CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Old Order Mennonite - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5b7fb66b-b2f7-482c-9afe-173629eee4f8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Old_Order_Mennonite","wgTitle":"Old Order Mennonite","wgCurRevisionId":1277867701,"wgRevisionId":1277867701,"wgArticleId":716955,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","No local image but image on Wikidata","Articles containing German-language text","Articles containing Pennsylvania German-language text","Old Order Mennonites","Anabaptism","Ethnoreligious groups","Mennonitism"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Old_Order_Mennonite","wgRelevantArticleId":716955,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1368013","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.19"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Old Order Mennonite - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonite"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonite"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Old_Order_Mennonite rootpage-Old_Order_Mennonite skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Old+Order+Mennonite" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Old+Order+Mennonite" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Old+Order+Mennonite" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Old+Order+Mennonite" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs_and_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs_and_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Beliefs and practices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beliefs_and_practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Beliefs and practices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Beliefs_and_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subgroups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgroups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Subgroups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subgroups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_and_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_and_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Population and distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population_and_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Population and distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Population_and_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adherents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adherents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Adherents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adherents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Similar groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Old Order Mennonite</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 5 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-5" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">5 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuhremennischt" title="Fuhremennischt – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Fuhremennischt" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mennoniten_alter_Ordnung" title="Mennoniten alter Ordnung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mennoniten alter Ordnung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menonitas_de_la_antigua_orden" title="Menonitas de la antigua orden – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Menonitas de la antigua orden" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonites" title="Old Order Mennonites – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Old Order Mennonites" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menonitas_da_Antiga_Ordem" title="Menonitas da Antiga Ordem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Menonitas da Antiga Ordem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1368013#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonite" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Old_Order_Mennonite" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonite"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonite"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Old_Order_Mennonite" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Old_Order_Mennonite" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite&oldid=1277867701" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Old_Order_Mennonite&id=1277867701&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOld_Order_Mennonite"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOld_Order_Mennonite"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Old_Order_Mennonite&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Old_Order_Mennonites" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1368013" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Christian denomination</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Old Order Mennonites</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">72,000–84,000<br />(2021)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Founder</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Jacob Wisler</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">North America (notably <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Religions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Scriptures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bible">The Bible</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania German</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:16.0em;border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#EEDC82;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anabaptism" title="Category:Anabaptism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#EEDC82;"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 1685 illustration by Jan Luyken, published in Martyrs Mirror, of Dirk Willems saving his pursuer, an act of mercy that led to his recapture, after which he was burned at the stake near Asperen in the present-day Netherlands"><img alt="A 1685 illustration by Jan Luyken, published in Martyrs Mirror, of Dirk Willems saving his pursuer, an act of mercy that led to his recapture, after which he was burned at the stake near Asperen in the present-day Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg/220px-Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg/330px-Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg/440px-Dirk.willems.rescue.ncs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6594" data-file-height="5283" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">A 1685 illustration by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Luyken" title="Jan Luyken">Jan Luyken</a>, published in <i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i>, of <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Willems" title="Dirk Willems">Dirk Willems</a> saving his pursuer, an act of mercy that led to his recapture, after which he was burned at the stake near <a href="/wiki/Asperen" title="Asperen">Asperen</a> in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#EEDC82;;background:#EEDC82;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: #FFFFE0; border:2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#EEDC82;;background:#EEDC82;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Doctrines and practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: #FFFFE0; border:2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology of Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">Believer's baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agape_feast" title="Agape feast">Lovefeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformity_to_the_world" title="Nonconformity to the world">Nonconformity to the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">Nonresistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">Foot washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiss of peace">Holy kiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_(meeting)" title="Singing (meeting)">Singings</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#EEDC82;;background:#EEDC82;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Documents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: #FFFFE0; border:2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schleitheim_Confession" title="Schleitheim Confession">Schleitheim Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dordrecht_Confession_of_Faith" title="Dordrecht Confession of Faith">Dordrecht Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#EEDC82;;background:#EEDC82;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key people</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: #FFFFE0; border:2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Blaurock" title="George Blaurock">George Blaurock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Denck" title="Hans Denck">Hans Denck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Conrad Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Hoffman" title="Melchior Hoffman">Melchior Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Hubmaier" title="Balthasar Hubmaier">Balthasar Hubmaier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hut" title="Hans Hut">Hans Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Hutter" title="Jakob Hutter">Jakob Hutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mack" title="Alexander Mack">Alexander Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Manz" title="Felix Manz">Felix Manz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgram_Marpeck" title="Pilgram Marpeck">Pilgram Marpeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Rink" title="Melchior Rink">Melchior Rink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sattler" title="Michael Sattler">Michael Sattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#EEDC82;;background:#EEDC82;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Largest groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: #FFFFE0; border:2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Christian_Church" title="Apostolic Christian Church">Apostolic Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_in_Christ_Church" title="Brethren in Christ Church">Brethren in Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruderhof_Communities" title="Bruderhof Communities">Bruderhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Mennonites" title="Conservative Mennonites">Conservative Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_World_Conference" title="Mennonite World Conference">Mennonite World Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_Brethren_Church" title="Mennonite Brethren Church">Mennonite Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Colony_Mennonites" title="Old Colony Mennonites">Old Colony Mennonites</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Old Order Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Brethren" title="River Brethren">River Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">Russian Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau Brethren</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#EEDC82;;background:#EEDC82;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: #FFFFE0; border:2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Pietism" title="Radical Pietism">Radical Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_True_Inspiration" title="Community of True Inspiration">Inspirationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Anabaptism" title="Neo-Anabaptism">Neo-Anabaptism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/17px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/26px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/33px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anabaptist_vertical" title="Template:Anabaptist vertical"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anabaptist_vertical" title="Template talk:Anabaptist vertical"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anabaptist_vertical" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anabaptist vertical"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Old Order Mennonites</b> (<a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania German</a>: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fuhremennischte</i></span>) form a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a> tradition. <a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Order Movement">Old Order</a> are those Mennonite groups of <a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss</a> German and south <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> heritage who practice a lifestyle without some elements of modern <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, still drive a horse and buggy rather than cars, wear very <a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">conservative and modest dress</a>, and have retained the old forms of worship, baptism and communion. </p><p>All Old Order Mennonites reject certain technologies (e.g., radio, television, Internet), but the extent of this rejection depends on the individual group. Old Order groups generally place great emphasis on a disciplined community instead of the individual's personal faith beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania German language</a> is spoken vigorously among all horse-and-buggy groups except the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Old_Order_Mennonite_Conference" title="Virginia Old Order Mennonite Conference">Virginia Old Order Mennonites</a>, who lost their original language before becoming Old Order. There is no overall church or conference to unite all the different groups of Old Order Mennonites. In 2008–2009, a minority of Old Order Mennonites accepted automobiles, whereas a majority retain <a href="/wiki/Horse_and_buggy" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse and buggy">horse and buggy</a> transportation. </p><p>The total population of Old Order Mennonites can be estimated to be between 72,000 and 84,000 in 2021. </p><p>Very conservative <a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">Russian Mennonites</a>, who may have a similar belief and lifestyle, are normally not called Old Order Mennonite. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the first Old Order division in Indiana in 1872 under bishop Jacob Wisler (1808–1889) until the middle of the 20th century, all Old Order Mennonites were called by many "Wisler Mennonites,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1909[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmennonitesofamer0000smitpage307mode1up_p._307]_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1909[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmennonitesofamer0000smitpage307mode1up_p._307]-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Old Order Mennonites, Wisler,"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even "Wislerites," or the like.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a few cases this usage has persisted, but today the term "Wisler Mennonites" normally refers to a certain subgroup, the <a href="/wiki/Ohio-Indiana_Mennonite_Conference" title="Ohio-Indiana Mennonite Conference">Ohio-Indiana Mennonite Conference</a>. Old Order Mennonites who do not use automobiles are either referred to as "horse and buggy Mennonites" or "team Mennonites" (the word for them in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania German</a> is <span title="Pennsylvania German-language text"><i lang="pdc">Fuhremennischte</i></span>). Sometimes the term "Old Order Mennonites" is restricted to groups that do not use cars. "Automobile" Old Order Mennonites refer to those who split from horse-and-buggy Old Order groups. It is common to name groups after a bishop, in most cases the leading bishop during the time of division.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the second half of the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Anabaptism" title="Old Order Anabaptism">Old Order Movement</a> emerged among Anabaptists of South German and Swiss origin in North America who spoke mostly Pennsylvania German. Most "Old Order" Mennonites emerged through divisions from the main body of Mennonites between 1872 and 1901 in four regions of North America: Indiana in 1872, Ontario in 1889, Pennsylvania in 1893 and Virginia in 1901. Conflicts over the introduction of such modern practices as <a href="/wiki/Sunday_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday School">Sunday Schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revival_meetings" class="mw-redirect" title="Revival meetings">revival meetings</a>, and English-language preaching drove the formation of Old Order Mennonite churches. These modernizing trends that changed the form of religious practice were pushed among the Mennonites especially by two men: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Funk" title="John F. Funk">John F. Funk</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_S._Coffman" title="John S. Coffman">John S. Coffman</a>. The traditionally minded people left the old conferences to form new ones, but not the modernizers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott199612–27_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott199612–27-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gameo.org_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gameo.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Stauffer_Mennonite" title="Stauffer Mennonite">Stauffer Mennonites</a> had already split away in 1845 over several issues, favoring a stricter church practice. Today they, and groups that split from them, are the most traditional Old Order Mennonite groups concerning technologies and dress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott199689–104_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott199689–104-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Mennonite" title="Reformed Mennonite">Reformed Mennonites</a>, formed in 1812, are a special group that does not totally fit into the "Old Order" group but that has best retained some old traditions, e. g. they wear the most traditional form of plain dress among all Mennonites. Concerns that led to the formation of the new group were "the worldly drift of the church" and "degeneration".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1996105–19_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1996105–19-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2017 report,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>"there are two basic strains of Mennonites in Canada: the Swiss-South German Mennonites came via Pennsylvania, and the Dutch-North German Mennonites came via Russia (Ukraine). In the late 1700s and early 1800s "Swiss" Mennonites from Pennsylvania settled in southern Ontario. In the 1870s, a large group of "Russian" Mennonites from Ukraine moved to southern Manitoba. Further waves of "Russian" Mennonites came to Canada in the 1920s and 1940s". In the last 50 years, Mennonites have been coming to Canada from Mexico. </p></blockquote><p> The majority today are not of the Old Order. