i>John C. Calhoun, Nationalist, 1782–1828</i> (1944).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_studies">State studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic-Republican_Party&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: State studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Beeman, Richard R. <i>The Old Dominion and the New Nation, 1788–1801</i> (1972), on Virginia politics.</li> <li>Formisano, Ronald P. <i>The Transformation of Political Culture. Massachusetts Parties, 1790s–1840s</i> (1984) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-503509-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-503509-7">0-19-503509-7</a>).</li> <li>Gilpatrick, Delbert Harold. <i>Jeffersonian Democracy in North Carolina, 1789–1816</i> (1931).</li> <li>Goodman, Paul. <i>The Democratic-Republicans of Massachusetts</i> (1964).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick1966" class="citation book cs1">McCormick, Richard P. (1966). <i>The Second Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Party+System%3A+Party+Formation+in+the+Jacksonian+Era&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic-Republican+Party" class="Z3988"></span> details the collapse state by state.</li> <li>Prince, Carl E. <i>New Jersey's Jeffersonian Republicans: The Genesis of an Early Party Machine, 1789–1817</i> (1967).</li> <li>Risjord; Norman K. <i>Chesapeake Politics, 1781–1800</i> (1978) on Virginia and Maryland.</li> <li>Young, Alfred F. <i>The Democratic Republicans of New York: The Origins, 1763–1797</i> (1967).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic-Republican_Party&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hale, Matthew Rainbow. "On their tiptoes: Political time and Newspapers during the Advent of the Radicalized French Revolution, circa 1792-1793." <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i> 29.2 (2009): 191–218. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40208197">online</a></li> <li>Humphrey, Carol Sue <i>The Press of the Young Republic, 1783–1833</i> (1996).</li> <li>Knudson, Jerry W. <i>Jefferson And the Press: Crucible of Liberty</i> (2006) how 4 Republican and 4 Federalist papers covered election of 1800; Thomas Paine; Louisiana Purchase; Hamilton-Burr duel; impeachment of Chase; and the embargo.</li> <li>Laracey, Mel. "The presidential newspaper as an engine of early American political development: The case of Thomas Jefferson and the election of 1800." <i>Rhetoric & Public Affairs</i> 11.1 (2008): 7-46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/26/article/240259/summary">excerpt</a></li> <li>Pasley, Jeffrey L. "The Two National" Gazettes": Newspapers and the Embodiment of American Political Parties." <i>Early American Literature</i> 35.1 (2000): 51-86. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25057179">online</a></li> <li>Pasley, Jeffrey L. <i> 'The Tyranny of Printers': Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic</i> (2003) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-2177-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8139-2177-5">0-8139-2177-5</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tyrannyofprinter00jeff">online</a></li> <li>Scherr, Arthur. " 'A Genuine Republican': Benjamin Franklin Bache's Remarks (1797), the Federalists, and Republican Civic Humanism." <i>Pennsylvania History</i> 80.2 (2013): 243-298. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.psu.edu/phj/article/download/61464/61089">online</a></li> <li>Stewart, Donald H. <i>The Opposition Press of the Federalist Era</i> (1968), highly detailed study of Republican newspapers.</li> <li>The complete text, searchable, of all early American newspapers are <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsbank.com/readex/?content=96">online</a> at Readex America's Historical Newspapers, available at research libraries.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic-Republican_Party&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adams, John Quincy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LsLzXcnfWWwC"><i>Memoirs of John Quincy Adams: Comprising Portions of His Diary from 1795 to 1848</i></a> Volume VII (1875) edited by Charles Francis Adams; (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8369-5021-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8369-5021-6">0-8369-5021-6</a>). Adams, son of the Federalist president, switched and became a Republican in 1808.</li> <li>Cunningham, Noble E., Jr., ed. <i>The Making of the American Party System 1789 to 1809</i> (1965) excerpts from primary sources.</li> <li>Cunningham, Noble E., Jr., ed. <i>Circular Letters of Congressmen to Their Constituents 1789–1829</i> (1978), 3 vol; reprints the political newsletters sent out by congressmen.</li> <li>Kirk, Russell ed. <i>John Randolph of Roanoke: A study in American politics, with selected speeches and letters</i>, 4th ed., Liberty Fund, 1997, 588 pp.  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86597-150-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-86597-150-1">0-86597-150-1</a>; Randolph was a leader of the "Old Republican" faction.</li> <li>McColley, Robert, ed. <i>Federalists, Republicans, and foreign entanglements, 1789-1815</i> (1969) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/federalistsrepub00mcco/mode/thumb">online</a>, primary sources on foreign policy</li> <li>Smith, James Morton, ed. <i>The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 1776–1826</i> Volume 2 (1994).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic-Republican_Party&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725105911/http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas/">A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voteview.com/parties/13/democratic-republican-party">Democratic-Republican Party ideology over time</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="First Party System">First Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Presidency of Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">Presidency of James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">Presidency of James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertium_quids" title="Tertium quids">Tertium quids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Presidential_elections">Presidential<br />tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Gerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a>/<a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Tompkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_presidential_election" title="1820 United States presidential election">1820</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a>/<a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Tompkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">Crawford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Muhlenberg" title="Frederick Muhlenberg">Frederick Muhlenberg</a> (1793–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Nathaniel Macon</a> (1801–1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradley_Varnum" title="Joseph Bradley Varnum">Joseph Bradley Varnum</a> (1807–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1811–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdon_Cheves" title="Langdon Cheves">Langdon Cheves</a> (1814–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1815–1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Taylor_(politician)" title="John W. Taylor (politician)">John W. Taylor</a> (1820–1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Philip P. Barbour</a> (1821–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1823–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">U.S. Cabinet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1790–1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Levi Lincoln Sr.</a> (1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (1801–1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Robert Smith</a> (1809–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (1811–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graham_(diplomat)" title="John Graham (diplomat)">John Graham</a> (1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (1817–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a> (1801–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">George W. Campbell</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Dallas_(statesman)" title="Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)">Alexander J. Dallas</a> (1814–1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(statesman)" title="William Jones (statesman)">William Jones</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (1816–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Henry Dearborn</a> (1801–1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">William Eustis</a> (1809–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">John Armstrong Jr.