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negotiations</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: negotiations"> <meta name="keywords" content="negotiations"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="negotiations"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 83</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: negotiations</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">83</span> Negotiating Across Cultures: The Case of Hungarian Negotiators</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J%C3%BAlia%20Sz%C5%91ke">Júlia Szőke</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Negotiating across cultures needs consideration as different cultures have different norms, habits and behavioral patterns. The significance of cross-cultural negotiations lies in the fact that many business relationships have already failed due to the lack of cultural knowledge. Therefore, the paper deals with cross-cultural negotiations in case of Hungarian business negotiators. The aim of the paper is to introduce the findings of a two-phase research conducted among Hungarian business negotiators. In the first phase a qualitative research was conducted to reveal the importance of cultural differences in case of cross-cultural business negotiations from the viewpoint of Hungarian negotiators, whereas in the second phase a quantitative one was conducted to figure out whether cultural stereotypes affect the way how the respondents negotiate with people coming from different cultures. The research found out that in case of Hungarian negotiators it is mostly the lack of cultural knowledge that lurks behind the problems and miscommunication occurring during the negotiations. The research also revealed that stereotypes have an influence on the negotiation styles of Hungarian negotiators. The paper concludes that culture and cultural differences must be taken into consideration in case of cross-cultural negotiations so that problems and misunderstandings could be avoided. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business" title="business">business</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=culture" title=" culture"> culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negotiations" title=" negotiations"> negotiations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stereotypes" title=" stereotypes"> stereotypes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94244/negotiating-across-cultures-the-case-of-hungarian-negotiators" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94244.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">231</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">82</span> The Influence of National Culture on Business Negotiations: An Exploratory Study of Venezuelan and British Managers </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Haffar">Mohamed Haffar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Loredana%20Perez"> Loredana Perez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Significant attention has recently been paid to the cross-cultural negotiations due to the growth of international businesses. Despite the substantial body of literature examining the influence of national culture (NC) dimensions on negotiations, there is a lack of studies comparing the influence of NC in Latin America with a Western European countries, In particular, an extensive review of the literature revealed that a contribution to knowledge would be derived from the comparison of the influence of NC dimensions on negotiations in UK and Venezuela. The primary data was collected through qualitative interviews, to obtain an insight about the perceptions and beliefs of Venezuelan and British business managers about their negotiating styles. The findings of this study indicated that NC has a great influence on the negotiating styles. In particular, Venezuelan and British managers demonstrated to have opposed negotiating styles, affecting the way they communicate, approach people and their willingness to take risks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=national%20culture" title="national culture">national culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negotiation" title=" negotiation"> negotiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20business" title=" international business"> international business</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Venezula" title=" Venezula"> Venezula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UK" title=" UK "> UK </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25065/the-influence-of-national-culture-on-business-negotiations-an-exploratory-study-of-venezuelan-and-british-managers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25065.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">470</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">81</span> Juridically Secure Trade Mechanisms for Alternative Dispute Resolution in Transnational Business Negotiations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Linda%20Frazer">Linda Frazer</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A pluralistic methodology focuses on promoting an understanding that an alternative juridical framework for the regulation of transnational business negotiations (TBN) between private business parties is fundamentally required. This paper deals with the evolving assessment of the doctoral research of the author which demonstrated that due to insufficient juridical tools, negotiations are commonly misunderstood within the complexity of pluralistic and conflicting legal regimes. This inadequacy causes uncertainty in the enforcement of legal remedies, leaving business parties surprised. Consequently, parties cannot sufficiently anticipate when and how legal rights and obligations are created, often counting on oral or incomplete agreements which may lead to the misinterpretation of the extent of their legal rights and obligations. This uncertainty causes threats to business parties for fear of creating unintended legal obligations or, conversely, that law will not enforce intended agreements for failure to pass the tests of contractual validity. A need to find a manner to set default standards of communications and standards of conduct to monitor our evolving global trade would aid law to provide the security, predictability and foreseeability during alternative dispute resolution required by TBN parties. The conclusion of this study includes a proposal of new trade mechanisms, termed 'Bills of Negotiations' (BON) to enhance party autonomy and promote the ability for TBN parties to self-regulate within the boundaries of law. BON will be guided by a secure juridical institutionalized setting that caters to guiding communications during TBN and resolving disputes that arise along the negotiation processes on a fast track basis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alternative%20resolution%20disputes" title="alternative resolution disputes">alternative resolution disputes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ADR" title=" ADR"> ADR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=good%20faith" title=" good faith"> good faith</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=good%20faith" title=" good faith"> good faith</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=juridical%20security" title=" juridical security"> juridical security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20regulation" title=" legal regulation"> legal regulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trade%20mechanisms" title=" trade mechanisms"> trade mechanisms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transnational%20business%20negotiations" title=" transnational business negotiations"> transnational business negotiations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102044/juridically-secure-trade-mechanisms-for-alternative-dispute-resolution-in-transnational-business-negotiations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102044.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">143</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">80</span> The U.S.-Taliban Peace Deal: Two-level Game Logic and Actors’ Payoffs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zafar%20Iqbal">Zafar Iqbal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article aims at analyzing the U.S.-Taliban peace deal considering the cross- pressures that both parties (U.S. and Taliban) faced and eventually paved the way for a negotiated settlement to the two-decade-long war. The paper first discusses the peace process initiated by President Obama in 2009 and then explores the factors that compelled both the parties to sign this deal. The study is based on secondary data and interviews done with the leading experts on Afghanistan along with the Taliban Qatar office spokesperson’s interview. The theoretical framework is based on the interplay of diplomacy and domestic politics: two-level games logic proposed by Robert D. Putnam. The two-level games suggest that actors involved in negotiations face cross-pressures and are constrained both by the expectations of the domestic audience and their counterpart’s zone of possible agreement. This paper will take the cross pressures for both sides as the permissive factors for the entire process of negotiations. However, there will be a slight aberration in the application of Putnam’s two-level games. In this case, it is not inter-state negotiations but between an all-powerful state and the unyielding non-state actors. The study concludes that both the parties faced domestic as well as international pressure which compelled them to sign a deal that could lead to an end of the two-decade-long war. Furthermore, it looks at the potential prospects and challenges of the deal following the U.S. withdrawal. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neo-Taliban%20insurgency" title="neo-Taliban insurgency">neo-Taliban insurgency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negotiations" title=" negotiations"> negotiations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=two-level%20game" title=" two-level game"> two-level game</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=U.S.-Taliban%20peace%20deal" title=" U.S.-Taliban peace deal"> U.S.-Taliban peace deal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=U.S.%20withdrawal" title=" U.S. withdrawal"> U.S. withdrawal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140003/the-us-taliban-peace-deal-two-level-game-logic-and-actors-payoffs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140003.