CINXE.COM

Titanio - Wikipedia, a enciclopedia libre

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="gl" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Titanio - Wikipedia, a enciclopedia libre</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )glwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","xaneiro","febreiro","marzo","abril","maio","xuño","xullo","agosto","setembro","outubro","novembro","decembro"],"wgRequestId":"efb851fe-ad84-45f3-af0e-16dfcffb5b5f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Titanio","wgTitle":"Titanio","wgCurRevisionId":6892800,"wgRevisionId":6892800,"wgArticleId":14835,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Artigos de calidade","Artigos destacados","Titanio"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"gl","wgPageContentLanguage":"gl","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Titanio","wgRelevantArticleId":14835,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0, "wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"gl","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"gl"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q716","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.charinsert-styles":"ready","ext.gadget.PortalClass":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles": "ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=gl&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=gl&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=gl&amp;modules=ext.gadget.PortalClass%2Ccharinsert-styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=gl&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Titan-crystal_bar.JPG/1200px-Titan-crystal_bar.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="754"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Titan-crystal_bar.JPG/800px-Titan-crystal_bar.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="503"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Titan-crystal_bar.JPG/640px-Titan-crystal_bar.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="402"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Titanio - Wikipedia, a enciclopedia libre"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//gl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanio"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Editar" href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (gl)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//gl.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanio"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.gl"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Fonte Atom de novas de Wikipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Cambios_recentes&amp;feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Titanio rootpage-Titanio skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Saltar ao contido</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sitio"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menú principal" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menú principal</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menú principal</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mover á barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">agochar</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navegación </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portada" title="Visitar a páxina principal [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Portada</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal_da_comunidade" title="Información acerca do proxecto, do que pode facer e dos lugares onde atopar as cousas"><span>Portal da comunidade</span></a></li><li id="n-A-Taberna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:A_Taberna"><span>A Taberna</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Actualidade" title="Información acerca de acontecementos de actualidade"><span>Actualidade</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Cambios_recentes" title="A lista de modificacións recentes no wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Cambios recentes</span></a></li><li id="n-Artigos-de-calidade" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artigos_de_calidade"><span>Artigos de calidade</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Ao_chou" title="Cargar unha páxina ao chou [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Páxina ao chou</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Axuda" title="O lugar para informarse"><span>Axuda</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portada" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="a Wikipedia en galego" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-gl.svg" width="118" height="13" style="width: 7.375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Procurar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Procurar neste wiki [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Procura</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Procurar en Wikipedia" aria-label="Procurar en Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Procurar neste wiki [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Procurar"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Procurar</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Ferramentas persoais"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparencia"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Cambia a aparencia do tamaño da fonte, o ancho e a cor da páxina" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparencia" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparencia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_gl.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=gl" class=""><span>Doazóns</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_unha_conta&amp;returnto=Titanio" title="É recomendable que cree unha conta e acceda ao sistema, se ben non é obrigatorio" class=""><span>Crear unha conta</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Iniciar_sesi%C3%B3n&amp;returnto=Titanio" title="É recomendable que se rexistre, se ben non é obrigatorio [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Acceder ao sistema</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Máis opcións" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ferramentas persoais" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ferramentas persoais</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú de usuario" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_gl.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=gl"><span>Doazóns</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_unha_conta&amp;returnto=Titanio" title="É recomendable que cree unha conta e acceda ao sistema, se ben non é obrigatorio"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crear unha conta</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Iniciar_sesi%C3%B3n&amp;returnto=Titanio" title="É recomendable que se rexistre, se ben non é obrigatorio [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Acceder ao sistema</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Páxinas para os editores sen a sesión iniciada <a href="/wiki/Axuda:Introduci%C3%B3n" aria-label="Máis información sobre a edición"><span>máis información</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:As_mi%C3%B1as_contribuci%C3%B3ns" title="Unha lista das modificacións feitas desde este enderezo IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucións</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:A_mi%C3%B1a_conversa" title="Conversa acerca de edicións feitas desde este enderezo IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Conversa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sitio"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contidos" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contidos</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mover á barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">agochar</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inicio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Características" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Características"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Características</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Características-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección &quot;Características&quot;</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Características-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Propiedades_físicas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propiedades_físicas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Propiedades físicas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propiedades_físicas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propiedades_químicas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propiedades_químicas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Propiedades químicas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propiedades_químicas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abundancia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abundancia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Abundancia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abundancia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isótopos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isótopos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Isótopos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isótopos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compostos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compostos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Compostos</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compostos-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección &quot;Compostos&quot;</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Compostos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Óxidos,_sulfuros_e_alcóxidos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Óxidos,_sulfuros_e_alcóxidos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Óxidos, sulfuros e alcóxidos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Óxidos,_sulfuros_e_alcóxidos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nitruros_e_carburos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nitruros_e_carburos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Nitruros e carburos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nitruros_e_carburos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haluros" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haluros"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Haluros</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haluros-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compostos_organometálicos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compostos_organometálicos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Compostos organometálicos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compostos_organometálicos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Produción" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produción"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Produción</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Produción-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplicacións" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplicacións"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aplicacións</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aplicacións-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección &quot;Aplicacións&quot;</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aplicacións-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pigmentos_e_aditivos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pigmentos_e_aditivos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pigmentos e aditivos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pigmentos_e_aditivos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplicacións_aeroespaciais_e_náuticas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplicacións_aeroespaciais_e_náuticas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Aplicacións aeroespaciais e náuticas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aplicacións_aeroespaciais_e_náuticas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplicacións_industriais" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplicacións_industriais"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Aplicacións industriais</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aplicacións_industriais-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplicacións_de_consumo_e_arquitectónicas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplicacións_de_consumo_e_arquitectónicas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Aplicacións de consumo e arquitectónicas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aplicacións_de_consumo_e_arquitectónicas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xoiería" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xoiería"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Xoiería</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xoiería-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplicacións_médicas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplicacións_médicas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Aplicacións médicas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aplicacións_médicas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Almacenaxe_de_residuos_nucleares" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Almacenaxe_de_residuos_nucleares"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Almacenaxe de residuos nucleares</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Almacenaxe_de_residuos_nucleares-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precaucións" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precaucións"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Precaucións</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precaucións-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Véxase_tamén" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Véxase_tamén"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Véxase tamén</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Véxase_tamén-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección &quot;Véxase tamén&quot;</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Véxase_tamén-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliografía" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografía"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliografía</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografía-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligazóns_externas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligazóns_externas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Ligazóns externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligazóns_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contidos" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostrar ou agochar a táboa de contidos" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostrar ou agochar a táboa de contidos</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Titanio</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir a un artigo noutra lingua. Dispoñible en 157 linguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-157" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">157 linguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaan" title="Titaan – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Titaan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B2%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ቲታኒየም – amhárico" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቲታኒየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhárico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanio" title="Titanio – aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Titanio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bo"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="تيتانيوم – árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تيتانيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تيطان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تيطان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="تيتانيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تيتانيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniu" title="Titaniu – asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Titaniu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerendel" title="Gerendel – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Gerendel" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="टाइटानियम – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="टाइटानियम" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan" title="Titan – acerbaixano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Titan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="acerbaixano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="تیتانیوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تیتانیوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Титан (элемент) – baxkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Титан (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – balinés" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanyo" title="Titanyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Titanyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Тытан (хімічны элемент) – belaruso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тытан (хімічны элемент)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belaruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тытан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тытан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Титан (елемент) – búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Титан (елемент)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="टाइटैनियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टाइटैनियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="တုဲင်တေနီယမ် – Pa&#039;O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="တုဲင်တေနီယမ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa&#039;O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="টাইটানিয়াম – bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টাইটানিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཊའི་ཊི་ནིམ། – tibetano" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཊའི་ཊི་ནིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniom" title="Titaniom – bretón" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Titaniom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo de calidade"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanij" title="Titanij – bosníaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Titanij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosníaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titani" title="Titani – catalán" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Titani" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanyo" title="Titanyo – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Titanyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%94%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%96%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A5%E1%8E%BB" title="ᏔᎢᏖᏂᎥᎻ – cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏔᎢᏖᏂᎥᎻ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="تیتانیۆم – kurdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تیتانیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniu" title="Titaniu – corso" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Titaniu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(prvek)" title="Titan (prvek) – checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Titan (prvek)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Титан (элемент) – chuvaxo" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Титан (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvaxo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniwm" title="Titaniwm – galés" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Titaniwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(grundstof)" title="Titan (grundstof) – dinamarqués" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Titan (grundstof)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarqués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(Element)" title="Titan (Element) – alemán" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Titan (Element)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Τιτάνιο – grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τιτάνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – inglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titano_(elemento)" title="Titano (elemento) – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Titano (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanio" title="Titanio – español" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Titanio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="español" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaan" title="Titaan – estoniano" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Titaan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanio" title="Titanio – éuscaro" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Titanio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="éuscaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="تیتانیم – persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تیتانیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo recomendado"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaani" title="Titaani – finés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Titaani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – fixiano" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fixiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(grundevni)" title="Titan (grundevni) – feroés" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Titan (grundevni)" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titane" title="Titane – francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Titane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaan" title="Titaan – frisón setentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Titaan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisón setentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titani" title="Titani – friulano" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Titani" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADot%C3%A1iniam" title="Tíotáiniam – irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tíotáiniam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%88%A6" title="鈦 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鈦" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – gaélico escocés" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélico escocés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="ટાઇટેનિયમ – guxarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ટાઇટેનિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="guxarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hitaanium" title="Çhitaanium – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhitaanium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – hawaiano" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="טיטניום – hebreo" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טיטניום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="टाइटेनियम – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टाइटेनियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanij" title="Titanij – croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Titanij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit%C3%A0n" title="Titàn – crioulo haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Titàn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioulo haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bo"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit%C3%A1n_(elem)" title="Titán (elem) – húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Titán (elem)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Տիտան – armenio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիտան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – indonesio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanio" title="Titanio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Titanio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADtan" title="Títan – islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Títan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanio" title="Titanio – italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Titanio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3" title="チタン – xaponés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チタン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="xaponés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrtitani" title="jinmrtitani – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrtitani" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniyum" title="Titaniyum – xavanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Titaniyum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="xavanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტიტანი – xeorxiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტიტანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="xeorxiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%A9tan%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Tɩtanɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɩtanɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Титан – kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Титан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಟೈಟೇನಿಯಮ್ – kannará" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟೈಟೇನಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannará" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%80%EB%8A%84" title="타이타늄 – coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타이타늄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AEtany%C3%BBm" title="Tîtanyûm – kurdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tîtanyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Титан (элемент) – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Титан (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniom" title="Titaniom – córnico" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Titaniom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="córnico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Титан – kirguiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Титан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – latín" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(Element)" title="Titan (Element) – luxemburgués" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Titan (Element)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – limburgués" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanio" title="Titanio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Titanio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanio" title="Titanio – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Titanio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanas" title="Titanas – lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Titanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit%C4%81ns" title="Titāns – letón" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Titāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Титана – moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Титана" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanina" title="Titanina – malgaxe" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Titanina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Титан – macedonio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Титан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ടൈറ്റാനിയം – malabar" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടൈറ്റാനിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Титан – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Титан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="टायटॅनियम – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टायटॅनियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Титан (элемент) – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Титан (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E2%80%8C%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="တိုင်‌တေနီယမ် – birmano" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တိုင်‌တေနီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Титан (элемент) – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Титан (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(Element)" title="Titan (Element) – baixo alemán" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Titan (Element)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baixo alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="टाइटानियम – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="टाइटानियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunnstoffet_titan" title="Grunnstoffet titan – noruegués nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grunnstoffet titan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruegués nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(grunnstoff)" title="Titan (grunnstoff) – noruegués bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Titan (grunnstoff)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruegués bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C3%A9sh_doo_%C5%84diniichx%C3%ADihii" title="Béésh doo ńdiniichxíihii – navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh doo ńdiniichxíihii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titani" title="Titani – occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Titani" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="ଟିଟାନିଅମ – odiá" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଟିଟାନିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odiá" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Титан (элемент) – ossetio" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Титан (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਟਾਈਟੇਨੀਅਮ – panxabí" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟਾਈਟੇਨੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panxabí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="टाइटानियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="टाइटानियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tytan_(pierwiastek)" title="Tytan (pierwiastek) – polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tytan (pierwiastek)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titani" title="Titani – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Titani" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ٹائٹینیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹائٹینیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="تېتانيوم – paxto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تېتانيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit%C3%A2nio" title="Titânio – portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Titânio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanyu" title="Titanyu – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Titanyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan" title="Titan – romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Titan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniu" title="Titaniu – aromanés" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Titaniu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Титан (элемент) – ruso" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Титан (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="टाइटेनियम – sánscrito" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="टाइटेनियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sánscrito" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit%C3%A0niu" title="Titàniu – sardo" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Titàniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniu" title="Titaniu – siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Titaniu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – escocés" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escocés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanij" title="Titanij – serbocroata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Titanij" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="ටයිටේනියම් – cingalés" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ටයිටේනියම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit%C3%A1n_(chemick%C3%BD_prvok)" title="Titán (chemický prvok) – eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Titán (chemický prvok)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(element)" title="Titan (element) – esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Titan (element)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaaniyaam" title="Titaaniyaam – somalí" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Titaaniyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titani" title="Titani – albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Titani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Титанијум – serbio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Титанијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(Element)" title="Titan (Element) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Titan (Element)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – sundanés" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan" title="Titan – sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Titan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titani" title="Titani – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Titani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தைட்டானியம் – támil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தைட்டானியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="támil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="టైటానియం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టైటానియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Титан (элемент) – taxico" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Титан (элемент)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="taxico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ไทเทเนียม – tailandés" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไทเทเนียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanyo" title="Titanyo – tagalo" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Titanyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanyum" title="Titanyum – turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Titanyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Титан – tártaro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Титан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tártaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%89%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تىتان – uigur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تىتان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Титан (хімічний елемент) – ucraíno" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Титан (хімічний елемент)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraíno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="ٹائی ٹینیئم – urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹائی ٹینیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(unsur)" title="Titan (unsur) – uzbeko" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Titan (unsur)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(himine_element)" title="Titan (himine element) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Titan (himine element)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titani" title="Titani – vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Titani" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanyo" title="Titanyo – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Titanyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%9B" title="钛 – chinés wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chinés wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Титан – calmuco" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Титан" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="calmuco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="טיטאניום – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טיטאניום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniomu" title="Titaniomu – ioruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Titaniomu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ioruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%9B" title="钛 – chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="钛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%88%A6" title="鈦 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鈦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Titanium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%88%A6" title="鈦 – cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鈦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsinTsazayiya" title="IsinTsazayiya – zulú" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsinTsazayiya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q716#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar as ligazóns interlingüísticas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar as ligazóns</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espazos de nomes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Titanio" title="Ver o contido da páxina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artigo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Conversa:Titanio" rel="discussion" title="Conversa acerca do contido desta páxina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Conversa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambiar a variante de lingua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">galego</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistas"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Titanio"><span>Ler</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;veaction=edit" title="Editar esta páxina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit" title="Editar o código fonte desta páxina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar a fonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=history" title="Versións anteriores desta páxina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ver o historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas das páxinas"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ferramentas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ferramentas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ferramentas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mover á barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">agochar</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Máis opcións" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accións </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Titanio"><span>Ler</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;veaction=edit" title="Editar esta páxina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit" title="Editar o código fonte desta páxina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar a fonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=history"><span>Ver o historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Xeral </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1xinas_que_ligan_con_esta/Titanio" title="Lista de todas as páxinas do wiki que ligan cara a aquí [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Páxinas que ligan con esta</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Cambios_relacionados/Titanio" rel="nofollow" title="Cambios recentes nas páxinas ligadas desde esta [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Cambios relacionados</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1xinas_especiais" title="Lista de todas as páxinas especiais [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Páxinas especiais</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;oldid=6892800" title="Ligazón permanente a esta versión desta páxina"><span>Ligazón permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=info" title="Máis información sobre esta páxina"><span>Información da páxina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Cita&amp;page=Titanio&amp;id=6892800&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Información sobre como citar esta páxina"><span>Citar esta páxina</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTitanio"><span>Xerar URL acurtado</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTitanio"><span>Descargar o código QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimir/exportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Libro&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Titanio"><span>Crear un libro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Titanio&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Descargar como PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;printable=yes" title="Versión para imprimir da páxina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versión para imprimir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Noutros proxectos </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Titanium" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q716" title="Ligazón ao elemento conectado no repositorio de datos [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento de Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas das páxinas"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparencia"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparencia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover á barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">agochar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-01-Artigo_de_calidade" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Artigos_de_calidade" title="Este é un artigo de calidade da Galipedia"><img alt="Este é un artigo de calidade da Galipedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg/20px-Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg/30px-Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg/40px-Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Na Galipedia, a Wikipedia en galego.