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1907 and 1931 another wave of church splits occurred among the Old Orders, concerning the use of new technologies, especially cars. The splits occurred in <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> in 1907, in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> in 1931, and in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> in 1927, generally dividing them into the groups called horse and buggy and automobile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott199670–88_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott199670–88-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the 1940s and the 1960s, both the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Mennonites" title="Orthodox Mennonites">Orthodox Mennonites</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Noah_Hoover_Mennonite" title="Noah Hoover Mennonite">Noah Hoover Mennonites</a> emerged from a long series of splits and reunifications of people among the Old Orders who were not modernizers but sought a purer form of Mennonite life. Both the Orthodox Mennonites and the Noah Hoovers are "<a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">intentionalist</a>-minded, ultra-plain Old Order Mennonite" groups.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stephen Scott writes about the Noah Hoover Mennonite:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1996104_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1996104-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Many people from various backgrounds have been attracted to the Noah Hoover group. The ultra-conservative stance on technology combined with firm Biblicism, intense spirituality and high moral standards have had a wide appeal.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs_and_practices">Beliefs and practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Beliefs and practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mennonite_and_carriage_publ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mennonite_and_carriage_publ.jpg/200px-Mennonite_and_carriage_publ.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mennonite_and_carriage_publ.jpg/300px-Mennonite_and_carriage_publ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mennonite_and_carriage_publ.jpg/400px-Mennonite_and_carriage_publ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Old Order Mennonite horse and carriage in <a href="/wiki/Oxford_County,_Ontario" title="Oxford County, Ontario">Oxford County, Ontario</a>, in 2006.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1920_Ford_Model_T_Centerdoor_Sedan_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1920_Ford_Model_T_Centerdoor_Sedan_2.jpg/200px-1920_Ford_Model_T_Centerdoor_Sedan_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1920_Ford_Model_T_Centerdoor_Sedan_2.jpg/300px-1920_Ford_Model_T_Centerdoor_Sedan_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1920_Ford_Model_T_Centerdoor_Sedan_2.jpg/400px-1920_Ford_Model_T_Centerdoor_Sedan_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>"Black bumper" car of the 1920s, such as might have been driven by early <a href="/wiki/Weaverland_Old_Order_Mennonite_Conference" title="Weaverland Old Order Mennonite Conference">Horning Church</a> members.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Horse_and_buggy" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse and buggy">Horse and buggy</a></div> <p>Many practices among the Old Order Mennonites stem from the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">biblical</a> principle of <a href="/wiki/Nonconformity_to_the_world" title="Nonconformity to the world">nonconformity to the world</a>, according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2012:2&version=nrsv">Romans 12:2</a> and other Bible verses. </p><p>The avoidance of technologies by Old Order Mennonites and Old Order Amish is based not on a belief that the technology is in some way <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>, but over a concern for the nature of their communities. Community is important to a Mennonite, and a technology or practice is rejected if it would adversely affect it. Many Old Order Mennonite groups reject automobiles but in an emergency even the most traditional Old Order Mennonite is likely to accept a ride in an automobile; those who sell milk in areas that require cooling will install electricity in the barn. Some of the groups that allow the use of cars and trucks, such as the <a href="/wiki/Markham-Waterloo_Mennonite_Conference" title="Markham-Waterloo Mennonite Conference">Markham-Waterloo Mennonite Conference</a>, will ensure that they are all black, even painting over chromed sections to achieve this effect.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Old Order Mennonites also practise <i>plainness</i>, including the <a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">dress</a>, which is the opposite of showiness in clothing but also in physical appearance. </p><p>Many Amish and Old Order Mennonites do not use traditional health insurance with monthly premiums copayments. In <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster County, Pennsylvania">Lancaster County, Pennsylvania</a>, some Amish and Mennonites use Preferred Health Care (PHC) Old Order Group coverage (OOG).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When an OOG member visits a participating provider (approximately 1100 local physicians and 9 hospitals in the Lancaster area accept the OOG coverage), they present a unique white card with red and blue print identifying them as a PHC member. These cards are void of any identifying information, as is the custom of their religious belief. After care is rendered, providers submit a claim to PHC for a "repricing" as if the patient had insurance. A PHC statement is then sent to the medical practice and the patient indicating the discounted amount due the provider. The practice then collects the repriced amount from the patient directly, as per practice policy for collecting balances due on self-pay patient accounts. In this way, the Old Order Group has engaged in collective bargaining practices to lower their cost of health care. Additionally, the community will support any member who is sick, disadvantaged, old, or who has suffered an accident. </p><p> Old Order Mennonites and Old Order Amish groups are often grouped together in North America's popular press. This is incorrect, according to a 2017 report by <i>Canadian Mennonite</i> magazine:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>The customs of Old Order Mennonites, the Amish communities and Old Colony Mennonites have a number of similarities, but the cultural differences are significant enough so that members of one group would not feel comfortable moving to another group. The Old Order Mennonites and Amish have the same European roots and the language spoken in their homes is the same German dialect. Old Colony Mennonites use Low German, a different German dialect.</p></blockquote> <p>Unlike most Old Order Amish, Old Order Mennonites have meeting houses for worship, typically of very simple design and lacking adornment. In many respects especially car driving Old Order Mennonite groups are quite similar to <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Mennonites" title="Conservative Mennonites">Conservative Mennonites</a> but differ particularly in their non-acceptance of Sunday School and Revival Meetings, whereas horse and buggy Mennonites additionally retained use of the German language in everyday life and in their worship services. </p><p>The spectrum of Old Order Mennonite groups ranges from those that differ little from even conservative Old Order Amish groups like the <a href="/wiki/Swartzentruber_Amish" title="Swartzentruber Amish">Swartzentruber Amish</a> to those that are barely different from <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Mennonites" title="Conservative Mennonites">Conservative Mennonite</a> groups concerning the use of technologies. </p><p>What characterizes automobile groups as Old Order rather than Conservative Mennonite is their retention of traditional forms of worship, <a href="/wiki/Communion_(sacrament)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (sacrament)">communion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, funeral and leadership structures. By contrast, some wedding practices have changed. The Old Order Mennonites normally have neither <a href="/wiki/Sunday_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday School">Sunday Schools</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">revival meetings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott199677_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott199677-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Horse-and-buggy groups have retained a rural lifestyle, with farming as an important part of their economy. Most horse-and-buggy Old Order Mennonites allow the use of tractors for farming, although some groups insist on steel-wheeled tractors to prevent their being used for road transportation. Some traditional groups, like the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Mennonites" title="Orthodox Mennonites">Orthodox Mennonites</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Noah_Hoover_Mennonite" title="Noah Hoover Mennonite">Noah Hoover Mennonites</a>, still till their fields with horses. The horse-and-buggy people stress separation from the world, excommunicate, and normally <a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">shun</a> in a strict manner. All Old Order Mennonite groups meet in meeting houses or church buildings (when they have full-fledged congregations), contrary to the Old Order Amish, who meet in the homes or barns of their members. </p><p>Progressive ("automobile") Old Order Mennonites, like the <a href="/wiki/Weaverland_Old_Order_Mennonite_Conference" title="Weaverland Old Order Mennonite Conference">Weaverland Conference Mennonites</a> (USA), <a href="/wiki/Ohio-Indiana_Mennonite_Conference" title="Ohio-Indiana Mennonite Conference">Wisler Mennonites</a> (USA), and <a href="/wiki/Markham-Waterloo_Mennonite_Conference" title="Markham-Waterloo Mennonite Conference">Markham-Waterloo Mennonite Conference</a> (Canada), largely evolved from the same series of <a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Order Movement">Old Order schisms</a> from 1872 to 1901. Nowadays, they often share the same meeting houses with and adhere to almost identical forms of Old Order worship as their horse-and-buggy Old Order brethren with whom they parted ways in the early 20th century. Although Weaverland Old Orders began using cars in 1927, the cars were required to be plain and painted black. The form of the ban among progressive groups in general is less severe, which means an ex-communicant is not always shunned and is, therefore, not excluded from the family table, shunned by their spouse and/or cut off from business dealings. All progressive Old Orders have either already shifted from Pennsylvania German to English or are in the process to do so. In recent decades, however, family sizes and growth rates of the progressive groups have diminished compared to the horse-and-buggy groups. </p><p>According to a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">University of Waterloo</a> report of 2017, "of the estimated 59,000 Mennonites in Ontario, only about twenty percent are members of conservative groups".