</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (1814–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Dallas_(statesman)" title="Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)">Alexander J. Dallas</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (1815–1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Graham_(soldier)" title="George Graham (soldier)">George Graham</a> (1816–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> (1817–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Levi Lincoln Sr.</a> (1801–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Breckinridge_(U.S._Attorney_General)" title="John Breckinridge (U.S. Attorney General)">John Breckinridge</a> (1805–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus_Rodney" title="Caesar Augustus Rodney">Caesar Augustus Rodney</a> (1807–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney" title="William Pinkney">William Pinkney</a> (1811–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wirt_(Attorney_General)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wirt (Attorney General)">William Wirt</a> (1817–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Robert Smith</a> (1801–1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hamilton_(politician)" title="Paul Hamilton (politician)">Paul Hamilton</a> (1809–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(statesman)" title="William Jones (statesman)">William Jones</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Williams_Crowninshield" title="Benjamin Williams Crowninshield">Benjamin Williams Crowninshield</a> (1815–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Smith Thompson</a> (1819–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Southard" title="Samuel L. Southard">Samuel L. Southard</a> (1823–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_political_parties_in_the_United_States736" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_political_parties" title="Template:United States political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_political_parties" title="Template talk:United States political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_political_parties_in_the_United_States736" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">political parties in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">List of political parties in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Larger</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Smaller</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_People%27s_Socialist_Party" title="African People's Socialist Party">African People's Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_(United_States)" title="Alliance Party (United States)">Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Freedom_Party" title="American Freedom Party">American Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Socialists_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Socialists of America">Black Socialists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Liberty_Party" title="Christian Liberty Party">Christian Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Citizens Party of the United States">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_New_York_(2010)" title="Freedom Party of New York (2010)">Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization" title="Freedom Road Socialist Organization">Freedom Road Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Party_(United_States)" title="Forward Party (United States)">Forward Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Peace_and_Justice_Party" title="Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party">Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now_Party" title="Legal Marijuana Now Party">Legal Marijuana Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_USA" title="Liberal Party USA">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Progressive_Party_(United_States)_state_affiliates" title="Category:National Progressive Party (United States) state affiliates">National Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dane" title="Progressive Dane">Progressive Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Marijuana_Party" title="U.S. Marijuana Party">Marijuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Pirate_Party" title="United States Pirate Party">Pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_2017)" title="People's Party (United States, 2017)">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Socialism and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Workers_Party" title="South Carolina Workers Party">South Carolina Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats,_USA" title="Social Democrats, USA">Social Democrats, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_Party" title="Transhumanist Party">Transhumanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Party_of_America" title="Unity Party of America">Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Class_Party" title="Working Class Party">Working Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Party_of_the_United_States" title="World Socialist Party of the United States">World Socialist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Defunct parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Democratic-Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American (Know Nothing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_Elect" title="Americans Elect">Americans Elect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1924)" title="American Party (1924)">American (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Vegetarian_Party" title="American Vegetarian Party">American Vegetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party_(political_party)" title="Boston Tea Party (political party)">Boston Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_(United_States)" title="Communist Workers' Party (United States)">Communist Workers'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States,_1952)" title="Constitution Party (United States, 1952)">Constitution (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party_(1844)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic-Republican Party (1844)">Democratic-Republican (1844)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">Gold Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Party_(United_States)" title="Human Rights Party (United States)">Human Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(United_States)" title="Independence Party (United States)">Independence (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_America" title="Independence Party of America">Independence (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Labor Party of the United States">Labor (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_1996)" title="Labor Party (United States, 1996)">Labor (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty (1840)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Equal_Rights_Party" title="National Equal Rights Party">National Equal Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(United_States)" title="National Party (United States)"> National (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Party_(United_States)" title="National Renaissance Party (United States)">National Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_America" title="National Socialist Party of America">National Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_(United_States)" title="Natural Law Party (United States)">Natural Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party" title="New Alliance Party">New Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(United_States)" title="New Party (United States)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Party" title="New Union Party">New Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullifier_Party" title="Nullifier Party">Nullifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Southern_U.S.)" title="Opposition Party (Southern U.S.)">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Party_(1970s)" title="Patriot Party (1970s)">Patriot Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist (People's)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Choice_Party" title="Personal Choice Party">Personal Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States,_1984)" title="Populist Party (United States, 1984)">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Progressive (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948–1955)">Progressive (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Party_of_America" title="Proletarian Party of America">Proletarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_Unida_Party" title="Raza