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="gl" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 88%; width: 22em; text-align: left"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" style="color:black; background-color:#ffc0c0"><div class="center"><span style="font-size:medium;">Titanio</span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding-bottom:0.5em; border: none"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Titan-crystal_bar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Titan-crystal_bar.JPG/300px-Titan-crystal_bar.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Titan-crystal_bar.JPG/450px-Titan-crystal_bar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Titan-crystal_bar.JPG/600px-Titan-crystal_bar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5572" data-file-height="3500" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table width="100%" cellspacing="0" style="border: none; font-size: 110%"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="middle" align="center">- </td> <td align="center" rowspan="3"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" align="center" style="border-collapse:separate;width:248px;background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xeno" title="Hidróxeno"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;width:7px;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="border:none;width:7px;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td colspan="14" rowspan="5" style="border:none;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Hexagonal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/40px-Hexagonal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/60px-Hexagonal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/80px-Hexagonal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="304" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="border:none;text-align:center;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size:10pt;border:none;padding:0;line-height:1em;background-color:transparent;">&#160;<br />22</td> <td style="font-size:16pt;border:none;padding:0;line-height:1em;background-color:transparent;"><b>Ti</b></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td colspan="5" style="border:none;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Helio" title="Helio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Litio" title="Litio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Berilio" title="Berilio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Boro" title="Boro"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitr%C3%B3xeno" title="Nitróxeno"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Os%C3%ADxeno" title="Osíxeno"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%BAor" title="Flúor"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Silicio" title="Silicio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3sforo_(elemento)" title="Fósforo (elemento)"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Xofre" title="Xofre"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Potasio" title="Potasio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Calcio" title="Calcio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Escandio" title="Escandio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="float: left; width: 5px; height: 7px; font-size: 7px; line-height: 7px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;border:1px solid black">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadio" title="Vanadio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Cromo" title="Cromo"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganeso" title="Manganeso"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalto" title="Cobalto"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADquel" title="Níquel"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Cinc" title="Cinc"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Galio" title="Galio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Xermanio" title="Xermanio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Ars%C3%A9nico" title="Arsénico"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenio" title="Selenio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Cripton" title="Cripton"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidio" title="Rubidio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Estroncio" title="Estroncio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Circonio" title="Circonio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobio" title="Niobio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Tecnecio" title="Tecnecio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Rodio" title="Rodio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Paladio" title="Paladio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Prata" title="Prata"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmio" title="Cadmio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Indio_(elemento)" title="Indio (elemento)"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Esta%C3%B1o" title="Estaño"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Antimonio" title="Antimonio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Telurio" title="Telurio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Iodo" title="Iodo"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Cesio" title="Cesio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Bario" title="Bario"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lantano" title="Lantano"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Cerio" title="Cerio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodimio" title="Praseodimio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Neodimio" title="Neodimio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Promecio" title="Promecio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Samario" title="Samario"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Europio" title="Europio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinio" title="Gadolinio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Terbio" title="Terbio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Disprosio" title="Disprosio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Holmio" title="Holmio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Erbio" title="Erbio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Tulio" title="Tulio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Iterbio" title="Iterbio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lutecio" title="Lutecio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnio" title="Hafnio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1ntalo" title="Tántalo"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Volframio" title="Volframio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Renio" title="Renio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Platino" title="Platino"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Ouro" title="Ouro"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercurio_(elemento)" title="Mercurio (elemento)"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Talio" title="Talio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Chumbo" title="Chumbo"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81stato" title="Ástato"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Francio" title="Francio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Radio_(elemento)" title="Radio (elemento)"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Actinio" title="Actinio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Torio" title="Torio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinio" title="Protactinio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunio" title="Neptunio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Americio" title="Americio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Curio" title="Curio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelio" title="Berkelio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Californio" title="Californio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinio" title="Einsteinio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Fermio" title="Fermio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevio" title="Mendelevio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelio" title="Nobelio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Laurencio" title="Laurencio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordio" title="Rutherfordio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnio" title="Dubnio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgio" title="Seaborgio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrio" title="Bohrio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassio" title="Hassio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#E8E8E8;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerio" title="Meitnerio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#E8E8E8;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtio" title="Darmstadtio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#E8E8E8;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenio" title="Roentgenio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicio" title="Copernicio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#E8E8E8;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonio" title="Nihonio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovio" title="Flerovio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#E8E8E8;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovio" title="Moscovio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#E8E8E8;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorio" title="Livermorio"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#E8E8E8;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9nnesso" title="Ténnesso"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#E8E8E8;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center" style="font-size: 90%"><b>Ti</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center" style="font-size: 90%"><a href="/wiki/Circonio" title="Circonio">Zr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding-bottom:0.5em; border: none; font-size: 90%"><a href="/wiki/Escandio" title="Escandio">Escandio</a> ← <b>Titanio</b> → <a href="/wiki/Vanadio" title="Vanadio">Vanadio</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:right; padding-top:0.5em; font-size: 70%"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos" title="Táboa periódica dos elementos">Táboa periódica dos elementos</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Titanium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Titanium_spectrum_visible.png/300px-Titanium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Titanium_spectrum_visible.png/450px-Titanium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Titanium_spectrum_visible.png/600px-Titanium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" valign="top" align="center" style="font-size:90%">Liñas espectrais do Titanio </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Información xeral </th></tr> <tr> <td width="60%"><b><a href="/wiki/Lista_de_elementos_por_s%C3%ADmbolo" title="Lista de elementos por símbolo">Nome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lista_de_elementos_por_s%C3%ADmbolo" title="Lista de elementos por símbolo">símbolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_at%C3%B3mico" title="Número atómico">número</a></b> </td> <td width="40%">Titanio, Ti, 22 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Serie_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Serie química">Serie química</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metal_de_transici%C3%B3n" title="Metal de transición">Metal de transición</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Grupo_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Grupo da táboa periódica">Grupo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Período da táboa periódica">período</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloque_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Bloque da táboa periódica">bloque</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_4" title="Elementos do grupo 4">4</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 4 (a páxina aínda non existe)">4</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_bloque_d&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do bloque d (a páxina aínda non existe)">d</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Densidade" title="Densidade">Densidade</a></b> </td> <td>4507 kg/m<sup>3</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Escala_de_Mohs" title="Escala de Mohs">Dureza</a></b> </td> <td>6.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Aparencia</b> </td> <td>Prateado<br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_CAS" title="Número CAS">N° CAS</a></b> </td> <td>7440-32-6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_EINECS" class="mw-redirect" title="Número EINECS">N° EINECS</a></b> </td> <td>231-142-3 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Propiedades atómicas </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Masa_at%C3%B3mica" title="Masa atómica">Masa atómica</a></b> </td> <td>47,867(1)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Unidade_de_masa_at%C3%B3mica" title="Unidade de masa atómica">u</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><b>Raio medio</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pic%C3%B3metro" title="Picómetro">pm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Raio_at%C3%B3mico" title="Raio atómico">Raio atómico</a></b> <small>(calc)</small> </td> <td>147 <a href="/wiki/Pic%C3%B3metro" title="Picómetro">pm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Raio_covalente" title="Raio covalente">Raio covalente</a></b> </td> <td>160±8 <a href="/wiki/Pic%C3%B3metro" title="Picómetro">pm</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Raio_de_van_der_Waals" title="Raio de van der Waals">Raio de van der Waals</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pic%C3%B3metro" title="Picómetro">pm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Configuraci%C3%B3n_electr%C3%B3nica" title="Configuración electrónica">Configuración electrónica</a></b> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>]3<a href="/wiki/Orbital" title="Orbital">d</a>²4<a href="/wiki/Orbital" title="Orbital">s</a>² </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n" title="Electrón">Electróns</a> por <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nivel_de_enerx%C3%ADa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nivel de enerxía (a páxina aínda non existe)">nivel de enerxía</a></b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Estado_de_oxidaci%C3%B3n" title="Estado de oxidación">Estado(s) de oxidación</a></b> </td> <td><b>4</b>, 3, 2, 1, −1,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%93xido" title="Óxido">Óxido</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anf%C3%B3tero" title="Anfótero">anfótero</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Redes_de_Bravais" title="Redes de Bravais">Estrutura cristalina</a></b> </td> <td>hexagonal </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Propiedades físicas </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Estado_de_agregaci%C3%B3n_da_materia" title="Estado de agregación da materia">Estado ordinario</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3lido" title="Sólido">Sólido</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Punto_de_fusi%C3%B3n" title="Punto de fusión">Punto de fusión</a></b> </td> <td>1941&#160;<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Punto_de_ebulici%C3%B3n" title="Punto de ebulición">Punto de ebulición</a></b> </td> <td>3560&#160;<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Punto_de_inflamabilidade" title="Punto de inflamabilidade">Punto de inflamabilidade</a></b> </td> <td>{{{P_inflamabilidade}}}&#160;<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Entalp%C3%ADa_de_vaporizaci%C3%B3n" title="Entalpía de vaporización">Entalpía de vaporización</a></b> </td> <td>425 kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Entalp%C3%ADa_de_fusi%C3%B3n" title="Entalpía de fusión">Entalpía de fusión</a></b> </td> <td>14,15 kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Presi%C3%B3n_de_vapor" title="Presión de vapor">Presión de vapor</a></b> </td> <td>0,49 </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatura_cr%C3%ADtica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Temperatura crítica (a páxina aínda non existe)">Temperatura crítica</a></b> </td> <td>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presi%C3%B3n_cr%C3%ADtica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Presión crítica (a páxina aínda non existe)">Presión crítica</a></b> </td> <td>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unidade)" title="Pascal (unidade)">Pa</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volume_molar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Volume molar (a páxina aínda non existe)">Volume molar</a></b> </td> <td>m<sup>3</sup>/mol </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Velocidade_do_son" title="Velocidade do son">Velocidade do son</a></b> </td> <td>5090 m/s a 293.15 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (20 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Varios </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Electronegatividade" title="Electronegatividade">Electronegatividade</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Escala_de_Pauling" title="Escala de Pauling">Pauling</a>)</small></b> </td> <td>1,54 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Calor_espec%C3%ADfica" title="Calor específica">Calor específica</a></b> </td> <td>520 <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">J</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>·<a href="/wiki/Quilogramo" title="Quilogramo">kg</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Condutividade_el%C3%A9ctrica" title="Condutividade eléctrica">Condutividade eléctrica</a></b> </td> <td>2,34 x 10<sup>6</sup> <a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unidade)" title="Siemens (unidade)">S</a>/<a href="/wiki/Metro" title="Metro">m</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Condutividade_t%C3%A9rmica" title="Condutividade térmica">Condutividade térmica</a></b> </td> <td>21,9 W/(K·m) </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure658,8"> <td><b>1.ª <a href="/wiki/Enerx%C3%ADa_de_ionizaci%C3%B3n" title="Enerxía de ionización">Enerxía de ionización</a></b> </td> <td>658,8 kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure1309,8"> <td><b>2.ª Enerxía de ionización</b> </td> <td>1309,8 kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure2652,5"> <td><b>3.ª Enerxía de ionización</b> </td> <td>2652,5 kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td><b>4.ª Enerxía de ionización</b> </td> <td>{{{E_ionización4}}} kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td><b>5.ª Enerxía de ionización</b> </td> <td>{{{E_ionización5}}} kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td><b>6.ª Enerxía de ionización</b> </td> <td>{{{E_ionización6}}} kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td><b>7.ª Enerxía de ionización</b> </td> <td>{{{E_ionización7}}} kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td><b>8.ª enerxía de ionización</b> </td> <td>{{{E_ionización8}}} kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td><b>9.ª Enerxía de ionización</b> </td> <td>{{{E_ionización9}}} kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td><b>10.ª Enerxía de ionización</b> </td> <td>{{{E_ionización10}}} kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px; margin-top:none; margin-left:none; margin-right:none;">Isótopos máis estables </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0px"> <table width="100%" rules="all" class="wikitable" style="margin: 0em 0em 0em 0em; text-align:center; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Is%C3%B3topo" title="Isótopo">iso</a></b> </td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Abundancia_natural" title="Abundancia natural">AN</a></b> </td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_de_semidesintegraci%C3%B3n" title="Período de semidesintegración">Período</a></b> </td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadea_de_desintegraci%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cadea de desintegración (a páxina aínda non existe)">MD</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enerx%C3%ADa_de_desintegraci%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Enerxía de desintegración (a páxina aínda non existe)">Ed</a></b> </td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Produto_de_desintegraci%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Produto de desintegración (a páxina aínda non existe)">PD</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n-volt" title="Electrón-volt">MeV</a></b> </td></tr> <tr><td><sup>44</sup>Ti</td><td><a href="/wiki/Radiois%C3%B3topo_sint%C3%A9tico" title="Radioisótopo sintético">Sintético</a></td><td>63 anos</td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Captura_electr%C3%B3nica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Captura electrónica (a páxina aínda non existe)">ε</a></td><td>0,268</td><td><a href="/wiki/Escandio" title="Escandio"><sup>44</sup>Sc</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>46</sup>Ti</td><td>8.0%</td><td colspan="4">estable con 24 <a href="/wiki/Neutr%C3%B3n" title="Neutrón">neutróns</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>47</sup>Ti</td><td>7,3%</td><td colspan="4">estable con 25 <a href="/wiki/Neutr%C3%B3n" title="Neutrón">neutróns</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>48</sup>Ti</td><td>73,8%</td><td colspan="4">estable con 26 <a href="/wiki/Neutr%C3%B3n" title="Neutrón">neutróns</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>49</sup>Ti</td><td>5,5%</td><td colspan="4">estable con 27 <a href="/wiki/Neutr%C3%B3n" title="Neutrón">neutróns</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>50</sup>Ti</td><td>5,4%</td><td colspan="4">estable con 28 <a href="/wiki/Neutr%C3%B3n" title="Neutrón">neutróns</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-top: 2px #ffc0c0 solid; font-size: 90%;">Unidades segundo o <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Internacional_de_Unidades" title="Sistema Internacional de Unidades">SI</a> e en <a href="/wiki/Condici%C3%B3ns_normais_de_presi%C3%B3n_e_temperatura" title="Condicións normais de presión e temperatura">condicións normais de presión e temperatura</a>, salvo indicación contraria. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>O <b>titanio</b> é un <a href="/wiki/Elemento_qu%C3%ADmico" title="Elemento químico">elemento químico</a> de símbolo <b>Ti</b> e <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_at%C3%B3mico" title="Número atómico">número atómico</a> 22 que se sitúa no grupo 4 da <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos" title="Táboa periódica dos elementos">táboa periódica dos elementos</a>. É un <a href="/wiki/Metal_de_transici%C3%B3n" title="Metal de transición">metal de transición</a> de cor gris, baixa <a href="/wiki/Densidade" title="Densidade">densidade</a> e gran dureza. É moi resistente á <a href="/wiki/Corrosi%C3%B3n" title="Corrosión">corrosión</a> por <a href="/wiki/Auga_do_mar" title="Auga do mar">auga do mar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Auga_rexia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Auga rexia (a páxina aínda non existe)">auga rexia</a> e <a href="/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro">cloro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LANL_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LANL-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foi descuberto en <a href="/wiki/Cornualla" title="Cornualla">Cornualla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gran_Breta%C3%B1a" title="Gran Bretaña">Gran Bretaña</a>, por <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Gregor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William Gregor (a páxina aínda non existe)">William Gregor</a> en 1791 e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth (a páxina aínda non existe)">Martin Heinrich Klaproth</a> nomeouno así polos <a href="/wiki/Tit%C3%A1n_(mitolox%C3%ADa)" title="Titán (mitoloxía)">titáns</a> da <a href="/wiki/Mitolox%C3%ADa_grega" title="Mitoloxía grega">mitoloxía grega</a>. Este elemento dáse en diversos depósitos de <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerais</a>, principalmente de <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAtilo" title="Rútilo">rútilo</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ilmenita" title="Ilmenita">ilmenita</a>, que se distribúen amplamente pola <a href="/wiki/Codia_terrestre" title="Codia terrestre">codia terrestre</a> e a <a href="/wiki/Litosfera" title="Litosfera">litosfera</a>, ademais de formar parte de moitas formas de vida, <a href="/wiki/Rocha" title="Rocha">rochas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corpo_de_auga" title="Corpo de auga">corpos de auga</a> e <a href="/wiki/Solo" title="Solo">solos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EBC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBC-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> A extracción deste metal dende o mineral realízase por medio do <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9todo_de_Kroll&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Método de Kroll (a páxina aínda non existe)">método de Kroll</a><sup id="cite_ref-LANL_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LANL-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> ou polo <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9todo_de_Hunter&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Método de Hunter (a páxina aínda non existe)">método de Hunter</a>. O composto máis común é o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Di%C3%B3xido_de_titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dióxido de titanio (a páxina aínda non existe)">dióxido de titanio</a>, habitual na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotocat%C3%A1lise&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotocatálise (a páxina aínda non existe)">fotocatálise</a> e usado na manufactura de <a href="/wiki/Pigmento" title="Pigmento">pigmentos</a> de cor branca.<sup id="cite_ref-HistoryAndUse_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoryAndUse-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Outros compostos habituais inclúen o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetracloruro_de_titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetracloruro de titanio (a páxina aínda non existe)">tetracloruro de titanio</a> (TiCl<sub>4</sub>), un compoñente <a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A1lise" title="Catálise">catalizador</a>, e o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricloruro_de_titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tricloruro de titanio (a páxina aínda non existe)">tricloruro de titanio</a> (TiCl<sub>3</sub>), empregado coma catalizador na produción de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polipropileno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Polipropileno (a páxina aínda non existe)">polipropileno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EBC_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBC-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O titanio pode formar <a href="/wiki/Aliaxe" title="Aliaxe">aliaxes</a> co <a href="/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro">ferro</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio">aluminio</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Vanadio" title="Vanadio">vanadio</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno">molibdeno</a> entre outros elementos, producindo aliaxes lixeiras e resistentes para aplicacións aeroespaciais (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motor_de_reacci%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Motor de reacción (a páxina aínda non existe)">motores de reacción</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADsil" title="Mísil">mísiles</a> e <a href="/wiki/Nave_espacial" title="Nave espacial">naves espaciais</a>), aplicacións militares, aplicacións industriais (produtos químicos e petroquímicos, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desalinizaci%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Desalinización (a páxina aínda non existe)">plantas de desalinización</a>), na automoción, para <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%B3tese_(medicina)" title="Prótese (medicina)">próteses médicas</a> e implantes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortopedia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ortopedia (a páxina aínda non existe)">ortopédicos</a>, instrumentos e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Implante_dental&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Implante dental (a páxina aínda non existe)">implantes</a> dentais, aparellos <a href="/wiki/Deporte" title="Deporte">deportivos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xoia" title="Xoia">xoiería</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Tel%C3%A9fono_m%C3%B3bil" title="Teléfono móbil">teléfonos móbiles</a> entre outras aplicacións.<sup id="cite_ref-EBC_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBC-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As dúas propiedades máis útiles deste metal son a resistencia á corrosión e a maior proporción de dureza-densidade de tódolos elementos metálicos.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Cando non se atopa nunha aliaxe, o titanio é igual de forte que algúns <a href="/wiki/Aceiro" title="Aceiro">aceiros</a>, pero presentando unha menor densidade que estes.<sup id="cite_ref-Barksdale1968p738_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barksdale1968p738-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Ten dúas formas <a href="/wiki/Alotrop%C3%ADa" title="Alotropía">alotrópicas</a><sup id="cite_ref-TICE6th_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TICE6th-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> e cinco <a href="/wiki/Is%C3%B3topo" title="Isótopo">isótopos</a> naturais que van dende <sup>46</sup>Ti ata <sup>50</sup>Ti, sendo <sup>48</sup>Ti o máis <a href="/wiki/Abundancia_natural" title="Abundancia natural">abundante</a> deles.<sup id="cite_ref-EnvChem_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnvChem-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Características"><span id="Caracter.C3.ADsticas"></span>Características</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editar a sección: «Características»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Características"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propiedades_físicas"><span id="Propiedades_f.C3.ADsicas"></span>Propiedades físicas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editar a sección: «Propiedades físicas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Propiedades físicas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O titanio é o <a href="/wiki/Elemento_qu%C3%ADmico" title="Elemento químico">elemento</a> <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metálico</a> que posúe a maior proporción de dureza-densidade.