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy">Controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2020, during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario">COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario</a>, Canada, both the Region of Waterloo Public Health unit and Wellington-Dufferin-Guelph Public Health issued orders to close Old Order schools and places of worship in their regions and to limit social interactions. In Waterloo Region, the orders applied to sects "including Markham, Old Colony, and David Martin Mennonite communities", according to a news report. Both agencies cited a lack of cooperation with public health requirements that were intended to minimize the spread of the virus. In an interview with the <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Region_Record" title="Waterloo Region Record">Waterloo Region Record</a>, bishop Peter Brubacher, (bishop "for seven Old Order Mennonite church districts" in north Waterloo Region, according to another news agency),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made this comment:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "I guess to be frank and honest, a lot of people really didn’t take it that serious, to isolate".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subgroups">Subgroups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Subgroups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table below lists all groups with more than 250 members in 2008–2009<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2018-2019, if available.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Members<br /> in 1993<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1996_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1996-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Members<br /> in 2008/09 </th> <th>Congre-<br /> gations<br /> in 2008/09 </th> <th>Members<br /> in 2018/19 </th> <th>Popu-<br /> lation<br /> in 2018/19 </th> <th>Congre-<br /> gations<br /> in 2018/19 </th> <th>Use of cars </th> <th>First language<br /> among members </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Groffdale_Conference_Mennonite_Church" title="Groffdale Conference Mennonite Church">Groffdale Conference Mennonite Church</a>, "Wenger"</td> <td>USA</td> <td align="right"><sup id="cite_ref-year1992_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-year1992-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>5,464</td> <td align="right">10,000</td> <td align="right">50</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">24,060</td> <td align="right">55</td> <td>No</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania German</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Weaverland_Old_Order_Mennonite_Conference" title="Weaverland Old Order Mennonite Conference">Weaverland Mennonite Conference</a>, "Horning"</td> <td>USA</td> <td align="right"><sup id="cite_ref-year1994_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-year1994-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>4,767</td> <td align="right">7,100</td> <td align="right">40</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>English, some older members still speak Pennsylvania German to friends </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ontario_(Old_Order)_Mennonite_Conference" title="Ontario (Old Order) Mennonite Conference">Ontario (Old Order) Mennonite Conference</a>, "Woolwichers"</td> <td>Canada</td> <td align="right">2,200</td> <td align="right">3,200</td> <td align="right">36</td> <td align="right">3,735</td> <td align="right">6,831</td> <td align="right">47</td> <td>No</td> <td>Pennsylvania German </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Markham-Waterloo_Mennonite_Conference" title="Markham-Waterloo Mennonite Conference">Markham-Waterloo Mennonite Conference</a></td> <td>Canada</td> <td align="right">1,106</td> <td align="right">1,400</td> <td align="right">12</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>English </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stauffer_Mennonite" title="Stauffer Mennonite">Stauffer Mennonite</a>, "Pikers"</td> <td>USA</td> <td align="right"><sup id="cite_ref-est1990_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-est1990-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>700</td> <td align="right">1,300</td> <td align="right">13</td> <td align="right">1,631</td> <td align="right">3,740</td> <td align="right">17</td> <td>No</td> <td>Pennsylvania German </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio-Indiana_Mennonite_Conference" title="Ohio-Indiana Mennonite Conference">Ohio-Indiana Mennonite Conference</a>, "Wisler"</td> <td>USA</td> <td align="right"><sup id="cite_ref-year1994_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-year1994-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>637</td> <td align="right">925</td> <td align="right">7</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>English </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Mennonites" title="Orthodox Mennonites">Orthodox Mennonites</a></td> <td>USA, Canada</td> <td align="right"><sup id="cite_ref-estimate_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-estimate-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>220</td> <td style="text-align: right;">650</td> <td align="right">8</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td>No</td> <td>Pennsylvania German </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Noah_Hoover_Mennonite" title="Noah Hoover Mennonite">Noah Hoover Mennonite</a>, "Scottsville Mennonites"</td> <td>USA, Belize</td> <td align="right">300</td> <td style="text-align: right;">575</td> <td align="right">8</td> <td align="right">770</td> <td align="right">1,755</td> <td align="right">9</td> <td>No</td> <td>Pennsylvania German,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a>, English </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Martin_Mennonites" title="David Martin Mennonites">David Martin Mennonites</a> or Independent Old Order Mennonites</td> <td>Canada</td> <td align="right"><sup id="cite_ref-estimate_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-estimate-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>400</td> <td style="text-align: right;"><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>500</td> <td align="right">6</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td>No</td> <td>Pennsylvania German </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Old_Order_Mennonite_Conference" title="Virginia Old Order Mennonite Conference">Virginia Old Order Mennonite Conference</a></td> <td>USA</td> <td align="right"><sup id="cite_ref-est1990_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-est1990-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>400</td> <td style="text-align: right;">500</td> <td align="right">4</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">452</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td>No</td> <td>English </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reidenbach_Old_Order_Mennonites" title="Reidenbach Old Order Mennonites">Reidenbach Old Order Mennonites</a>, "Thirty Fivers"</td> <td>USA</td> <td align="right">300</td> <td style="text-align: right;">375</td> <td align="right">10</td> <td align="right">371</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">20</td> <td>No</td> <td>Pennsylvania German </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Mennonite" title="Reformed Mennonite">Reformed Mennonite</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>USA, Canada</td> <td align="right">346</td> <td style="text-align: right;">300</td> <td align="right">12</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>English </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Dan_Wenger_Mennonites" title="John Dan Wenger Mennonites">John Dan Wenger Mennonites</a></td> <td>USA</td> <td align="right">250</td> <td style="text-align: right;">300</td> <td align="right">1</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td>No</td> <td>English </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Total</td> <td align="right">17,090</td> <td align="right">27,075</td> <td align="right">206</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td align="right">-</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><small>Notes:</small> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-year1992-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-year1992_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-year1994-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-year1994_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-year1994_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-est1990-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-est1990_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-est1990_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Estimate for 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-estimate-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-estimate_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-estimate_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Estimate</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This number is probably too low and should be around 800<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In addition to the groups listed above there were also several smaller horse-and-buggy groups like the Joseph Brubaker group with 58 adult members, the William Weaver group with 55 adult members, the Aaron Martin group with 45 adult members, the Allen Martin group with 37 adult members, and the Wellesley Orthodox group with about 20 members (this information dates from 1995). Kraybill and Bowman in 2001 mention one more small group, the Harvey Nolt group, divided from the Wengers.