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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-De_biotische_omgevingsfactoren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_biotische_omgevingsfactoren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>De biotische omgevingsfactoren</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-De_biotische_omgevingsfactoren-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>De biotische omgevingsfactoren-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-De_biotische_omgevingsfactoren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natuurlijke_factoren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natuurlijke_factoren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Natuurlijke factoren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natuurlijke_factoren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intraspecifieke_interactie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intraspecifieke_interactie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Intraspecifieke interactie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intraspecifieke_interactie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interspecifieke_interactie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interspecifieke_interactie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Interspecifieke interactie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interspecifieke_interactie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Concurrentie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concurrentie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.1</span> <span>Concurrentie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concurrentie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predatie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predatie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.2</span> <span>Predatie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predatie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbiose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbiose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.3</span> <span>Symbiose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbiose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antropogene_factoren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antropogene_factoren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Antropogene factoren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antropogene_factoren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voorbeeld" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voorbeeld"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Voorbeeld</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voorbeeld-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Biotische factor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 40 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="علاقات حيوية – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علاقات حيوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaici%C3%B3n_biol%C3%B3xica" title="Interaición biolóxica – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Interaición biolóxica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99bii_birlikl%C9%99r" title="Təbii birliklər – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təbii birliklər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Взаимодействия между организмите – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Взаимодействия между организмите" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolo%C5%A1ka_interakcija" title="Biološka interakcija – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Biološka interakcija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3_biol%C3%B2gica" title="Interacció biològica – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Interacció biològica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologick%C3%A1_interakce" title="Biologická interakce – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Biologická interakce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologisk_interaktion" title="Biologisk interaktion – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Biologisk interaktion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_interaction" title="Biological interaction – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Biological interaction" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia_interagado" title="Biologia interagado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biologia interagado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3n_biol%C3%B3gica" title="Interacción biológica – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Interacción biológica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioloogilised_interaktsioonid" title="Bioloogilised interaktsioonid – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bioloogilised interaktsioonid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interakzio_biologiko" title="Interakzio biologiko – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Interakzio biologiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B4_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="برهم‌کنش زیستی – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برهم‌کنش زیستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction_biologique" title="Interaction biologique – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Interaction biologique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3n_biol%C3%B3xica" title="Interacción biolóxica – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Interacción biolóxica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="יחסי גומלין בין אורגניזמים – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יחסי גומלין בין אורגניזמים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popul%C3%A1ci%C3%B3k_k%C3%B6lcs%C3%B6nhat%C3%A1sai" title="Populációk kölcsönhatásai – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Populációk kölcsönhatásai" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D6%87_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Օրգանիզմների միջև հարաբերությունների տեսակներ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օրգանիզմների միջև հարաբերությունների տեսակներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaksi_biologis" title="Interaksi biologis – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Interaksi biologis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologiala_interakto" title="Biologiala interakto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Biologiala