<sup id="cite_ref-TICE6th_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TICE6th-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> É un metal forte, cunha baixa <a href="/wiki/Densidade" title="Densidade">densidade</a> e alta <a href="/wiki/Ductilidade" title="Ductilidade">ductilidade</a> (especialmente en ambientes libres de <a href="/wiki/Os%C3%ADxeno" title="Osíxeno">osíxeno</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-EBC_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBC-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> de <a href="/wiki/Cor" title="Cor">cor</a> branca metálica.<sup id="cite_ref-Stwertka1998_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stwertka1998-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> O seu <a href="/wiki/Punto_de_fusi%C3%B3n" title="Punto de fusión">punto de fusión</a> é relativamente alto, por riba dos 1650&#160;°C (1920&#160;K), o que fai que sexa útil como <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_refractario&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Metal refractario (a páxina aínda non existe)">metal refractario</a>. É <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramagnetismo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramagnetismo (a páxina aínda non existe)">paramagnético</a> e presenta baixa <a href="/wiki/Condutividade_el%C3%A9ctrica" title="Condutividade eléctrica">condutividade eléctrica</a> e <a href="/wiki/Condutividade_t%C3%A9rmica" title="Condutividade térmica">térmica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EBC_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBC-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As aliaxes comerciais de titanio, cunha pureza do 99,2%, teñen unha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tensi%C3%B3n_de_rotura&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tensión de rotura (a páxina aínda non existe)">tensión de rotura</a> duns 434 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unidade)" title="Pascal (unidade)">MPa</a> (63.000 psi), equivalente á das aliaxes comúns de <a href="/wiki/Aceiro" title="Aceiro">aceiro</a> pero cunha menor densidade que estas. O titanio ten unha densidade un 60% maior que o <a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio">aluminio</a>, pero é o dobre de forte que a aliaxe de aluminio máis común 6061-T6.<sup id="cite_ref-Barksdale1968p738_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barksdale1968p738-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Algunhas aliaxes de titanio acadan unha tensión de rotura por riba dos 1400 MPa (200.000 psi).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> Porén, o titanio perde resistencia cando se quenta a temperaturas superiores aos 430&#160;°C (703&#160;K).<sup id="cite_ref-Barksdale1968p734_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barksdale1968p734-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> O titanio non é tan duro coma algunhas graduacións de aceiro tratado, e o seu traballo a máquina require certas precaucións, xa que pode presentar unións defectuosas de non empregarse os métodos correctos para arrefrialo. Ao igual que as feitas de aceiro, as estruturas de titanio teñen un <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADmite_de_fatiga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Límite de fatiga (a páxina aínda non existe)">límite de fatiga</a> que garante a lonxevidade das súas aplicacións.<sup id="cite_ref-Stwertka1998_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stwertka1998-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>É un metal <a href="/wiki/Alotrop%C3%ADa" title="Alotropía">alotrópico</a> dimórfico. A súa <a href="/wiki/Redes_de_Bravais" title="Redes de Bravais">estrutura cristalina</a> en estado alfa ten forma hexagonal e tórnase nunha de forma cúbica centrada no corpo ao pasar ao estado beta, a unha temperatura de 882&#160;°C (1155&#160;K).<sup id="cite_ref-Barksdale1968p734_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barksdale1968p734-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Calor_espec%C3%ADfica" title="Calor específica">calor específica</a> da súa forma alfa increméntase drasticamente ao quentarse ata a temperatura de transición para despois baixar e manterse relativamente constante na forma beta, sen afectarlle a temperatura.<sup id="cite_ref-Barksdale1968p734_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barksdale1968p734-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Ao igual que para o <a href="/wiki/Circonio" title="Circonio">circonio</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Hafnio" title="Hafnio">hafnio</a>, existe unha fase adicional omega, termodinamicamente estable a altas presións pero metastable a presión ambiente, que adoita ser hexagonal ou trigonal.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propiedades_químicas"><span id="Propiedades_qu.C3.ADmicas"></span>Propiedades químicas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Editar a sección: «Propiedades químicas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Propiedades químicas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Titanium_in_water_Pourbaix_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Titanium_in_water_Pourbaix_diagram.png/220px-Titanium_in_water_Pourbaix_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Titanium_in_water_Pourbaix_diagram.png/330px-Titanium_in_water_Pourbaix_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Titanium_in_water_Pourbaix_diagram.png/440px-Titanium_in_water_Pourbaix_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diagrama_de_Pourbaix&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Diagrama de Pourbaix (a páxina aínda non existe)">Diagrama de Pourbaix</a> para o titanio.<sup id="cite_ref-medusa_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medusa-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Ao igual que o <a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio">aluminio</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio">magnesio</a>, o titanio e as súas aliaxes <a href="/wiki/Oxidorreduci%C3%B3n" title="Oxidorredución">oxídanse</a> cando están expostos ao <a href="/wiki/Aire" class="mw-redirect" title="Aire">aire</a>. O titanio reacciona co osíxeno a temperaturas de 1200&#160;°C (1470&#160;K) no aire e 610&#160;°C (883&#160;K) en osíxeno puro, formando <a href="/w/index.php?title=Di%C3%B3xido_de_titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dióxido de titanio (a páxina aínda non existe)">dióxido de titanio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TICE6th_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TICE6th-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Porén, as reaccións de oxidación en contacto co aire e auga son lentas, debido a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasivaci%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasivación (a páxina aínda non existe)">pasivación</a> que forma unha capa de óxido que protexe o resto do metal perante a propia oxidación.<sup id="cite_ref-EBC_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBC-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Esta capa protectora só ten entre 1 e 2 <a href="/wiki/Metro" title="Metro">nm</a> de anchura cando se forma inicialmente, medrando lentamente ata acadar os 25&#160;nm nun período de catro anos.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001p453_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p453-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O titanio presenta unha gran resistencia á corrosión, comparable á do <a href="/wiki/Platino" title="Platino">platino</a>, capaz de resistir o ataque de ácidos como o <a href="/wiki/%C3%81cido_sulf%C3%BArico" title="Ácido sulfúrico">sulfúrico</a> e outros <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81cido_hidroclor%C3%ADdrico&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ácido hidroclorídrico (a páxina aínda non existe)">ácidos hidroclorídricos</a>, así coma solucións de cloro e a maioría de ácidos orgánicos.<sup id="cite_ref-LANL_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LANL-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Porén, os ataques de ácidos concentrados si producen unha maior corrosión.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> O titanio é termodinamicamente moi reactivo, como indica o feito de que o metal comeza a arder antes de acadar o punto de fusión, e a propia fusión só é posible nunha <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera">atmosfera</a> inerte ou no <a href="/wiki/Baleiro" title="Baleiro">baleiro</a>. Combínase co cloro a unha temperatura de 550&#160;°C (823&#160;K),<sup id="cite_ref-LANL_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LANL-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> reacciona co resto de <a href="/wiki/Hal%C3%B3xeno" title="Halóxeno">halóxenos</a> e absorbe <a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xeno" title="Hidróxeno">hidróxeno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HistoryAndUse_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoryAndUse-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>É un dos poucos elementos que arde en gas puro de <a href="/wiki/Nitr%C3%B3xeno" title="Nitróxeno">nitróxeno</a>, reaccionando a unha temperatura de 800&#160;°C (1070&#160;K) para formar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitruro_de_titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitruro de titanio (a páxina aínda non existe)">nitruro de titanio</a>, o que causa unha perda de ductilidade no material.<sup id="cite_ref-titaniumindustry_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titaniumindustry-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abundancia">Abundancia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Editar a sección: «Abundancia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Abundancia"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:center; margin-left:0.5em"> <caption>Produción de rútilo e ilmenita no 2021 <i>(as cifras están aproximadas)</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>País</th> <th>Miles de <br />toneladas</th> <th>% do total </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_da_China" title="República Popular da China">China</a> </td> <td>3.400 </td> <td>35,7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Mozambique.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mozambique"><img alt="Mozambique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/20px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> </td> <td>1.108 </td> <td>11,6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sudáfrica"><img alt="Sudáfrica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/20px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sur%C3%A1frica" title="Suráfrica">Suráfrica</a> </td> <td>995 </td> <td>10,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>790</td> <td>8,3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Senegal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/20px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/30px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/40px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></td> <td>491</td> <td>5,1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Noruega"><img alt="Noruega" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/20px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/30px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Noruega" title="Noruega">Noruega</a> </td> <td>468 </td> <td>4,9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/20px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/40px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Canad%C3%A1" title="Canadá">Canadá</a> </td> <td>430 </td> <td>4,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Madagascar.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madagascar"><img alt="Madagascar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/20px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/30px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/40px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> </td> <td>414 </td> <td>4,4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ucraína"><img alt="Ucraína" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ucra%C3%ADna" title="Ucraína">Ucraína</a></td> <td>411</td> <td>4,3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_Kenya.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Quenia"><img alt="Quenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/20px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></td> <td>253</td> <td>2,6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><i>Outros países</i></td> <td>740</td> <td>7,8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total mundial</b></td> <td><b>9.500</b></td> <td><b>100</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>O titanio sempre ocorre naturalmente unido a outros elementos. É o noveno elemento e sétimo metal máis abundante na <a href="/wiki/Codia_terrestre" title="Codia terrestre">codia terrestre</a>, supoñendo un 0,63% da súa masa.<sup id="cite_ref-Barksdale1968p732_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barksdale1968p732-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> Está presente na maioría de <a href="/wiki/Rocha_magm%C3%A1tica" title="Rocha magmática">rochas ígneas</a> e <a href="/wiki/Rocha_sedimentaria" title="Rocha sedimentaria">sedimentarias</a>, así coma en diversas formas de vida e <a href="/wiki/Corpo_de_auga" title="Corpo de auga">corpos de auga</a> naturais.<sup id="cite_ref-LANL_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LANL-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EBC_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBC-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Dos 801 tipos de rochas ígneas analizadas nun estudo da <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Servizo_Xeol%C3%B3xico_dos_Estados_Unidos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Servizo Xeolóxico dos Estados Unidos (a páxina aínda non existe)">United States Geological Survey</a>,</i> 784 contiñan titanio, e a súa proporción no <a href="/wiki/Solo" title="Solo">solo</a> resultou ser de entre 0,5 e 1,5%.<sup id="cite_ref-Barksdale1968p732_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barksdale1968p732-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A súa ocorrencia dáse principalmente nos minerais <a href="/wiki/Anatasa" title="Anatasa">anatasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brookita" title="Brookita">brookita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilmenita" title="Ilmenita">ilmenita</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perovskita&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perovskita (a páxina aínda non existe)">perovskita</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAtilo" title="Rútilo">rútilo</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanita&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Titanita (a páxina aínda non existe)">titanita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001p453_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p453-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> De todos estes minerais, só o rútilo e a ilmenita presentan importancia económica, malia ser difíciles de atopar en altas concentracións. Mentres no 2011 extraéronse uns 6 millóns de toneladas de rútilo e uns 0,7 millóns de toneladas de ilmenita en todo o mundo,<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> no 2011, foron 8,9 de rútilo e 0,6 de ilmenita.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> No ano 2011, produciuse un total dunhas 186&#160;000 toneladas de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Escoura&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Escoura (a páxina aínda non existe)">escoura</a> de metal de titanio, na súa maioría na China (60&#160;000&#160;t), o <a href="/wiki/Xap%C3%B3n" title="Xapón">Xapón</a> (56&#160;000&#160;t), <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> (40&#160;000&#160;t), os <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Estados Unidos de América">Estados Unidos</a> (32&#160;000&#160;t) e <a href="/wiki/Casaquist%C3%A1n" title="Casaquistán">Casaquistán</a> (20&#160;700&#160;t). </p><p>En canto ás reservas totais de titanio na Terra que se estimaban no 2011 por riba dos 600 millóns de toneladas,<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> en 2021, só as reservas de ilmenita se contabilizaban en 650 millóns de toneladas e as de rutilo noutros 49 millóns.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Os depósitos máis significativos de ilmenita atópanse en <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canad%C3%A1" title="Canadá">Canadá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_da_China" title="República Popular da China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Zelandia" title="Nova Zelandia">Nova Zelandia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noruega" title="Noruega">Noruega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ucra%C3%ADna" title="Ucraína">Ucraína</a> e <a href="/wiki/Sur%C3%A1frica" title="Suráfrica">Suráfrica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001p453_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p453-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A concentración molar de titanio nos <a href="/wiki/Oc%C3%A9ano" title="Océano">océanos</a> é aproximadamente de 4 picomoles. A unha temperatura de 100&#160;°C (373&#160;K) a concentración na auga estímase en menos de 10<sup>−7</sup> M en pH 7. Non hai evidencias que indiquen cal é o papel biolóxico do titanio, malia que algúns organismos particulares si presentan acumulacións do mesmo en altas concentracións.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Este metal tamén se detectou en <a href="/wiki/Meteorito" title="Meteorito">meteoritos</a>, no <a href="/wiki/Sol" title="Sol">Sol</a> e en <a href="/wiki/Estrela_(astronom%C3%ADa)" title="Estrela (astronomía)">estrelas</a> de tipo M,<sup id="cite_ref-LANL_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LANL-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> o tipo máis frío de estrelas cunha temperatura na superficie duns 3200&#160;°C (3470&#160;K).<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001p451_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p451-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Rocha" title="Rocha">rochas</a> traídas dende a <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAa" title="Lúa">Lúa</a> na misión <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apolo 17</a> están compostas dun 12,1% de TiO<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-LANL_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LANL-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isótopos"><span id="Is.C3.B3topos"></span>Isótopos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Editar a sección: «Isótopos»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Isótopos"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Atópanse 5 <a href="/wiki/Is%C3%B3topo" title="Isótopo">isótopos</a> estables na natureza: <sup>46</sup>Ti, <sup>47</sup>Ti, <sup>48</sup>Ti, <sup>49</sup>Ti e <sup>50</sup>Ti, sendo <sup>48</sup>Ti o máis abundante deles cun 73,8% de <a href="/wiki/Abundancia_natural" title="Abundancia natural">abundancia natural</a>. Caracterizáronse once <a href="/wiki/Radiois%C3%B3topo" title="Radioisótopo">radioisótopos</a>, sendo os máis estables <sup>44</sup>Ti cun <a href="/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_de_semidesintegraci%C3%B3n" title="Período de semidesintegración">período de semidesintegración</a> de 63 anos, <sup>45</sup>Ti cun período de 184,8 minutos, <sup>51</sup>Ti cun período de 5,76 minutos e <sup>52</sup>Ti cun período de 1,7 minutos. Para o resto, as súas vidas medias son de menos de 33 segundos, e a maioría de menos de medio segundo.<sup id="cite_ref-EnvChem_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnvChem-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Os isótopos de titanio teñen <a href="/wiki/Masa_at%C3%B3mica" title="Masa atómica">pesos atómicos</a> que van dende 39,99 <a href="/wiki/Unidade_de_masa_at%C3%B3mica" title="Unidade de masa atómica">Da</a> (<sup>40</sup>Ti) ata 57,966 Da (<sup>58</sup>Ti). O principal método de desintegración antes do isótopo estable máis abundante <sup>48</sup>Ti é a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Captura_electr%C3%B3nica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Captura electrónica (a páxina aínda non existe)">captura electrónica</a>, mentres que logo deste é a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegraci%C3%B3n_beta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Desintegración beta (a páxina aínda non existe)">desintegración beta</a>. Os produtos desta desintegración antes do <sup>48</sup>Ti son isótopos do elemento 21 (<a href="/wiki/Escandio" title="Escandio">escandio</a>), e os posteriores son isótopos do elemento 23 (<a href="/wiki/Vanadio" title="Vanadio">vanadio</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-EnvChem_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnvChem-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> O titanio tórnase radioactivo cando é bombardeado con <a href="/wiki/Deuterio" title="Deuterio">deuterio</a>, emitindo principalmente <a href="/wiki/Positr%C3%B3n" title="Positrón">positróns</a> e <a href="/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3n_gamma" title="Radiación gamma">raios gamma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LANL_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LANL-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compostos">Compostos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Editar a sección: «Compostos»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Compostos"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Titanium_nitride_coating.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Titanium_nitride_coating.jpg/50px-Titanium_nitride_coating.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Titanium_nitride_coating.jpg/75px-Titanium_nitride_coating.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Titanium_nitride_coating.jpg/100px-Titanium_nitride_coating.jpg 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption>Broca de trade recuberta con TiN.</figcaption></figure> <p>O <a href="/wiki/Estado_de_oxidaci%C3%B3n" title="Estado de oxidación">estado de oxidación</a> +4 domina a química do titanio,<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood1997p958_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p958-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> mais tamén son comúns os compostos no estado +3.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood1997p970_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p970-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> O titanio adopta habitualmente unha xeometría de coordinación octaédrica nos seus compostos, coa notable excepción tetraédrica do TiCl<sub>4</sub>. Os compostos de titanio(IV) presentan un alto grao de unión <a href="/wiki/Enlace_covalente" title="Enlace covalente">covalente</a> por mor do seu alto estado de oxidación.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Óxidos,_sulfuros_e_alcóxidos"><span id=".C3.93xidos.2C_sulfuros_e_alc.C3.B3xidos"></span>Óxidos, sulfuros e alcóxidos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Editar a sección: «Óxidos, sulfuros e alcóxidos»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Óxidos, sulfuros e alcóxidos"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O óxido máis importante do titanio é o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Di%C3%B3xido_de_titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dióxido de titanio (a páxina aínda non existe)">dióxido de titanio</a> TiO<sub>2</sub>, que existe principalmente na <a href="/wiki/Anatasa" title="Anatasa">anatasa</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Brookita" title="Brookita">brookita</a> e o <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAtilo" title="Rútilo">rútilo</a>, todos eles <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3lido" title="Sólido">sólidos</a> diamagnéticos brancos.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001p453_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p453-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> Nestes compostos adóptanse unhas estruturas poliméricas na que o Ti arrodéase de seis <a href="/wiki/Ligando_(qu%C3%ADmica_inorg%C3%A1nica)" title="Ligando (química inorgánica)">ligandos</a> de <a href="/wiki/%C3%93xido" title="Óxido">óxido</a> que se unen con outros centros de Ti.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O termo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanato&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Titanato (a páxina aínda non existe)">titanato</a> adoita empregarse para facer referencia aos compostos do titanio(IV), coma por exemplo o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanato_de_bario&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Titanato de bario (a páxina aínda non existe)">titanato de bario</a> (BaTiO<sub>3</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-G&amp;E_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G&amp;E-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> Cunha estrutura coma a da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perovskita&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perovskita (a páxina aínda non existe)">perovskita</a>, este material posúe propiedades <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectricidade" title="Piezoelectricidade">piezoeléctricas</a> e emprégase coma <a href="/wiki/Transdutor" title="Transdutor">transdutor</a> na interconversión de <a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">son</a> e <a href="/wiki/Electricidade" title="Electricidade">electricidade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TICE6th_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TICE6th-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Os <a href="/wiki/Zafiro" title="Zafiro">zafiros</a> de estrela e os <a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%AD" title="Rubí">rubís</a> obteñen o seu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asterismo_(xemolox%C3%ADa)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asterismo (xemoloxía) (a páxina aínda non existe)">asterismo</a> pola presenza de impurezas do dióxido de titanio.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001p453_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p453-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coñécense diversos óxidos reducidos do titanio. Ti<sub>3</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, descrito coma Ti(IV)-Ti(III), é un <a href="/wiki/Semicondutor" title="Semicondutor">semicondutor</a> de cor <a href="/wiki/P%C3%BArpura" title="Púrpura">púrpura</a> producido por redución de TiO<sub>2</sub> con hidróxeno a altas temperaturas,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> empregado industrialmente cando se require cubrir superficies con vapor de dióxido de titanio, xa que se evapora coma TiO puro mentres que TiO<sub>2</sub> se evapora como unha mestura de óxidos e outros depósitos que teñen un índice de refracción variable.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> Outros óxidos habituais son o óxido de titanio(III) Ti<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> e o óxido de titanio(II) TiO.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood1997p962_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p962-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Os <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alc%C3%B3xido&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcóxido (a páxina aínda non existe)">alcóxidos</a> de titanio(IV), preparados mediante reacción de TiCl<sub>4</sub> con <a href="/wiki/Alcohol" title="Alcohol">alcoholes</a>, son compostos incoloros que se converten no dióxido ao reaccionar con auga. Son de utilidade industrial para depositar TiO<sub>2</sub> sólido mediante o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proceso_sol-gel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Proceso sol-gel (a páxina aínda non existe)">proceso sol-gel</a>. O <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoprop%C3%B3xido_de_titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Isopropóxido de titanio (a páxina aínda non existe)">isopropóxido de titanio</a> emprégase na síntese de compostos orgánicos por medio da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoxidaci%C3%B3n_de_Sharpless&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Epoxidación de Sharpless (a páxina aínda non existe)">epoxidación de Sharpless</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hydro_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hydro-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nitruros_e_carburos">Nitruros e carburos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Editar a sección: «Nitruros e carburos»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Nitruros e carburos"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitruro_de_titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitruro de titanio (a páxina aínda non existe)">nitruro de titanio</a> (TiN) ten unha dureza equivalente ao <a href="/wiki/Zafiro" title="Zafiro">zafiro</a> e o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carburo_de_silicio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Carburo de silicio (a páxina aínda non existe)">carburo de silicio</a> (9,0 na <a href="/wiki/Escala_de_Mohs" title="Escala de Mohs">escala de Mohs</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> e emprégase habitualmente coma cuberta de ferramentas industriais de corte.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> Tamén se emprega coma recubrimento decorativo de cor dourada e coma metal de barreira na fabricación de <a href="/wiki/Semicondutor" title="Semicondutor">semicondutores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> O <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carburo_de_titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Carburo de titanio (a páxina aínda non existe)">carburo de titanio</a> tamén posúe unha gran dureza e emprégase así mesmo en ferramentas de corte.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haluros">Haluros</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Editar a sección: «Haluros»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Haluros"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:TiCl3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/TiCl3.jpg/120px-TiCl3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/TiCl3.jpg/180px-TiCl3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/TiCl3.jpg/240px-TiCl3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Solución acuosa de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricloruro_de_titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tricloruro de titanio (a páxina aínda non existe)">tricloruro de titanio</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>O <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetracloruro_de_titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetracloruro de titanio (a páxina aínda non existe)">tetracloruro de titanio</a> TiCl<sub>4</sub><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> é un <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADquido" title="Líquido">líquido</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volatilidade&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Volatilidade (a páxina aínda non existe)">volátil</a> que no aire provoca unha <a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3lise" title="Hidrólise">hidrólise</a> emitindo un fume branco.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> O TiCl<sub>4</sub> prodúcese por medio do <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9todo_de_Kroll&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Método de Kroll (a páxina aínda non existe)">método de Kroll</a> durante a conversión de minerais de titanio a dióxido de titanio.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> O seu uso é estendido na <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_org%C3%A1nica" title="Química orgánica">química orgánica</a> coma <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81cido_Lewis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ácido Lewis (a páxina aínda non existe)">ácido Lewis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> O <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraioduro_de_titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetraioduro de titanio (a páxina aínda non existe)">tetraioduro de titanio</a> TiI<sub>4</sub> xérase durante o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proceso_van_Arkel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Proceso van Arkel (a páxina aínda non existe)">proceso van Arkel</a> para a produción de metal de titanio de alta pureza.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O titanio(III) e o titanio(II) tamén forman cloruros estables. Un exemplo notable é o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricloruro_de_titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tricloruro de titanio (a páxina aínda non existe)">tricloruro de titanio</a> TiCl<sub>3</sub>, usado coma <a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A1lise" title="Catálise">catalizador</a> na produción de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poliolefina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Poliolefina (a páxina aínda non existe)">poliolefinas</a> e coma axente redutor na química orgánica.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compostos_organometálicos"><span id="Compostos_organomet.C3.A1licos"></span>Compostos organometálicos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Editar a sección: «Compostos organometálicos»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Compostos organometálicos"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Os compostos de titanio cumpren un papel <a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A1lise" title="Catálise">catalizador</a> importante na <a href="/wiki/Polimerizaci%C3%B3n" title="Polimerización">polimerización</a>, polo que os compostos con ligazóns Ti-C foron estudados de forma intensiva. Os compostos deste tipo máis comúns son o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dicloruro_de_titanoceno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dicloruro de titanoceno (a páxina aínda non existe)">dicloruro de titanoceno</a> ((C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>TiCl<sub>2</sub>), o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactivo_de_Tebbe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reactivo de Tebbe (a páxina aínda non existe)">reactivo de Tebbe</a> (C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>TiCH<sub>2</sub>ClAl(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> e o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactivo_de_Petasis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reactivo de Petasis (a páxina aínda non existe)">reactivo de Petasis</a> (Cp<sub>2</sub>Ti(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>). O titanio forma tamén compostos carbonilos, coma por exemplo o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dicarbonilo_de_titanoceno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dicarbonilo de titanoceno (a páxina aínda non existe)">dicarbonilo de titanoceno</a> (C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Ti(CO)<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Editar a sección: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Historia"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth.jpg/220px-Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth.jpg/330px-Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth.jpg/440px-Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth (a páxina aínda non existe)">Martin Heinrich Klaproth</a> nomeou así o titanio polos <a href="/wiki/Tit%C3%A1n_(mitolox%C3%ADa)" title="Titán (mitoloxía)">titáns</a> da <a href="/wiki/Mitolox%C3%ADa_grega" title="Mitoloxía grega">mitoloxía grega</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>O titanio foi descuberto dentro dun <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> en <a href="/wiki/Cornualla" title="Cornualla">Cornualla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gran_Breta%C3%B1a" title="Gran Bretaña">Gran Bretaña</a> en 1791 polo <a href="/wiki/Clero" title="Clero">clérigo</a> e <a href="/wiki/Xeolox%C3%ADa" title="Xeoloxía">xeólogo</a> afeccionado <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Gregor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William Gregor (a páxina aínda non existe)">William Gregor</a>, que por aquel entón era o pastor da parroquia de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Creed,_Cornualles&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Creed, Cornualles (a páxina aínda non existe)">Creed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001p452_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p452-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> Recoñeceu a presenza dun novo elemento na <a href="/wiki/Ilmenita" title="Ilmenita">ilmenita</a><sup id="cite_ref-HistoryAndUse_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoryAndUse-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> ao atopar unha area negra nun regato na <a href="/wiki/Parroquia_eclesi%C3%A1stica" title="Parroquia eclesiástica">parroquia</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manaccan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Manaccan (a páxina aínda non existe)">Manaccan</a> e observou que a area era atraída por un <a href="/wiki/Im%C3%A1n" title="Imán">imán</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001p452_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p452-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> A súa análise da area determinou a presenza de dous <a href="/wiki/%C3%93xido" title="Óxido">óxidos</a> de metais: <a href="/wiki/%C3%93xido_de_ferro" title="Óxido de ferro">óxido de ferro</a> (o que provocaba a atracción magnética) e unha proporción dun 45,25% doutro óxido metálico branco que non foi capaz de identificar.