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because splits, mergers and even the dissolution of small groups are not uncommon among Old Order Mennonites, the situation today may look quite different. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_and_distribution">Population and distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Population and distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Horse-and-buggy (or team) Old Order Mennonites can be found in the United States, Canada, and <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>. In the year 2000 more than 70 percent of the horse-and-buggy people lived in Pennsylvania and Ontario, where they emerged through divisions from the main body of Mennonites in the late 19th century and from the division between automobile and horse-and-buggy groups in the early 20th century. In Indiana, Ohio and Virginia they also emerged through divisions, but in much smaller numbers. Settlements of horse-and-buggy Mennonites in other states were created by migrations, that started mainly since the 1960s. There are also <a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_Belize" title="Mennonites in Belize">Old Order Mennonites in Belize</a> (Cayo and Toledo Districts). The table on the right lists the total population of horse-and-buggy Mennonites per U.S. state, Canadian province or Belize in North America in the late 1990s<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott199630_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott199630-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 2015 number of Pennsylvania German speaking Mennonites that is almost identical with the number of horse-and-buggy Mennonites. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country (Belize), state (U.S.)<br />or province (Canada) </th> <th>Team Mennonite<br /> population around 2000 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">PG</a>-speaking Mennonite<br /> population in 2015 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Pennsylvania</td> <td align="left">9,650</td> <td align="left">12,340 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ontario</td> <td align="left">6,900</td> <td align="left">9,495 </td></tr> <tr> <td>New York</td> <td align="left">1,800</td> <td align="left">4,195 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kentucky</td> <td align="left">400</td> <td align="left">2,563 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wisconsin</td> <td align="left">800</td> <td align="left">2,395 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ohio</td> <td align="left">800</td> <td align="left">2,360 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Missouri</td> <td align="left">1,000</td> <td align="left">2,267 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Virginia</td> <td align="left">1,550</td> <td align="left">~2,000<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indiana</td> <td align="left">700</td> <td align="left">995 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iowa</td> <td align="left">300</td> <td align="left">600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tennessee</td> <td align="left">–</td> <td align="left">565 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maryland</td> <td align="left">–</td> <td align="left">525 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Michigan</td> <td align="left">100</td> <td align="left">300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belize</td> <td align="left">100</td> <td align="left">300<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Illinois</td> <td align="left">–</td> <td align="left">235 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manitoba</td> <td align="left">–</td> <td align="left">100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Minnesota</td> <td align="left">-</td> <td align="left">27 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>Total</b></td> <td align="left"><b>24,000</b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="left"><b>39,265</b><sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><small>Virginia Old Order Mennonites use horse and buggy but speak English instead of German.</small></span><small> </small></li><small> </small><li id="cite_note-37"><small><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Because some of the Noah Hoovers speak Plautdietsch instead of Pennsylvania German, the number given is maybe only half or a third of their total population.</span></small> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adherents">Adherents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Adherents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to C. Henry Smith, who wrote in 1908, all Old Order Mennonite groups counted "hardly more than two thousand members".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1909310_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1909310-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957 the total number of members of all Old Order Mennonite groups was 5,800 members in 44 congregations.<sup id="cite_ref-gameo.org_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gameo.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the year 2001 Kraybill and Hostetter give the number 16,478 for the membership of "all Old Order Mennonites groups" in the USA.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia in 2002 there were approximately 17,000 baptized Old Order Mennonite members in the USA and 3,000 in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-gameo.org_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gameo.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were more than 27,000 adult, baptized members of Old Order Mennonites in North America and Belize in 2008/9. The total population of Old Order Mennonites groups speaking Pennsylvania German was about 43,000 in 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which indicates that the total population of all Old Order Mennonites groups, including those who have lost the language or are in the process of losing it, was roughly between 60,000 and 70,000 in 2015. Under the condition that the annual growth is 3.7 percent, this would result in a total Old Order Mennonite population of about 72,000 to 84,000 in 2021. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth">Growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Groffdale_Conference_Mennonite_Church" title="Groffdale Conference Mennonite Church">Wenger Mennonites</a>, the largest horse-and-buggy group, have a growth rate of 3.7 percent a year, which is comparable to the growth rate of Old Order Amish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraybillHurd20062_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraybillHurd20062-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wengers have larger families and a higher retention rate than their car-driving brothers, the <a href="/wiki/Weaverland_Old_Order_Mennonite_Conference" title="Weaverland Old Order Mennonite Conference">Horning Mennonites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraybillHurd2006249/50_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraybillHurd2006249/50-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, the average number of children per household was 8.25 among Old Order Mennonites in <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a sample of 199 people from the <a href="/wiki/Martindale,_Pennsylvania" title="Martindale, Pennsylvania">Martindale District</a> of the Wenger Mennonites, born between 1953 and 1968, there was a retention rate of 95 percent in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraybillHurd2006107_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraybillHurd2006107-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_groups">Similar groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Similar groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are quite a lot of similarities between Old Order Mennonites and <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Old Order Amish</a>, especially between the Amish and the horse-and-buggy Old Order Mennonites, who both speak Pennsylvania German and who have a shared tradition of <a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">plain dress</a>. To a lesser extent there are similarities with conservative <a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">"Russian" Mennonites</a>, who live in Latin America, speak another German dialect, <a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a>, and who have their own tradition of plain dress. The same is true for the <a href="/wiki/Hutterite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutterite">Hutterites</a>, who speak <a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterisch</a> and live in <a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">community of goods</a>. There are also similarities with the different <a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Brethren" title="Old Order Brethren">Old Order Schwarzenau Brethren</a> groups and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Order_River_Brethren" title="Old