interakto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interazione_biologica" title="Interazione biologica – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Interazione biologica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%93%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Ағзалар арасындағы байланыс түрлері – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ағзалар арасындағы байланыс түрлері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC_%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EC%9D%98_%EC%83%81%ED%98%B8_%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9" title="생물 사이의 상호 작용 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생물 사이의 상호 작용" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rela%C3%A7ones_eicol%C3%B3gicas" title="Relaçones eicológicas – Mirandees" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Relaçones eicológicas" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hariiroowwan_Baayoloojikaalawaa" title="Hariiroowwan Baayoloojikaalawaa – Afaan Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Hariiroowwan Baayoloojikaalawaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Afaan Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zale%C5%BCno%C5%9Bci_mi%C4%99dzygatunkowe" title="Zależności międzygatunkowe – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zależności międzygatunkowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rela%C3%A7%C3%A3o_ecol%C3%B3gica" title="Relação ecológica – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Relação ecológica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%8B_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Типы отношений между организмами – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Типы отношений между организмами" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_interaction" title="Biological interaction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Biological interaction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Интерспецијски односи – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Интерспецијски односи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologisk_interaktion" title="Biologisk interaktion – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Biologisk interaktion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88" title="உயிரியல் இடைவினை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிரியல் இடைவினை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E" title="อันตรกิริยาชีวภาพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อันตรกิริยาชีวภาพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolojik_etkile%C5%9Fim" title="Biyolojik etkileşim – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Biyolojik etkileşim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Uiterlijk</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><p>Een <b>biotische factor</b> is de invloed die een <a href="/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme">organisme</a> uitoefent in een <a href="/wiki/Ecosysteem" title="Ecosysteem">ecosysteem</a>. Deze <a href="/wiki/Milieufactor" title="Milieufactor">milieufactor</a> is van invloed op de overlevingskansen van een individu of populatie en op het verloop van de <a href="/wiki/Evolutie_(biologie)" title="Evolutie (biologie)">evolutie</a> van een soort, en op de ontwikkeling van het ecosysteem. Biotische factoren hebben per definitie een biologische oorsprong, in tegenstelling tot <a href="/wiki/Abiotische_factor" title="Abiotische factor">abiotische factoren</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="De_biotische_omgevingsfactoren">De biotische omgevingsfactoren</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biotische_factor&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: De biotische omgevingsfactoren" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biotische_factor&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: De biotische omgevingsfactoren"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In een <a href="/wiki/Levensgemeenschap" title="Levensgemeenschap">levensgemeenschap</a> (bijvoorbeeld bos, zee, woestijn) zijn er <a href="/wiki/Populatie_(biologie)" title="Populatie (biologie)">populaties</a> van verschillende <a href="/wiki/Soort" title="Soort">soorten</a>. Er zijn <a href="/wiki/Prooi" title="Prooi">prooien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Predator" title="Predator">predatoren</a> en soortgenoten. Elk organisme heeft interactie met de omgeving en al dan niet rechtstreeks met andere organismen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natuurlijke_factoren">Natuurlijke factoren</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biotische_factor&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Natuurlijke factoren" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biotische_factor&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Natuurlijke factoren"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tot de natuurlijke factoren behoren de interacties binnen populaties van dezelfde soort, en die tussen individuen van verschillende soorten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intraspecifieke_interactie">Intraspecifieke interactie</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biotische_factor&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Intraspecifieke interactie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biotische_factor&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Intraspecifieke interactie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Intraspecifieke interactie (interacties tussen individuen van eenzelfde populatie) zijn: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co%C3%B6peratie" title="Coöperatie">Coöperatie</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mieren" title="Mieren">mieren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Termieten" title="Termieten">termieten</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Leeuw_(dier)" title="Leeuw (dier)">leeuwen</a> (jacht), <a href="/wiki/Kudde" title="Kudde">kudde</a> hoefdieren, <a href="/wiki/School_(vissen)" title="School (vissen)">school</a> vissen, <a href="/wiki/Zwerm" title="Zwerm">zwerm</a> vogels of insecten, <a href="/wiki/Stokstaartje" title="Stokstaartje">stokstaartjes</a></li> <li>Sociale staat: mieren, <a href="/wiki/Termieten" title="Termieten">termieten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrentie_(ecologie)" title="Concurrentie (ecologie)">Concurrentie</a>: zilverrug<a href="/wiki/Gorilla%27s" title="Gorilla's">gorilla</a>, leeuwen</li> <li>sociale