<sup id="cite_ref-Barksdale1968p732_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barksdale1968p732-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> Coma este óxido sen identificar contiña un metal que non cumpría as propiedades de ningún dos elementos coñecidos, informou do seu descubrimento á <i>Royal Geological Society of Cornwall</i> e a revista científica alemá <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crell%27s_Annalen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Crell&#39;s Annalen (a páxina aínda non existe)">Crell's Annalen</a></i>, dándolle o nome de <i>manacanita</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001p452_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p452-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sobre o mesmo tempo, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz-Joseph_M%C3%BCller_von_Reichenstein&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein (a páxina aínda non existe)">Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein</a> produciu unha substancia semellante que tampouco foi capaz de identificar.<sup id="cite_ref-HistoryAndUse_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoryAndUse-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> O óxido foi descuberto de novo de forma independente no 1795 polo químico <a href="/wiki/Prusia" title="Prusia">prusiano</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth (a páxina aínda non existe)">Martin Heinrich Klaproth</a> nun mineral de <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAtilo" title="Rútilo">rútilo</a> na vila <a href="/wiki/Hungr%C3%ADa" title="Hungría">húngara</a> de Boinik, na actual <a href="/wiki/Eslovaquia" title="Eslovaquia">Eslovaquia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001p452_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p452-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> Klaproth atopou que o mineral contiña un novo elemento e deulle o nome de <i>titanio</i> polos <a href="/wiki/Tit%C3%A1n_(mitolox%C3%ADa)" title="Titán (mitoloxía)">titáns</a> da <a href="/wiki/Mitolox%C3%ADa_grega" title="Mitoloxía grega">mitoloxía grega</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001p451_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p451-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> Tras saber do descubrimento previo de Gregor, obtivo unha mostra de <i>manacanita</i> e confirmou que esta contiña titanio.<sup id="cite_ref-Roza2008p8_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roza2008p8-47"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Os procesos coñecidos para a extracción do titanio dende os diversos minerais que o conteñen resultan complicados e custosos. Non é posible reducir o mineral da forma habitual, quentándoo na presenza de <a href="/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono">carbono</a>, xa que iso produce <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carburo_de_titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Carburo de titanio (a páxina aínda non existe)">carburo de titanio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001p452_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p452-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> O titanio metálico puro (99,9%) foi obtido por primeira vez por <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_A._Hunter&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew A. Hunter (a páxina aínda non existe)">Matthew A. Hunter</a> no <i>Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</i> ao quentar TiCl<sub>4</sub> con <a href="/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio">sodio</a> a unha temperatura de entre 700 e 800&#160;°C baixo unha gran <a href="/wiki/Presi%C3%B3n" title="Presión">presión</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Roza2008p9_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roza2008p9-48"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> proceso coñecido coma o <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9todo_de_Hunter&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Método de Hunter (a páxina aínda non existe)">método de Hunter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LANL_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LANL-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> O metal de titanio non foi empregado fora dos laboratorios ata 1932 cando <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Justin_Kroll&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William Justin Kroll (a páxina aínda non existe)">William Justin Kroll</a> probou que podía producirse mediante a redución de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetracloruro_de_titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetracloruro de titanio (a páxina aínda non existe)">tetracloruro de titanio</a> (TiCl<sub>4</sub>) con <a href="/wiki/Calcio" title="Calcio">calcio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood1997p955_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p955-49"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> Oito anos despois refinou este proceso empregando <a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio">magnesio</a> e <a href="/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio">sodio</a>, no que sería coñecido coma o <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9todo_de_Kroll&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Método de Kroll (a páxina aínda non existe)">método de Kroll</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood1997p955_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p955-49"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> Malia que as investigacións continuaron posteriormente de cara a procesos de obtención máis eficientes e baratos, o método de Kroll segue a ser empregado na produción comercial deste metal.<sup id="cite_ref-LANL_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LANL-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HistoryAndUse_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoryAndUse-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Titanium_metal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Titanium_metal.jpg/220px-Titanium_metal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Titanium_metal.jpg/330px-Titanium_metal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Titanium_metal.jpg/440px-Titanium_metal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Esponxa de titanio obtida polo <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9todo_de_Kroll&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Método de Kroll (a páxina aínda non existe)">método de Kroll</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>O titanio de gran pureza obtívose tamén en pequenas cantidades cando <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Eduard_van_Arkel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Eduard van Arkel (a páxina aínda non existe)">Anton Eduard van Arkel</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Hendrik_de_Boer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Hendrik de Boer (a páxina aínda non existe)">Jan Hendrik de Boer</a> desenvolveron en 1925 o que sería chamado <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9todo_van_Arkel%E2%80%93de_Boer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Método van Arkel–de Boer (a páxina aínda non existe)">método van Arkel–de Boer</a>, que facía reaccionar diversos metais con <a href="/wiki/Iodo" title="Iodo">iodo</a> para descompoñer os ioduros resultantes en filamentos de metal puro.<sup id="cite_ref-VADB_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VADB-50"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nas décadas de 1950 e 1960 a <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Unión Soviética">Unión Soviética</a> foi pioneira no uso de titanio en aplicacións militares e submarinas,<sup id="cite_ref-Roza2008p9_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roza2008p9-48"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> coma por exemplo nos <a href="/wiki/Submarino" title="Submarino">submarinos</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Submarino_clase_Alfa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Submarino clase Alfa (a páxina aínda non existe)">clase Alfa</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Submarino_K-278_Komsomolets&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Submarino K-278 Komsomolets (a páxina aínda non existe)">K-278 Komsomolets</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> como parte de programas relacionados coa <a href="/wiki/Guerra_fr%C3%ADa" title="Guerra fría">guerra fría</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup> Tamén a comezos da década de 1950 comezouse a empregar o titanio de forma extensiva na <a href="/wiki/Aviaci%C3%B3n" title="Aviación">aviación</a> militar, particularmente en <a href="/wiki/Caza_(avi%C3%B3n)" title="Caza (avión)">cazas</a> de gran rendemento coma o <a href="/w/index.php?title=F-100_Super_Sabre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="F-100 Super Sabre (a páxina aínda non existe)">F-100 Super Sabre</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_A-12" title="Lockheed A-12">Lockheed A-12</a> e o <a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-71&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-71 (a páxina aínda non existe)">SR-71</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> Recoñecendo a importancia estratéxica do titanio, o <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Defense&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Department of Defense (a páxina aínda non existe)">Departamento de Defensa</a> dos <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Estados Unidos de América">Estados Unidos</a> comezou tamén a apoiar os primeiros esforzos para a súa comercialización.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durante toda <a href="/wiki/Guerra_fr%C3%ADa" title="Guerra fría">guerra fría</a> o titanio foi considerado un material estratéxico polo goberno dos <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Estados Unidos de América">Estados Unidos</a>, que mantivo grandes reservas deste metal que foron finalmente esgotadas na década dos 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup> Segundo datos de 2006, o maior produtor do mundo era a compañía <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">rusa</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=VSMPO-Avisma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="VSMPO-Avisma (a páxina aínda non existe)">VSMPO-Avisma</a>, que posuía un 29% do mercado mundial deste material.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> Nese mesmo ano, a axencia estadounidense <a href="/w/index.php?title=DARPA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="DARPA (a páxina aínda non existe)">DARPA</a> premiou con 5,7 millóns de <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B3lar_estadounidense" title="Dólar estadounidense">dólares</a> a un consorcio de dúas empresas para desenvolver un proceso de fabricación de po de metal de titanio, co propósito de empregalo na creación de obxectos lixeiros e resistentes para as industrias aeroespacial, de transporte e químicas.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> A data de 2015 a esponxa de metal de titanio estaba a ser producida en sete países: a <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_da_China" title="República Popular da China">República Popular da China</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Xap%C3%B3n" title="Xapón">Xapón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casaquist%C3%A1n" title="Casaquistán">Casaquistán</a>, os <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Estados Unidos de América">Estados Unidos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ucra%C3%ADna" title="Ucraína">Ucraína</a> e a <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Produción"><span id="Produci.C3.B3n"></span>Produción</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Editar a sección: «Produción»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Produción"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:TitaniumUSGOV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/TitaniumUSGOV.jpg/220px-TitaniumUSGOV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/TitaniumUSGOV.jpg/330px-TitaniumUSGOV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/TitaniumUSGOV.jpg/440px-TitaniumUSGOV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Concentrado de mineral de titanio.</figcaption></figure> <p>A produción de metal de titanio ten lugar en catro pasos principais: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reduci%C3%B3n_(qu%C3%ADmica)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Redución (química) (a páxina aínda non existe)">redución</a> do <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> de titanio nunha forma porosa de esponxa, derretido da esponxa, fabricación primaria onde se converte en produtos de propósito xeral coma barras e chapas, e finalmente a fabricación secundaria das formas finais a partir dos produtos primarios.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ao non ser posible a súa produción mediante a redución do seu dióxido,<sup id="cite_ref-Stwertka1998_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stwertka1998-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> o metal de titanio obtense por medio da redución do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetracloruro_de_titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetracloruro de titanio (a páxina aínda non existe)">tetracloruro de titanio</a> TiCl<sub>4</sub> con metal de <a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio">magnesio</a> no que se coñece coma <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9todo_de_Kroll&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Método de Kroll (a páxina aínda non existe)">método de Kroll</a>. A complexidade deste proceso de produción explica o alto <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valor_de_mercado&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Valor de mercado (a páxina aínda non existe)">valor de mercado</a> do titanio,<sup id="cite_ref-Barksdale1968p733_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barksdale1968p733-61"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> malia ser un proceso máis barato que o <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9todo_de_Hunter&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Método de Hunter (a páxina aínda non existe)">método de Hunter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roza2008p9_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roza2008p9-48"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> Para producir o TiCl<sub>4</sub> requirido polo método de Kroll faise unha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reduci%C3%B3n_carbonot%C3%A9rmica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Redución carbonotérmica (a páxina aínda non existe)">redución carbonotérmica</a> en presenza de <a href="/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro">cloro</a>. Neste proceso, o gas de cloro atravesa unha mestura quente de <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAtilo" title="Rútilo">rútilo</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Ilmenita" title="Ilmenita">ilmenita</a> en presenza de <a href="/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono">carbono</a>. Tras unha purificación extensiva por <a href="/w/index.php?title=Destilaci%C3%B3n_fraccional&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Destilación fraccional (a páxina aínda non existe)">destilación fraccional</a>, o TiCl4 redúcese con <a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio">magnesio</a> derretido a 800&#160;°C (1070&#160;K) nunha atmosfera de <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TICE6th_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TICE6th-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> O metal de titanio así obtido pode purificarse posteriormente seguindo o <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9todo_de_van_Arkel%E2%80%93de_Boer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Método de van Arkel–de Boer (a páxina aínda non existe)">método de van Arkel–de Boer</a>, que implica unha descomposición termal de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraioduro_de_titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetraioduro de titanio (a páxina aínda non existe)">tetraioduro de titanio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VADB_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VADB-50"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O proceso máis recente de produción, denominado <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proceso_FFC_Cambridge&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Proceso FFC Cambridge (a páxina aínda non existe)">proceso FFC Cambridge</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> emprega o po de dióxido de titanio coma <a href="/wiki/Materia_prima" title="Materia prima">materia prima</a> para a fabricación do metal de titanio. Este proceso ten menos pasos que o método de Kroll, require menos tempo e permite a produción de <a href="/wiki/Aliaxe" title="Aliaxe">aliaxes</a> ao empregar determinadas mesturas de pos de óxido.<sup id="cite_ref-Roza2008p23_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roza2008p23-63"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As aliaxes máis comúns do titanio obtéñense por medio de redución, coma por exemplo nos casos do cuprotitanio (redución de rútilo con <a href="/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre">cobre</a> engadido), do titanio ferrocarbonado (ilmenita reducida con <a href="/wiki/Coque" title="Coque">coque</a> nunha caldeira eléctrica) e do manganotitanio (rútilo con <a href="/wiki/Manganeso" title="Manganeso">manganeso</a> ou óxidos de manganeso):<sup id="cite_ref-TI_Encarta2005_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TI_Encarta2005-64"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>Titanio ferrocarbonado: 2 FeTiO<sub>3</sub> + 7 Cl<sub>2</sub> + 6 C → 2 TiCl<sub>4</sub> + 2 FeCl<sub>3</sub> + 6 CO (900&#160;°C / 1170&#160;K)</dd> <dd>Manganotitanio: TiCl<sub>4</sub> + 2 Mg → 2 MgCl<sub>2</sub> + Ti (1100&#160;°C / 1370&#160;K)</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Titanium_products.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Titanium_products.jpg/220px-Titanium_products.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Titanium_products.jpg/330px-Titanium_products.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Titanium_products.jpg/440px-Titanium_products.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2551" data-file-height="1931" /></a><figcaption>Produtos básicos do titanio.</figcaption></figure> <p>Existen ao redor de 50 graduacións designadas de titanio e das súas aliaxes, aínda que só menos da metade destas teñen unha dispoñibilidade comercial inmediata.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> A <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_for_Testing_and_Materials&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="American Society for Testing and Materials (a páxina aínda non existe)">American Society for Testing and Materials</a></i> (ASTM) recoñece 31 graos do titanio e aliaxes, dos que os graos 1 a 4 son comercialmente puros. Estes catro graos diferéncianse entre eles pola variación na súa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tensi%C3%B3n_de_rotura&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tensión de rotura (a páxina aínda non existe)">tensión de rotura</a> en función do contido en <a href="/wiki/Os%C3%ADxeno" title="Osíxeno">osíxeno</a>, sendo o grao 1 (0,18% de osíxeno) o máis <a href="/wiki/Ductilidade" title="Ductilidade">dúctil</a> e o grao 4 (0,40% de osíxeno) o menos dúctil.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001p453_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p453-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> Os restantes graos son aliaxes, cada unha delas deseñada para un propósito específico, ben sexa pola súa ductilidade, resistencia, dureza, <a href="/wiki/Resistencia_el%C3%A9ctrica" title="Resistencia eléctrica">resistencia eléctrica</a>, resistencia á deformación, resistencia á <a href="/wiki/Corrosi%C3%B3n" title="Corrosión">corrosión</a> ou unha combinación destes factores.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As graduacións cubertas pola ASTM e outras aliaxes adicionais prodúcense para cumprir as especificacións aeroespaciais e militares SAE-AMS e MIL-T, <a href="/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_Internacional_para_a_Estandarizaci%C3%B3n" title="Organización Internacional para a Estandarización">estándares ISO</a> e especificacións particulares dalgúns países, así coma especificacións propietarias para aplicacións aeroespaciais, militares, médicas e industriais.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O po de titanio manufactúrase empregando un proceso de <a href="/wiki/Produci%C3%B3n_en_cadea" title="Produción en cadea">produción en cadea</a> coñecido coma o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proceso_Armstrong&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Proceso Armstrong (a páxina aínda non existe)">proceso Armstrong</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Roza2008p25_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roza2008p25-69"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup> semellante ao proceso en lotes empregado no método de Hunter. Neste proceso Amstrong, un fluxo de gas de tetracloruro de titanio engádese a un fluxo de metal de <a href="/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio">sodio</a> derretido. Os <a href="/wiki/Cloruro_de_sodio" title="Cloruro de sodio">cloruro de sodio</a> e partículas de titanio resultantes extráense filtrando a cantidade extra de sodio. Posteriormente o titanio sepárase do cloruro de sodio mediante un lavado con auga. Os subprodutos de sodio e cloruro recíclanse para reutilizarse neste proceso e na produción do tetracloruro de titanio inicial.<sup id="cite_ref-ECI_online_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECI_online-70"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No ámbito da construción e fabricación, tódalas <a href="/wiki/Soldadura" title="Soldadura">soldaduras</a> de titanio deben facerse baixo atmosferas inertes de <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Helio" title="Helio">helio</a> para evitar a contaminación con gases atmosféricos coma o osíxeno, o <a href="/wiki/Nitr%C3%B3xeno" title="Nitróxeno">nitróxeno</a> ou o <a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xeno" title="Hidróxeno">hidróxeno</a>. De non ser así, a contaminación pode causar unha variedade de condicións non desexadas, coma a perda de ductilidade, que á súa vez poden levar a unha redución da integridade da soldadura e fallos nas unións.<sup id="cite_ref-Barksdale1968p734_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barksdale1968p734-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Os produtos comerciais planos, coma pranchas e láminas, poden formarse con facilidade, mais o procesado destas formas debe ter en consideración que o material posúe unha "memoria" e tende a retornar a súa forma orixinal, feito que ocorre especialmente en certas aliaxes de gran dureza.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup> O titanio non pode soldarse sen chaparse primeiro nun metal que presente unha facilidade de <a href="/wiki/Soldadura" title="Soldadura">soldadura</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup> e pode ser traballado a máquina co mesmo tipo de equipamentos e procesos que o <a href="/wiki/Aceiro_inoxid%C3%A1bel" title="Aceiro inoxidábel">aceiro inoxidable</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barksdale1968p734_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barksdale1968p734-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplicacións"><span id="Aplicaci.C3.B3ns"></span>Aplicacións</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Editar a sección: «Aplicacións»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Aplicacións"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Titanzylinder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Titanzylinder.jpg/220px-Titanzylinder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Titanzylinder.jpg/330px-Titanzylinder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Titanzylinder.jpg/440px-Titanzylinder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Cilindro de titanio de calidade grao 2.</figcaption></figure> <p>O titanio empregase nas aliaxes de <a href="/wiki/Aceiro" title="Aceiro">aceiro</a> para reducir a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cristalita&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cristalita (a páxina aínda non existe)">cristalita</a> e coma desoxidante, e nas de aceiro inoxidable para reducir o seu contido de <a href="/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono">carbono</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EBC_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBC-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Son frecuentes tamén as aliaxes con <a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio">aluminio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanadio" title="Vanadio">vanadio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre">cobre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro">ferro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganeso" title="Manganeso">manganeso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno">molibdeno</a> e outros metais.<sup id="cite_ref-Barksdale1968p738_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barksdale1968p738-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pigmentos_e_aditivos">Pigmentos e aditivos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Editar a sección: «Pigmentos e aditivos»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Pigmentos e aditivos"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Titanium(IV)_oxide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Titanium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg/220px-Titanium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Titanium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg/330px-Titanium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Titanium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg/440px-Titanium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>O <a href="/w/index.php?title=Di%C3%B3xido_de_titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dióxido de titanio (a páxina aínda non existe)">dióxido de titanio</a> é o composto de titanio máis empregado.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ao redor do 95% do mineral de titanio extraído da <a href="/wiki/Terra" title="Terra">Terra</a> destínase para o seu refinamento coma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Di%C3%B3xido_de_titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dióxido de titanio (a páxina aínda non existe)">dióxido de titanio</a> (<span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">TiO<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span></span>), usado coma <a href="/wiki/Pigmento" title="Pigmento">pigmento</a> branco permanente en <a href="/wiki/Pintura" title="Pintura">pinturas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dent%C3%ADfrico&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dentífrico (a páxina aínda non existe)">dentífricos</a> e <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A1stico" title="Plástico">plásticos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> Tamén se emprega no <a href="/wiki/Cemento_(construci%C3%B3n)" title="Cemento (construción)">cemento</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Xema_(mineralox%C3%ADa)" title="Xema (mineraloxía)">xemas</a>, para conseguir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opacidade&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Opacidade (a páxina aínda non existe)">opacidade</a> no <a href="/wiki/Papel" title="Papel">papel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup> e para mellorar a dureza en <a href="/wiki/Cana_de_pescar" title="Cana de pescar">canas de pescar</a> de <a href="/wiki/Grafito" title="Grafito">grafito</a> e en paus de <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O po de <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">TiO<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span></span> é quimicamente inerte, resiste a deterioración por <a href="/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3n_solar" title="Radiación solar">luz solar</a> e é moi opaco. Isto permite darlle unha cor <a href="/wiki/Branco" title="Branco">branca</a> brillante aos químicos <a href="/wiki/Marr%C3%B3n" title="Marrón">marróns</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Gris_(cor)" title="Gris (cor)">grises</a> que forman a maioría dos plásticos domésticos.<sup id="cite_ref-HistoryAndUse_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoryAndUse-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> A pintura feita con dióxido de titanio presenta unha boa resistencia ás <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperaturas</a> extremas, e soporta os ambientes mariños.<sup id="cite_ref-HistoryAndUse_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoryAndUse-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> O dióxido de titanio puro ten un <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndice_de_refracci%C3%B3n" title="Índice de refracción">índice de refracción</a> moi alto e unha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dispersi%C3%B3n_%C3%B3ptica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dispersión óptica (a páxina aínda non existe)">dispersión óptica</a> maior có <a href="/wiki/Diamante" title="Diamante">diamante</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LANL_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LANL-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Ademais de ser un importante pigmento, tamén adoita empregarse en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protector_solar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Protector solar (a páxina aínda non existe)">protectores solares</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stwertka1998_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stwertka1998-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aplicacións_aeroespaciais_e_náuticas"><span id="Aplicaci.C3.B3ns_aeroespaciais_e_n.C3.A1uticas"></span>Aplicacións aeroespaciais e náuticas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Editar a sección: «Aplicacións aeroespaciais e náuticas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Aplicacións aeroespaciais e náuticas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grazas a súa alta proporción de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tensi%C3%B3n_de_rotura&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tensión de rotura (a páxina aínda non existe)">tensión de rotura</a> por <a href="/wiki/Densidade" title="Densidade">densidade</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-TICE6th_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TICE6th-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> alta resistencia á <a href="/wiki/Corrosi%C3%B3n" title="Corrosión">corrosión</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-LANL_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LANL-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> resistencia á fatiga e as fendeduras<sup id="cite_ref-Moiseyev_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moiseyev-75"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup> e a capacidade de soportar temperaturas moderadamente altas sen deformarse, as aliaxes de titanio son empregadas habitualmente en <a href="/wiki/Aeronave" title="Aeronave">aeronaves</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armadura_de_veh%C3%ADculos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Armadura de vehículos (a páxina aínda non existe)">armadura de vehículos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barco" title="Barco">barcos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nave_espacial" title="Nave espacial">naves espaciais</a> e <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADsil" title="Mísil">mísiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LANL_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LANL-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HistoryAndUse_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoryAndUse-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Para estas aplicacións empréganse aliaxes de titanio con <a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio">aluminio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circonio" title="Circonio">circonio</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADquel" title="Níquel">níquel</a> e <a href="/wiki/Vanadio" title="Vanadio">vanadio</a> entre outros elementos.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT7513_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT7513-76"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup> Case dous terzos de todo o metal de titanio producido empregase en <a href="/wiki/Motor_(m%C3%A1quina)" title="Motor (máquina)">motores</a> e estruturas de aeronaves, mais tamén se emprega noutros compoñentes diversos coma partes estruturais críticas, <a href="/wiki/Tren_de_aterraxe" title="Tren de aterraxe">trens de aterraxe</a>, condutos de escape e sistemas <a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%A1ulica" title="Hidráulica">hidráulicos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001p454_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p454-77"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup> O avión <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird" title="Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird">SR-71 Blackbird</a> foi unha das primeiras aeronaves en facer un uso extensivo do titanio como parte da súa estrutura, dando paso ao uso deste material nas aeronaves modernas. As estimacións indican que se empregan unhas 59<a href="/wiki/Tonelada" title="Tonelada">t</a> nos <a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">Boeing 777</a>, 45t nos <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a>, 18t nos <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737</a>, 32t nos <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A340" title="Airbus A340">Airbus A340</a>, 18t nos <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330" title="Airbus A330">Airbus A330</a> e 12t nos <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320" title="Airbus A320">Airbus A320</a>. O <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a> emprega ata unhas 77t, incluíndo unhas 11t nos seus motores.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup> Nas aplicacións para motores, o titanio emprégase en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotor_(turbina)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotor (turbina) (a páxina aínda non existe)">rotores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compresor_(m%C3%A1quina)" title="Compresor (máquina)">compresores</a> e compoñentes de sistemas <a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%A1ulica" title="Hidráulica">hidráulicos</a>. As aliaxes de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio_6AL-4V&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Titanio 6AL-4V (a páxina aínda non existe)">titanio 6AL-4V</a> compoñen case o 50% de tódolos tipos de aliaxes empregadas nas aplicacións aeronáuticas.