Order River Brethren">Old Order River Brethren</a>, who have some shared <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> heritage with the Old Order Mennonites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publishing">Publishing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Old Order Mennonites find an affinity with the <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Old Order Amish</a> publishing house called Pathway Publishers located in Lagrange, Indiana, and Aylmer, Ontario. More recently the Old Order Mennonites of Ontario have done some of their own publishing and a private enterprise known as Vineyard Publications has been formed near Wallenstein, Ontario. Members of the Old Order churches tend to use the Pennsylvania German dialect for literary expression more often than Old Order Amish. There are several authors of Pennsylvania German prose and poetry. Well-known, for example, is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Horst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac Horst (page does not exist)">Isaac Horst</a> (1918–2008) from Mount Forest (Ontario, Canada), who wrote the book <i>Bei sich selwert un ungewehnlich</i> (in English: "Separate and Peculiar"). Pennsylvania German texts are mostly published in the Pennsylvania German dialect newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Hiwwe_wie_Driwwe" title="Hiwwe wie Driwwe">Hiwwe wie Driwwe</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Happy_as_the_Grass_Was_Green" title="Happy as the Grass Was Green">Happy as the Grass Was Green</a></i>, 1973 film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmo_Stoll" title="Elmo Stoll">Elmo Stoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeker_(Anabaptism)" title="Seeker (Anabaptism)">Seeker (Anabaptism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_County,_Ontario" title="Waterloo County, Ontario">Waterloo County, Ontario</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uwaterloo.ca/mennonite-archives-ontario/mennonites-conferences/old-order-mennonites">"Old Order Mennonites"</a>. <i>University of Waterloo - Mennonite Archives of Ontario</i>. 3 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Waterloo+-+Mennonite+Archives+of+Ontario&rft.atitle=Old+Order+Mennonites&rft.date=2012-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuwaterloo.ca%2Fmennonite-archives-ontario%2Fmennonites-conferences%2Fold-order-mennonites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Order+Mennonite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1909[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmennonitesofamer0000smitpage307mode1up_p._307]-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1909[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmennonitesofamer0000smitpage307mode1up_p._307]_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1909">Smith (1909)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mennonitesofamer0000smit/page/307/mode/1up">p. 307</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. F. Murphy: <i>Religious Bodies 1936: Volume I – Summary and Detailed Tables</i>, Washington, DC 1941, page 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry F. Weber: <i>Centennial history of the Mennonites of Illinois 1829–1929</i>, Goshen, Indiana 1931, page 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elmer Schwieder, Dorothy Schwieder, Tom Morain: <i>A Peculiar People: Iowa's Old Order Amish</i>, Iowa City 2009, page 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott199612–27-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott199612–27_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1996">Scott (1996)</a>, pp. 12–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gameo.org-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gameo.org_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gameo.org_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gameo.org_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonites">"Old Order Mennonites"</a>. <i>Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online</i>. 1959.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Anabaptist+Mennonite+Encyclopedia+Online&rft.atitle=Old+Order+Mennonites&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgameo.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DOld_Order_Mennonites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Order+Mennonite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott199689–104-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott199689–104_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1996">Scott (1996)</a>, pp. 89–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1996105–19-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1996105–19_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1996">Scott (1996)</a>, pp. 105–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canadianmennonite.org/stories/10-things-know-about-mennonites-canada">"10 things to know about Mennonites in Canada"</a>. Canadian Mennonite. 12 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>. <q>it is in many ways, an option of last resort and it's something we only do when we think we have a critical threat to the community's safety and we need immediate action</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+things+to+know+about+Mennonites+in+Canada&rft.pub=Canadian+Mennonite&rft.date=2017-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcanadianmennonite.org%2Fstories%2F10-things-know-about-mennonites-canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Order+Mennonite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott199670–88-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott199670–88_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1996">Scott (1996)</a>, pp. 70–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Donnermeyer" title="Joseph Donnermeyer">Donnermeyer, Joseph</a>, and Cory Anderson: <i>The Growth of Amish and Plain Anabaptists in Kentucky</i>, in Journal of Amish and Plain Anabaptist Studies 2(2):215, page 231, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1996104-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1996104_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1996">Scott (1996)</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siewierska, Anna; Song, Jae Jung (eds.). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GUBIAAAAQBAJ&q=markham+sect+old+order+mennonites+cars+black+bumpersCase%2C&pg=PA73">Typology and Grammar: In honor of Barry J. Blake</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928162558/http://www.ephratahospital.org/Default.aspx?Page=FrequentlyAskedQuestions">"Patient Financial Information: Old Order Group"</a>. Ephrata Community Hospital. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ephratahospital.org/Default.aspx?Page=FrequentlyAskedQuestions">the original</a> on September 28, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patient+Financial+Information%3A+Old+Order+Group&rft.pub=Ephrata+Community+Hospital&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ephratahospital.org%2FDefault.aspx%3FPage%3DFrequentlyAskedQuestions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Order+Mennonite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott199677-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott199677_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1996">Scott (1996)</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uwaterloo.ca/grebel/academics/continuing/institute-anabaptist-and-mennonite-studies/who-are-mennonites">"Who Are the Mennonites"</a>. Conrad Grebel College. 15 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+Are+the+Mennonites&rft.pub=Conrad+Grebel+College&rft.date=2017-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuwaterloo.ca%2Fgrebel%2Facademics%2Fcontinuing%2Finstitute-anabaptist-and-mennonite-studies%2Fwho-are-mennonites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Order+Mennonite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flamboroughreview.com/news-story/9917814-old-order-mennonites-church-groups-find-ways-to-adapt-to-covid-19/">"Old Order Mennonites, church groups find ways to adapt to COVID-19"</a>. Flamborough Review. 27 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old+Order+Mennonites%2C+church+groups+find+ways+to+adapt+to+COVID-19&rft.pub=Flamborough+Review&rft.date=2020-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flamboroughreview.com%2Fnews-story%2F9917814-old-order-mennonites-church-groups-find-ways-to-adapt-to-covid-19%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Order+Mennonite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.therecord.com/news/waterloo-region/2020/11/27/covid-surges-in-old-order-mennonite-communities.html">"Waterloo Region, COVID surges in old order Mennonite communities"</a>. Waterloo Region Record. 27 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>. <q>In hindsight, it's so contagious and spreads so easily, by the time you're aware that there's an outbreak, you've got a lot of people affected</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Waterloo+Region%2C+COVID+surges+in+old+order+Mennonite+communities&rft.pub=Waterloo+Region+Record&rft.date=2020-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.therecord.com%2Fnews%2Fwaterloo-region%2F2020%2F11%2F27%2Fcovid-surges-in-old-order-mennonite-communities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Order+Mennonite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.therecord.com/news/waterloo-region/2020/11/30/public-health-intervenes-to-limit-surge-of-covid-19-in-old-order-mennonite-areas.html">"Public health intervenes to limit COVID-19 surge among old order Mennonites"</a>. Waterloo Region Record. 