hiërarchie: zilverruggorilla</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannibalisme" title="Kannibalisme">Kannibalisme</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wespspin" title="Wespspin">wespspin</a> (<i>Argiope bruennichi</i>), <a href="/wiki/Zwarte_weduwe_(spin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zwarte weduwe (spin)">zwarte weduwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bidsprinkhanen" title="Bidsprinkhanen">bidsprinkhaan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interspecifieke_interactie">Interspecifieke interactie</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biotische_factor&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Interspecifieke interactie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biotische_factor&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Interspecifieke interactie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" style="text-align:center;background-color:aliceblue;font-size:90%;line-height:120%;border:dotted thin dimgray;border-radius:8px;" cellspacing="0" align="right"> <caption><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:darkgreen;border:solid thin transparent;border-radius:8px;color:white;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><span style="text-align:center;letter-spacing:2.0pt;"><b><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Interspecifieke interacties</span></b></span></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:transparent;border:double medium lime;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">Soort A<br />↓</div> </th> <th colspan="3"><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:transparent;border:double medium lime;border-radius:8px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">← Soort B →</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:darkgray;border:solid thin transparent;border-radius:8px;color:white;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">Voordeel</div> </td> <td><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:darkgray;border:solid thin transparent;border-radius:8px;color:white;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">Neutraal</div> </td> <td><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:darkgray;border:solid thin transparent;border-radius:8px;color:white;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">Nadeel</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:darkgray;border:solid thin transparent;border-radius:8px;color:white;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">Voordeel</div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mutualisme" title="Mutualisme">mutualisme</a>,<br /><span style="line-height:135%;background-color:palegreen;border:solid thin transparent;border-radius:1px;color:black;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">symbiose <a href="/wiki/Sensu_stricto" title="Sensu stricto">s.s.</a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commensalisme" title="Commensalisme">commensalisme</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parasiet" title="Parasiet">parasitisme</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:darkgray;border:solid thin transparent;border-radius:8px;color:white;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">Neutraal</div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commensalisme" title="Commensalisme">commensalisme</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epifyt" title="Epifyt">epifytisme</a><br /><small>(bij planten)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amensalisme" title="Amensalisme">amensalisme</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="line-height:135%;background-color:darkgray;border:solid thin transparent;border-radius:8px;color:white;padding-left:0.2em;padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.1em;">Nadeel</div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parasiet" title="Parasiet">parasitisme</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amensalisme" title="Amensalisme">amensalisme</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Concurrentie_(ecologie)" title="Concurrentie (ecologie)">concurrentie</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tot de interspecifieke interacties (interacties tussen individuen van verschillende soorten) rekent men <a href="/wiki/Concurrentie_(ecologie)" title="Concurrentie (ecologie)">concurrentie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Predatie" title="Predatie">predatie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Symbiose" title="Symbiose">symbiose</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Concurrentie">Concurrentie</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biotische_factor&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Concurrentie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biotische_factor&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Concurrentie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>verschillende soorten gebruiken dezelfde hulpbronnen, wat leidt tot concurrentie,</li> <li>kan leiden tot afname in aantallen of het uitsterven van een soort.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Predatie">Predatie</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biotische_factor&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Predatie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biotische_factor&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Predatie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>interactie roofdier-prooi</li> <li>er zijn in verhouding altijd meer prooien dan <a href="/wiki/Predator" title="Predator">predatoren</a> en die verhoudingen zijn meestal ongeveer gelijk</li> <li>er zijn vaak populatieschommelingen</li> <li>deze oscillaties na verschillende jaren worden voornamelijk veroorzaakt door biotische factoren, zoals ziekte, en door abiotische factoren, zoals het klimaat.