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grazas a súa alta resistencia a <a href="/wiki/Corrosi%C3%B3n" title="Corrosión">corrosión</a> por <a href="/wiki/Auga_do_mar" title="Auga do mar">auga do mar</a>, o titanio emprégase na fabricación de árbores de transmisión e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabo_(n%C3%A1utica)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabo (náutica) (a páxina aínda non existe)">cabos</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Intercambiador_de_calor" title="Intercambiador de calor">intercambiadores de calor</a> das <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desalinizaci%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Desalinización (a páxina aínda non existe)">plantas desalinizadoras</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-LANL_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LANL-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> en <a href="/wiki/Frigor%C3%ADfico" title="Frigorífico">refrixeradores</a> de auga mariña en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquarium (a páxina aínda non existe)">aquariums</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedela&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sedela (a páxina aínda non existe)">sedelas</a> e <a href="/wiki/Anzol" title="Anzol">anzois</a> e nos <a href="/wiki/Coitelo" title="Coitelo">coitelos</a> dos <a href="/wiki/Mergullo" title="Mergullo">mergulladores</a>. Tamén se emprega para fabricar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carcasa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Carcasa (a páxina aínda non existe)">carcasas</a> e outros compoñentes de aparellos de vixilancia e observación mariña de uso científico e militar. A antiga <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Unión Soviética">Unión Soviética</a> desenvolveu técnicas de construción de <a href="/wiki/Submarino" title="Submarino">submarinos</a> con cascos feitos de aliaxe de titanio,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup> e para a forxa de titanio en tubos de baleiro.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT7513_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT7513-76"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aplicacións_industriais"><span id="Aplicaci.C3.B3ns_industriais"></span>Aplicacións industriais</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Editar a sección: «Aplicacións industriais»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Aplicacións industriais"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Hochreines_Titan_(99.999)_mit_sichtbarer_Kristallstruktur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hochreines_Titan_%2899.999%29_mit_sichtbarer_Kristallstruktur.jpg/220px-Hochreines_Titan_%2899.999%29_mit_sichtbarer_Kristallstruktur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hochreines_Titan_%2899.999%29_mit_sichtbarer_Kristallstruktur.jpg/330px-Hochreines_Titan_%2899.999%29_mit_sichtbarer_Kristallstruktur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hochreines_Titan_%2899.999%29_mit_sichtbarer_Kristallstruktur.jpg/440px-Hochreines_Titan_%2899.999%29_mit_sichtbarer_Kristallstruktur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Titanio de alta pureza (99,999%) con <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cristalita&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cristalita (a páxina aínda non existe)">cristalitas</a> visibles.</figcaption></figure> <p>As tubaxes soldadas e certos equipamentos de titanio, coma <a href="/wiki/Intercambiador_de_calor" title="Intercambiador de calor">intercambiadores de calor</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanque_(dep%C3%B3sito)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanque (depósito) (a páxina aínda non existe)">tanques</a>, recipientes de procesado e <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A1lvula_pneum%C3%A1tica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Válvula pneumática (a páxina aínda non existe)">válvulas</a>, empréganse nas industrias químicas e <a href="/wiki/Petroqu%C3%ADmica" title="Petroquímica">petroquímicas</a> principalmente debido a súa resistencia á <a href="/wiki/Corrosi%C3%B3n" title="Corrosión">corrosión</a>. Certas aliaxes específicas empréganse en aplicacións de perforación e hidrometalúrxicas pola súa dureza, resistencia a corrosión ou unha combinación dos dous factores. A industria <a href="/wiki/Papel" title="Papel">papeleira</a> usa o titanio en equipos de procesado expostos a medios corrosivos coma por exemplo os gases de cloro.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup> Outras aplicacións industriais do titanio inclúen a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soldadura_ultras%C3%B3nica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Soldadura ultrasónica (a páxina aínda non existe)">soldadura ultrasónica</a>, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soldadura_por_onda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Soldadura por onda (a páxina aínda non existe)">soldadura por onda</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup> e a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulverizaci%C3%B3n_cat%C3%B3dica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulverización catódica (a páxina aínda non existe)">pulverización catódica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup> O <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetracloruro_de_titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetracloruro de titanio (a páxina aínda non existe)">tetracloruro de titanio</a> TiCl<sub>4</sub> é un intermediario importante na obtención de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Di%C3%B3xido_de_titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dióxido de titanio (a páxina aínda non existe)">dióxido de titanio</a> TiO<sub>2</sub>, emprégase na <a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A1lise" title="Catálise">catálise</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat%C3%A1lise_Ziegler%E2%80%93Natta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Catálise Ziegler–Natta (a páxina aínda non existe)">Ziegler–Natta</a>, e tamén se usa na fabricación de <a href="/wiki/Vidro" title="Vidro">vidro</a> <a href="/wiki/Iridescencia" title="Iridescencia">iridescente</a> e cortinas de fume.<sup id="cite_ref-Stwertka1998_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stwertka1998-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aplicacións_de_consumo_e_arquitectónicas"><span id="Aplicaci.C3.B3ns_de_consumo_e_arquitect.C3.B3nicas"></span>Aplicacións de consumo e arquitectónicas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Editar a sección: «Aplicacións de consumo e arquitectónicas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Aplicacións de consumo e arquitectónicas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O metal de titanio utilízase en diversas aplicacións na <a href="/wiki/Autom%C3%B3bil" title="Automóbil">automoción</a>, particularmente no <a href="/wiki/Automobilismo" title="Automobilismo">automobilismo</a> e no <a href="/wiki/Motociclismo" title="Motociclismo">motociclismo</a>, onde a redución de peso mantendo a resistencia e rixidez é un factor crítico.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup> Este metal é polo xeral demasiado caro como para ser comercialmente lucrativo no mercado xeral, agás en produtos de alta gama. Algúns modelos de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chevrolet_Corvette&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chevrolet Corvette (a páxina aínda non existe)">Chevrolet Corvette</a> incluíron <a href="/wiki/Tubo_de_escape" title="Tubo de escape">tubos de escape</a> feitos con titanio,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup> e o motor supercargado dos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corvette_Z06&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Corvette Z06 (a páxina aínda non existe)">Corvette Z06</a> usa válvulas de entrada de titanio sólido e lixeiro, para acadar unha maior resistencia á calor.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O titanio emprégase tamén en moitos aparellos <a href="/wiki/Deporte" title="Deporte">deportivos</a>, coma por exemplo <a href="/wiki/Raqueta" title="Raqueta">raquetas</a> de <a href="/wiki/Tenis" title="Tenis">tenis</a>, paus de <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>, mangos dos paus de <a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">lacrosse</a>, reixas para cascos de <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%ADcket" title="Crícket">crícket</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B3ckey" title="Hóckey">hóckey</a>, lacrosse e <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BAtbol_americano" title="Fútbol americano">fútbol americano</a>, e marcos e compoñentes de <a href="/wiki/Bicicleta" title="Bicicleta">bicicletas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup> As aliaxes de titanio poden utilizarse tamén nos marcos de <a href="/wiki/Lentes" title="Lentes">lentes</a>, aumentando o seu custo pero conseguindo unha redución de peso e evitando posibles <a href="/wiki/Alerxia" title="Alerxia">alerxias</a> na <a href="/wiki/Pel" title="Pel">pel</a>. Moitos equipos de <a href="/wiki/Acampada" title="Acampada">acampada</a> están feitos de titanio, incluíndo utensilios de cociña, lanternas e espeques, que resultan máis caros que os utensilios tradicionais de <a href="/wiki/Aceiro" title="Aceiro">aceiro</a> e <a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio">aluminio</a> pero ofrecen un menor peso sen perda de dureza e resistencia. O titanio tamén se usa na fabricación de <a href="/wiki/Ferradura" title="Ferradura">ferraduras</a> que resultan máis lixeiras e duradeiras que as de aceiro.<sup id="cite_ref-Donachie2000_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donachie2000-89"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Guggenheim_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Guggenheim_detail.jpg/220px-Guggenheim_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Guggenheim_detail.jpg/330px-Guggenheim_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Guggenheim_detail.jpg/440px-Guggenheim_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Detalle da cuberta de titanio do <a href="/wiki/Museo_Guggenheim_Bilbao" title="Museo Guggenheim Bilbao">Museo Guggenheim Bilbao</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Debido ao avance nas técnicas de fabricación de metais e o menor peso en comparación con metais máis tradicionais, o uso do titanio na fabricación de <a href="/wiki/Arma_de_fogo" title="Arma de fogo">armas de fogo</a> é cada vez máis estendido.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup> Por estes mesmos motivos utilízase tamén na fabricación das carcasas de determinados modelos de <a href="/wiki/Ordenador_port%C3%A1til" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordenador portátil">ordenadores portátiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En ocasións tamén se ten usado o titanio en aplicacións arquitectónicas. O memorial de 40m de altura na honra de <a href="/wiki/Iuri_Gagarin" title="Iuri Gagarin">Iuri Gagarin</a> en <a href="/wiki/Moscova" title="Moscova">Moscova</a> está feito de titanio debido á cor deste metal e á súa asociación coa industria aeroespacial.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup> O <a href="/wiki/Museo_Guggenheim_Bilbao" title="Museo Guggenheim Bilbao">Museo Guggenheim</a> de <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a> e a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerritos_Millennium_Library&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerritos Millennium Library (a páxina aínda non existe)">Cerritos Millennium Library</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerritos,_Estados_Unidos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerritos, Estados Unidos (a páxina aínda non existe)">Cerritos</a> (<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>), foron os primeiros edificios en <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> e <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_do_Norte" title="América do Norte">Norteamérica</a> respectivamente en construírse cunha cuberta de paneis de titanio.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001p454_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p454-77"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup> Outras construcións con cubertas de titanio inclúen o edificio Frederic C. Hamilton en <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado,_Estados_Unidos_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Colorado, Estados Unidos de América">Colorado</a><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup> e o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monumento_aos_Conquistadores_do_Espazo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Monumento aos Conquistadores do Espazo (a páxina aínda non existe)">Monumento aos Conquistadores do Espazo</a> de 107 m de altura en <a href="/wiki/Moscova" title="Moscova">Moscova</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xoiería"><span id="Xoier.C3.ADa"></span>Xoiería</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Editar a sección: «Xoiería»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Xoiería"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Ti_covered_watches.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ti_covered_watches.jpg/150px-Ti_covered_watches.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ti_covered_watches.jpg/225px-Ti_covered_watches.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ti_covered_watches.jpg/300px-Ti_covered_watches.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Reloxo con cuberta de titanio.</figcaption></figure> <p>É habitual o uso do titanio nos deseños de xoiería, grazas a súa durabilidade e propiedades inertes que fan deste metal unha boa elección para evitar posibles alerxias e resistir a auga.<sup id="cite_ref-Donachie2000_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donachie2000-89"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup> Pode empregarse en forma de aliaxe con <a href="/wiki/Ouro" title="Ouro">ouro</a> comercializado coma ouro de 24 <a href="/wiki/Quilate" title="Quilate">quilates</a>, xa que o 1% de Ti na aliaxe non é suficiente para que se rebaixe esta cualificación. As pezas feitas con esta aliaxe adquiren unha dureza equivalente as de 14 quilates, aumentando así a súa durabilidade.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A durabilidade, lixeireza e resistencia deste material faino moi útil na produción de cubertas para <a href="/wiki/Reloxo" title="Reloxo">reloxos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Donachie2000_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donachie2000-89"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup> e algúns artistas teñen traballado có titanio na produción de <a href="/wiki/Escultura" title="Escultura">esculturas</a>, obxectos decorativos e <a href="/wiki/Mobiliario" title="Mobiliario">mobles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup> Debido a súa inercia e capacidade de adquirir varias cores o titanio é un metal habitual nos <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piercing&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piercing (a páxina aínda non existe)">piercings</a></i> corporais.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup> As diferentes cores destes obtéñense por medio de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anodizaci%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anodización (a páxina aínda non existe)">anodización</a>, variando o grosor da capa exterior de óxido.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O seu uso en <a href="/wiki/Moeda" title="Moeda">moedas</a> de curso non legal e <a href="/wiki/Medalla" title="Medalla">medallas</a> conmemorativas é algo menos habitual. Coma exemplos, en 1999 <a href="/wiki/Xibraltar" title="Xibraltar">Xibraltar</a> fixo pública a primeira moeda de titanio, en celebración do novo milenio,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></a></sup> e o equipo de <a href="/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby">rugby</a> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">australiano</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_Coast_Titans&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gold Coast Titans (a páxina aínda non existe)">Gold Coast Titans</a> premia cunha medalla de titanio puro ao seu xogador do ano.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aplicacións_médicas"><span id="Aplicaci.C3.B3ns_m.C3.A9dicas"></span>Aplicacións médicas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Editar a sección: «Aplicacións médicas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Aplicacións médicas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O titanio ten múltiples aplicacións médicas grazas a súa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biocompatibilidade&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Biocompatibilidade (a páxina aínda non existe)">biocompatibilidade</a>, incluíndo ferramentas cirúrxicas e implantes médicos.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001p452_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p452-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> Para estes propósitos o titanio adoita empregarse en aliaxes con entre un 4% e 6% de <a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio">aluminio</a> e un 4% de <a href="/wiki/Vanadio" title="Vanadio">vanadio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grazas a esta habilidade inherente para integrarse cós <a href="/wiki/%C3%93so" title="Óso">ósos</a>, resulta moi útil nos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Implante_dental&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Implante dental (a páxina aínda non existe)">implantes dentais</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortopedia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ortopedia (a páxina aínda non existe)">ortopédicos</a>, que poden chegar a ter unha vida útil de ata 30 anos.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001p452_43-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p452-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> Estes implantes benefícianse da baixa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constante_el%C3%A1stica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Constante elástica (a páxina aínda non existe)">constante elástica</a> que posúe o titanio para asemellarse o máximo posible á dos ósos. Isto consegue que as cargas de peso se repartan de forma máis equitativa entre os ósos e o implante, conseguindo unha menor incidencia de degradación nos ósos e reducindo a posibilidade de complicacións médicas relacionadas co propio implante. Porén, a rixidez das aliaxes de titanio é o dobre ca do óso, polo que os ósos adxacentes reciben unha menor carga e si poden sufrir deterioración.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ao ser un metal non <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferromagnetismo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferromagnetismo (a páxina aínda non existe)">ferromagnético</a> os pacientes con implantes de titanio poden ser examinados con seguridade mediante <a href="/wiki/Imaxe_por_resonancia_magn%C3%A9tica" title="Imaxe por resonancia magnética">imaxes por resonancia magnética</a>. A preparación do titanio para o seu uso coma implantes corporais require que se trate baixo un arco de <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(estado_da_materia)" title="Plasma (estado da materia)">plasma</a> a alta temperatura para eliminar os <a href="/wiki/%C3%81tomo" title="Átomo">átomos</a> superficiais, expoñendo os átomos subxacentes de titanio no proceso.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001p452_43-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p452-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Almacenaxe_de_residuos_nucleares">Almacenaxe de residuos nucleares</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Editar a sección: «Almacenaxe de residuos nucleares»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Almacenaxe de residuos nucleares"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A resistencia á <a href="/wiki/Corrosi%C3%B3n" title="Corrosión">corrosión</a> do titanio fai que os contedores deste material fosen investigados para o seu uso na almacenaxe a longo prazo de <a href="/wiki/Residuo_nuclear" title="Residuo nuclear">residuos nucleares</a>, determinando que é posible fabricar contedores que poden durar ata 100&#160;000 anos sempre que o proceso cumpra unha serie de condicións de fabricación determinadas para reducir os posibles defectos.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></a></sup> Pode tamén empregarse coma escudo antigoteo sobre outros tipos de contedores para axudar na contención dos residuos gardados neles.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span>[</span>104<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precaucións"><span id="Precauci.C3.B3ns"></span>Precaucións</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Editar a sección: «Precaucións»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Precaucións"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Kopiva.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kopiva.JPG/220px-Kopiva.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kopiva.JPG/330px-Kopiva.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kopiva.JPG/440px-Kopiva.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Estruga_maior" title="Estruga maior">Urtica dioica</a></i> pode conter ata 80 partes por millón de titanio.</figcaption></figure> <p>O titanio non é <a href="/wiki/Toxicidade" title="Toxicidade">tóxico</a> aínda en grandes doses e non xoga ningún rol biolóxico natural no <a href="/wiki/Corpo_humano" title="Corpo humano">corpo humano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001p451_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p451-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> Estímase que os humanos inxiren unha cantidade de 0,8 miligramos de titanio cada día, aínda que na súa maioría é expulsado posteriormente sen que o corpo o absorba.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001p451_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p451-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> Porén, o titanio si ten tendencia a <a href="/wiki/Bioacumulaci%C3%B3n" title="Bioacumulación">acumularse bioloxicamente</a> en tecidos que conteñen <a href="/wiki/Cuarzo" title="Cuarzo">sílice</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></a></sup> e un estudo de 2011 indicou unha posible conexión entre o titanio e a <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%ADndrome_da_unlla_amarela&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Síndrome da unlla amarela (a páxina aínda non existe)">síndrome da unlla amarela</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></a></sup> Tamén hai indicios da existencia dun mecanismo descoñecido nalgunhas <a href="/wiki/Planta" title="Planta">plantas</a> que usarían o titanio para estimular a produción de <a href="/wiki/Carbohidrato" title="Carbohidrato">carbohidratos</a> e axudarlles a medrar, o que explicaría porqué moitas plantes conteñen entre 1 e 2 partes por millón de titanio, chegando ata as 80 partes por millón nos xéneros <i><a href="/wiki/Equisetum" title="Equisetum">Equisetum</a></i> e <i><a href="/wiki/Ortiga" title="Ortiga">Urtica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001p451_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001p451-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> As especies de <a href="/wiki/Fungo_(biolox%C3%ADa)" title="Fungo (bioloxía)">fungos</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sendeiri%C3%B1a" title="Sendeiriña">Marasmius oreades</a></i> e <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypholoma_capnoides&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypholoma capnoides (a páxina aínda non existe)">Hypholoma capnoides</a></i> poden bioconverter o titanio en solos contaminados con este metal.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En forma de po ou labras o metal de titanio presenta un risco significante de <a href="/wiki/Incendio" title="Incendio">incendio</a>, e ao quentarse no <a href="/wiki/Ar_(atmosf%C3%A9rico)" title="Ar (atmosférico)">aire</a> tamén existe un risco de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosi%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Explosión (a páxina aínda non existe)">explosión</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span>[</span>108<span>]</span></a></sup> Os métodos de extinción de lume baseados en <a href="/wiki/Auga" title="Auga">auga</a> e <a href="/wiki/Di%C3%B3xido_de_carbono" title="Dióxido de carbono">dióxido de carbono</a> non son efectivos co titanio ardendo, polo que se require o uso de <a href="/wiki/Extintor" title="Extintor">extintores</a> de clase D para tratar con incendios causados por este metal.<sup id="cite_ref-HistoryAndUse_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoryAndUse-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Cando se emprega na produción ou manexo de <a href="/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro">cloro</a> debe terse a precaución de usar o titanio só en lugares nos que non se expoña a gas seco de cloro, xa que pode provocar un lume.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span>[</span>109<span>]</span></a></sup> O titanio tamén pode chegar a arder cando se pon en contacto unha superficie súa que aínda non acadou o estado de oxidación con <a href="/wiki/Ox%C3%ADxeno_l%C3%ADquido" title="Oxíxeno líquido">osíxeno líquido</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span>[</span>110<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notas">Notas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Editar a sección: «Notas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Notas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>Todas as referencias en inglés agás cando se indique o contrario</i></dd></dl> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciaaw.org/atomic-weights.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights"</a>. Commision on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 16 de outubro de 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Commision+on+Isotopic+Abundances+and+Atomic+Weights&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fatomic-weights.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Andersson, N.; et al. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120209151538/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/257.pdf">"Emission spectra of TiH and TiD near 938 nm"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>J. Chem. Phys.</i> <b>118</b>: 10543. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JChPh.118.3543A">2003JChPh.118.3543A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1539848">10.1063/1.1539848</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/257.pdf">o orixinal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> o 09 de febreiro de 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 16 de outubro de 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Emission+spectra+of+TiH+and+TiD+near+938+nm&amp;rft.au=Andersson%2C+N.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Phys.&amp;rft.pages=10543&amp;rft.volume=118&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbernath.uwaterloo.ca%2Fmedia%2F257.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JChPh.118.3543A&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1539848&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LANL-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LANL_3-0">3,00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LANL_3-1">3,01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LANL_3-2">3,02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LANL_3-3">3,03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LANL_3-4">3,04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LANL_3-5">3,05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LANL_3-6">3,06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LANL_3-7">3,07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LANL_3-8">3,08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LANL_3-9">3,09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LANL_3-10">3,10</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LANL_3-11">3,11</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LANL_3-12">3,12</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LANL_3-13">3,13</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche0000unse_86ed"><i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i></a> (86ª ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-8493-0486-5" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-8493-0486-5">0-8493-0486-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.edition=86%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8493-0486-5&amp;rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%29&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrchandbookofche0000unse_86ed&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBC-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EBC_4-0">4,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EBC_4-1">4,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EBC_4-2">4,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EBC_4-3">4,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EBC_4-4">4,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EBC_4-5">4,5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EBC_4-6">4,6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EBC_4-7">4,7</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072643/titanium">"Titanium"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 29 de decembro de 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Titanium&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9072643%2Ftitanium&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HistoryAndUse-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HistoryAndUse_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HistoryAndUse_5-1">5,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HistoryAndUse_5-2">5,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HistoryAndUse_5-3">5,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HistoryAndUse_5-4">5,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HistoryAndUse_5-5">5,5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HistoryAndUse_5-6">5,6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HistoryAndUse_5-7">5,7</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HistoryAndUse_5-8">5,8</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Krebs, Robert E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyuseofoure0000kreb"><i>The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide</i></a> (2ª ed.). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-313-33438-2" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-313-33438-2">0-313-33438-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&amp;rft.aulast=Krebs&amp;rft.btitle=The+History+and+Use+of+Our+Earth%27s+Chemical+Elements%3A+A+Reference+Guide&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=2%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-313-33438-2&amp;rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryuseofoure0000kreb&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonachie1988">Donachie 1988</a>, p.&#160;11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barksdale1968p738-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Barksdale1968p738_7-0">7,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Barksdale1968p738_7-1">7,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Barksdale1968p738_7-2">7,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarksdale1968">Barksdale 1968</a>, p.&#160;738</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TICE6th-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-TICE6th_8-0">8,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-TICE6th_8-1">8,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-TICE6th_8-2">8,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-TICE6th_8-3">8,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-TICE6th_8-4">8,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-TICE6th_8-5">8,5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">"Titanium". <i>Columbia Encyclopedia</i> (6ª ed.). Nova York: Columbia University Press. 2000–2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-7876-5015-3" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-7876-5015-3">0-7876-5015-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Titanium&amp;rft.btitle=Columbia+Encyclopedia&amp;rft.date=2000%2F2006&amp;rft.edition=6%AA&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=0-7876-5015-3&amp;rft.place=Nova+York&amp;rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EnvChem-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EnvChem_9-0">9,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EnvChem_9-1">9,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EnvChem_9-2">9,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Barbalace, Kenneth L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Ti-pg2.html#Nuclides">"Periodic Table of Elements: Ti – Titanium"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 26 de decembro de 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.au=Barbalace%2C+Kenneth+L.&amp;rft.btitle=Periodic+Table+of+Elements%3A+Ti+%93+Titanium&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenvironmentalchemistry.com%2Fyogi%2Fperiodic%2FTi-pg2.html%23Nuclides&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stwertka1998-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Stwertka1998_10-0">10,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Stwertka1998_10-1">10,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Stwertka1998_10-2">10,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Stwertka1998_10-3">10,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Stwertka1998_10-4">10,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Stwertka, Albert (1998). "Titanium". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetoelements00stwe"><i>Guide to the Elements</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetoelements00stwe/page/81">81</a>–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-19-508083-1" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-19-508083-1">0-19-508083-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Titanium&amp;rft.aufirst=Albert&amp;rft.aulast=Stwertka&amp;rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Elements&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-508083-1&amp;rft.pages=81-82&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguidetoelements00stwe&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonachie1988">Donachie 1988</a>, J.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barksdale1968p734-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Barksdale1968p734_12-0">12,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Barksdale1968p734_12-1">12,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Barksdale1968p734_12-2">12,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Barksdale1968p734_12-3">12,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Barksdale1968p734_12-4">12,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarksdale1968">Barksdale 1968</a>, p.&#160;734</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sikka, S. K.; Vohra, Y. K.; Chidambaram, R. (1982). "Omega phase in materials". <i>Progress in Materials Science</i> <b>27</b> (3–4): 245–310. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0079-6425%2882%2990002-0">10.1016/0079-6425(82)90002-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Omega+phase+in+materials&amp;rft.au=Chidambaram%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Vohra%2C+Y.+K.&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+K.&amp;rft.aulast=Sikka&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=3%934&amp;rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Materials+Science&amp;rft.pages=245-310&amp;rft.volume=27&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0079-6425%2882%2990002-0&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-medusa-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-medusa_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Puigdomenech, Ignasi (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605034847/http://www.kth.se/che/medusa">"Hydra/Medusa Chemical Equilibrium Database and Plotting Software"</a>. KTH Royal Institute of Technology. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kth.se/che/medusa">o orixinal</a> o 05 de xuño de 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 14 de outubro de 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.au=Puigdomenech%2C+Ignasi&amp;rft.btitle=Hydra%2FMedusa+Chemical+Equilibrium+Database+and+Plotting+Software&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=KTH+Royal+Institute+of+Technology&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kth.se%2Fche%2Fmedusa&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley2001p453-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001p453_15-0">15,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001p453_15-1">15,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001p453_15-2">15,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001p453_15-3">15,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001p453_15-4">15,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001p453_15-5">15,5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmsley2001">Emsley 2001</a>, p.&#160;453</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Casillas, N.; Charlebois, S.; Smyrl, W. H.; White, H. S. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-electrochemical-society_1994-03_141_3/page/636">"Pitting Corrosion of Titanium"</a>. <i>J. Electrochem. Soc.</i> <b>141</b> (3): 636–642. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1149%2F1.2054783">10.1149/1.2054783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Pitting+Corrosion+of+Titanium&amp;rft.au=Casillas%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Charlebois%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Smyrl%2C+W.+H.&amp;rft.au=White%2C+H.+S.&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Electrochem.+Soc.&amp;rft.pages=636-642&amp;rft.volume=141&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-the-electrochemical-society_1994-03_141_3%2Fpage%2F636&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1149%2F1.2054783&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-titaniumindustry-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-titaniumindustry_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Forrest, A. L. (1981). "Effects of Metal Chemistry on Behavior of Titanium in Industrial Applications". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=0Adr4zleybgC&amp;pg=PA112"><i>Industrial Applications of Titanium and Zirconium</i></a>. p.&#160;112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Effects+of+Metal+Chemistry+on+Behavior+of+Titanium+in+Industrial+Applications&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Forrest&amp;rft.btitle=Industrial+Applications+of+Titanium+and+Zirconium&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=112&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Adr4zleybgC%26pg%3DPA112&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0">18,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1">18,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-2">18,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2023/mcs2023-titanium-minerals.pdf">"TITANIUM MINERAL CONCENTRATES"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>pubs.usgs.gov</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 26 de xullo de 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=TITANIUM+MINERAL+CONCENTRATES&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=pubs.usgs.gov&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2023%2Fmcs2023-titanium-minerals.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barksdale1968p732-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Barksdale1968p732_19-0">19,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Barksdale1968p732_19-1">19,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Barksdale1968p732_19-2">19,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarksdale1968">Barksdale 1968</a>, p.&#160;732</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-USGS_20-0">20,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-USGS_20-1">20,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-USGS_20-2">20,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-USGS_20-3">20,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">United States Geological Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/titanium/">"USGS Minerals Information: Titanium"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.au=United+States+Geological+Survey&amp;rft.btitle=USGS+Minerals+Information%3A+Titanium&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Ftitanium%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Buettner, K. M.; Valentine, A. M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_chemical-reviews_2012-03_112_3/page/1863">"Bioinorganic Chemistry of Titanium"</a>. <i>Chemical Reviews</i> <b>112</b> (3): 1863. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr1002886">10.1021/cr1002886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Bioinorganic+Chemistry+of+Titanium&amp;rft.au=Valentine%2C+A.+M.&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Buettner&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&amp;rft.pages=1863&amp;rft.volume=112&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_chemical-reviews_2012-03_112_3%2Fpage%2F1863&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr1002886&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley2001p451-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001p451_22-0">22,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001p451_22-1">22,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001p451_22-2">22,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001p451_22-3">22,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001p451_22-4">22,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmsley2001">Emsley 2001</a>, p.&#160;451</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood1997p958-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood1997p958_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood &amp; Earnshaw 1997</a>, p.&#160;958</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood1997p970-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood1997p970_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood &amp; Earnshaw 1997</a>, p.&#160;970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Clugston, Michael; Flemming, Rosalind (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/advancedchemistr0000clug"><i>Advanced Chemistry</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/advancedchemistr0000clug/page/364">364</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/9780199146338" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/9780199146338">9780199146338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.au=Flemming%2C+Rosalind&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.aulast=Clugston&amp;rft.btitle=Advanced+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780199146338&amp;rft.pages=364&amp;rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadvancedchemistr0000clug&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Banfield, J. F.; Veblen, D. R.; Smith, D. J. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM76/AM76_343.pdf">"The identification of naturally occurring TiO<sub>2</sub> (B) by structure determination using high-resolution electron microscopy, image simulation, and distance–least–squares refinement"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Mineralogist</i> <b>76</b>: 343–353.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=The+identification+of+naturally+occurring+TiO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+%28B%29+by+structure+determination+using+high-resolution+electron+microscopy%2C+image+simulation%2C+and+distance%93least%93squares+refinement&amp;rft.au=Banfield%2C+J.+F.&amp;rft.au=Smith%2C+D.+J.&amp;rft.au=Veblen%2C+D.+R.&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Mineralogist&amp;rft.pages=343-353&amp;rft.volume=76&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minsocam.org%2Fammin%2FAM76%2FAM76_343.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-G&amp;E-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-G&amp;E_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistryofeleme0000gree"><i>Chemistry of the Elements</i></a> (1ª ed.). Oxford: Pergamon Press. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistryofeleme0000gree/page/1121">1121</a>–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-08-022057-6" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-08-022057-6">0-08-022057-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&amp;rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&amp;rft.aulast=Greenwood&amp;rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.edition=1%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-08-022057-6&amp;rft.pages=1121-23&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemistryofeleme0000gree&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Liu, Gang; Huang, Wan-Xia; Yi, Yong (26 de xuño de 2013). "Preparation and Optical Storage Properties of λTi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>5</sub> Powder". <i>Journal of Inorganic Materials</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en chamorro)</span> <b>28</b> (4): 425–430. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3724%2FSP.J.1077.2013.12309">10.3724/SP.J.1077.2013.12309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Preparation+and+Optical+Storage+Properties+of+%CE%BBTi%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3EO%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3E+Powder&amp;rft.au=Huang%2C+Wan-Xia&amp;rft.au=Yi%2C+Yong&amp;rft.aufirst=Gang&amp;rft.aulast=Liu&amp;rft.chron=26+de+xu%C3%B1o+de+2013&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Inorganic+Materials&amp;rft.pages=425-430&amp;rft.volume=28&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3724%2FSP.J.1077.2013.12309&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bonardi, Antonio; Pühlhofer, Gerd; Hermanutz, Stephan; Santangelo, Andrea (2014). "A new solution for mirror coating in $γ$-ray Cherenkov Astronomy". <i>Experimental Astronomy</i> <b>38</b>: 1. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ExA....38....1B">2014ExA....38....1B</a>. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1406.0622">1406.0622</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10686-014-9398-x">10.1007/s10686-014-9398-x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=A+new+solution+for+mirror+coating+in+%24%CE%B3%24-ray+Cherenkov+Astronomy&amp;rft.au=Hermanutz%2C+Stephan&amp;rft.au=P%C3%BChlhofer%2C+Gerd&amp;rft.au=Santangelo%2C+Andrea&amp;rft.aufirst=Antonio&amp;rft.aulast=Bonardi&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Experimental+Astronomy&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft.volume=38&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1406.0622&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014ExA....38....1B&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10686-014-9398-x&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood1997p962-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood1997p962_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood &amp; Earnshaw 1997</a>, p.&#160;962</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hydro-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hydro_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hanaor, D.A.H.; Chironi, I.; Karatchevtseva, I.; Triani, G.; Sorrell, C.C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/91767773/Single-and-Mixed-Phase-TiO2-Powders-by-hydrolysis-of-Ti-isopropoxide">"Single and Mixed Phase TiO<sub>2</sub> Powders Prepared by Excess Hydrolysis of Titanium Alkoxide"</a>. <i>Advances in Applied Ceramics</i> <b>111</b> (3): 149–158. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1179%2F1743676111Y.0000000059">10.1179/1743676111Y.0000000059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Single+and+Mixed+Phase+TiO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+Powders+Prepared+by+Excess+Hydrolysis+of+Titanium+Alkoxide&amp;rft.au=Chironi%2C+I.&amp;rft.au=Karatchevtseva%2C+I.&amp;rft.au=Sorrell%2C+C.C.&amp;rft.au=Triani%2C+G.&amp;rft.aufirst=D.A.H.&amp;rft.aulast=Hanaor&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Applied+Ceramics&amp;rft.pages=149-158&amp;rft.volume=111&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F91767773%2FSingle-and-Mixed-Phase-TiO2-Powders-by-hydrolysis-of-Ti-isopropoxide&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F1743676111Y.0000000059&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Schubert, E.F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731160534/http://homepages.rpi.edu/~schubert/Educational-resources/Materials-Hardness.pdf">"The hardness scale introduced by Friederich Mohs"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rpi.edu/~schubert/Educational-resources/Materials-Hardness.pdf">o orixinal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> o 31 de xullo de 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 14 de outubro de 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.au=Schubert%2C+E.F.&amp;rft.btitle=The+hardness+scale+introduced+by+Friederich+Mohs&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rpi.edu%2F~schubert%2FEducational-resources%2FMaterials-Hardness.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Truini, Joseph (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_popular-mechanics_1988-05_165_5/page/91">"Drill Bits"</a>. <i>Popular Mechanics</i> (Hearst Magazines) <b>165</b> (5): 91. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-4558">0032-4558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Drill+Bits&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph&amp;rft.aulast=Truini&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=0032-4558&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&amp;rft.pages=91&amp;rft.volume=165&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_popular-mechanics_1988-05_165_5%2Fpage%2F91&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Baliga, B. Jayant (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/siliconcarbidepo00bali"><i>Silicon carbide power devices</i></a>. World Scientific. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/siliconcarbidepo00bali/page/n112">91</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/981-256-605-8" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/981-256-605-8">981-256-605-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.aufirst=B.+Jayant&amp;rft.aulast=Baliga&amp;rft.btitle=Silicon+carbide+power+devices&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=981-256-605-8&amp;rft.pages=91&amp;rft.pub=World+Scientific&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsiliconcarbidepo00bali&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Grote, Karl-Heinrich; Antonsson, Erik K. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookmechanic00grot"><i>Springer Handbook of Mechanical Engineering</i></a>. Springer Science &amp; Business Media. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookmechanic00grot/page/n650">629</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/9783540491316" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/9783540491316">9783540491316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.au=Antonsson%2C+Erik+K.&amp;rft.aufirst=Karl-Heinrich&amp;rft.aulast=Grote&amp;rft.btitle=Springer+Handbook+of+Mechanical+Engineering&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783540491316&amp;rft.pages=629&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookmechanic00grot&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Seong, S.; Younossi, O; Goldsmith, B. W. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=tIPFfYW304IC&amp;pg=PA10"><i>Titanium: industrial base, price trends, and technology initiatives</i></a>. Rand Corporation. p.&#160;10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-8330-4575-X" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-8330-4575-X">0-8330-4575-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.au=Goldsmith%2C+B.+W.&amp;rft.au=Seong%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Younossi%2C+O&amp;rft.btitle=Titanium%3A+industrial+base%2C+price+trends%2C+and+technology+initiatives&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8330-4575-X&amp;rft.pages=10&amp;rft.pub=Rand+Corporation&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DtIPFfYW304IC%26pg%3DPA10&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140319063249/http://avogadro.chem.iastate.edu/MSDS/TiCl4.htm">"Material Safety Data Sheet - Titanium(IV) chloride"</a>. Iowa State University. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avogadro.chem.iastate.edu/MSDS/TiCl4.htm">o orixinal</a> o 19 de marzo de 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 14 de outubro de 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.btitle=Material+Safety+Data+Sheet+-+Titanium%28IV%29+chloride&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Iowa+State+University&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favogadro.chem.iastate.edu%2FMSDS%2FTiCl4.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Johnson, Richard W. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=JBTlucgGdegC"><i>The Handbook of Fluid Dynamics</i></a>. Springer. pp.&#160;38–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/3-540-64612-4" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/3-540-64612-4">3-540-64612-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Johnson&amp;rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Fluid+Dynamics&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3-540-64612-4&amp;rft.pages=38-21&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DJBTlucgGdegC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Coates, Robert M.; Paquette, Leo A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=xxYjJgupBSMC"><i>Handbook of Reagents for Organic Synthesis</i></a>. John Wiley and Sons. p.&#160;93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-470-85625-4" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-470-85625-4">0-470-85625-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.au=Paquette%2C+Leo+A.&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Coates&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Reagents+for+Organic+Synthesis&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-470-85625-4&amp;rft.pages=93&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DxxYjJgupBSMC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">van Arkel, A. E.; de Boer, J. H. (1925). "Darstellung von reinem Titanium-, Zirkonium-, Hafnium- und Thoriummetall". <i>Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_alem%C3%A1" title="Lingua alemá">alemán</a>)</span> <b>148</b> (1): 345–350. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.19251480133">10.1002/zaac.19251480133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Darstellung+von+reinem+Titanium-%2C+Zirkonium-%2C+Hafnium-+und+Thoriummetall&amp;rft.au=de+Boer%2C+J.+H.&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+E.&amp;rft.aulast=van+Arkel&amp;rft.date=1925&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+anorganische+und+allgemeine+Chemie&amp;rft.pages=345-350&amp;rft.volume=148&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fzaac.19251480133&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kissin, Yury (2008). <i>Alkene Polymerization Reactions with Transition Metal Catalysts</i>. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis <b>173</b> (1ª ed.). Elsevier Science. Ch. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0444532152" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0444532152">978-0444532152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.aufirst=Yury&amp;rft.aulast=Kissin&amp;rft.btitle=Alkene+Polymerization+Reactions+with+Transition+Metal+Catalysts&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.edition=1%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0444532152&amp;rft.pages=Ch.+4&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&amp;rft.series=Studies+in+Surface+Science+and+Catalysis&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hartwig, J. F. (2010). <i>Organotransition Metal Chemistry, from Bonding to Catalysis</i>. Nova York: University Science Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/189138953X" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/189138953X">189138953X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+F.&amp;rft.aulast=Hartwig&amp;rft.btitle=Organotransition+Metal+Chemistry%2C+from+Bonding+to+Catalysis&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=189138953X&amp;rft.place=Nova+York&amp;rft.pub=University+Science+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley2001p452-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001p452_43-0">43,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001p452_43-1">43,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001p452_43-2">43,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001p452_43-3">43,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001p452_43-4">43,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001p452_43-5">43,5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001p452_43-6">43,6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001p452_43-7">43,7</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmsley2001">Emsley 2001</a>, p.&#160;452</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gregor, William (1791). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFAyAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA40#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">"Beobachtungen und Versuche über den Menakanit, einen in Cornwall gefundenen magnetischen Sand" &#91;Observacións e experimentos relacionados coa manacanita, unha area magnética atopada en Cornualles&#93;</a>. <i>Chemische Annalen</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_alem%C3%A1" title="Lingua alemá">alemán</a>)</span> <b>1</b>: 40–54, 103–119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Beobachtungen+und+Versuche+%C3%BCber+den+Menakanit%2C+einen+in+Cornwall+gefundenen+magnetischen+Sand&amp;rft.aufirst=William&amp;rft.aulast=Gregor&amp;rft.date=1791&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemische+Annalen&amp;rft.pages=40-54%2C+103-119&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZFAyAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA40%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gregor, William (1791). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/journaldephysiq23unkngoog#page/n77/mode/1up">"Sur le menakanite, espèce de sable attirable par l'aimant, trouvé dans la province de Cornouilles" &#91;Sobre a manacanita, unha especie de area magnética atopada no condado de Cornualles&#93;</a>. <i>Observations et Mémoires sur la Physique</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_francesa" title="Lingua francesa">francés</a>)</span> <b>39</b>: 72–78, 152–160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Sur+le+menakanite%2C+esp%C3%A8ce+de+sable+attirable+par+l%27aimant%2C+trouv%C3%A9+dans+la+province+de+Cornouilles&amp;rft.aufirst=William&amp;rft.aulast=Gregor&amp;rft.date=1791&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Observations+et+M%C3%A9moires+sur+la+Physique&amp;rft.pages=72-78%2C+152-160&amp;rft.volume=39&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fjournaldephysiq23unkngoog%23page%2Fn77%2Fmode%2F1up&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1795). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=5zFGAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA233#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">"Chemische Untersuchung des sogenannten hungarischen rothen Schörls" &#91;Investigación química da chamada turmalina húngara&#93;</a>. <i>Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_alem%C3%A1" title="Lingua alemá">alemán</a>)</span> (Berlín) <b>1</b>: 233–244.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Chemische+Untersuchung+des+sogenannten+hungarischen+rothen+Sch%C3%B6rls&amp;rft.au=Martin+Heinrich+Klaproth&amp;rft.date=1795&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+chemischen+Kenntniss+der+Mineralk%C3%B6rper&amp;rft.pages=233-244&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5zFGAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA233%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roza2008p8-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Roza2008p8_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoza2008">Roza 2008</a>, p.&#160;8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roza2008p9-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Roza2008p9_48-0">48,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Roza2008p9_48-1">48,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Roza2008p9_48-2">48,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoza2008">Roza 2008</a>, p.&#160;9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood1997p955-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood1997p955_49-0">49,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood1997p955_49-1">49,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood &amp; Earnshaw 1997</a>, p.&#160;955</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VADB-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-VADB_50-0">50,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-VADB_50-1">50,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">van Arkel, A. E.; de Boer, J. H. (1925). "Preparation of pure titanium, zirconium, hafnium, and thorium metal". <i>Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie</i> <b>148</b>: 345–50. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.19251480133">10.1002/zaac.19251480133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Preparation+of+pure+titanium%2C+zirconium%2C+hafnium%2C+and+thorium+metal&amp;rft.au=de+Boer%2C+J.+H.&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+E.&amp;rft.aulast=van+Arkel&amp;rft.date=1925&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+anorganische+und+allgemeine+Chemie&amp;rft.pages=345-50&amp;rft.volume=148&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fzaac.19251480133&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Yanko, Eugene (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160406114504/http://warfare.be/db/catid/243/linkid/1756/">"Submarines: general information"</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warfare.be/db/catid/243/linkid/1756/">o orixinal</a> o 06 de abril de 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 2 de febreiro de 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.aufirst=Eugene&amp;rft.aulast=Yanko&amp;rft.btitle=Submarines%3A+general+information&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwarfare.be%2Fdb%2Fcatid%2F243%2Flinkid%2F1756%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061005041506/http://www.stainless-steel-world.net/pdf/ssw0107.pdf?issueID=30">"VSMPO Stronger Than Ever"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Stainless Steel World</i> (KCI Publishing B.V.) (30): 16–19. 2001. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stainless-steel-world.net/pdf/ssw0107.pdf?issueID=30">o orixinal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> o 05 de outubro de 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 2 de xaneiro de 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=VSMPO+Stronger+Than+Ever&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=30&amp;rft.jtitle=Stainless+Steel+World&amp;rft.pages=16-19&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stainless-steel-world.net%2Fpdf%2Fssw0107.pdf%3FissueID%3D30&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Campbell, Flake C. (2012). <i>Lightweight Materials: Understanding the Basics</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. ASM International. p.&#160;2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/9781615039906" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/9781615039906">9781615039906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.aufirst=Flake+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Campbell&amp;rft.btitle=Lightweight+Materials%3A+Understanding+the+Basics&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781615039906&amp;rft.pages=2&amp;rft.pub=ASM+International&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation techreport">National Materials Advisory Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems (CETS), National Research Council (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1712&amp;page=R1"><i>Titanium: Past, Present, and Future</i></a> (Informe técnico). Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. p.&#160;R9. NMAB-392.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.au=National+Materials+Advisory+Board%2C+Commission+on+Engineering+and+Technical+Systems+%28CETS%29%2C+National+Research+Council&amp;rft.btitle=Titanium%3A+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.genre=report&amp;rft.pages=R9&amp;rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&amp;rft.pub=National+Academy+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.nap.edu%2Fopenbook.php%3Frecord_id%3D1712%26page%3DR1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Defense National Stockpile Center (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100211093359/https://www.dnsc.dla.mil/Uploads/Materials/esolomon_5-21-2009_13-29-4_2008OpsReport.pdf"><i>Strategic and Critical Materials Report to the Congress. Operations under the Strategic and Critical Materials Stock Piling Act during the Period October 2007 through September 2008</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Defense&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Department of Defense (a páxina aínda non existe)">United States Department of Defense</a>. p.&#160;3304. Archived from the original on 11 de febreiro de 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 15 de outubro de 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.au=Defense+National+Stockpile+Center&amp;rft.btitle=Strategic+and+Critical+Materials+Report+to+the+Congress.+Operations+under+the+Strategic+and+Critical+Materials+Stock+Piling+Act+during+the+Period+October+2007+through+September+2008&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=3304&amp;rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Defense&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnsc.dla.mil%2FUploads%2FMaterials%2Fesolomon_5-21-2009_13-29-4_2008OpsReport.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Bush, Jason (15 de febreiro de 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090409221829/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060215_694672.htm?campaign_id=search">"Boeing's Plan to Land Aeroflot"</a>. <i>BusinessWeek</i>. Archived from the original on 09 de abril de 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 29 de decembro de 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Boeing%27s+Plan+to+Land+Aeroflot&amp;rft.aufirst=Jason&amp;rft.aulast=Bush&amp;rft.chron=15+de+febreiro+de+2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BusinessWeek&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Ftechnology%2Fcontent%2Ffeb2006%2Ftc20060215_694672.htm%3Fcampaign_id%3Dsearch&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease">DuPont (12 de setembro de 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/us-defense-agency-awards-57-million-to-dupont-and-mer-corporation-for-new-titanium-metal-powder-process-56045122.html">"U.S. Defense Agency Awards $5.7 Million to DuPont and MER Corporation for New Titanium Metal Powder Process"</a> (Nota de prensa)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 1 de agosto de 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.au=DuPont&amp;rft.btitle=U.S.+Defense+Agency+Awards+%245.7+Million+to+DuPont+and+MER+Corporation+for+New+Titanium+Metal+Powder+Process&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fus-defense-agency-awards-57-million-to-dupont-and-mer-corporation-for-new-titanium-metal-powder-process-56045122.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/roskill-information-services-global-supply-of-titanium-is-forecast-to-increase-105243193.html">"Roskill Information Services: Global Supply of Titanium is Forecast to Increase"</a>. <i>PRNewswire</i> (Londres). 19 de outubro de 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Roskill+Information+Services%3A+Global+Supply+of+Titanium+is+Forecast+to+Increase&amp;rft.chron=19+de+outubro+de+2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PRNewswire&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Froskill-information-services-global-supply-of-titanium-is-forecast-to-increase-105243193.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150818232952/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-08-10/news/65415517_1_kmml-isro-indian-space-research-organisation">"ISRO's titanium sponge plant in Kerala fully commissioned"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>. 10 de agosto de 2015. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-08-10/news/65415517_1_kmml-isro-indian-space-research-organisation">o orixinal</a> o 18 de agosto de 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 22 de decembro de 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=ISRO%27s+titanium+sponge+plant+in+Kerala+fully+commissioned&amp;rft.chron=10+de+agosto+de+2015&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.economictimes.indiatimes.com%2F2015-08-10%2Fnews%2F65415517_1_kmml-isro-indian-space-research-organisation&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonachie1988">Donachie 1988</a>, Ch. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barksdale1968p733-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Barksdale1968p733_61-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarksdale1968">Barksdale 1968</a>, p.&#160;733</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Chen, George Zheng; Fray, Derek J.; Farthing, Tom W. (2000). "Direct electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide to titanium in molten calcium chloride". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></i> <b>407</b> (6802): 361–364. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Natur.407..361C">2000Natur.407..361C</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11014188">11014188</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35030069">10.1038/35030069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Direct+electrochemical+reduction+of+titanium+dioxide+to+titanium+in+molten+calcium+chloride&amp;rft.au=Farthing%2C+Tom+W.&amp;rft.au=Fray%2C+Derek+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=George+Zheng&amp;rft.aulast=Chen&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=6802&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=361-364&amp;rft.volume=407&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Natur.407..361C&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35030069&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11014188&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roza2008p23-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Roza2008p23_63-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoza2008">Roza 2008</a>, p.&#160;23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TI_Encarta2005-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-TI_Encarta2005_64-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061027112633/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569280/Titanium.html">"Titanium"</a>. <i>Microsoft Encarta</i>. 2005. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569280/Titanium.html">o orixinal</a> o 27 de outubro de 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 29 de decembro de 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Titanium&amp;rft.btitle=Microsoft+Encarta&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761569280%2FTitanium.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonachie1988">Donachie 1988</a>, p.&#160;16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_for_Testing_and_Materials&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="American Society for Testing and Materials (a páxina aínda non existe)">ASTM International</a> (2006). <i>Annual Book of ASTM Standards (Volume 02.04: Non-ferrous Metals)</i>. West Conshohocken, PA. Sección 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-8031-4086-X" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-8031-4086-X">0-8031-4086-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.au=ASTM+International&amp;rft.btitle=Annual+Book+of+ASTM+Standards+%28Volume+02.04%3A+Non-ferrous+Metals%29&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8031-4086-X&amp;rft.pages=Secci%C3%B3n+2&amp;rft.place=West+Conshohocken%2C+PA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_for_Testing_and_Materials&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="American Society for Testing and Materials (a páxina aínda non existe)">ASTM International</a> (1998). <i>Annual Book of ASTM Standards (Volume 13.01: Medical Devices; Emergency Medical Services)</i>. West Conshohocken, PA. Seccións 2 &amp; 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-8031-2452-X" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-8031-2452-X">0-8031-2452-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.au=ASTM+International&amp;rft.btitle=Annual+Book+of+ASTM+Standards+%28Volume+13.01%3A+Medical+Devices%3B+Emergency+Medical+Services%29&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8031-2452-X&amp;rft.pages=Secci%C3%B3ns+2+%26+13&amp;rft.place=West+Conshohocken%2C+PA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonachie1988">Donachie 1988</a>, pp.