Unida Party">Raza Unida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readjuster_Party" title="Readjuster Party">Readjuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(United_States)" title="Red Guards (United States)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guard_Party" title="Red Guard Party">Red Guard Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renew_America_Movement" title="Renew America Movement">Renew America Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serve_America_Movement" title="Serve America Movement">Serve America Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Party" title="Silver Party">Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Republican_Party" title="Silver Republican Party">Silver Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">States Rights (Dixiecrat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_Union_Party" title="Unconditional Union Party">Unconditional Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States,_1850)" title="Union Party (United States, 1850)">Union (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_politician_(American_Civil_War)" title="Unionist politician (American Civil War)">Union (1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Union Party (United States)">Union (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Labor_Party" title="U.S. Labor Party">U.S. Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panthers" class="mw-redirect" title="White Panthers">White Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Patriot_Party" title="White Patriot Party">White Patriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Patriots_Organization" title="Young Patriots Organization">Young Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_America" title="Workers Party of America">Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Lords_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Lords Party">Young Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Youth International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_state_and_local_political_parties" title="Template:United States state and local political parties">State and local political parties (without national body)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">Presidential nominating convention</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_nominating_conventions_in_the_United_States" title="List of presidential nominating conventions in the United States">List</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thomas_Jefferson1709" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thomas_Jefferson" title="Template:Thomas Jefferson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thomas_Jefferson" title="Template talk:Thomas Jefferson"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas_Jefferson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas Jefferson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thomas_Jefferson1709" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">3rd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1801–1809)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">2nd</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1797–1801)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">1st</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> (1790–1793)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_France" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to France">U.S. Minister to France</a> (1785–1789)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> (1783–1784)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of governors of Virginia">2nd</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a> (1779–1781)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> (1775–1776)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Virginia_Convention" title="Fifth Virginia Convention">Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention</a> (1776)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founding<br />documents of<br />the United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Summary_View_of_the_Rights_of_British_America" title="A Summary View of the Rights of British America">A Summary View of the Rights of British America</a></i> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> (1776) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence">physical history</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed#In_the_United_States_of_America" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Statute_for_Religious_Freedom" title="Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom">Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1784" title="Land Ordinance of 1784">Land Ordinance of 1784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1785" title="Land Ordinance of 1785">Land Ordinance of 1785</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution#Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Co-author, <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> (1789)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Liberty" title="Empire of Liberty">Empire of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunbar_and_Hunter_Expedition" title="Dunbar and Hunter Expedition">Dunbar and Hunter Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Expedition_(1806)" title="Red River Expedition (1806)">Red River Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_Expedition" title="Pike Expedition">Pike Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Road#Cumberland_Road" title="National Road">Cumberland Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embargo_Act_of_1807" title="Embargo Act of 1807">Embargo Act of 1807</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake%E2%80%93Leopard_affair" title="Chesapeake–Leopard affair"><i>Chesapeake</i>–<i>Leopard</i> affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Intercourse_Act_(1809)" title="Non-Intercourse Act (1809)">Non-Intercourse Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_Native_Americans" title="Thomas Jefferson and Native Americans">Native American policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burr_conspiracy" title="Burr conspiracy">Burr conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Military_Academy" title="History of the United States Military Academy">West Point Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson#Speeches" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">State of the Union Addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1801_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1801 State of the Union Address">1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1802_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1802 State of the Union Address">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1805_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1805 State of the Union Address">1805</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson#Administration" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Thomas Jefferson">Federal judicial appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other noted<br />accomplishments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Early life and career of Thomas Jefferson">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Franco-American alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">Founder, University of Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_University_of_Virginia" title="History of the University of Virginia">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Democratic-Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_for_Establishing_Uniformity_in_the_Coinage,_Weights,_and_Measures_of_the_United_States" title="Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States"><i>Coinage, Weights, and Measures</i> report</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_J._Bunche_Library" title="Ralph J. Bunche Library">State Department Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1790" title="Compromise of 1790">Compromise of 1790</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Manual" title="Jefferson's Manual">A Manual of Parliamentary Practice</a></i> (1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_disk" title="Jefferson disk">Jefferson disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_chair" title="Swivel chair">Swivel chair</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megalonyx" title="Megalonyx">Megalonyx</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_architecture" title="Jeffersonian architecture">Jeffersonian<br />architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barboursville_(James_Barbour)" title="Barboursville (James Barbour)">Barboursville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmington_(Albemarle_County,_Virginia)" title="Farmington (Albemarle County, Virginia)">Farmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Monticello" title="Gardens of Monticello">gardens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplar_Forest" title="Poplar Forest">Poplar Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia#The_Grounds" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Rotunda_(University_of_Virginia)" title="The Rotunda (University of Virginia)">The Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lawn" title="The Lawn">The Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Hall" title="Jefferson Hall">Jefferson Hall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Capitol" title="Virginia State Capitol">Virginia State Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House Colonnades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="The Papers of Thomas Jefferson">The Papers of Thomas Jefferson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia" title="Notes on the State of Virginia">Notes on the State of Virginia</a></i> (1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_concerted_operation_among_the_powers_at_war_with_the_Pyratical_states_of_Barbary" title="Proposals for concerted operation among the powers at war with the Pyratical states of Barbary">Pyratical states of Barbary proposals</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorandums_taken_on_a_journey_from_Paris_into_the_southern_parts_of_France_and_Northern_Italy,_in_the_year_1787" title="Memorandums taken on a journey from Paris into the southern parts of France and Northern Italy, in the year 1787">European journey memorandums</a> (1787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_Native_Americans" title="Thomas Jefferson and Native Americans">Indian removal letters</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Bible" title="Jefferson Bible">The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth</a></i> (c. 1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Historical_Society#Collections" title="Massachusetts Historical Society">Jefferson manuscript collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson#American_Philosophical_Society" title="Thomas Jefferson">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Historical reputation of Thomas Jefferson">Historical reputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_education" title="Thomas Jefferson and education">Jefferson and education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Religious views of Thomas Jefferson">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress#History" title="Library of Congress">Jefferson and the Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Pier" title="Jefferson Pier">Jefferson Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_the_Mockingbird" title="Dick the Mockingbird">Pet mockingbird</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Gazette" title="National Gazette">National Gazette</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Hemings" title="Sally Hemings">Sally Hemings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%E2%80%93Hemings_controversy" title="Jefferson–Hemings controversy">Jefferson–Hemings controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Hemings" title="Betty Hemings">Betty Hemings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States#Jefferson,_Madison,_and_the_"wall_of_separation"" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufton_Farm" title="Tufton Farm">Tufton Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_Palace_(Williamsburg,_Virginia)" title="Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia)">Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_dynasty" title="Virginia dynasty">Virginia dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_republic" title="Ward republic">Ward republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Presidential elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of memorials to Thomas Jefferson">memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_River" title="Jefferson River">Jefferson River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Territory" title="Jefferson Territory">Jefferson Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Lecture" title="Jefferson Lecture">Jefferson Lecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch_National_Park" title="Gateway Arch National Park">Jefferson National Expansion Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Star_for_Foreign_Service" title="Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service">Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of statues of Thomas Jefferson">Statues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_(Bitter)" title="Thomas Jefferson (Bitter)">Karl Bitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Monument_(Louisville,_Kentucky)" title="Jefferson Monument (Louisville, Kentucky)">Louisville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(University_of_Virginia)" title="Statue of Thomas Jefferson (University of Virginia)">University of Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(David_d%27Angers)" title="Statue of Thomas Jefferson (David d'Angers)">David d'Angers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Literary_and_Debating_Society" title="Jefferson Literary and Debating Society">Jefferson Literary and Debating Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Foundation" title="Thomas Jefferson Foundation">Thomas Jefferson Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_National_Accelerator_Facility" title="Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility">Jefferson Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monticello_Association" title="Monticello Association">Monticello Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri" title="Jefferson City, Missouri">Jefferson City, Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_%26_Jefferson_College" title="Washington & Jefferson College">Jefferson College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_University" title="Thomas Jefferson University">Thomas Jefferson University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_Jefferson_National_Forests" title="George Washington and Jefferson National Forests">Washington and Jefferson National Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peaks_named_Mount_Jefferson" title="List of peaks named Mount Jefferson">Peaks and mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Rock" title="Jefferson Rock">Jefferson Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of memorials to Thomas Jefferson">Other placenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%E2%80%93Jackson_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson–Jackson Day">Jefferson–Jackson Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_on_currency" title="List of presidents of the United States on currency">Currency depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_nickel" title="Jefferson nickel">Jefferson nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_two-dollar_bill" title="United States two-dollar bill">Two-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition_gold_dollar" title="Louisiana Purchase Exposition gold dollar">Louisiana Purchase Exposition gold dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_250th_Anniversary_silver_dollar" title="Thomas Jefferson 250th Anniversary silver dollar">250th Anniversary silver dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Cultural depictions of Thomas Jefferson">Cultural<br />depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Patriots_(play)" title="The Patriots (play)">The Patriots</a></i> (1946 play)</li> <li><i>1776</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_(musical)" title="1776 (musical)">1969 musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(film)" title="1776 (film)">1972 film</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_in_Paris" title="Jefferson in Paris">Jefferson in Paris</a></i> (1995 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_(film)" title="Thomas Jefferson (film)">Thomas Jefferson</a></i> (1997 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)">John Adams</a></i> (2008 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Garden" title="Jefferson's Garden">Jefferson's Garden</a></i> (2015 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)"><i>Hamilton</i></a> (2015 musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_(miniseries)" title="Thomas Jefferson (miniseries)">Thomas Jefferson</a></i> (2025 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_Rodenstock" title="Hardy Rodenstock">Wine bottles controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Sally_Hemings" title="Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings">Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Jefferson" title="Martha