</li></ul> <p>Respons van de prooien: </p> <ul><li>planten <a href="/wiki/Afweer_van_planten_tegen_herbivoren" title="Afweer van planten tegen herbivoren">verdedigen</a> zich door <a href="/wiki/Vergif" title="Vergif">gif</a> af te scheiden en door zich op te stellen in defensieve structuren</li> <li>dieren doen aan <a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">mimicry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crypsis_(dieren)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypsis (dieren)">camoufleren</a> zich, zorgen voor een stank of vluchten</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Symbiose">Symbiose</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biotische_factor&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Symbiose" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biotische_factor&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Symbiose"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Symbiose" title="Symbiose">Symbiose</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>Vormen van symbiose, met voorbeelden: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutualisme" title="Mutualisme">mutualisme</a>: twee soorten hebben elkaar nodig om te overleven. Er wordt onderscheid gemaakt tussen obligaat (<a href="/wiki/Clownvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Clownvis">clownvis</a> en <a href="/wiki/Zeeanemoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeeanemoon">zeeanemoon</a>) en facultatief (mens en zijn <a href="/wiki/Vee" title="Vee">vee</a>) mutualisme. Er is ook nog <a href="/wiki/Co-evolutie" title="Co-evolutie">co-evolutie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchvlinder" title="Monarchvlinder">monarchvlinder</a> en <a href="/wiki/Zijdeplant" title="Zijdeplant">zijdeplant</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commensalisme" title="Commensalisme">commensalisme</a>: de ene soort ondervindt voordeel aan het samenleven, terwijl de andere er noch voor- noch nadeel aan ondervindt (<a href="/wiki/Orchidee" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidee">orchidee</a> en bomen).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amensalisme" title="Amensalisme">amensalisme</a>: de ene soort wordt door de andere negatief beïnvloed. M.a.w. de ene soort krijgt het moeilijk door de andere. Een voorbeeld van amensalisme is de <a href="/wiki/Walnoot_(boom)" title="Walnoot (boom)">Walnotenboom</a>, produceert een stof - <a href="/wiki/Juglon" title="Juglon">juglon</a>. Deze stof onderdrukt het vestigen van andere planten rond de boomvoet.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broedparasiet" title="Broedparasiet">broedparasitisme</a> (specifiek): een vogel legt zijn eieren in een nest van een andere vogel (<a href="/wiki/Koekoek_(vogel)" title="Koekoek (vogel)">koekoek</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasito%C3%AFde" title="Parasitoïde">parasitoïden</a> (algemeen): organismen leggen hun eitjes op een <a href="/wiki/Gastheer_(biologie)" title="Gastheer (biologie)">gastheer</a> (de <a href="/wiki/Sluipwesp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sluipwesp">sluipwesp</a> op de <a href="/wiki/Monarchvlinder" title="Monarchvlinder">monarchvlinder</a>).</li></ul> <p>Niet tot symbiose wordt gerekend <a href="/wiki/Parasiet" title="Parasiet">parasitisme</a>: de ene soort heeft hier voordeel van, terwijl de andere soort een nadeel treft. </p> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie ook <a href="/wiki/Parasiet" title="Parasiet">Parasiet</a>.</i></div> <ul><li>de parasiet hecht zich op de gastheer = <a href="/wiki/Infestatie" title="Infestatie">ectoparasiet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Luizen" title="Luizen">luizen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neten (de pagina bestaat niet)">neten</a> en <a href="/wiki/Vlooien" title="Vlooien">vlooien</a>).</li> <li>de parasiet vestigt zich in de gastheer = <a href="/wiki/Endoparasiet" title="Endoparasiet">endoparasiet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Virus_(biologie)" title="Virus (biologie)">virussen</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antropogene_factoren">Antropogene factoren</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biotische_factor&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Antropogene factoren" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biotische_factor&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Antropogene factoren"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vaak wordt de invloed van de mens op de levensgemeenschappen apart benoemd als antropogene factoren. Hiertoe behoort onder andere, veelal op het <a href="/wiki/Landschap" title="Landschap">landschap</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Vegetatie" title="Vegetatie">vegetatie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Begroeiing" title="Begroeiing">begroeiing</a> gerichte activiteiten: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perceel" title="Perceel">perceleren</a>, het onderverdelen van een natuurlijk gebied in afgegrensde stukken land met verschillend <a href="/wiki/Bodemgebruik" title="Bodemgebruik">grondgebruik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontsluiting_(planologie)" title="Ontsluiting (planologie)">ontsluiten</a>, het aanleggen van <a href="/wiki/Infrastructuur" title="Infrastructuur">infrastructuur</a> zoals <a href="/wiki/Weg" title="Weg">wegen</a>, scheepvaartkanalen, en boven- en ondergrondse leidingen en bekabeling</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">draineren, ontwateren</a>, het aanleggen van boven- en ondergrondse waterafvoer ten behoeve van de verlaging van de grondwaterstand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houtkap" title="Houtkap">houtkappen</a>, het verwijderen het bovengrondse deel van <a href="/wiki/Houtige_plant" title="Houtige plant">houtige planten</a> als bomen en struiken</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weidegang" title="Weidegang">beweiden</a>, laten begrazen door vee of wild</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooi" title="Hooi">hooien</a> en <a href="/wiki/Maaien" title="Maaien">maaien</a>, het verwijderen van het bovengrondse deel van <a href="/wiki/Kruidachtig" title="Kruidachtig">kruidachtige</a> planten en van de vegetatie</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploeg_(werktuig)" title="Ploeg (werktuig)">ploegen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grondbewerking" title="Grondbewerking">grondbewerking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natuurbrand" title="Natuurbrand">afbranden, branden</a>, waarbij de bestaande vegetatie bovengronds wordt vernietigd</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bemesten" title="Bemesten">bemesten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tredplant" title="Tredplant">betreding</a> (inclusief berijden)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voorbeeld">Voorbeeld</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biotische_factor&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Voorbeeld" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biotische_factor&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Voorbeeld"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Een