&#160;13–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roza2008p25-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Roza2008p25_69-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoza2008">Roza 2008</a>, p.&#160;25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECI_online-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ECI_online_70-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/metals/titanium.html">"Titanium"</a>. <i>The Essential Chemical Industry online</i>. CIEC Promoting Science at the University of York. 15 de xaneiro de 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Titanium&amp;rft.chron=15+de+xaneiro+de+2015&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Essential+Chemical+Industry+online&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.essentialchemicalindustry.org%2Fmetals%2Ftitanium.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306104447/http://pdfsr.com/pdf/titanium-design-and-fabrication-handbook-for-industrial-applications"><i>AWS G2.4/G2.4M:2007 Guide for the Fusion Welding of Titanium and Titanium Alloys</i></a>. Miami: American Welding Society. 2006. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfcast.org/pdf/titanium-design-and-fabrication-handbook-for-industrial-applications">o orixinal</a> o 06 de marzo de 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 15 de outubro de 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.btitle=AWS+G2.4%2FG2.4M%3A2007+Guide+for+the+Fusion+Welding+of+Titanium+and+Titanium+Alloys&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Miami&amp;rft.pub=American+Welding+Society&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdfcast.org%2Fpdf%2Ftitanium-design-and-fabrication-handbook-for-industrial-applications&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Titanium Metals Corporation (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090209014255/http://www.timet.com/design%26fabframe.html"><i>Titanium design and fabrication handbook for industrial applications</i></a>. Dallas. Archived from the original on 09 de febreiro de 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 18 de maio de 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.au=Titanium+Metals+Corporation&amp;rft.btitle=Titanium+design+and+fabrication+handbook+for+industrial+applications&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Dallas&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timet.com%2Fdesign%2526fabframe.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efunda.com/materials/solders/solderability.cfm">"Solderability"</a>. <i>efunda.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 16 de xuño de 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Solderability&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=efunda.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efunda.com%2Fmaterials%2Fsolders%2Fsolderability.cfm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Smook, Gary A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookforpulpp0000smoo"><i>Handbook for Pulp &amp; Paper Technologists</i></a> (3ª ed.). Angus Wilde Publications. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookforpulpp0000smoo/page/223">223</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-9694628-5-9" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-9694628-5-9">0-9694628-5-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.aufirst=Gary+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Smook&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+for+Pulp+%26+Paper+Technologists&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.edition=3%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-9694628-5-9&amp;rft.pages=223&amp;rft.pub=Angus+Wilde+Publications&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookforpulpp0000smoo&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moiseyev-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Moiseyev_75-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Moiseyev, Valentin N. (2006). <i>Titanium Alloys: Russian Aircraft and Aerospace Applications</i>. Taylor and Francis, LLC. p.&#160;196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-8493-3273-9" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-8493-3273-9">978-0-8493-3273-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.aufirst=Valentin+N.&amp;rft.aulast=Moiseyev&amp;rft.btitle=Titanium+Alloys%3A+Russian+Aircraft+and+Aerospace+Applications&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8493-3273-9&amp;rft.pages=196&amp;rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis%2C+LLC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT7513-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NYT7513_76-0">76,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NYT7513_76-1">76,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Andrew E. Kramer (5 de xullo de 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/06/business/global/titanium-fills-vital-role-for-boeing-and-russia.html">"Titanium Fills Vital Role for Boeing and Russia"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 6 de xullo de 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Titanium+Fills+Vital+Role+for+Boeing+and+Russia&amp;rft.au=Andrew+E.+Kramer&amp;rft.chron=5+de+xullo+de+2013&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F07%2F06%2Fbusiness%2Fglobal%2Ftitanium-fills-vital-role-for-boeing-and-russia.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley2001p454-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001p454_77-0">77,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001p454_77-1">77,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmsley2001">Emsley 2001</a>, p.&#160;454</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sevan, Vardan (23 de setembro de 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111061856/http://www.sevanco.net/news/full_story.php?id=1122">"Rosoboronexport controls titanium in Russia"</a>. Sevanco Strategic Consulting. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sevanco.net/news/full_story.php?id=1122">o orixinal</a> o 11 de novembro de 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 26 de decembro de 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.aufirst=Vardan&amp;rft.aulast=Sevan&amp;rft.btitle=Rosoboronexport+controls+titanium+in+Russia&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Sevanco+Strategic+Consulting&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sevanco.net%2Fnews%2Ffull_story.php%3Fid%3D1122&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonachie1988">Donachie 1988</a>, p.&#160;13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/705.htm">"GlobalSecurity"</a>. <i>GlobalSecurity.org</i>. 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 23 de abril de 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=GlobalSecurity&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=GlobalSecurity.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fworld%2Frussia%2F705.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonachie1988">Donachie 1988</a>, pp.&#160;11–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kleefisch, E.W., ed. (1981). <i>Industrial Application of Titanium and Zirconium</i>. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-8031-0745-5" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-8031-0745-5">0-8031-0745-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.btitle=Industrial+Application+of+Titanium+and+Zirconium&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8031-0745-5&amp;rft.place=West+Conshohocken%2C+PA&amp;rft.pub=ASTM+International&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bunshah, Rointan F., ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=daamnz8el2sC&amp;pg=PA413"><i>Handbook of Hard Coatings</i></a>. Norwich, NY: William Andrew Inc. Ch. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-8155-1438-7" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-8155-1438-7">0-8155-1438-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Hard+Coatings&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-8155-1438-7&amp;rft.pages=Ch.+8&amp;rft.place=Norwich%2C+NY&amp;rft.pub=William+Andrew+Inc.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Ddaamnz8el2sC%26pg%3DPA413&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bell, Tom; et al. (2001). Funatani, Kiyoshi; Totten, George E., eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4F1zYT4FHyMC&amp;pg=PA138&amp;source=gbs_toc_r&amp;cad=3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>Heat Treating</i></a>. Proceedings of the 20th Conference, 9–12 de outubro de 2000. ASM International. p.&#160;141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/9781615032051" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/9781615032051">9781615032051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.aufirst=Tom&amp;rft.aulast=Bell&amp;rft.btitle=Heat+Treating&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781615032051&amp;rft.pages=141&amp;rft.pub=ASM+International&amp;rft.series=Proceedings+of+the+20th+Conference%2C+9%9312+de+outubro+de+2000&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4F1zYT4FHyMC%26pg%3DPA138%26source%3Dgbs_toc_r%26cad%3D3%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sherman, Don (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_popular-science_2001-08_259_2/page/68">"Sports Cars Power"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i> <b>259</b> (2): 68. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0161-7370">0161-7370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Sports+Cars+Power&amp;rft.aufirst=Don&amp;rft.aulast=Sherman&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=0161-7370&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&amp;rft.pages=68&amp;rft.volume=259&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_popular-science_2001-08_259_2%2Fpage%2F68&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Leffingwell, Randy (2015). <i>Corvette: Seven Generations of American High Performance</i>. Motorbooks. p.&#160;167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/9780760346631" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/9780760346631">9780760346631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.aufirst=Randy&amp;rft.aulast=Leffingwell&amp;rft.btitle=Corvette%3A+Seven+Generations+of+American+High+Performance&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780760346631&amp;rft.pages=167&amp;rft.pub=Motorbooks&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/chevrolet/vehicles/corvette-z06/2015.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2014/Aug/0820-8speed/0820-compact-powerhouse.html">"Compact Powerhouse: Inside Corvette Z06’s LT4 Engine 650-hp supercharged 6.2L V-8 makes world-class power in more efficient package"</a>. <i>media.gm.com</i>. 20 de agosto de 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Compact+Powerhouse%3A+Inside+Corvette+Z06%99s+LT4+Engine+650-hp+supercharged+6.2L+V-8+makes+world-class+power+in+more+efficient+package&amp;rft.chron=20+de+agosto+de+2014&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=media.gm.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.gm.com%2Fmedia%2Fus%2Fen%2Fchevrolet%2Fvehicles%2Fcorvette-z06%2F2015.detail.html%2Fcontent%2FPages%2Fnews%2Fus%2Fen%2F2014%2FAug%2F0820-8speed%2F0820-compact-powerhouse.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Davis, Joseph R. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=IpEnvBtSfPQC"><i>Metals Handbook</i></a>. ASM International. p.&#160;584. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-87170-654-7" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-87170-654-7">0-87170-654-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Davis&amp;rft.btitle=Metals+Handbook&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-87170-654-7&amp;rft.pages=584&amp;rft.pub=ASM+International&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DIpEnvBtSfPQC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donachie2000-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Donachie2000_89-0">89,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Donachie2000_89-1">89,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Donachie2000_89-2">89,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Donachie, Matthew J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/titaniumtechnica00dona_881"><i>Titanium: A Technical Guide</i></a>. ASM International. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/titaniumtechnica00dona_881/page/n19">11</a>, 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-87170-686-5" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-87170-686-5">0-87170-686-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Donachie&amp;rft.btitle=Titanium%3A+A+Technical+Guide&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-87170-686-5&amp;rft.pages=11%2C+255&amp;rft.pub=ASM+International&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftitaniumtechnica00dona_881&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation report">Luckowski, Stephen (9 de outubro de 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.ymaws.com/titanium.org/resource/resmgr/MillsKendall_2012.pdf">The Expanded Use of Titanium in the Services</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (Informe). Piccatinny Arsenal, NJ: U.S. Army Armament Research, Development &amp; Engineering Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen&amp;rft.aulast=Luckowski&amp;rft.btitle=The+Expanded+Use+of+Titanium+in+the+Services&amp;rft.genre=report&amp;rft.place=Piccatinny+Arsenal%2C+NJ&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Armament+Research%2C+Development+%26+Engineering+Center&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.ymaws.com%2Ftitanium.org%2Fresource%2Fresmgr%2FMillsKendall_2012.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everymac.com/systems/apple/powerbook_g4/stats/powerbook_g4_400.html">"Apple PowerBook G4 400 (Original – Ti) Specs"</a>. <i>everymac.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 8 de agosto de 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Apple+PowerBook+G4+400+%28Original+%93+Ti%29+Specs&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=everymac.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.everymac.com%2Fsystems%2Fapple%2Fpowerbook_g4%2Fstats%2Fpowerbook_g4_400.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lütjering, Gerd; Williams, James Case (2007). "Appearance Related Applications". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=41EqJFxjA4wC&amp;pg=PA408"><i>Titanium</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-3-540-71397-5" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-3-540-71397-5">978-3-540-71397-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Appearance+Related+Applications&amp;rft.au=L%C3%BCtjering%2C+Gerd&amp;rft.au=Williams%2C+James+Case&amp;rft.btitle=Titanium&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-540-71397-5&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D41EqJFxjA4wC%26pg%3DPA408&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/dam/">"Denver Art Museum, Frederic C. Hamilton Building"</a>. SPG Media. 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 26 de decembro de 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.btitle=Denver+Art+Museum%2C+Frederic+C.+Hamilton+Building&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=SPG+Media&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.designbuild-network.com%2Fprojects%2Fdam%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gruntman, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=2XY9KXxF8OEC"><i>Blazing the Trail: The Early History of Spacecraft and Rocketry</i></a>. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. p.&#160;457. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/1-56347-705-X" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/1-56347-705-X">1-56347-705-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.aufirst=Mike&amp;rft.aulast=Gruntman&amp;rft.btitle=Blazing+the+Trail%3A+The+Early+History+of+Spacecraft+and+Rocketry&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1-56347-705-X&amp;rft.pages=457&amp;rft.place=Reston%2C+VA&amp;rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Aeronautics+and+Astronautics&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D2XY9KXxF8OEC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gafner, G. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101129195740/http://goldbulletin.org/assets/file/goldbulletin/downloads/Gafner_4_22.pdf">"The development of 990 Gold-Titanium: its Production, use and Properties"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Gold Bulletin</i> <b>22</b> (4): 112–122. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03214709">10.1007/BF03214709</a>. Archived from the original on 29 de novembro de 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 15 de outubro de 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=The+development+of+990+Gold-Titanium%3A+its+Production%2C+use+and+Properties&amp;rft.au=Gafner%2C+G.&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Gold+Bulletin&amp;rft.pages=112-122&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoldbulletin.org%2Fassets%2Ffile%2Fgoldbulletin%2Fdownloads%2FGafner_4_22.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03214709&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120223120305/http://www.titaniumart.com/home.html">"Fine Art and Functional Works in Titanium and Other Earth Elements"</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.titanium-arts.com/home.html">o orixinal</a> o 23 de febreiro de 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 8 de agosto de 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.btitle=Fine+Art+and+Functional+Works+in+Titanium+and+Other+Earth+Elements&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.titanium-arts.com%2Fhome.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doctorgoodskin.com/tp/bodypiercing/">"Body Piercing Safety"</a>. <i>doctorgoodskin.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 1 de agosto de 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Body+Piercing+Safety&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=doctorgoodskin.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doctorgoodskin.com%2Ftp%2Fbodypiercing%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Alwitt, Robert S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080702001336/http://electrochem.cwru.edu/ed/encycl/art-a02-anodizing.htm">"Electrochemistry Encyclopedia"</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electrochem.cwru.edu/ed/encycl/art-a02-anodizing.htm">o orixinal</a> o 02 de xullo de 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 30 de decembro de 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.au=Alwitt%2C+Robert+S.&amp;rft.btitle=Electrochemistry+Encyclopedia&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felectrochem.cwru.edu%2Fed%2Fencycl%2Fart-a02-anodizing.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018010311/http://www.pobjoy.com/us/world-firsts">"World Firsts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pobjoy_Mint" title="Pobjoy Mint">Pobjoy Mint</a></i>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pobjoy.com/us/world-firsts">o orixinal</a> o 18 de outubro de 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=World+Firsts&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Pobjoy+Mint&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pobjoy.com%2Fus%2Fworld-firsts&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Turgeon, Luke (20 de setembro 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928082012/http://www.goldcoast.com.au/article/2007/09/20/2947_gold-coast-titans.html">"Titanium Titan: Broughton immortalised"</a>. <i>The Gold Coast Bulletin</i>. Archived from the original on 28 de setembro de 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 15 de outubro de 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Titanium+Titan%3A+Broughton+immortalised&amp;rft.aufirst=Luke&amp;rft.aulast=Turgeon&amp;rft.chron=20+de+setembro+2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Gold+Coast+Bulletin&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goldcoast.com.au%2Farticle%2F2007%2F09%2F20%2F2947_gold-coast-titans.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.totaljoints.info/orthopaedic_metal_alloys.htm">"Orthopaedic Metal Alloys"</a>. <i>Totaljoints.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 27 de setembro 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Orthopaedic+Metal+Alloys&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Totaljoints.info&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.totaljoints.info%2Forthopaedic_metal_alloys.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fraunhofer.de/en/press/research-news/2010/09/titanium-foams-replace-injured-bones.html">"Titanium foams replace injured bones"</a>. <i>Research News</i> (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft). 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 27 de setembro de 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Titanium+foams+replace+injured+bones&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Research+News&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fraunhofer.de%2Fen%2Fpress%2Fresearch-news%2F2010%2F09%2Ftitanium-foams-replace-injured-bones.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Shoesmith, D. W.; Noel, J. J.; Hardie, D.; Ikeda, B. M. (2000). "Hydrogen Absorption and the Lifetime Performance of Titanium Nuclear Waste Containers". <i>Corrosion Reviews</i> <b>18</b> (4–5). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515%2FCORRREV.2000.18.4-5.331">10.1515/CORRREV.2000.18.4-5.331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Hydrogen+Absorption+and+the+Lifetime+Performance+of+Titanium+Nuclear+Waste+Containers&amp;rft.au=Hardie%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Ikeda%2C+B.+M.&amp;rft.au=Noel%2C+J.+J.&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+W.&amp;rft.aulast=Shoesmith&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=4%935&amp;rft.jtitle=Corrosion+Reviews&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2FCORRREV.2000.18.4-5.331&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-104">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Carter, L. J.; Pigford, T. J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2012/ph241/garcia1/">"Proof of Safety at Yucca Mountain"</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>310</b>: 447. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1112786">10.1126/science.1112786</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 26 de agosto de 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Proof+of+Safety+at+Yucca+Mountain&amp;rft.au=Carter%2C+L.+J.&amp;rft.au=Pigford%2C+T.+J.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=447&amp;rft.volume=310&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flarge.stanford.edu%2Fcourses%2F2012%2Fph241%2Fgarcia1%2F&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1112786&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Fujioka, K.; Hanada, S.; Inoue, Y.; Sato, K.; Hirakuri, K.; Shiraishi, K.; Manome, Y. (2014). "Effects of Silica and Titanium Oxide Particles on a Human Neural Stem Cell Line: Morphology, Mitochondrial Activity, and Gene Expression of Differentiation Markers". <i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i> <b>15</b> (7): 11742–11759. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms150711742">10.3390/ijms150711742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Effects+of+Silica+and+Titanium+Oxide+Particles+on+a+Human+Neural+Stem+Cell+Line%3A+Morphology%2C+Mitochondrial+Activity%2C+and+Gene+Expression+of+Differentiation+Markers&amp;rft.au=Fujioka%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Hanada%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Hirakuri%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Inoue%2C+Y.&amp;rft.au=Manome%2C+Y.&amp;rft.au=Sato%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Shiraishi%2C+K.&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Molecular+Sciences&amp;rft.pages=11742-11759&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijms150711742&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Berglund, Fredrik; Bjorn Carlmark (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3176400">"Titanium, Sinusitis, and the Yellow Nail Syndrome"</a>. <i>Biological Trace Element Research</i> <b>143</b> (1): 1–7. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3176400">3176400</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20809268">20809268</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12011-010-8828-5">10.1007/s12011-010-8828-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Titanium%2C+Sinusitis%2C+and+the+Yellow+Nail+Syndrome&amp;rft.au=Bjorn+Carlmark&amp;rft.aufirst=Fredrik&amp;rft.aulast=Berglund&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Biological+Trace+Element+Research&amp;rft.pages=1-7&amp;rft.volume=143&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3176400&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3176400&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12011-010-8828-5&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20809268&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Carmen Cristina Elekes; Gabriela Busuioc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231241/http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2010/Corfu/EDUCATION/EDUCATION-04.pdf">"The Mycoremediation of Metals Polluted Soils Using Wild Growing Species of Mushrooms"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Engineering Education</i>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2010/Corfu/EDUCATION/EDUCATION-04.pdf">o orixinal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> o 03 de marzo de 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 16 de outubro de 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=The+Mycoremediation+of+Metals+Polluted+Soils+Using+Wild+Growing+Species+of+Mushrooms&amp;rft.au=Carmen+Cristina+Elekes&amp;rft.au=Gabriela+Busuioc&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Engineering+Education&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wseas.us%2Fe-library%2Fconferences%2F2010%2FCorfu%2FEDUCATION%2FEDUCATION-04.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cotell, C. M.; Sprague, J. A.; Smidt, F. A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=RGtsPjqUwy0C"><i>ASM Handbook: Surface Engineering</i></a> (10ª ed.). ASM International. p.&#160;836. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-87170-384-X" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-87170-384-X">0-87170-384-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.au=Smidt%2C+F.+A.&amp;rft.au=Sprague%2C+J.+A.&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Cotell&amp;rft.btitle=ASM+Handbook%3A+Surface+Engineering&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.edition=10%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-87170-384-X&amp;rft.pages=836&amp;rft.pub=ASM+International&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DRGtsPjqUwy0C&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Compressed Gas Association (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=WSLULtCG9JgC"><i>Handbook of compressed gases</i></a> (4ª ed.). Springer. p.&#160;323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-412-78230-8" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-412-78230-8">0-412-78230-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.au=Compressed+Gas+Association&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+compressed+gases&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.edition=4%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-412-78230-8&amp;rft.pages=323&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DWSLULtCG9JgC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Solomon, Robert E. (2002). National Fire Prevention Association, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=2fHsoobsCNwC"><i>Fire and Life Safety Inspection Manual</i></a> (8ª ed.). Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers. p.&#160;45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-87765-472-7" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-87765-472-7">0-87765-472-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&amp;rft.aulast=Solomon&amp;rft.btitle=Fire+and+Life+Safety+Inspection+Manual&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.edition=8%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-87765-472-7&amp;rft.pages=45&amp;rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D2fHsoobsCNwC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Véxase_tamén"><span id="V.C3.A9xase_tam.C3.A9n"></span>Véxase tamén</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Editar a sección: «Véxase tamén»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Véxase tamén"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portada_galega" class="extiw" title="commons:Portada galega">Commons</a> ten máis contidos multimedia sobre:&#8201;&#8201;<i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Titanio" class="extiw" title="commons:Titanio">Titanio</a></b></i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Vexa a entrada do <a href="https://gl.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Galizionario</a> acerca de&#8201;&#8201;<i><b><a href="https://gl.wiktionary.org/wiki/Especial:Search/titanio" class="extiw" title="wikt:Especial:Search/titanio">Titanio</a></b></i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliografía"><span id="Bibliograf.C3.ADa"></span>Bibliografía</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Editar a sección: «Bibliografía»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Bibliografía"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consellodacultura.gal/mediateca/extras/CCG_pr_TaboaPeriodicaDosElementos-PropiedadesElementos_XG_RAGC_RAG_CN_20190313_2pp.pdf">"Táboa periódica dos elementos"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Consello_da_Cultura_Galega" title="Consello da Cultura Galega">Consello da Cultura Galega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xunta_de_Galicia" title="Xunta de Galicia">Xunta de Galicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Galega_de_Ciencias" title="Real Academia Galega de Ciencias">Real Academia Galega de Ciencias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Galega" title="Real Academia Galega">Real Academia Galega</a> e <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Universidade de Santiago de Compostela">Ciencia Nosa</a>. 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.btitle=T%C3%A1boa+peri%C3%B3dica+dos+elementos&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Consello+da+Cultura+Galega%2C+Xunta+de+Galicia%2C+Real+Academia+Galega+de+Ciencias%2C+Real+Academia+Galega+e+Ciencia+Nosa&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consellodacultura.gal%2Fmediateca%2Fextras%2FCCG_pr_TaboaPeriodicaDosElementos-PropiedadesElementos_XG_RAGC_RAG_CN_20190313_2pp.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBarksdale1968" class="citation book">Barksdale, Jelks (1968). "Titanium". En Clifford A. Hampel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamp"><i>The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. Nova York: Reinhold Book Corporation. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamp/page/732">732</a>–738. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//lccn.loc.gov/68029938">68029938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Titanium&amp;rft.aufirst=Jelks&amp;rft.aulast=Barksdale&amp;rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Chemical+Elements&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=732-738&amp;rft.place=Nova+York&amp;rft.pub=Reinhold+Book+Corporation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofch00hamp&amp;rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F68029938&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Bermejo, M. R.; González, A.; Vázquez, M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirp.es/pub/docs/cite/elementos_quimicos.pdf"><i>O nome e o símbolo dos elementos químicos</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Xunta_de_Galicia" title="Xunta de Galicia">Xunta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretar%C3%ADa_Xeral_de_Pol%C3%ADtica_Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Secretaría Xeral de Política Lingüística">Secretaría Xeral de Política Lingüística</a> e <a href="/wiki/Centro_Ram%C3%B3n_Pi%C3%B1eiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro Ramón Piñeiro">CRPIH</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-84-453-4325-8" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-84-453-4325-8">978-84-453-4325-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=V%C3%A1zquez%2C+M.&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Bermejo&amp;rft.btitle=O+nome+e+o+s%C3mbolo+dos+elementos+qu%C3micos&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-84-453-4325-8&amp;rft.pub=Xunta%2C+Secretar%C3a+Xeral+de+Pol%C3tica+Ling%C3%BC%C3stica+e+CRPIH&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cirp.es%2Fpub%2Fdocs%2Fcite%2Felementos_quimicos.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Bermejo, M. R.; González, A.; Maneiro, M. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libraria.xunta.gal/gl/guia-dos-elementos-quimicos-historia-propiedades-e-aplicacions"><i>Guía dos elementos químicos. Historia, propiedades e aplicacións</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Xunta_de_Galicia" title="Xunta de Galicia">Xunta de Galicia</a> e <a href="/wiki/Centro_Ram%C3%B3n_Pi%C3%B1eiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro Ramón Piñeiro">CRPIH</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-84-453-5297-7" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-84-453-5297-7">978-84-453-5297-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Maneiro%2C+M.&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Bermejo&amp;rft.btitle=Gu%C3a+dos+elementos+qu%C3micos.+Historia%2C+propiedades+e+aplicaci%C3%B3ns&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-84-453-5297-7&amp;rft.pub=Xunta+de+Galicia+e+CRPIH&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibraria.xunta.gal%2Fgl%2Fguia-dos-elementos-quimicos-historia-propiedades-e-aplicacions&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDonachie1988" class="citation book">Donachie Jr., Matthew J. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/titaniumtechnica0000dona"><i>TITANIUM: A Technical Guide</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. Metals Park, OH: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-87170-309-2" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-87170-309-2">0-87170-309-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Donachie+Jr.&amp;rft.btitle=TITANIUM%3A+A+Technical+Guide&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-87170-309-2&amp;rft.place=Metals+Park%2C+OH&amp;rft.pub=ASM+International&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftitaniumtechnica0000dona&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2001" class="citation book">Emsley, John (2001). "Titanium". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl"><i>Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-19-850340-7" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-19-850340-7">0-19-850340-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Titanium&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Emsley&amp;rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A-Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-850340-7&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturesbuildingb0000emsl&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Flower, Harvey M. (2000). "Materials Science: A moving oxygen story". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span> <b>407</b> (6802): 305–306. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11014169">11014169</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35030266">10.1038/35030266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Materials+Science%3A+A+moving+oxygen+story&amp;rft.aufirst=Harvey+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Flower&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=6802&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=305-306&amp;rft.volume=407&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35030266&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11014169&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book">Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). <i>Chemistry of the Elements</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span> (2ª ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0750633659" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0750633659">978-0750633659</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//lccn.loc.gov/97036336">97036336</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">OL</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL689297M">689297M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+A.