30 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>. <q>Infection rates in rural Mennonite areas are the highest in the region ... "Unfortunately, we have encountered insufficient co-operation among a number of individuals with public health requirements"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+health+intervenes+to+limit+COVID-19+surge+among+old+order+Mennonites&rft.pub=Waterloo+Region+Record&rft.date=2020-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.therecord.com%2Fnews%2Fwaterloo-region%2F2020%2F11%2F30%2Fpublic-health-intervenes-to-limit-surge-of-covid-19-in-old-order-mennonite-areas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Order+Mennonite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guelphtoday.com/coronavirus-covid-19-local-news/critical-threat-to-old-order-mennonite-community-forced-order-by-public-health-2877900">"Critical threat to Old Order Mennonite community forced order by Public Health"</a>. Guelph Today. 15 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>. <q>it is in many ways, an option of last resort and it's something we only do when we think we have a critical threat to the community's safety and we need immediate action</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Critical+threat+to+Old+Order+Mennonite+community+forced+order+by+Public+Health&rft.pub=Guelph+Today&rft.date=2020-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guelphtoday.com%2Fcoronavirus-covid-19-local-news%2Fcritical-threat-to-old-order-mennonite-community-forced-order-by-public-health-2877900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Order+Mennonite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKraybill2010" class="citation book cs1">Kraybill, Donald B. (2010). <i>Concise Encyclopedia of Amish, Brethren, Hutterites and Mennonites</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">251–</span>258.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Amish%2C+Brethren%2C+Hutterites+and+Mennonites&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E251-%3C%2Fspan%3E258&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Kraybill&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Order+Mennonite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdsel_Burdge,_Jr2019" class="citation cs2">Edsel Burdge, Jr (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/files/2021/01/OOMs_horse-and-buggy_2020.pdf"><i>Old Order Mennonites (Horse-and-Buggy)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Order+Mennonites+%28Horse-and-Buggy%29&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Edsel+Burdge%2C+Jr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.etown.edu%2Famishstudies%2Ffiles%2F2021%2F01%2FOOMs_horse-and-buggy_2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Order+Mennonite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1996-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1996_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1996">Scott (1996)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Around the year 2000 the David Martin Mennonites counted about 350 households, which would mean about 2100 people. Donald Martin: <i>Old Order Mennonites of Ontario: Gelassenheit, Discipleship, and Brotherhood</i>. Kitchener, Ontario. 2003. p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 2010, there were about 3,500 people in the group.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gameo.org/index.php?title=David_Martin_Mennonites_%28Ontario,_Canada%29"><i>David Martin Mennonites (Ontario, Canada)</i> at Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thearda.com/">"Home"</a>. <i>theARDA</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theARDA&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Order+Mennonite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald B. Kraybill and Carl Bowman: <i>On the Backroad to Heaven: Old Order Hutterites, Mennonites, Amish, and Brethren</i>. Baltimore 2001, page 84/5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald B. Kraybill and Carl Bowman: <i>On the Backroad to Heaven: Old Order Hutterites, Mennonites, Amish, and Brethren</i>. Baltimore 2001, page 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott199630-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott199630_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1996">Scott (1996)</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon J. Bronner and Joshua R. Brown (edit.): <i>Pennsylvania Germans: An Interpretive Encyclopedia</i>, Baltimore, 2017, pages 126-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1909310-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1909310_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1909">Smith (1909)</a>, p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald B. Kraybill and C. Nelson Hostetter: <i>Anabaptist World USA</i>, Scottdale PA and Waterloo Ont. 2001, page 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraybillHurd20062-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraybillHurd20062_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraybillHurd2006">Kraybill & Hurd (2006)</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraybillHurd2006249/50-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraybillHurd2006249/50_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraybillHurd2006">Kraybill & Hurd (2006)</a>, pp. 249/50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_J._MeyersSteven_M._Nolt2005" class="citation book cs1">Thomas J. Meyers; Steven M. Nolt (2005). <i>An Amish Patchwork: Indiana's Old Orders in the Modern World</i>. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 149/50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Amish+Patchwork%3A+Indiana%27s+Old+Orders+in+the+Modern+World&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=149%2F50&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Thomas+J.+Meyers&rft.au=Steven+M.+Nolt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Order+Mennonite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraybillHurd2006107-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraybillHurd2006107_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraybillHurd2006">Kraybill & Hurd (2006)</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKraybillHurd2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Kraybill" title="Donald Kraybill">Kraybill, Donald B.</a>; Hurd, James P. (2006). <i>Horse-and-Buggy Mennonites Hoofbeats of Humility in a Postmodern World</i>. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271028651" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271028651"><bdi>978-0-271028651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horse-and-Buggy+Mennonites+Hoofbeats+of+Humility+in+a+Postmodern+World&rft.place=University+Park%2C+PA&rft.pub=Penn+State+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-271028651&rft.aulast=Kraybill&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rft.au=Hurd%2C+James+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Order+Mennonite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScott1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Scott_(writer)" title="Stephen Scott (writer)">Scott, Stephen</a> (1996). <i>An Introduction to Old Order: and Conservative Mennonite Groups</i>. Intercourse PA: Good Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Old+Order%3A+and+Conservative+Mennonite+Groups&rft.place=Intercourse+PA&rft.pub=Good+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Order+Mennonite" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith1909" class="citation book cs1">Smith, C. Henry (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mennonitesofamer0000smit/page/n10/mode/1up"><i>The Mennonites of America</i></a>. Goshen, IN: Publisher by the author.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mennonites+of+America&rft.place=Goshen%2C+IN&rft.pub=Publisher+by+the+author&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=C.+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmennonitesofamer0000smit%2Fpage%2Fn10%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Order+Mennonite" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>J. Winfield Fretz: <i>The Waterloo Mennonites: A Community in Paradox</i>. Waterloo, Ontario, 1989.</li> <li>Isaac R. Horst: <i>A Separate People: An Insider's View of Old Order Mennonite Customs and Traditions</i>. Waterloo, Ontario 2000. Mainly on Ontario Old Order Mennonites.</li> <li>Isaac R. Horst, <i>Separate & Peculiar: Old Order Mennonite Life in Ontario/Bei sich selwer un ungwehnlich : Alt Mennischde Weg vun Lewe in Ontario</i>, 2nd ed. Herald, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780836191462" title="Special:BookSources/9780836191462">9780836191462</a>.</li> <li>Donald B. Kraybill: <i>Concise Encyclopedia of Amish, Brethren, Hutterites, and Mennonites</i>. Baltimore, 2010.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Kraybill" title="Donald Kraybill">Donald B. Kraybill</a> and James P. Hurd: <i>Horse-and-buggy Mennonites: Hoofbeats of Humility in a Postmodern World</i>. University Park, PA, 2006. Mainly on Groffdale Mennonites.</li> <li>Donald B. Kraybill and C. Nelson Hostetter: <i>Anabaptist World USA</i>. Scottdale, PA and Waterloo, Ontario, 2001.</li> <li>Donald B. Kraybill and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bowman" title="Carl Bowman">Carl Bowman</a>: <i>On the Backroad to Heaven: Old Order Hutterites, Mennonites, Amish, and Brethren</i>. Baltimore 2001.</li> <li>Daniel B. Lee: <i>Old Order Mennonites, Rituals, Beliefs, and Community</i>. Lanham, MD 2000. Mainly on Horning Mennonites.</li> <li>Donald Martin: <i>Old Order Mennonites of Ontario: Gelassenheit, Discipleship, Brotherhood</i>. Waterloo, Ontario 2003.</li> <li>Thomas J. Meyers and Steven M. Nolt: <i>An Amish patchwork: Indiana's Old Orders in the Modern World</i>. Bloomington, IN et al. 2005.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Scott_(writer)" title="Stephen Scott (writer)">Stephen Scott</a>: <i>An Introduction to Old Order and Conservative Mennonite Groups</i>. Intercourse, PA, 1996.