voorbeeld: Er is een <a href="/wiki/Populatie_(biologie)" title="Populatie (biologie)">populatie</a> <a href="/wiki/Europees_konijn" class="mw-redirect" title="Europees konijn">konijnen</a>. Een populatie <a href="/wiki/Vos_(dier)" title="Vos (dier)">vossen</a> eet deze konijnen. Het aantal vossen hangt af van het aantal beschikbare prooidieren, in dit geval de konijnen. Als er een afname komt van het aantal konijnen, komt er ook een afname van het aantal vossen. Dit komt doordat de vossen te weinig konijnen hebben om te overleven. De konijnen zijn in dit geval de <a href="/wiki/Beperkende_factor" title="Beperkende factor">beperkende factor</a> voor de groei van de populatie vossen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biotische_factor&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biotische_factor&action=edit&section=10" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-extinctie" title="Co-extinctie">Co-extinctie</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF1937"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">F.J. Faber</span> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1937-01-01">1 januari 1937</span>). <cite><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1227760913">Termieten</a></i></cite>.</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 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/></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Schematische_weergave_van_een_ecosysteem" class="navigatie-titel">Schematische weergave van een <a href="/wiki/Ecosysteem" title="Ecosysteem">ecosysteem</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud"> <div style="background: var(--navigatie-titelbalkkleur,#ddeef8)"><b>Belangrijke <a href="/wiki/Milieufactor" title="Milieufactor">milieufactoren</a></b></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67785531">.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel{margin:0 auto 0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding-left:0.5em}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;width:100%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding:unset}}</style><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="links" style="width:15em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Abiotische_factor" title="Abiotische factor">Abiotische milieufactoren</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Temperatuur" title="Temperatuur">temperatuur</a> · <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> · <a href="/wiki/Licht" title="Licht">licht</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bodem" title="Bodem">bodem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Substraat_(ecologie)" title="Substraat (ecologie)">substraat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lucht" title="Lucht">lucht</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wind_(meteorologie)" title="Wind (meteorologie)">wind</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biotische milieufactoren</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Concurrentie_(ecologie)" title="Concurrentie (ecologie)">concurrentie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Symbiose" title="Symbiose">symbiose</a> · <a href="/wiki/Parasiet" title="Parasiet">parasitisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Predatie" title="Predatie">predatie</a> (specifieke en aspecifieke vijanden)</td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Aardrijkskunde" title="Aardrijkskunde">Geografische factoren</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts">aantal <a href="/wiki/Niche_(ecologie)" title="Niche (ecologie)">niches</a> · vorm <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Geografische_isolatie" title="Geografische isolatie">geografische isolatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kolonisatie_(biologie)" title="Kolonisatie (biologie)">kolonisatie</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Ecologische_betekenis" title="Ecologische betekenis">Ecologische betekenis</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulatie" title="Bioaccumulatie">bioaccumulatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Consument_(ecologie)" title="Consument (ecologie)">consument</a> · <a href="/wiki/Producent_(ecologie)" title="Producent (ecologie)">producent</a> · <a href="/wiki/Primaire_productie_(ecologie)" title="Primaire productie (ecologie)">primaire productie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Reducent" title="Reducent">reducent</a> · <a href="/wiki/Voedingsstof" title="Voedingsstof">voedingsstof</a> · <a href="/wiki/Voedselketen" title="Voedselketen">voedselketen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Voedselpiramide" title="Voedselpiramide">voedselpiramide</a> · <a href="/wiki/Voedselweb" title="Voedselweb">voedselweb</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="background: var(--navigatie-titelbalkkleur,#ddeef8)"><b><a href="/wiki/Populatiebiologie" title="Populatiebiologie">Populatiebiologische</a> parameters</b></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67785531"><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="links" style="width:15em;"></td><td class="rechts"></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><span class="nowrap"><b>Veranderlijke grootheden:</b></span></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Populatiedichtheid" title="Populatiedichtheid">populatiedichtheid</a> · <a href="/wiki/Populatiegrootte" title="Populatiegrootte">populatiegrootte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vruchtbaarheid" title="Vruchtbaarheid">vruchtbaarheid</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mortaliteit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortaliteit">mortaliteit</a> · <a href="/wiki/Migratie_(dieren)" title="Migratie (dieren)">migratie (immigratie en emigratie)</a> · <a href="/wiki/Verspreidingsgebied" title="Verspreidingsgebied">verspreidingsgebied</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kannibalisme" title="Kannibalisme">kannibalisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Geslachtsverhouding" title="Geslachtsverhouding">geslachtsverhouding</a> · <a href="/wiki/Genenpoel" title="Genenpoel">genenpoel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Leeftijd" title="Leeftijd">leeftijdsopbouw</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sociale_structuur" title="Sociale structuur">sociale structuur</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ziekte" title="Ziekte">ziekte</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div>    </div><noscript><img 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