&amp;rft.aufirst=N.+N.&amp;rft.aulast=Greenwood&amp;rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.edition=2%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0750633659&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&amp;rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F97036336&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRoza2008" class="citation book">Roza, Greg (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/titanium0000roza"><i>Titanium</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span> (1ª ed.). Nova York: The Rosen Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-1-4042-1412-5" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-1-4042-1412-5">978-1-4042-1412-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.aufirst=Greg&amp;rft.aulast=Roza&amp;rft.btitle=Titanium&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.edition=1%AA&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4042-1412-5&amp;rft.place=Nova+York&amp;rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftitanium0000roza&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligazóns_externas"><span id="Ligaz.C3.B3ns_externas"></span>Ligazóns externas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Editar a sección: «Ligazóns externas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Ligazóns externas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ti/index.html">"Titanium: the essentials"</a>. <i>WebElements</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Titanium%3A+the+essentials&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=WebElements&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webelements.com%2Fwebelements%2Felements%2Ftext%2FTi%2Findex.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Ti.html">"Element Titanium - Ti"</a>. <i>EnvironmentalChemistry.com</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Element+Titanium+-+Ti&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=EnvironmentalChemistry.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenvironmentalchemistry.com%2Fyogi%2Fperiodic%2FTi.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/2003/titanium.movies/titanium.html">"Metallurgy of Titanium and its Alloys"</a>. <i>Cambridge University</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=Metallurgy+of+Titanium+and+its+Alloys&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Cambridge+University&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msm.cam.ac.uk%2Fphase-trans%2F2003%2Ftitanium.movies%2Ftitanium.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/titanium/titanium_table15.html">"World Production of Titanium Concentrates, by Country"</a>. <i>indexmundi.com</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ATitanio&amp;rft.atitle=World+Production+of+Titanium+Concentrates%2C+by+Country&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=indexmundi.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findexmundi.com%2Fen%2Fcommodities%2Fminerals%2Ftitanium%2Ftitanium_table15.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Minerais_do_Titanio" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Modelo:Minerais_do_titanio" title="Modelo:Minerais do titanio"><abbr title="Ver o modelo">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-conversa"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversa_modelo:Minerais_do_titanio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Conversa modelo:Minerais do titanio (a páxina aínda non existe)"><abbr title="Conversa do modelo">c</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modelo:Minerais_do_titanio&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Editar o modelo">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Minerais_do_Titanio" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerais</a> do <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Titanio</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerais_%C3%B3xidos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Minerais óxidos (a páxina aínda non existe)">Minerais óxidos</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Simples</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatasa" title="Anatasa">Anatasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookita" title="Brookita">Brookita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAtilo" title="Rútilo">Rútilo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Mixtos</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euxenita" title="Euxenita">Euxenita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmenita" title="Ilmenita">Ilmenita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Táboa_periódica_dos_elementos" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Modelo:T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Modelo:Táboa periódica"><abbr title="Ver o modelo">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-conversa"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversa_modelo:T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Conversa modelo:Táboa periódica (a páxina aínda non existe)"><abbr title="Conversa do modelo">c</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modelo:T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Editar o modelo">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Táboa_periódica_dos_elementos" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica_dos_elementos" title="Táboa periódica dos elementos">Táboa periódica dos elementos</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <table cellpadding="0" style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alcalino" title="Alcalino">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alcalinot%C3%A9rreo" title="Alcalinotérreo">2</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_3" title="Elementos do grupo 3">3</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_4" title="Elementos do grupo 4">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_5" title="Elementos do grupo 5">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_6" title="Elementos do grupo 6">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_grupo_7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do grupo 7 (a páxina aínda non existe)">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_grupo_8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do grupo 8 (a páxina aínda non existe)">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_grupo_9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do grupo 9 (a páxina aínda non existe)">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_grupo_10&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do grupo 10 (a páxina aínda non existe)">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_11" title="Elementos do grupo 11">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_grupo_12" title="Elementos do grupo 12">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_do_boro&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grupo do boro (a páxina aínda non existe)">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_do_carbono&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Grupo do carbono (a páxina aínda non existe)">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pnict%C3%B3xeno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pnictóxeno (a páxina aínda non existe)">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calc%C3%B3xeno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Calcóxeno (a páxina aínda non existe)">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hal%C3%B3xeno" title="Halóxeno">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_nobre" title="Gas nobre">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 1 (a páxina aínda non existe)">1</a> </th> <td title="Hidróxeno, 1 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xeno" title="Hidróxeno"><span style="display:block">H</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="Helio, 2 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helio" title="Helio"><span style="display:block">He</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 2 (a páxina aínda non existe)">2</a> </th> <td title="Litio, 3 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Litio" title="Litio"><span style="display:block">Li</span></a> </td> <td title="Berilio, 4 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berilio" title="Berilio"><span style="display:block">Be</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Boro, 5 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boro" title="Boro"><span style="display:block">B</span></a> </td> <td title="Carbono, 6 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono"><span style="display:block">C</span></a> </td> <td title="Nitróxeno, 7 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitr%C3%B3xeno" title="Nitróxeno"><span style="display:block">N</span></a> </td> <td title="Osíxeno, 8 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Os%C3%ADxeno" title="Osíxeno"><span style="display:block">O</span></a> </td> <td title="Flúor, 9 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%BAor" title="Flúor"><span style="display:block">F</span></a> </td> <td title="Neon, 10 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block">Ne</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_3" title="Elementos do período 3">3</a> </th> <td title="Sodio, 11 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio"><span style="display:block">Na</span></a> </td> <td title="Magnesio, 12 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio"><span style="display:block">Mg</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Aluminio, 13 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio"><span style="display:block">Al</span></a> </td> <td title="Silicio, 14 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicio" title="Silicio"><span style="display:block">Si</span></a> </td> <td title="Fósforo, 15 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3sforo_(elemento)" title="Fósforo (elemento)"><span style="display:block">P</span></a> </td> <td title="Xofre, 16 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xofre" title="Xofre"><span style="display:block">S</span></a> </td> <td title="Cloro, 17 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro"><span style="display:block">Cl</span></a> </td> <td title="Argon, 18 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block">Ar</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 4 (a páxina aínda non existe)">4</a> </th> <td title="Potasio, 19 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potasio" title="Potasio"><span style="display:block">K</span></a> </td> <td title="Calcio, 20 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcio" title="Calcio"><span style="display:block">Ca</span></a> </td> <td title="Escandio, 21 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Escandio" title="Escandio"><span style="display:block">Sc</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Titanio, 22 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:1px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="display:block">Ti</span></a> </td> <td title="Vanadio, 23 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadio" title="Vanadio"><span style="display:block">V</span></a> </td> <td title="Cromo, 24 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cromo" title="Cromo"><span style="display:block">Cr</span></a> </td> <td title="Manganeso, 25 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganeso" title="Manganeso"><span style="display:block">Mn</span></a> </td> <td title="Ferro, 26 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro"><span style="display:block">Fe</span></a> </td> <td title="Cobalto, 27 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalto" title="Cobalto"><span style="display:block">Co</span></a> </td> <td title="Níquel, 28 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADquel" title="Níquel"><span style="display:block">Ni</span></a> </td> <td title="Cobre, 29 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre"><span style="display:block">Cu</span></a> </td> <td title="Cinc, 30 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cinc" title="Cinc"><span style="display:block">Zn</span></a> </td> <td title="Galio, 31 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Galio" title="Galio"><span style="display:block">Ga</span></a> </td> <td title="Xermanio, 32 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xermanio" title="Xermanio"><span style="display:block">Ge</span></a> </td> <td title="Arsénico, 33 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ars%C3%A9nico" title="Arsénico"><span style="display:block">As</span></a> </td> <td title="Selenio, 34 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenio" title="Selenio"><span style="display:block">Se</span></a> </td> <td title="Bromo, 35 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromo" title="Bromo"><span style="display:block">Br</span></a> </td> <td title="Cripton, 36 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cripton" title="Cripton"><span style="display:block">Kr</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 5 (a páxina aínda non existe)">5</a> </th> <td title="Rubidio, 37 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidio" title="Rubidio"><span style="display:block">Rb</span></a> </td> <td title="Estroncio, 38 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Estroncio" title="Estroncio"><span style="display:block">Sr</span></a> </td> <td title="Itrio, 39 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio"><span style="display:block">Y</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Circonio, 40 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Circonio" title="Circonio"><span style="display:block">Zr</span></a> </td> <td title="Niobio, 41 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobio" title="Niobio"><span style="display:block">Nb</span></a> </td> <td title="Molibdeno, 42 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno"><span style="display:block">Mo</span></a> </td> <td title="Tecnecio, 43 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tecnecio" title="Tecnecio"><span style="display:block">Tc</span></a> </td> <td title="Rutenio, 44 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio"><span style="display:block">Ru</span></a> </td> <td title="Rodio, 45 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rodio" title="Rodio"><span style="display:block">Rh</span></a> </td> <td title="Paladio, 46 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Paladio" title="Paladio"><span style="display:block">Pd</span></a> </td> <td title="Prata, 47 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Prata" title="Prata"><span style="display:block">Ag</span></a> </td> <td title="Cadmio, 48 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmio" title="Cadmio"><span style="display:block">Cd</span></a> </td> <td title="Indio, 49 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indio_(elemento)" title="Indio (elemento)"><span style="display:block">In</span></a> </td> <td title="Estaño, 50 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Esta%C3%B1o" title="Estaño"><span style="display:block">Sn</span></a> </td> <td title="Antimonio, 51 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimonio" title="Antimonio"><span style="display:block">Sb</span></a> </td> <td title="Telurio, 52 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Telurio" title="Telurio"><span style="display:block">Te</span></a> </td> <td title="Iodo, 53 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodo" title="Iodo"><span style="display:block">I</span></a> </td> <td title="Xenon, 54 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block">Xe</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 6 (a páxina aínda non existe)">6</a> </th> <td title="Cesio, 55 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cesio" title="Cesio"><span style="display:block">Cs</span></a> </td> <td title="Bario, 56 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bario" title="Bario"><span style="display:block">Ba</span></a> </td> <td title="Lantano, 57 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lantano" title="Lantano"><span style="display:block">La</span></a> </td> <td title="Cerio, 58 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerio" title="Cerio"><span style="display:block">Ce</span></a> </td> <td title="Praseodimio, 59 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodimio" title="Praseodimio"><span style="display:block">Pr</span></a> </td> <td title="Neodimio, 60 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodimio" title="Neodimio"><span style="display:block">Nd</span></a> </td> <td title="Promecio, 61 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promecio" title="Promecio"><span style="display:block">Pm</span></a> </td> <td title="Samario, 62 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samario" title="Samario"><span style="display:block">Sm</span></a> </td> <td title="Europio, 63 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europio" title="Europio"><span style="display:block">Eu</span></a> </td> <td title="Gadolinio, 64 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinio" title="Gadolinio"><span style="display:block">Gd</span></a> </td> <td title="Terbio, 65 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbio" title="Terbio"><span style="display:block">Tb</span></a> </td> <td title="Disprosio, 66 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Disprosio" title="Disprosio"><span style="display:block">Dy</span></a> </td> <td title="Holmio, 67 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmio" title="Holmio"><span style="display:block">Ho</span></a> </td> <td title="Erbio, 68 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbio" title="Erbio"><span style="display:block">Er</span></a> </td> <td title="Tulio, 69 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tulio" title="Tulio"><span style="display:block">Tm</span></a> </td> <td title="Iterbio, 70 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iterbio" title="Iterbio"><span style="display:block">Yb</span></a> </td> <td title="Lutecio, 71 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutecio" title="Lutecio"><span style="display:block">Lu</span></a> </td> <td title="Hafnio, 72 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnio" title="Hafnio"><span style="display:block">Hf</span></a> </td> <td title="Tántalo, 73 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1ntalo" title="Tántalo"><span style="display:block">Ta</span></a> </td> <td title="Volframio, 74 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Volframio" title="Volframio"><span style="display:block">W</span></a> </td> <td title="Renio, 75 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Renio" title="Renio"><span style="display:block">Re</span></a> </td> <td title="Osmio, 76 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmio" title="Osmio"><span style="display:block">Os</span></a> </td> <td title="Iridio, 77 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridio" title="Iridio"><span style="display:block">Ir</span></a> </td> <td title="Platino, 78 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platino" title="Platino"><span style="display:block">Pt</span></a> </td> <td title="Ouro, 79 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ouro" title="Ouro"><span style="display:block">Au</span></a> </td> <td title="Mercurio, 80 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercurio_(elemento)" title="Mercurio (elemento)"><span style="display:block">Hg</span></a> </td> <td title="Talio, 81 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Talio" title="Talio"><span style="display:block">Tl</span></a> </td> <td title="Chumbo, 82 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chumbo" title="Chumbo"><span style="display:block">Pb</span></a> </td> <td title="Bismuto, 83 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto"><span style="display:block">Bi</span></a> </td> <td title="Polonio, 84 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio"><span style="display:block">Po</span></a> </td> <td title="Ástato, 85 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81stato" title="Ástato"><span style="display:block">At</span></a> </td> <td title="Radon, 86 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block">Rn</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementos_do_per%C3%ADodo_7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementos do período 7 (a páxina aínda non existe)">7</a> </th> <td title="Francio, 87 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francio" title="Francio"><span style="display:block">Fr</span></a> </td> <td title="Radio, 88 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radio_(elemento)" title="Radio (elemento)"><span style="display:block">Ra</span></a> </td> <td title="Actinio, 89 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinio" title="Actinio"><span style="display:block">Ac</span></a> </td> <td title="Torio, 90 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Torio" title="Torio"><span style="display:block">Th</span></a> </td> <td title="Protactinio, 91 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinio" title="Protactinio"><span style="display:block">Pa</span></a> </td> <td title="Uranio, 92 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio"><span style="display:block">U</span></a> </td> <td title="Neptunio, 93 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunio" title="Neptunio"><span style="display:block">Np</span></a> </td> <td title="Plutonio, 94 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio"><span style="display:block">Pu</span></a> </td> <td title="Americio, 95 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americio" title="Americio"><span style="display:block">Am</span></a> </td> <td title="Curio, 96 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curio" title="Curio"><span style="display:block">Cm</span></a> </td> <td title="Berkelio, 97 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelio" title="Berkelio"><span style="display:block">Bk</span></a> </td> <td title="Californio, 98 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californio" title="Californio"><span style="display:block">Cf</span></a> </td> <td title="Einsteinio, 99 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinio" title="Einsteinio"><span style="display:block">Es</span></a> </td> <td title="Fermio, 100 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermio" title="Fermio"><span style="display:block">Fm</span></a> </td> <td title="Mendelevio, 101 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevio" title="Mendelevio"><span style="display:block">Md</span></a> </td> <td title="Nobelio, 102 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelio" title="Nobelio"><span style="display:block">No</span></a> </td> <td title="Laurencio, 103 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Laurencio" title="Laurencio"><span style="display:block">Lr</span></a> </td> <td title="Rutherfordio, 104 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordio" title="Rutherfordio"><span style="display:block">Rf</span></a> </td> <td title="Dubnio, 105 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnio" title="Dubnio"><span style="display:block">Db</span></a> </td> <td title="Seaborgio, 106 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgio" title="Seaborgio"><span style="display:block">Sg</span></a> </td> <td title="Bohrio, 107 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrio" title="Bohrio"><span style="display:block">Bh</span></a> </td> <td title="Hassio, 108 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassio" title="Hassio"><span style="display:block">Hs</span></a> </td> <td title="Meitnerio, 109 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerio" title="Meitnerio"><span style="display:block">Mt</span></a> </td> <td title="Darmstadtio, 110 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtio" title="Darmstadtio"><span style="display:block">Ds</span></a> </td> <td title="Roentgenio, 111 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenio" title="Roentgenio"><span style="display:block">Rg</span></a> </td> <td title="Copernicio, 112 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicio" title="Copernicio"><span style="display:block">Cn</span></a> </td> <td title="Nihonio, 113 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonio" title="Nihonio"><span style="display:block">Nh</span></a> </td> <td title="Flerovio, 114 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovio" title="Flerovio"><span style="display:block">Fl</span></a> </td> <td title="Moscovio, 115 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovio" title="Moscovio"><span style="display:block">Mc</span></a> </td> <td title="Livermorio, 116 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorio" title="Livermorio"><span style="display:block">Lv</span></a> </td> <td title="Ténnesso, 117 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9nnesso" title="Ténnesso"><span style="display:block">Ts</span></a> </td> <td title="Oganesson, 118 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="display:block">Og</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <table role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" class="wikitable" style="width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; font-size:90%; margin-top:0.5em;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metal</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Metaloide" title="Metaloide">Metaloide</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Non_metal" title="Non metal">Non metal</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e8e8e8;">Propiedades<br />químicas<br />descoñecidas </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Alcalino" title="Alcalino">Alcalino</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Alcalinot%C3%A9rreo" title="Alcalinotérreo">Alcalinotérreo</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lant%C3%A1nidos" title="Lantánidos">Lantánido</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Act%C3%ADnidos" title="Actínidos">Actínido</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Metal_de_transici%C3%B3n" title="Metal de transición">Metal de transición</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccccc;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_de_postransici%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Metal de postransición (a páxina aínda non existe)">Metal de postransición</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#a1ffc3;"><a href="/wiki/Non_metal_poliat%C3%B3mico" class="mw-redirect" title="Non metal poliatómico">Non metal poliatómico</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/Non_metal_diat%C3%B3mico" class="mw-redirect" title="Non metal diatómico">Non metal diatómico</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_nobre" title="Gas nobre">Gas nobre</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Control_de_autoridades" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Control_de_autoridades" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Axuda:Control_de_autoridades" title="Axuda:Control de autoridades">Control de autoridades</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span>: <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q716">Q716</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Architecture_Thesaurus" title="Art &amp; Architecture Thesaurus">AAT</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=&amp;logic=AND&amp;note=&amp;subjectid=300011033">300011033</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_Central_de_Florencia" title="Biblioteca Nacional Central de Florencia">BNCF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=23638">23638</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX531321">XX531321</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Francia" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Francia">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119375205">119375205</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Grande_Enciclopedia_Rusa" title="Grande Enciclopedia Rusa">BRE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.bigenc.ru/text/4193242">4193242</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">EBID</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/titanium">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gran_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" title="Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana">GEC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0146589.xml">0146589</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4140648-5">4140648-5</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://www.jstor.org/topic/titanium">titanium</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85135605">sh85135605</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">MAG: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://academic.microsoft.com/v2/detail/506065880">506065880</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Mindat: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mindat.org/min-7339.html">7339</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Dieta" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Dieta">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573109">00573109</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_Checa" title="Biblioteca Nacional da República Checa">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph174614">ph174614</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_t%C3%A9cnica_nacional_de_Praga" title="Biblioteca técnica nacional de Praga">PSH</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psh.techlib.cz/skos/PSH5760">5760</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Treccani" title="Enciclopedia Treccani">Treccani</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/titanio">titanio</a></span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Identificadores" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Identificadores" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;">Identificadores</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_CAS" title="Número CAS">CAS</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7440-32-6">7440-32-6</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:33341">33341</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB14160">DB14160</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">DTXSID: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID3047764">DTXSID3047764</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">ECHA: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.028.311">100.028.311</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">HMDB: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0001966">HMDB0001966</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D014025">D014025</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D01.268.557.800">D01.268.557.800</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NCIt: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&amp;code=C95189">C95189</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23963">23963</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">RxNorm: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mor.nlm.nih.gov/RxNav/search?searchBy=RXCUI&amp;searchTerm=1305547">1305547</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Unified_Medical_Language_System" title="Unified Medical Language System">UMLS</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncim-stage.nci.nih.gov/ncimbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Metathesaurus&amp;code=C0040302">C0040302</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/UNII" title="UNII">UNII</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/D1JT611TNE">D1JT611TNE</a></span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.canary‐cb845fb78‐zsgb9 Cached time: 20241121065456 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.489 seconds Real time usage: 1.782 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 25253/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 447281/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 19417/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 30/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 138623/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.718/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8711095/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 30/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1480.892 1 -total 29.45% 436.101 1 Modelo:Listaref 26.61% 394.087 1 Modelo:Control_de_autoridades 24.58% 364.013 3 Modelo:Navbox 23.24% 344.098 1 Modelo:Táboa_periódica 19.50% 288.722 118 Modelo:Cela_elemento_compacta 13.75% 203.608 132 Modelo:Cor_elemento 8.44% 124.952 39 Modelo:Cita_libro 7.67% 113.581 25 Modelo:Cita_web 6.07% 89.834 25 Modelo:Cita_publicación_periódica --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key glwiki:pcache:idhash:14835-0!canonical and timestamp 20241121065456 and revision id 6892800. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Traído desde «<a dir="ltr" href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;oldid=6892800">https://gl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;oldid=6892800</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categor%C3%ADas" title="Especial:Categorías">Categoría</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Titanio" title="Categoría:Titanio">Titanio</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorías agochadas: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Artigos_de_calidade" title="Categoría:Artigos de calidade">Artigos de calidade</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Artigos_destacados" title="Categoría:Artigos destacados">Artigos destacados</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> A última edición desta páxina foi o 21 de novembro de 2024 ás 05:13.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Todo o texto está dispoñible baixo a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">licenza Creative Commons recoñecemento compartir igual 4.0</a>; pódense aplicar termos adicionais. Consulte os <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use/gl">termos de uso</a> para obter máis información.<br />Wikipedia® é unha marca rexistrada da <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, unha organización sen fins lucrativos.<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Normas de protección de datos</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Acerca_de">Acerca de Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Advertencia_xeral">Advertencias</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Código de conduta</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Desenvolvedores</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/gl.wikipedia.org">Estatísticas</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Declaración de cookies</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//gl.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titanio&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Vista móbil</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-7gxbk","wgBackendResponseTime":184,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.489","walltime":"1.782","ppvisitednodes":{"value":25253,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":447281,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":19417,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":30,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":138623,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":30,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1480.892 1 -total"," 29.45% 436.101 1 Modelo:Listaref"," 26.61% 394.087 1 Modelo:Control_de_autoridades"," 24.58% 364.013 3 Modelo:Navbox"," 23.24% 344.098 1 Modelo:Táboa_periódica"," 19.50% 288.722 118 Modelo:Cela_elemento_compacta"," 13.75% 203.608 132 Modelo:Cor_elemento"," 8.44% 124.952 39 Modelo:Cita_libro"," 7.67% 113.581 25 Modelo:Cita_web"," 6.07% 89.834 25 Modelo:Cita_publicación_periódica"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.718","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8711095,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.canary-cb845fb78-zsgb9","timestamp":"20241121065456","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Titanio","url":"https:\/\/gl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Titanio","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q716","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q716","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Colaboradores dos proxectos da Wikimedia"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-07-22T21:50:56Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T05:13:54Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/db\/Titan-crystal_bar.JPG","headline":"elemento qu\u00edmico de n\u00famero at\u00f3mico 22"}</script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10