Jefferson">Martha Jefferson</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Martha Jefferson Randolph">Martha Jefferson Randolph</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jefferson_Eppes" title="Mary Jefferson Eppes">Mary Jefferson Eppes</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Hemings" title="Harriet Hemings">Harriet Hemings</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Hemings" title="Madison Hemings">Madison Hemings</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eston_Hemings" title="Eston Hemings">Eston Hemings</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Thomas Jefferson Randolph">Thomas J. Randolph</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Randolph" title="George W. Randolph">George W. Randolph</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Randolph_Coolidge" title="Ellen Randolph Coolidge">Ellen Randolph Coolidge</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Cornelia Jefferson Randolph">Cornelia Jefferson Randolph</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_W._Eppes" title="Francis W. Eppes">Francis Eppes</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayles_Jefferson" title="John Wayles Jefferson">John Wayles Jefferson</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_N._Randolph" title="Sarah N. Randolph">Sarah N. Randolph</a> (great-granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Jefferson_Coolidge" title="T. Jefferson Coolidge">T. Jefferson Coolidge</a> (great-grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Madison_Roberts" title="Frederick Madison Roberts">Frederick Madison Roberts</a> (great-grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jefferson" title="Peter Jefferson">Peter Jefferson</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Randolph_Jefferson" title="Jane Randolph Jefferson">Jane Randolph Jefferson</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Jefferson_Lewis" title="Lucy Jefferson Lewis">Lucy Jefferson Lewis</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Jefferson" title="Randolph Jefferson">Randolph Jefferson</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carr_(Virginia_politician)" title="Peter Carr (Virginia politician)">Peter Carr</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Carr_(politician)" title="Samuel Carr (politician)">Samuel Carr</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabney_Carr" title="Dabney Carr">Dabney Carr</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabney_S._Carr" title="Dabney S. Carr">Dabney S. Carr</a> (grand-nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isham_Randolph_of_Dungeness" title="Isham Randolph of Dungeness">Isham Randolph</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Randolph" title="William Randolph">William Randolph</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Soane" title="Henry Soane">Henry Soane</a> (2nd great-grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">← John Adams</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>← John Adams</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Thomas_Jefferson" title="Category:Thomas Jefferson">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thomas_Paine41" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thomas_Paine" title="Template:Thomas Paine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thomas_Paine" title="Template talk:Thomas Paine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas_Paine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas Paine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thomas_Paine41" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense"><i>Common Sense</i> (January 1776)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Crisis" title="The American Crisis"><i>The American Crisis</i> (December 1776)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man"><i>Rights of Man</i> (March 1791, February 1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason"><i>The Age of Reason</i> (1794, 1795, 1807)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Justice" title="Agrarian Justice"><i>Agrarian Justice</i> (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg/83px-Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg/125px-Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg/166px-Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2562" data-file-height="3451" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Thomas_Paine" title="Trial of Thomas Paine">1792 <i>Rights of Man</i> trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wearmouth_Bridge_(1796)" title="Wearmouth Bridge (1796)">Wearmouth Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine_Cottage" title="Thomas Paine Cottage">Thomas Paine Cottage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine_National_Historical_Association" title="Thomas Paine National Historical Association">Thomas Paine National Historical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine_Monument" title="Thomas Paine Monument">Thomas Paine Monument, New Rochelle, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Thomas_Paine_Studies" title="Institute of Thomas Paine Studies">Institute of Thomas Paine Studies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/That_Night_in_Varennes" title="That Night in Varennes">That Night in Varennes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Lambeth_(play)" title="In Lambeth (play)">In Lambeth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberty!" title="Liberty!">Liberty!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_New_World:_A_Life_of_Thomas_Paine" title="A New World: A Life of Thomas Paine">A New World: A Life of Thomas Paine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headstrong_Club" title="Headstrong Club">Headstrong Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Benjamin_Franklin535" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Benjamin_Franklin" title="Template:Benjamin Franklin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Benjamin_Franklin" title="Template talk:Benjamin Franklin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Benjamin_Franklin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Benjamin Franklin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Benjamin_Franklin535" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of governors of Pennsylvania">President of Pennsylvania (1785–1788)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_France" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to France">Ambassador to France (1779–1785)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress (1775–1776)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founding of the<br />United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Join,_or_Die" title="Join, or Die"><i>Join, or Die.</i> (1754 political cartoon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Plan" title="Albany Plan">Albany Plan of Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Congress" title="Albany Congress">Albany Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">"...to be self-evident"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Franco-American alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_(France%E2%80%93United_States)" title="Treaty of Amity and Commerce (France–United States)">Treaty of Amity and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Treaty of Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Constitution_of_1776" title="Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776">1776 Pennsylvania Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris, 1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania#Government" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventions,<br />other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_electrostatic_machine" title="Franklin's electrostatic machine">Franklin's electrostatic machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifocals" title="Bifocals">Bifocals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_stove" title="Franklin stove">Franklin stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_harmonica#Franklin's_armonica" title="Glass harmonica">Glass armonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream#History" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream exploration, naming, and chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">Lightning rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_experiment" title="Kite experiment">Kite experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay_it_forward" title="Pay it forward">Pay it forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associators" title="Associators">Associators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/111th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="111th Infantry Regiment (United