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">204</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">79</span> A Nuclear Negotiation Qualitative Case Study with Force Field Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Onur%20Yuksel">Onur Yuksel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In today’s complex foreign relations between countries, the nuclear enrichment and nuclear weapon have become a threat for all states in the world. There are couple isolated states which have capacity to produce nuclear weapons such as Iran and North Korea. In this article, Iran nuclear negotiation was analyzed in terms of its relations especially with The United States in order to find the important factors that affect the course of the ongoing nuclear negotiation. In this sense, the Force Field Analysis was used by determining and setting forth Driving and Restraining Forces of the nuclear negotiations in order to see the big picture and to develop strategies that may improve the long-term ongoing Iran nuclear negotiations. It is found that Iran nuclear negotiation heavily depends on breaking down the idea of Iran’s supporting terrorist organizations and being more transparent about nuclear and uranium enrichment. Also, it was found that Iran has to rebuild its relations with Western countries, especially with the United States. In addition, the counties— who contribute to Iran nuclear negotiations— will need to work on the dynamics and drivers of the Israel and Iran relations in order to peacefully transform the conflict between the two states. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=driving%20force" title="driving force">driving force</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iran%20nuclear%20negotiation" title=" Iran nuclear negotiation"> Iran nuclear negotiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=restraining%20force" title=" restraining force"> restraining force</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20force%20field%20analysis" title=" the force field analysis"> the force field analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103916/a-nuclear-negotiation-qualitative-case-study-with-force-field-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103916.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">158</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">78</span> Analysis of Complex Business Negotiations: Contributions from Agency-Theory</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jan%20Van%20Uden">Jan Van Uden</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper reviews classical agency-theory and its contributions to the analysis of complex business negotiations and gives an approach for the modification of the basic agency-model in order to examine the negotiation specific dimensions of agency-problems. By illustrating fundamental potentials for the modification of agency-theory in context of business negotiations the paper highlights recent empirical research that investigates agent-based negotiations and inter-team constellations. A general theoretical analysis of complex negotiation would be based on a two-level approach. First, the modification of the basic agency-model in order to illustrate the organizational context of business negotiations (i.e., multi-agent issues, common-agencies, multi-period models and the concept of bounded rationality). Second, the application of the modified agency-model on complex business negotiations to identify agency-problems and relating areas of risk in the negotiation process. The paper is placed on the first level of analysis – the modification. The method builds on the one hand on insights from behavior decision research (BRD) and on the other hand on findings from agency-theory as normative directives to the modification of the basic model. Through neoclassical assumptions concerning the fundamental aspects of agency-relationships in business negotiations (i.e., asymmetric information, self-interest, risk preferences and conflict of interests), agency-theory helps to draw solutions on stated worst-case-scenarios taken from the daily negotiation routine. As agency-theory is the only universal approach able to identify trade-offs between certain aspects of economic cooperation, insights obtained provide a deeper understanding of the forces that shape business negotiation complexity. The need for a modification of the basic model is illustrated by highlighting selected issues of business negotiations from agency-theory perspective: Negotiation Teams require a multi-agent approach under the condition that often decision-makers as superior-agents are part of the team. The diversity of competences and decision-making authority is a phenomenon that overrides the assumptions of classical agency-theory and varies greatly in context of certain forms of business negotiations. Further, the basic model is bound to dyadic relationships preceded by the delegation of decision-making authority and builds on a contractual created (vertical) hierarchy. As a result, horizontal dynamics within the negotiation team playing an important role for negotiation success are therefore not considered in the investigation of agency-problems. Also, the trade-off between short-term relationships within the negotiation sphere and the long-term relationships of the corporate sphere calls for a multi-period perspective taking into account the sphere-specific governance-mechanisms already established (i.e., reward and monitoring systems). Within the analysis, the implementation of bounded rationality is closely related to findings from BRD to assess the impact of negotiation behavior on underlying principal-agent-relationships. As empirical findings show, the disclosure and reservation of information to the agent affect his negotiation behavior as well as final negotiation outcomes. Last, in context of business negotiations, asymmetric information is often intended by decision-makers acting as superior-agents or principals which calls for a bilateral risk-approach to agency-relations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20negotiations" title="business negotiations">business negotiations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agency-theory" title=" agency-theory"> agency-theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negotiation%20analysis" title=" negotiation analysis"> negotiation analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interteam%20negotiations" title=" interteam negotiations"> interteam negotiations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103896/analysis-of-complex-business-negotiations-contributions-from-agency-theory" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103896.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">77</span> Sex Positions Decisions and Negotiations of Sexual Pleasure and Gender in Ghana</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Y.%20Fiaveh">Daniel Y. Fiaveh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chimaraoke%20O.%20Izugbara"> Chimaraoke O. Izugbara</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Based on the narratives of 20 women and 16 men, the paper explores how knowing more about the factors that trigger sex positions decisions advance knowledge of male and female sexuality, and how these translate into higher levels of female sexual negotiations in Ghana. Findings demonstrated that the willingness to perform sex positions or not were gendered and derive, at least in part, from differences in demographic profiles (such as age, gender, and marriage), beliefs associated with sexual practices (such as anal sex), the desire to maximize sexual pleasure, and sexual myths and misconceptions e.g. fear of infecundity. The women were not passive to sex positions decisions and engaged in a dialogical sexual encounter with men including threats of sexual refusal in negotiating sex. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20positions" title="sexual positions">sexual positions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20pleasure" title=" sexual pleasure"> sexual pleasure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=masculinity" title=" masculinity"> masculinity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=femininity" title=" femininity"> femininity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghana" title=" Ghana"> Ghana</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21119/sex-positions-decisions-and-negotiations-of-sexual-pleasure-and-gender-in-ghana" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21119.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">481</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">76</span> Information Technology: Assessing Indian Realities Vis-à-Vis World Trade Organisation Disciplines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saloni%20Khanderia">Saloni Khanderia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The World Trade Organisation’s (WTO) Information Technology Agreement (ITA), was concluded at the Singapore Ministerial Conference in 1996. The ITA is considered to be one of the biggest tariff-cutting deals because it eliminates all customs-related duties on the exportation of specific categories of information technology products to the territory of any other signatory to the Agreement. Over time, innovations in the information and communication technology (ICT) sector mandated the consideration of expanding the list of products covered by the ITA, which took place in the form of ITA-II negotiations during the WTO’s Nairobi Ministerial Conference. India, which was an original Member of the ITA-I, however, decided to opt-out of the negotiations to expand the list of products covered by the agreement. Instead, it preferred to give priority to its national policy initiative, namely the ‘Make-in-India’ programme [the MiI programme], which embarks upon fostering the domestic production of, inter alia, the ICT sector. India claims to have abstained from the ITA-II negotiations by stating that the zero-tariff regime created by the ITA-I debilitated its electronics-manufacturing sectors and on the contrary resulted in an over-reliance on imported electronic inputs. The author undertakes doctrinal research to examine India’s decision to opt-out of ITA-II negotiations, against the backdrop of the MiI Programme, which endeavours to improve productivity across-the-board. This paper accordingly scrutinises the tariff-cutting strategies of India to weigh the better alternative for India. Apropos, it examines whether initiatives like the MiI programme could plausibly resuscitate the ailing domestic electronics-manufacturing sector. The author opines that the country’s present decision to opt-out of ITA-II negotiations should be perceived as a welcome step. Thus, market-oriented reforms such as the MiI Programme, which focuses on indigenous innovation to improve domestic manufacturing in the ICT sector, should instead, in the present circumstances gain priority. Consequently, the MiI Programme would aid in moulding the country’s current tariff policy in a manner that will concurrently assist the promotion and sustenance of domestic manufacturing in the IT sector. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electronics-manufacturing%20sector" title="electronics-manufacturing sector">electronics-manufacturing sector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20technology%20agreement" title=" information technology agreement"> information technology agreement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=make%20in%20india%20programme" title=" make in india programme"> make in india programme</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=world%20trade%20organisation" title=" world trade organisation"> world trade organisation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83436/information-technology-assessing-indian-realities-vis-a-vis-world-trade-organisation-disciplines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83436.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">229</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">75</span> The International Monetary Fund’s Treatment Towards Argentina and Brazil During Financial Negotiations for Their First Adjustment Programs, 1958-64</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fernanda%20Conforto%20de%20Oliveira">Fernanda Conforto de Oliveira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has a central role in global financial governance as the world’s leading crisis lender. Its practice of conditional lending – conditioning loans on the implementation of economic policy adjustments – is the primary lever by which the institution interacts with and influences the policy choices of member countries and has been a key topic of interest to scholars and public opinion. However, empirical evidence about the economic and (geo)political determinants of IMF lending behavior remains inconclusive, and no model that explains IMF policies has been identified. This research moves beyond panel analysis to focus on financial negotiations for the first IMF programs in Argentina and Brazil in the early post-war period. It seeks to understand why negotiations achieved distinct objectives: Argentinean officials cooperated and complied with IMF policies, whereas their Brazilian counterparts hesitated. Using qualitative and automated text analysis, this paper analyses the hypothesis about whether a differential IMF treatment could help to explain these distinct outcomes. This paper contributes to historical studies on IMF-Latin America relations and the broader literature in international policy economy about IMF policies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20monetary%20fund" title="international monetary fund">international monetary fund</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20history" title=" international history"> international history</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20history" title=" financial history"> financial history</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Latin%20American%20economic%20history" title=" Latin American economic history"> Latin American economic history</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20language%20processing" title=" natural language processing"> natural language processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentiment%20analysis" title=" sentiment analysis"> sentiment analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171868/the-international-monetary-funds-treatment-towards-argentina-and-brazil-during-financial-negotiations-for-their-first-adjustment-programs-1958-64" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171868.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">63</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">74</span> A Negotiation Model for Understanding the Role of International Law in Foreign Policy Crises</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=William%20Casto">William Casto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Studies that consider the actual impact of international law upon foreign affairs crises are flawed by an unrealistic model of decision making. The common, unexamined assumption is that a nation has a unitary executive or ruler who considers a wide variety of considerations, including international law, in attempting to resolve a crisis. To the extent that negotiation theory is considered, the focus is on negotiations between or among nations. The unsettling result is a shallow focus that concentrates on each country’s public posturing about international law. The country-to-country model ignores governments’ internal negotiations that lead to their formal position in a crisis. The model for foreign policy crises needs to be supplemented to include a model of internal negotiations. Important foreign policy decisions come from groups within a government committee, advisers, etc. Within these groups, participants may have differing agendas and resort to international law to bolster their positions. To understand the influence of international law in international crises, these internal negotiations must be considered. These negotiations are crucial to creating a foreign policy agenda or recommendations. External negotiations between the two nations are significant, but the internal negotiations provide a better understanding of the actual influence of international law upon international crises. Discovering the details of specific internal negotiations is quite difficult but not necessarily impossible. The present proposal will use a specific crisis to illustrate the role of international law. In 1861 during the American Civil War, a United States navy captain stopped a British mail ship and removed two ambassadors of the rebelling southern states. The result was what is commonly called the Trent Affair. In the wake of the captain’s unauthorized and rash action, Great Britain seriously considered going to war against the United States. A detailed analysis of the Trent Affair is possible using the available and extensive internal British correspondence and memoranda to reach an understanding of the effect of international law upon decision making. The extensive trove of internal British documents is particularly valuable because in 1861, the only effective means of communication was face-to-face or through letters. Telephones did not exist, and travel by horse and carriage was tedious. The British documents tell us how individual participants viewed the process. We can approach an accurate understanding of what actually happened as the British government strove to resolve the crisis. For example, British law officers initially concluded that the American captain’s rash act was permissible under international law. Later, the law officers revised their opinion. A model of internal negotiation is particularly valuable because it strips away nations’ public posturing about disputed international law principles. In internal decision making, there is room for meaningful debate over the relevant principles. This fluid debate tells how international law is used to develop a hard, public bargaining position. The Trent Affair indicates that international law had an actual influence upon the crisis and that law was not mere window dressing for the government’s public position. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foreign%20affairs%20crises" title="foreign affairs crises">foreign affairs crises</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negotiation" title=" negotiation"> negotiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20law" title=" international law"> international law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Trent%20affair" title=" Trent affair"> Trent affair</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/121393/a-negotiation-model-for-understanding-the-role-of-international-law-in-foreign-policy-crises" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/121393.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">127</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">73</span> Transforming Identities and Relations: A Case of Taliban Peace Talks in the Pakistani Press</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zil%20e%20Huma">Zil e Huma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study explores the role of Pakistani conventional print media in edging peace talks between the Taliban and the Government of Pakistan from 1st January 2015 till 1st July 2015. The study examines the role of Pakistan's print media during the efforts for peace talks in the context of a Low-Intensity Conflict (LIC). This quantitative research study utilizes content analysis to examine how Pakistan's print media framed the peace negotiations between the government and the TTP. Editorials and columns from two English newspapers, Dawn and The News, were analyzed. The findings reveal that during the peace talks, the print media in Pakistan did not actively contribute to fostering constructive dialogue to support the peace process. Instead, the media failed to provide the necessary communicative space for the political negotiations to move forward, with narratives of fear and despair being dominant. This study offers insight into the psychology of newspapers, showing how they frame news, columns, and articles on complex issues such as the Taliban peace talks. Additionally, it highlights the importance of understanding the role of newspapers in shaping identities and relationships. By examining how Pakistan's print media framed peace initiatives, this research contributes to the existing literature on conflict resolution between the Taliban and the government of Pakistan. Furthermore, it explores the connection between media framing of the peace talks and the actual trajectory of the negotiations, questioning whether the Pakistani print media acted as a facilitator or portrayed the peace process as an inevitable risk of further violence. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=changing%20identities" title="changing identities">changing identities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low-intensity" title=" low-intensity"> low-intensity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peace%20journalism" title=" peace journalism"> peace journalism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=terrorism" title=" terrorism"> terrorism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20conflict" title=" the conflict"> the conflict</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=taliban%20peace%20talks" title=" taliban peace talks"> taliban peace talks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pakistani%20press" title=" pakistani press"> pakistani press</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191886/transforming-identities-and-relations-a-case-of-taliban-peace-talks-in-the-pakistani-press" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191886.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">18</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">72</span> Brexit and Financial Stability: An Agent-Based Simulation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aristeidis%20Samitas">Aristeidis Samitas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stathis%20Polyzos"> Stathis Polyzos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As the UK and the EU prepare to start negotiations for Brexit, it is important for both sides to comprehend the full extent of the consequences of this process. In this paper, we employ an object oriented simulation framework in order to test for the short-term and long-term effects of Brexit on both sides of the Channel. The relative strength of the UK economy and the banking sector vis-à-vis the EU is taken under consideration. Our results confirm predictions in the relevant literature regarding the output cost of Brexit, with particular emphasis on the EU. Furthermore, we show that financial stability is also an important issue on both sides, with the banking system suffering significant losses, particularly over the longer term. Our findings suggest that policymakers should be extremely careful in handling Brexit negotiations, making sure to consider dynamic effects that may be caused by UK bank assets moving to the EU after Brexit. The model results show that, as the UK banking system loses its assets, the end state of the UK economy is deteriorated while the end state of EU economy is improved. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Banking%20Crises" title="Banking Crises">Banking Crises</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brexit" title=" Brexit"> Brexit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Financial%20Stability" title=" Financial Stability"> Financial Stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VBanking" title=" VBanking"> VBanking</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66406/brexit-and-financial-stability-an-agent-based-simulation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66406.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">280</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">71</span> Intuition in Negotiation within Ghanaian Social Contexts: Exploring Female Leadership Strategies for Conflict Transformation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nadia%20Naadu%20Nartey">Nadia Naadu Nartey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Esther%20A.O.G.%20Tetteh"> Esther A.O.G. Tetteh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Male negotiator representations and the appreciation of masculine traits in negotiation contexts dominate negotiation research in the field of conflict management and resolution. This study switched focus to pay attention to rarely examined gendered criteria and social contexts in negotiation research by investigating how intuition has been used in negotiations by female leaders toward conflict transformation in Ghanaian social contexts. Using the theoretical lenses of Klein’s Recognition-Primed Decisions (RPD) and Unconscious Information Processing (UIP) models, this study employs narrative inquiry in qualitative research. Semi-structured interviews of five (5) female leaders of Ghanaian social contexts in the United States (US) revealed that the use of intuition is necessary for effective negotiation outcomes due to its primal focus on relationship-building toward transforming conflicts. The knowledge added to the body of research by this study is summed up in the study’s conceptual framework. Female leaders, in negotiation situations where there are conflicting parties, prioritize the greater need for stronger relationships and win-win outcomes. The participant female leaders in negotiation contexts utilize their intuition as a bonding mechanism by effectively timing their actions, using an appropriate communication tone, emphasizing relationship building, and drawing from experience to make sound situational judgments (as in assessing a situation in the RPD model). Female leaders’ use of intuition in negotiations then translates to creating a force that bridges the gap between the conflicting parties. That force is noticed as conflict transformation that manifests as a reduction in anger and a promotion of trust and mutual understanding toward strengthening relationships. Future studies can expand the scope of the findings of this research by conducting a comparative analysis between male and female leaders on their use of intuition in negotiations in Ghanaian contexts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intuition" title="intuition">intuition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negotiation" title=" negotiation"> negotiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conflict%20transformation" title=" conflict transformation"> conflict transformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=female%20leaders" title=" female leaders"> female leaders</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ghanaian%20social%20contexts" title=" ghanaian social contexts"> ghanaian social contexts</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193176/intuition-in-negotiation-within-ghanaian-social-contexts-exploring-female-leadership-strategies-for-conflict-transformation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193176.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">11</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">70</span> Negotiating Sovereign Debt and Human Rights: A Cross Cultural Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prajwal%20Raj%20Gyawali">Prajwal Raj Gyawali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aastha%20Dahal"> Aastha Dahal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The tension between human rights and loans provided by international development banks with hidden conditions in the pretext of development is a complex issue with significant implications for the rights of citizens in borrowing countries. It is important for all parties involved, including international banks, borrowing countries, and affected communities, to consider and respect human rights in the negotiation and implementation of development projects. Yet, it is rare for human rights actors or communities to have a seat at the negotiation table when loans are finalized. In our research, we conducted negotiation simulations in law schools to examine how international loan negotiations would play out if human rights actors and communities had seats at the table. We ran the negotiation simulations in Bangladesh, Nepal and India. We found that the presence of community groups and human rights actors makes a difference in loan outcomes. While the international development loan was accepted as opposed to rejected by negotiators in three countries, the cultural values of the respective countries played a significant part in terms of the final agreement. We present the findings and their implications for the design of human rights courses in law schools as well as larger policy implications for expanding the participation of actors in international development loan negotiations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=law" title="law">law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=development" title=" development"> development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=debt" title=" debt"> debt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20rights" title=" human rights"> human rights</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170674/negotiating-sovereign-debt-and-human-rights-a-cross-cultural-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170674.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">68</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">69</span> The Wider Benefits of Negotiations: Austrian Perspective on Educational Leadership as a ‘Power Game’ for Trade Unions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rudolf%20Egger">Rudolf Egger</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper explores the relationships between the basic learning processes of leading trade union workers and their methods for coping with the changes in the life-courses of societies today. It will discuss the fragile discourse on lifelong learning in trade unions and the “production of self-techniques” to get in touch with the new economic forms. On the basis of an empirical project, different processes of the socialization of leading trade union workers will be analysed to discover the consequences of the lifelong learning discourse. The results show what competences they need to develop for the “wider benefits of negotiations”. The main challenge remains to make visible how deeply intertwined trade union learning and education are with development in an ongoing dynamic economic process, rather than a quick-fix injection of skills and information. There is a complex relationship existing between the three ‘partners’, work, learning and society forming. The author suggests that contemporary trade unions could be trendsetters who make their own learning agendas by drawing less on formal education and more on informal and non-formal learning contexts. This is in parallel with growing political and scientific consciousness of the need to arrive at new educational/vocational policies and practices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trade%20union%20workers" title="trade union workers">trade union workers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=educational%20leadership" title=" educational leadership"> educational leadership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning%20societies" title=" learning societies"> learning societies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20acting" title=" social acting"> social acting</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42860/the-wider-benefits-of-negotiations-austrian-perspective-on-educational-leadership-as-a-power-game-for-trade-unions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42860.