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/O544.html">Old Order Mennonites at Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anabaptistwiki.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite_Groups_in_Ontario">"Old Order Mennonite Groups in Ontario"</a> at Anabaptistwiki.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anabaptistwiki.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Traditional_Old_Order_Mennonite_Groups">"Traditional Old Order Mennonite Groups"</a> at Anabaptistwiki.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anabaptistwiki.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Moderate_Old_Order_Mennonite_Groups">"Moderate Old Order Mennonite Groups"</a> at Anabaptistwiki.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anabaptistwiki.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Progressive_Old_Order_Mennonite_Groups">"Progressive Old Order Mennonite Groups"</a> at Anabaptistwiki.org</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anabaptism212" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anabaptists" title="Template:Anabaptists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anabaptists" title="Template talk:Anabaptists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anabaptists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anabaptists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anabaptism212" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petr_Chel%C4%8Dick%C3%BD" title="Petr Chelčický">Petr Chelčický</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="German mysticism">German mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwickau_prophets" title="Zwickau prophets">Zwickau prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">Congregationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batenburgers" title="Batenburgers">Batenburgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Old Order Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Mennonites" title="Conservative Mennonites">Conservative Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">Russian Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_Amish" title="New Order Amish">New Order Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachy_Amish" title="Beachy Amish">Beachy Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish_Mennonite" title="Amish Mennonite">Amish Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abecedarian" title="Abecedarian">Abecedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau (German Baptist) Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Brethren" title="River Brethren">River Brethren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Order_River_Brethren" title="Old Order River Brethren">Old Order River Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_in_Christ_Church" title="Brethren in Christ Church">Brethren in Christ Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruderhof_Communities" title="Bruderhof Communities">Bruderhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Christian_Church" title="Apostolic Christian Church">Apostolic Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_churches" title="Peace churches">Peace churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster_rebellion" title="Münster rebellion">Münster rebellion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schleitheim_Confession" title="Schleitheim Confession">Schleitheim Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dordrecht_Confession_of_Faith" title="Dordrecht Confession of Faith">Dordrecht Confession of Faith</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Order Movement">Old Order Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptist–Jewish relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Anabaptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Anabaptism">Theology of Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_discipline" title="Church discipline">Church discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Huldrych_Zwingli#Eucharist" title="Theology of Huldrych Zwingli">Memorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformity_to_the_world" title="Nonconformity to the world">Nonconformity to the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">Nonresistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> – <a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">free church</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agape_feast" title="Agape feast">Agape feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">Believer's baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_communion" title="Closed communion">Closed communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">Foot washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnung" title="Ordnung">Ordnung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_(meeting)" title="Singing (meeting)">Singings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />Anabaptists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Manz" title="Felix Manz">Felix Manz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Conrad Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgram_Marpeck" title="Pilgram Marpeck">Pilgram Marpeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sattler" title="Michael Sattler">Michael Sattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Denck" title="Hans Denck">Hans Denck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Hutter" title="Jakob Hutter">Jakob Hutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Hubmaier" title="Balthasar Hubmaier">Balthasar Hubmaier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Rothmann" title="Bernhard Rothmann">Bernhard Rothmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Philips" title="Dirk Philips">Dirk Philips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Ammann" title="Jakob Ammann">Jakob Ammann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mack" title="Alexander Mack">Alexander Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Heinrich_Fr%C3%B6hlich" title="Samuel Heinrich Fröhlich">Samuel Heinrich Fröhlich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1368013#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata498" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1368013#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata498" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1368013#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/140835876">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88602283">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite&oldid=1277867701">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite&oldid=1277867701</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_Order_Mennonites" title="Category:Old Order Mennonites">Old Order Mennonites</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anabaptism" title="Category:Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnoreligious_groups" title="Category:Ethnoreligious groups">Ethnoreligious groups</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mennonitism" title="Category:Mennonitism">Mennonitism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:No_local_image_but_image_on_Wikidata" title="Category:No local image but image on Wikidata">No local image but image on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Pennsylvania_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Pennsylvania German-language text">Articles containing Pennsylvania German-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 February 2025, at 04:37<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Order_Mennonite&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Old Order Mennonite</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>5 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-657b46f875-jqdlm","wgBackendResponseTime":158,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.695","walltime":"0.837","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3717,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":75531,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4292,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":96138,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 740.216 1 -total"," 22.03% 163.039 3 Template:Reflist"," 16.11% 119.238 10 Template:Cite_web"," 15.24% 112.819 2 Template:Lang"," 13.36% 98.878 1 Template:Anabaptist_vertical"," 13.05% 96.608 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 10.79% 79.864 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.10% 59.985 13 Template:Sfnp"," 7.22% 53.474 1 Template:Infobox_Religious_group"," 6.43% 47.584 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.455","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21004123,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFEdsel_Burdge,_Jr2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKraybill2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKraybillHurd2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_J._MeyersSteven_M._Nolt2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anabaptist vertical\"] = 1,\n [\"Anabaptists\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 10,\n [\"Cquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 10,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Religious group\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 13,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.next-5974465d9c-tsvzh","timestamp":"20250308163553","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Old Order Mennonite","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Old_Order_Mennonite","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1368013","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1368013","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-06-11T12:59:09Z","dateModified":"2025-02-27T04:37:19Z","headline":"Christian denomination"}</script> </body> </html>