States)">111th Infantry Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junto_(club)" title="Junto (club)">Junto club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_Company_of_Philadelphia" title="Library Company of Philadelphia">Library Company of Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hospital" title="Pennsylvania Hospital">Pennsylvania Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_and_College_of_Philadelphia" title="Academy and College of Philadelphia">Academy and College of Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Contributionship" title="Philadelphia Contributionship">Philadelphia Contributionship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Fire_Company" title="Union Fire Company">Union Fire Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_American_currency" title="Early American currency">Early American currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental Currency dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugio_cent" title="Fugio cent">Fugio cent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States#Early_postal_history" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">United States Postal Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States" title="History of street lighting in the United States">Street lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Abolition_Society" title="Pennsylvania Abolition Society">President, Pennsylvania Abolition Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Neuf_S%C5%93urs" title="Les Neuf Sœurs">Master, Les Neuf Sœurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Burial_Ground" title="Christ Church Burial Ground">Gravesite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="The Papers of Benjamin Franklin">The Papers of Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silence_Dogood" title="Silence Dogood">Silence Dogood letters (1722)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Dissertation_on_Liberty_and_Necessity,_Pleasure_and_Pain" title="A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain"><i>A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain</i> (1725)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Busy-Body_(pen_name)" title="The Busy-Body (pen name)">The Busy-Body columns (1729)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pennsylvania_Gazette" title="The Pennsylvania Gazette"><i>The Pennsylvania Gazette</i> (1729–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_American_publishers_and_printers" title="Early American publishers and printers">Early American publishers and printers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Richard%27s_Almanack" title="Poor Richard's Almanack"><i>Poor Richard's Almanack</i> (1732–1758)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Drinker%27s_Dictionary" title="The Drinker's Dictionary">The Drinker's Dictionary (1737)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advice_to_a_Friend_on_Choosing_a_Mistress" title="Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress">"Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress" (1745)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Speech_of_Polly_Baker" title="The Speech of Polly Baker">"The Speech of Polly Baker" (1747)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_Concerning_the_Increase_of_Mankind,_Peopling_of_Countries,_etc." title="Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc."><i>Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.</i> (1751)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiments_and_Observations_on_Electricity" title="Experiments and Observations on Electricity"><i>Experiments and Observations on Electricity</i> (1751)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Birch#Copies_of_Franklin_letters" title="Thomas Birch">Birch letters (1755)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_to_Wealth" title="The Way to Wealth"><i>The Way to Wealth</i> (1758)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Chronicle" title="Pennsylvania Chronicle"><i>Pennsylvania Chronicle</i> (1767)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Rules_By_Which_A_Great_Empire_May_Be_Reduced_To_A_Small_One" class="extiw" title="s:Rules By Which A Great Empire May Be Reduced To A Small One"><i>Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One</i> (1773)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal#Benjamin_Franklin" title="Indian removal">Proposed alliance with the Iroquois (1775)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Royal_Academy" title="A Letter to a Royal Academy"><i>A Letter to a Royal Academy</i> (1781)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage#Benjamin_Franklin's_Remarks_Concerning_the_Savages_of_North_America" title="Noble savage"><i>Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America</i> (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Morals_of_Chess" title="The Morals of Chess">"The Morals of Chess" (1786)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Address_to_the_Public" class="extiw" title="s:An Address to the Public"><i>An Address to the Public</i> (1789)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Plan_for_Improving_the_Condition_of_the_Free_Blacks" class="extiw" title="s:A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks"><i>A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks</i> (1789)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin"><i>The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin</i> (1771–1790, pub. 1791)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagatelles_and_Satires" title="Bagatelles and Satires"><i>Bagatelles and Satires</i> (pub. 1845)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers#The_New_England_Courant" title="History of American newspapers">Franklin as a journalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin%27s_phonetic_alphabet" title="Benjamin Franklin's phonetic alphabet">Franklin's phonetic alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="Bibliography of Benjamin Franklin">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Court" title="Franklin Court">Franklin Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_House" title="Benjamin Franklin House">Benjamin Franklin House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology">Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Parkway" title="Benjamin Franklin Parkway">Benjamin Franklin Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_National_Memorial" title="Benjamin Franklin National Memorial">Benjamin Franklin National Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute_Awards" title="Franklin Institute Awards">awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">medal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Medal_(American_Philosophical_Society)" title="Benjamin Franklin Medal (American Philosophical Society)">Benjamin Franklin Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Medal_(Royal_Society_of_Arts)" title="Benjamin Franklin Medal (Royal Society of Arts)">Royal Society of Arts medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">Depicted in <i>The Apotheosis of Washington</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(painting)" title="Treaty of Paris (painting)">Treaty of Paris</a></i> (1783 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Drawing_Electricity_from_the_Sky" title="Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky">Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky</a></i> (1816 painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_War_Door" title="Revolutionary War Door">Revolutionary War Door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Boston)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Boston)">Boston statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Chicago)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Chicago)">Chicago statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Columbus,_Ohio)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Columbus, Ohio)">Columbus, Ohio, statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(University_of_Pennsylvania)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (University of Pennsylvania)">University of Pennsylvania statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Portland, Oregon)">Portland, Oregon, statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(San_Francisco)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (San Francisco)">San Francisco statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Stanford_University)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Stanford University)">Stanford University statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Washington, D.C.)">Washington D.C. statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial#Exterior" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial pediment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refunding_Certificate" title="Refunding Certificate">Refunding Certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_half_dollar" title="Franklin half dollar">Franklin half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_one-hundred-dollar_bill" title="United States one-hundred-dollar bill">One-hundred-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_silver_dollar" title="Benjamin Franklin silver dollar">Franklin silver dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Franklin_Issues" title="Washington–Franklin Issues">Washington–Franklin stamps</a> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Benjamin_Franklin_on_stamps" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Benjamin Franklin on stamps">other stamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_for_Benjamin_Franklin" title="List of places named for Benjamin Franklin">Cities, counties, schools named for Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_College" title="Benjamin Franklin College">Benjamin Franklin College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Field" title="Franklin Field">Franklin Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Franklin_(New_Hampshire)" title="Mount Franklin (New Hampshire)">Mount Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Franklin" title="State of Franklin">State of Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Ben_(MLS_supporters_association)" title="Sons of Ben (MLS supporters association)">Sons of Ben (Philadelphia Union)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Franklin" title="USS Franklin">Ships named USS <i>Franklin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Franklin_effect" title="Ben Franklin effect">Ben Franklin effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_in_popular_culture" title="Benjamin Franklin in popular culture">In popular culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_and_Me" title="Ben and Me"><i>Ben and Me</i> (1953 short)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Franklin_in_Paris" title="Ben Franklin in Paris"><i>Ben Franklin in Paris</i> (1964 musical play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(musical)" title="1776 (musical)"><i>1776</i> (1969 musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(film)" title="1776 (film)">1972 film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Benjamin Franklin (miniseries)"><i>Benjamin Franklin</i> (miniseries)</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)"><i>A More Perfect Union</i> (1989 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty!" title="Liberty!"><i>Liberty!</i> (1997 documentary series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty%27s_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids"><i>Liberty's Kids</i> (2002 animated series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_(2002_TV_series)" title="Benjamin Franklin (2002 TV series)"><i>Benjamin Franklin</i> (2002 documentary series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)"><i>John Adams</i> (2008 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty_(miniseries)" title="Sons of Liberty (miniseries)"><i>Sons of Liberty</i> (2015 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_(film)" title="Benjamin Franklin (film)"><i>Benjamin Franklin</i> (2022 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Franklin (miniseries)"><i>Franklin</i> (2024 miniseries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New-England_Courant" title="The New-England Courant">The New-England Courant</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Museum_(magazine)" title="The American Museum (magazine)"><i>The American Museum</i> magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Read" title="Deborah Read">Deborah Read (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Franklin" title="William Franklin">William Franklin (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Folger_Franklin" title="Francis Folger Franklin">Francis Franklin (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Franklin_Bache" title="Sarah Franklin Bache">Sarah Franklin Bache (daughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Temple_Franklin" title="William Temple Franklin">William Franklin (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Bache" title="Benjamin Franklin Bache">Benjamin F. Bache (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Franklin_Bache" title="Louis Franklin Bache">Louis F. Bache (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bache_Jr." title="Richard Bache Jr.">Richard Bache Jr. (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_A._Harwood" title="Andrew A. Harwood">Andrew Harwood (great-grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dallas_Bache" title="Alexander Dallas Bache">Alexander Bache (great-grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Franklin" title="Josiah Franklin">Josiah Franklin (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franklin_(printer)" title="James Franklin (printer)">James Franklin (brother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Franklin_Mecom" title="Jane Franklin Mecom">Jane Mecom (sister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Morrell_Folger" title="Mary Morrell Folger">Mary Morrell Folger (grandmother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Folger_(Nantucket_settler)" title="Peter Folger (Nantucket settler)">Peter Folger (grandfather)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bache" title="Richard Bache">Richard Bache (son-in-law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Smith_Franklin" title="Ann Smith Franklin">Ann Smith Franklin (sister-in-law)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Benjamin_Franklin" title="Category:Benjamin Franklin">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="James_Madison1091" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:James_Madison" title="Template:James Madison"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:James_Madison" title="Template talk:James Madison"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:James_Madison" title="Special:EditPage/Template:James Madison"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="James_Madison1091" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">4th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1809–1817)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">5th</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> (1801–1809)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> (1789–1797)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> (1781–1783)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a> (1776–1779, 1784–1786)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Virginia_Convention" title="Fifth Virginia Convention">Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention</a> (1776)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_as_Father_of_the_Constitution" title="James Madison as Father of the Constitution">"Father of the <br />Constitution"</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Constitution#1776" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Constitution">Co-wrote, 1776 Virginia Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">1786 Annapolis Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)#James_Madison's_blueprint" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">1787 Constitutional Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Plan" title="Virginia Plan">Virginia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Constitution of the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_of_Debates_in_the_Federal_Convention_of_1787" title="Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787">Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State">Department of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Federalist_Papers_by_James_Madison" title="Category:Federalist Papers by James Madison">written by Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._10" title="Federalist No. 10">No. 