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">222</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">68</span> Post-Yugoslav Identity Negotiations in Diaspora Settings: Biographical Narration among Academics of Serbian Origin in Baden-Württemberg</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dragana%20Bubulj">Dragana Bubulj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Former Republic of Yugoslavia was a sort of protective umbrella, a unique concept of gathering different ethnical, cultural, and religious identities, as well as diverse intersections of those. After 43-months long civil war and states disintegration in 1995, which resulted in 5 post-Yugoslav countries, Yugoslav Diaspora experienced radical changes. In Germany, one of the countries with the highest percentage of Yugoslav emigration, segregation on ethno-national grounds was empowered by the outbreak of the conflict: firstly on a socio-cultural level, and followed by changes on the level of institutional organizing. Psycho-emotional and financial involvement of Diaspora into the war is also not to be neglected. People of Serbian origin have been additionally overstrained with the designation of Serbs as war criminals in German media and the public sphere. In this way, the path from 'being a Yugoslav' toward 'becoming a Serb', outside nowadays Serbia, has been qualitatively different in comparison to potential identity shiftings experienced by other members of Former Yugoslav population. This paper is part of an ongoing PhD research and tackles biographical narratives of academics of Serbian origin in one German region. Paper addresses processes of post-Yugoslav identity negotiations in Diaspora settings, nationalistic tendentious among second generation youth, and discusses - based on NS-references founded in collected data - question of historicity of biographies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biography" title="biography">biography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diaspora" title=" diaspora"> diaspora</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethnography" title=" ethnography"> ethnography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=former%20republic%20of%20Yugoslavia" title=" former republic of Yugoslavia"> former republic of Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=identity" title=" identity"> identity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59079/post-yugoslav-identity-negotiations-in-diaspora-settings-biographical-narration-among-academics-of-serbian-origin-in-baden-wurttemberg" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59079.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">294</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">67</span> Work-Family Conflict and Family and Job Resources among Women: The Role of Negotiation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noa%20Nelson">Noa Nelson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meitar%20Moshe"> Meitar Moshe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dana%20Cohen"> Dana Cohen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Work-family conflict (WFC) is a significant source of stress for contemporary employees, with research indicating its heightened severity for women. The conservation of resources theory argues that individuals experience stress when their resources fall short of demands, and attempt to reach balance by obtaining resources. Presumably then, to achieve work-family balance women would need to negotiate for resources such as spouse support, employer support and work flexibility. The current research tested the hypotheses that competent negotiation at home and at work associated with increased family and job resources and with decreased WFC, as well as with higher work, marital and life satisfaction. In the first study, 113 employed mothers, married or cohabiting, reported to what extent they conducted satisfactory negotiation with spouse over division of housework, and their actual housework load compared to spouse. They answered a WFC questionnaire, measuring how much work interferes with family (WIF) and how much family interferes with work (FIW), and finally, measurements of satisfaction. In the second study, 94 employed mothers, married or cohabiting reported to what extent they conducted satisfactory negotiation with their boss over balancing work demands with family needs. They reported the levels of three job resources: flexibility, control and family-friendly organizational culture. Finally, they answered the same WFC and satisfaction measurements from study 1. Statistical analyses –t-tests, correlations, and hierarchical linear regressions- showed that in both studies, women reported higher WIF than FIW. Negotiations associated with increased resources: support from spouse, work flexibility and control and a family-friendly culture; negotiation with spouse associated also with satisfaction measurements. However, negotiations or resources (except family-friendly culture) did not associate with reduced conflict. The studies demonstrate the role of negotiation in obtaining family and job resources. Causation cannot be determined, but the fact is that employed mothers who enjoyed more support (at both home and work), flexibility and control, were more likely to keep active interactions to increase them. This finding has theoretical and practical implications, especially in view of research on female avoidance of negotiation. It is intriguing that negotiations and resources generally did not associate with reduced WFC. This finding might reflect the severity of the conflict, especially of work interfering with family, which characterizes many contemporary jobs. It might also suggest that employed mothers have high expectations from themselves, and even under supportive circumstances, experience the challenge of balancing two significant and demanding roles. The research contributes to the fields of negotiation, gender, and work-life balance. It calls for further studies, to test its model in additional populations and validate the role employees have in actively negotiating for the balance that they need. It also calls for further research to understand the contributions of job and family resources to reducing work-family conflict, and the circumstances under which they contribute. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sork-family%20conflict" title="sork-family conflict">sork-family conflict</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=work-life%20balance" title=" work-life balance"> work-life balance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negotiation" title=" negotiation"> negotiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title=" gender"> gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=job%20resources" title=" job resources"> job resources</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=family%20resources" title=" family resources"> family resources</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102688/work-family-conflict-and-family-and-job-resources-among-women-the-role-of-negotiation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102688.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">226</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">66</span> Erotica in Ghana: Gendered Negotiations of Erotic Sexual Pleasure in Ghana</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Y.%20Fiaveh">Daniel Y. Fiaveh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20P.K.%20Okyerefo"> Michael P.K. Okyerefo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Clara%20K.%20Fayorsey"> Clara K. Fayorsey</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Although sexual pleasure is an important aspect of human sexuality, there is little knowledge on how women and men negotiate pleasure in Ghana. The paper explores women and men’s agency in negotiating sexual pleasure in an urban community in Ghana based on the narratives of 20 women and 16 men. Specifically, we explore meanings of sexual pleasure, the erotic factors that stimulate sexual pleasure, and how women and men negotiate for these factors. Women are active negotiators of stimulants of sexual pleasure based on symbolic meanings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eroticism" title="eroticism">eroticism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20pleasure" title=" sexual pleasure"> sexual pleasure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20negotiation" title=" sexual negotiation"> sexual negotiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghana" title=" Ghana"> Ghana</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21121/erotica-in-ghana-gendered-negotiations-of-erotic-sexual-pleasure-in-ghana" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21121.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">609</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">65</span> Using Genre Analysis to Teach Contract Negotiation Discourse Practices</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anthony%20Townley">Anthony Townley</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Contract negotiation is fundamental to commercial law practice. For this study, genre and discourse analytical methodology was used to examine the legal negotiation of a Merger & Acquisition (M&A) deal undertaken by legal and business professionals in English across different jurisdictions in Europe. While some of the most delicate negotiations involved in this process were carried on face-to-face or over the telephone, these were generally progressed more systematically – and on the record – in the form of emails, email attachments, and as comments and amendments recorded in successive ‘marked-up’ versions of the contracts under negotiation. This large corpus of textual data was originally obtained by the author, in 2012, for the purpose of doctoral research. For this study, the analysis is particularly concerned with the use of emails and covering letters to exchange legal advice about the negotiations. These two genres help to stabilize and progress the negotiation process and account for negotiation activities. Swalesian analysis of functional Moves and Steps was able to identify structural similarities and differences between these text types and to identify certain salient discursive features within them. The analytical findings also indicate how particular linguistic strategies are more appropriately and more effectively associated with one legal genre rather than another. The concept of intertextuality is an important dimension of contract negotiation discourse and this study also examined how the discursive relationships between the different texts influence the way that texts are constructed. In terms of materials development, the research findings can contribute to more authentic English for Legal & Business Purposes pedagogies for students and novice lawyers and business professionals. The findings can first be used to design discursive maps that provide learners with a coherent account of the intertextual nature of the contract negotiation process. These discursive maps can then function as a framework in which to present detailed findings about the textual and structural features of the text types by applying the Swalesian genre analysis. Based on this acquired knowledge of the textual nature of contract negotiation, the authentic discourse materials can then be used to provide learners with practical opportunities to role-play negotiation activities and experience professional ways of thinking and using language in preparation for the written discourse challenges they will face in this important area of legal and business practice. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20for%20legal%20and%20business%20purposes" title="English for legal and business purposes">English for legal and business purposes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discourse%20analysis" title=" discourse analysis"> discourse analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genre%20analysis" title=" genre analysis"> genre analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intertextuality" title=" intertextuality"> intertextuality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pedagogical%20materials" title=" pedagogical materials"> pedagogical materials</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95918/using-genre-analysis-to-teach-contract-negotiation-discourse-practices" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95918.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">149</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">64</span> Reclaiming and Reconstructing the History of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamid%20Vahidkia">Hamid Vahidkia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The origins of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) are not widely understood, leading to misconceptions that need to be examined. Recent research disputes the idea that the UDHR was exclusively backed and endorsed by Western countries and even raised doubts about powerful nations backing the creation of global human rights norms. This article examines four political misconceptions regarding the Universal Declaration, with each one having some truth to it but also being misleading. The significance of small states in promoting human rights norms has been underestimated, just as the importance of large states has been exaggerated in history. The Universal Declaration was created through negotiations with the involvement of numerous states. All states have a stake in small states reclaiming their portion of history due to the legitimacy it gained from the political process that formed it. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=declaration.%20law" title="declaration. law">declaration. law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rights" title=" rights"> rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=humanity" title=" humanity"> humanity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UDHR" title=" UDHR"> UDHR</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186157/reclaiming-and-reconstructing-the-history-of-the-universal-declaration-of-human-rights" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186157.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">39</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">63</span> The Jury System in the Courts in Nineteenth Century Assam: Power Negotiations and Politics in an Institutional Rubric of a Colonial Regime</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jahnu%20Bharadwaj">Jahnu Bharadwaj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the third decade of the 19th century, the political landscape of the Brahmaputra valley changed at many levels. The establishment of East India Company’s authority in ‘Assam’ was complete with the Treaty of Yandaboo. The whole phenomenon of the annexation of Assam into the British Indian Empire led to several administrative reorganizations and reforms under the new regime. British colonial rule was distinguished by new systems and institutions of governance. This paper broadly looks at the historical proceedings of the introduction of the Rule of Law and a new legal structure in the region of ‘Assam’. With numerous archival data, this paper seeks to chiefly examine the trajectory of an important element in the new legal apparatus, i.e. the jury in the British criminal courts introduced in the newly annexed region. Right from the beginning of colonial legal innovations with the establishment of the panchayats and the parallel courts in Assam, the jury became an important element in the structure of the judicial system. In both civil and criminal courts, the jury was to be formed from the learned members of the ‘native’ society. In the working of the criminal court, the jury became significantly powerful and influential. The structure meant that the judge or the British authority eventually had no compulsion to obey the verdict of the jury. However, the structure also provided that the jury had a considerable say in matters of the court proceedings, and their verdict had significant weight. This study seeks to look at certain important criminal cases pertaining to the nineteenth century and the functioning of the jury in those cases. The power play at display between the British officials, judges and the members of the jury would be helpful in highlighting the important deliberations and politics that were in place in the functioning of the British criminal legal apparatus in colonial Assam. The working and the politics of the members of the jury in many cases exerted considerable influence in the court proceedings. The interesting negotiations of the British officials or judges also present us with vital insights. By reflecting on the difficulty that the British officials and judges felt with the considerable space for opinion and difference that was provided to important members of the local society, this paper seeks to locate, with evidence, the racial politics at play within the official formulations of the legal apparatus in the colonial rule in Assam. This study seeks to argue that despite the rhetorical claims of legal equality within the Empire, racial consideration and racial politics was a reality even in the making of the structure itself. This in a way helps to enrich our ideas about the racial elements at work in numerous layers sustaining the colonial regime. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=criminal%20courts" title="criminal courts">criminal courts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colonial%20regime" title=" colonial regime"> colonial regime</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=jury" title=" jury"> jury</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=race" title=" race"> race</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78301/the-jury-system-in-the-courts-in-nineteenth-century-assam-power-negotiations-and-politics-in-an-institutional-rubric-of-a-colonial-regime" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78301.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">175</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">62</span> Making the Neighbourhood: Analyzing Mapping Procedures to Deal with Plurality and Conflict </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Barbara%20Roosen">Barbara Roosen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oswald%20Devisch"> Oswald Devisch</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Spatial projects are often contested. Despite participatory trajectories in official spatial development processes, citizens engage often by their power to say no. Participatory mapping helps to produce more legible and democratic ways of decision-making. It has proven its value in producing a multitude of knowledges and views, for individuals and community groups and local stakeholders to imagine desired and undesired futures and to give them the rhetorical power to present their views throughout the development process. From this perspective, mapping works as a social process in which individuals and groups share their knowledge, learn from each other and negotiate their relationship with each other as well as with space and power. In this way, these processes eventually aim to activate communities to intervene in cooperation in real problems. However, these are fragile and bumpy processes, sometimes leading to (local) conflict and intractable situations. Heterogeneous subjectivities and knowledge that become visible during the mapping process and which are contested by members of the community, is often the first trigger. This paper discusses a participatory mapping project conducted in a residential subdivision in Flanders to provide a deeper understanding of how or under which conditions the mapping process could moderate discordant situations amongst inhabitants, local organisations and local authorities, towards a more constructive outcome. In our opinion, this implies a thorough documentation and presentation of the different steps of the mapping process to design and moderate an open and transparent dialogue. The mapping project ‘Make the Neighbourhood’, is set up in the aftermath of a socio-spatial design intervention in the neighbourhood that led to polarization within the community. To start negotiation between the diverse claims that came to the fore, we co-create a desired future map of the neighbourhood together with local organisations and inhabitants as a way to engage them in the development of a new spatial development plan for the area. This mapping initiative set up a new ‘common’ goal or concern, as a first step to bridge the gap that we experienced between different sociocultural groups, bottom-up and top-down initiatives and between professionals and non-professionals. An atlas of elements (materials), an atlas of actors with different roles and an atlas of ways of cooperation and organisation form the work and building material of the future neighbourhood map, assembled in two co-creation sessions. Firstly, we will consider how the mapping procedures articulate the plurality of claims and agendas. Secondly, we will elaborate upon how social relations and spatialities are negotiated and reproduced during the different steps of the map making. Thirdly, we will reflect on the role of the rules, format, and structure of the mapping process in moderating negotiations between much divided claims. To conclude, we will discuss the challenges of visualizing the different steps of mapping process as a strategy to moderate tense negotiations in a more constructive direction in the context of spatial development processes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conflict" title="conflict">conflict</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=documentation" title=" documentation"> documentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=participatory%20mapping" title=" participatory mapping"> participatory mapping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residential%20subdivision" title=" residential subdivision"> residential subdivision</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77277/making-the-neighbourhood-analyzing-mapping-procedures-to-deal-with-plurality-and-conflict" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77277.