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._51" title="Federalist No. 51">No. 51</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" title="Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia Ratifying Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">United States Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">27th amendment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Constitution drafting and ratification timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1789" title="Tariff of 1789">Tariff of 1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_James_Madison" title="First inauguration of James Madison">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_James_Madison" title="Second inauguration of James Madison">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Battle of Tippecanoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_letters" title="Henry letters">Henry letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Burning of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Octagon_House" title="The Octagon House">The Octagon House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Buildings" title="Seven Buildings">Seven Buildings residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Results of the War of 1812">results</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1810_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1810 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address (1810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1814_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1814 State of the Union Address">1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1815_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1815 State of the Union Address">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1816 State of the Union Address"> 1816)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison#Administration_and_cabinet" title="James Madison">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_Madison" title="List of federal judges appointed by James Madison">Federal judiciary appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other noted<br />accomplisments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Whig%E2%80%93Cliosophic_Society" title="American Whig–Cliosophic Society">Co-founder, American Whig Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Farewell_Address" title="George Washington's Farewell Address">Co-author, George Washington's Farewell Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Supervised the Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1790" title="Compromise of 1790">Compromise of 1790</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Democratic-Republican Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress#History" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_J._Bunche_Library" title="Ralph J. Bunche Library">Library of the State Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_of_1800" title="Report of 1800">Report of 1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacificus-Helvidius_Debates" title="Pacificus-Helvidius Debates">Pacificus-Helvidius Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_James_Madison" title="The Papers of James Madison">The Papers of James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison#Early_life_and_career" title="James Madison">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_and_slavery" title="James Madison and slavery">James Madison and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Grove_(Port_Conway,_Virginia)" title="Belle Grove (Port Conway, Virginia)">Belle Grove Plantation, birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpelier_(Orange,_Virginia)" title="Montpelier (Orange, Virginia)">Montpelier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1789_Virginia%27s_5th_congressional_district_election" title="1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election">1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790_and_1791_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections">1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_and_1793_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1794_and_1795_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1794 and 1795 United States House of Representatives elections">1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">U.S. presidential election, 1808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br />popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_James_Madison" title="Bibliography of James Madison">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_James_Madison" title="List of memorials to James Madison">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">James Madison Memorial Building</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_James_Madison" title="Statue of James Madison">statue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_University" title="James Madison University">James Madison University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_College" class="mw-redirect" title="James Madison College">James Madison College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Park" title="James Madison Park">James Madison Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel_Phillips_Memorial_High_School" title="Vel Phillips Memorial High School">James Madison Memorial High School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_and_Madison_Square_Park" title="Madison Square and Madison Square Park">Madison Square</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_River" title="Madison River">Madison River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Madison" title="Mount Madison">Mount Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Street_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Madison Street (disambiguation)">Madison Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#James_Madison" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Fellowship_Foundation" title="James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation">James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Freedom_of_Information_Award" title="James Madison Freedom of Information Award">James Madison Freedom of Information Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Award" title="James Madison Award">James Madison Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Institute" title="James Madison Institute">James Madison Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Museum" title="James Madison Museum">James Madison Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USRC_James_Madison_(1807)" class="mw-redirect" title="USRC James Madison (1807)">USRC <i>James Madison</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Madison_(1812)" title="USS Madison (1812)">USS <i>Madison</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_James_Madison_(SSBN-627)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS James Madison (SSBN-627)">USS <i>James Madison</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnificent_Doll" title="Magnificent Doll">Magnificent Doll</a></i> (1946 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)"><i>A More Perfect Union</i> (1989 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty%27s_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids"><i>Liberty's Kids</i> (2002 series)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">Hamilton</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">musical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(2020_film)" title="Hamilton (2020 film)">film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(miniseries)" title="Washington (miniseries)"><i>Washington</i> (2020 miniseries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Gazette" title="National Gazette">National Gazette</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Jennings_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Jennings (slave)">Paul Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madisonian_model" title="Madisonian model">Madisonian model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_Madisonianism" title="Cognitive Madisonianism">Cognitive Madisonianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Museum_(magazine)" title="The American Museum (magazine)"><i>The American Museum</i> magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_dynasty" title="Virginia dynasty">Virginia dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolley_Madison" title="Dolley Madison">Dolley Madison</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Payne_Todd" title="John Payne Todd">John Payne Todd</a> (stepson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Sr." title="James Madison Sr.">James Madison Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Madison" title="Eleanor Madison">Eleanor Madison</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Madison" title="William Madison">William Madison</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Madison" title="Ambrose Madison">Ambrose Madison</a> (grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">← Thomas Jefferson</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe →</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:James_Madison" title="Category:James Madison">Category:James Madison</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/18px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/27px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/35px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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