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">209</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">61</span> Agriculture in the Dominican Republic: Competitiveness in a New Trade Regime and Lessons for Cuba</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarita%20D.%20Jackson">Sarita D. Jackson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Agriculture remains a sensitive issue during multilateral trade negotiations within the World Trade Organization (WTO). Similar problems arise at the bilateral level, as in the case of trade talks between the United States and the Dominican Republic. The study explores the determinant of agricultural industry competitiveness in the 21<sup>st</sup> century, particularly in the case of U.S. and Dominican agriculture in each other’s market. Complementing existing scholarship on industry competitiveness, the study argues that trade rules that are established under preferential access programs and trade agreements play a significant role in shaping an industry’s ability to compete. The final analysis is used to offer recommendations to the same sector in Cuba. Cuba currently relies heavily on U.S. food imports and is experiencing the gradual opening of trade with the United States. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agriculture" title="agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bargaining" title=" bargaining"> bargaining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=competitiveness" title=" competitiveness"> competitiveness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dominican%20Republic" title=" Dominican Republic"> Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DR-CAFTA" title=" DR-CAFTA"> DR-CAFTA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20trade%20agreement" title=" free trade agreement"> free trade agreement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=institutions" title=" institutions"> institutions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53065/agriculture-in-the-dominican-republic-competitiveness-in-a-new-trade-regime-and-lessons-for-cuba" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53065.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">281</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">60</span> Understanding Narrative Transformations of Ebola in Negotiations of Epidemic Risk</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20W.%20Paul">N. W. Paul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Banerjee"> M. Banerjee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Discussing the nexus between global health policy and local practices, this article addresses the recent Ebola outbreak as a role model for narrative co-constructions of epidemic risk. We will demonstrate in how far a theory-driven and methodologically rooted analysis of narrativity can help to improve mechanisms of prevention and intervention whenever epidemic risk needs to be addressed locally in order to contribute to global health. Analyzing the narrative transformation of Ebola, we will also address issues of transcultural problem-solving and of normative questions at stake. In this regard, we seek to contribute to a better understanding of a key question of global health and justice as well as to the underlying ethical questions. By highlighting and analyzing the functions of narratives, this paper provides a translational approach to refine our practices by which we address epidemic risk, be it on the national, the transnational or the global scale. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ebola" title="ebola">ebola</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epidemic%20risk" title=" epidemic risk"> epidemic risk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medical%20ethics" title=" medical ethics"> medical ethics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medical%20humanities" title=" medical humanities"> medical humanities</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39538/understanding-narrative-transformations-of-ebola-in-negotiations-of-epidemic-risk" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39538.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">450</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">59</span> Reinforcing The Nagoya Protocol through a Coherent Global Intellectual Property Framework: Effective Protection for Traditional Knowledge Associated with Genetic Resources in Biodiverse African States</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oluwatobiloba%20Moody">Oluwatobiloba Moody</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> On October 12, 2014, the Nagoya Protocol, negotiated by Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), entered into force. The Protocol was negotiated to implement the third objective of the CBD which relates to the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources (GRs). The Protocol aims to ‘protect’ GRs and traditional knowledge (TK) associated with GRs from ‘biopiracy’, through the establishment of a binding international regime on access and benefit sharing (ABS). In reflecting on the question of ‘effectiveness’ in the Protocol’s implementation, this paper argues that the underlying problem of ‘biopiracy’, which the Protocol seeks to address, is one which goes beyond the ABS regime. It rather thrives due to indispensable factors emanating from the global intellectual property (IP) regime. It contends that biopiracy therefore constitutes an international problem of ‘borders’ as much as of ‘regimes’ and, therefore, while the implementation of the Protocol may effectively address the ‘trans-border’ issues which have hitherto troubled African provider countries in their establishment of regulatory mechanisms, it remains unable to address the ‘trans-regime’ issues related to the eradication of biopiracy, especially those issues which involve the IP regime. This is due to the glaring incoherence in the Nagoya Protocol’s implementation and the existing global IP system. In arriving at conclusions, the paper examines the ongoing related discussions within the IP regime, specifically those within the WIPO Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC) and the WTO TRIPS Council. It concludes that the Protocol’s effectiveness in protecting TK associated with GRs is conditional on the attainment of outcomes, within the ongoing negotiations of the IP regime, which could be implemented in a coherent manner with the Nagoya Protocol. It proposes specific ways to achieve this coherence. Three main methodological steps have been incorporated in the paper’s development. First, a review of data accumulated over a two year period arising from the coordination of six important negotiating sessions of the WIPO Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore. In this respect, the research benefits from reflections on the political, institutional and substantive nuances which have coloured the IP negotiations and which provide both the context and subtext to emerging texts. Second, a desktop review of the history, nature and significance of the Nagoya Protocol, using relevant primary and secondary literature from international and national sources. Third, a comparative analysis of selected biopiracy cases is undertaken for the purpose of establishing the inseparability of the IP regime and the ABS regime in the conceptualization and development of solutions to biopiracy. A comparative analysis of select African regulatory mechanisms (Kenya, South Africa and Ethiopia and the ARIPO Swakopmund Protocol) for the protection of TK is also undertaken. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biopiracy" title="biopiracy">biopiracy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intellectual%20property" title=" intellectual property"> intellectual property</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nagoya%20protocol" title=" Nagoya protocol"> Nagoya protocol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traditional%20knowledge" title=" traditional knowledge"> traditional knowledge</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31885/reinforcing-the-nagoya-protocol-through-a-coherent-global-intellectual-property-framework-effective-protection-for-traditional-knowledge-associated-with-genetic-resources-in-biodiverse-african-states" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31885.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">429</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">58</span> State of Art in Software Requirement Negotiation Process Models</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shamsu%20Abdullahi">Shamsu Abdullahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nazir%20Yusuf"> Nazir Yusuf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hazrina%20Sofian"> Hazrina Sofian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abubakar%20Zakari"> Abubakar Zakari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amina%20Nura"> Amina Nura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salisu%20Suleiman"> Salisu Suleiman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Requirements negotiation process models help in resolving conflicting requirements of the heterogeneous stakeholders in the software development industry. This is to achieve a shared vision of software projects to be developed by the industry. Negotiating stakeholder agreements is a serious and difficult task in the software development process. There are many requirements negotiation process models that effectively negotiate stakeholder agreements that have been proposed by the research community. Other issues in the requirements negotiation research domain include stakeholder communication, decision-making, lack of negotiation interoperability, and managing requirement changes and analysis. This study highlights the current state of the art in the existing software requirements negotiation process models. The study also describes the issues and limitations in the software requirements negotiations process models. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=requirements" title="requirements">requirements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negotiation" title=" negotiation"> negotiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stakeholders" title=" stakeholders"> stakeholders</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agreements" title=" agreements"> agreements</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161397/state-of-art-in-software-requirement-negotiation-process-models" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161397.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">197</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">57</span> Environmental Impact Assessments in Peru: Tools for Violence</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nadia%20Degregori">Nadia Degregori</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper focuses on Peru’s Environmental Impact Assessment’s communication and participation mechanisms, whose rationale is to prevent conflictive situations by –supposedly- providing high-quality information about mining projects and their impacts to affected stakeholders. It is argued that, in fact, these mechanisms enhance citizens’ feelings of fear and/or mistrust towards mining projects and the companies behind them because their design follows a top-down perspective that limits “participation” to a passive reception of information, and which does not address power unbalances between communities and companies or government. As well, the paper contends that this way of managing the social aspects of Environmental Impact Assessments in Peru leads stakeholders who possess less power (typically communities) to incline towards maintaining the status quo and avoiding negotiations with either the central government or mining companies as a defence mechanism for avoiding a bad negotiation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20relations" title="community relations">community relations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20impact%20assessments" title=" environmental impact assessments"> environmental impact assessments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=governance%20and%20participation" title=" governance and participation"> governance and participation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mining" title=" mining"> mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peru" title=" Peru"> Peru</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15743/environmental-impact-assessments-in-peru-tools-for-violence" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15743.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">432</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">56</span> The Emotional Implication of the Phraseological Fund Applied in Cognitive Business Negotiation </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kristine%20Dzagnidze">Kristine Dzagnidze</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper equally centers on both the structural and cognitive linguistics in light of phraseologism and its emotional implication. Accordingly, the methods elaborated within the framework of both the systematic-structural and linguo-cognitive theories are identically relevant to the research of mine. In other words, through studying the negotiation process, our attention is drawn upon defining negotiations’ peculiarities, emotion, style and specifics of cognition, motives, aims, contextual characterizations and the quality of cultural context and integration. Besides, the totality of the concepts and methods is also referred to, which is connected with the stage of the development of the emotional linguistic thinking. The latter contextually correlates with the dominance of anthropocentric–communicative paradigm. The synthesis of structuralistic and cognitive perspectives has turned out to be relevant to our research, carried out in the form of intellectual action, that is, on the one hand, the adequacy of the research purpose to the expected results. On the other hand, the validity of methodology for formulating the objective conclusions needed for emotional connotation beyond phraseologism. The mechanism mentioned does not make a claim about a discovery of a new truth. Though, it gives the possibility of a novel interpretation of the content in existence. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitivism" title="cognitivism">cognitivism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=communication" title=" communication"> communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=implication" title=" implication"> implication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negotiation" title=" negotiation"> negotiation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56615/the-emotional-implication-of-the-phraseological-fund-applied-in-cognitive-business-negotiation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56615.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">264</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">55</span> Industrial Relations as Communication: The Strange Case of the FCA-UAW Agreement</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francesco%20Nespoli">Francesco Nespoli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> After having posed a theoretical framework combining framing theory and new rhetoric, the paper analyze the shift in communication both adopted by UAW and FCA during the negotiations in fall 2015. The paper argues that mistakes and adjustments played a determinant role respectively in the rejection of the first tentative agreement and in the ratification of the contract. The purpose of the paper is to set a new theoretical framework for the analysis of communication in industrial relations, by describing a narrative construction of reality from the perspective of the new rhetoric. The paper thus analyze all public text, speeches, tweets and Facebook posts by the union reading them as part of the narrative set by the organization condensed by the slogan 'it’s our time'. That narrative tried to gain consensus from the members matching the expectations due to the industry recovery after more than five years of workers' sacrifices. In doing so, the analysis points out a shift in the communication strategy of the union after the first rejection of a tentative agreement in 15 years. The findings suggest that, from the communication point of view, consultation in industrial relations can be conceived as a particular kind of political communication where identification with the audience through deliberate narrative may not be effective if it is not preceded by a listening campaign. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=communication" title="communication">communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consultation" title=" consultation"> consultation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automotive" title=" automotive"> automotive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FCA" title=" FCA "> FCA </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86169/industrial-relations-as-communication-the-strange-case-of-the-fca-uaw-agreement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86169.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">188</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">54</span> Intended-Actual First Asking/Offer Price Discrepancies and Their Impact on Negotiation Behaviour and Outcomes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liuyao%20Chai">Liuyao Chai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Colin%20Clark"> Colin Clark</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Analysis of 574 participants in a simulated two-person distributive negotiation revealed that the first price 245 (42.7%) of these participants actually asked/offered for the item under negotiation (a used car) differed from the first price they previously stated they intended to ask/offer during their negotiation. This discrepancy between a negotiator’s intended first asking/offer price and his/her actual first asking/offer price had a significant and economically consequential impact on both the course and the outcomes of the negotiations studied. Participants whose actual first price remained the same as their intended first price tended to secure better negotiation outcomes. Moreover, participants who changed their intended first price tended to obtain relatively lower outcomes regardless of whether their modified first announced price had created a negotiating position that was ‘stronger’ or ‘weaker’ than if they had opened with their intended first price. Subsequent investigation of over twenty negotiation behaviours and pre-negotiation perceptual variables within this dataset indicated that the three types of first price announcers—i.e. intended first asking/offer price ‘weakeners’, ‘maintainers’ and ‘strengtheners’— comprised persons who tended to have significantly different pre-negotiation perceptions and behaved in systematically different ways during their negotiation. Typically, the most negative, outcome-compromising consequences of changing, weakening or strengthening an intended first price occurred at the very beginning of a negotiation when participants exchanged their actual first asking/offer prices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20communication" title="business communication">business communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negotiation" title=" negotiation"> negotiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=persuasion" title=" persuasion"> persuasion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intended%20first%20asking%2Foffer%20prices" title=" intended first asking/offer prices"> intended first asking/offer prices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bargaining" title=" bargaining"> bargaining</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24182/intended-actual-first-askingoffer-price-discrepancies-and-their-impact-on-negotiation-behaviour-and-outcomes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24182.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">370</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negotiations&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negotiations&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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