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Angleterre — Wikipédia

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autocapitalize="sentences" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Rechercher</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="Navigation utilisateur"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Angleterre</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> nation constitutive du Royaume-Uni </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Langue" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Langue</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&amp;returnto=Angleterre&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Suivre</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Modifier</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav><!-- version 1.0.2 (change every time you update a partial) --> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Homonymie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375"></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Angleterre se dit «&nbsp;England&nbsp;» en anglais. Pour les autres significations, voir <span class="page_h"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/England?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="England">England</a></span>.</p> </div> </div> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Homonymie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375"></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Cet article concerne l'Angleterre dans son ensemble et sa forme politique actuelle. Pour l'ancien État souverain, voir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume d'Angleterre">Royaume d'Angleterre</a>.</p> </div> </div> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Homonymie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/20px-Confusion_colour.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/30px-Confusion_colour.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/40px-Confusion_colour.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200"></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Ne doit pas être confondu avec <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume-Uni">Royaume-Uni</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grande-Bretagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grande-Bretagne">Grande-Bretagne</a>.</p> </div> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <p>L'<b>Angleterre</b> (en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglais?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglais">anglais</a>&nbsp;: <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">England</span></i> <span class="API nowrap" title="Alphabet phonétique international" style="font-family:'Segoe UI','DejaVu Sans','Lucida Grande','Lucida Sans Unicode','Arial Unicode MS','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro',sans-serif;">/<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/API_%CB%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="API ˈ"><span title="[ˈ] indique que la syllabe ou voyelle suivante porte l'accent tonique.">ˈ</span></a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/API_%C9%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="API ɪ">ɪ</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/API_%C5%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="API ŋ"><span title="[ŋ] « ng » dans « parking ».">ŋ</span></a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/API_%C9%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="API ɡ"><span title="[ɡ] « g » dans « gain ».">ɡ</span></a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/API_l?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="API l"><span title="[l] « l » dans « loup ».">l</span></a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/API_%C9%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="API ə"><span title="[ə] « e » dans « refrain ».">ə</span></a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/API_n?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="API n"><span title="[n] en français « n » dans « nous » ; ailleurs avec la langue un peu plus en arrière.">n</span></a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/API_d?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="API d"><span title="[d] en français « d » dans « doux » ; ailleurs avec la langue un peu plus en arrière.">d</span></a>/</span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r216827669">.mw-parser-output .prononciation>a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg")center left no-repeat;background-size:11px 11px;padding-left:15px;font-size:smaller}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .prononciation>a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Antu_audio-volume-medium.svg/11px-Antu_audio-volume-medium.svg.png")center left no-repeat}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .prononciation>a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Antu_audio-volume-medium.svg/11px-Antu_audio-volume-medium.svg.png")center left no-repeat}}</style><sup class="prononciation noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:En-uk-England.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fichier:En-uk-England.ogg">Écouter</a></sup>) est une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nation_constitutive_(Royaume-Uni)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nation constitutive (Royaume-Uni)">nation constitutive</a> du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume-Uni">Royaume-Uni</a>. Elle est entourée par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pays_de_Galles?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pays de Galles">pays de Galles</a> à l'ouest et l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cosse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Écosse">Écosse</a> au nord, et par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_d%27Irlande?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer d'Irlande">mer d'Irlande</a> au nord-ouest, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_Celtique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer Celtique">mer Celtique</a> au sud-ouest, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_du_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer du Nord">mer du Nord</a> à l'est, et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manche_(mer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manche (mer)">Manche</a> au sud, qui la sépare de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe_continentale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe continentale">Europe continentale</a>. Son territoire couvre cinq-huitièmes de l'île de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grande-Bretagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grande-Bretagne">Grande-Bretagne</a>, qui est située dans l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oc%C3%A9an_Atlantique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Océan Atlantique">Atlantique Nord</a>, et il comprend plus de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_%C3%AEles_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des îles d'Angleterre">cent petites îles</a>, comme celles de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%8Eles_Scilly?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Îles Scilly">Scilly</a> et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_Wight?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Île de Wight">Wight</a>.</p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete entete map" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;color:black;">Angleterre <br><small></small><p><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">England</span></i>&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr></p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r151886662">.mw-parser-output .entete.map{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Picto_infobox_map.png")}</style></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Royal_arms_of_England.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Blason de Angleterre"><img alt="Blason de Angleterre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/65px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/98px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/130px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478"></a></span><br><small><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armoiries_de_l%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armoiries de l'Angleterre">Armoiries de l'Angleterre</a>. </small></td> <td colspan="1" align="center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_England.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de Angleterre"><img alt="Drapeau de Angleterre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/130px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/195px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/260px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480"></a></span><br><small><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_de_l%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drapeau de l'Angleterre">Drapeau de l'Angleterre</a>. </small></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fichier:England_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg&amp;lang=fr&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image illustrative de l’article Angleterre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/England_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg/langfr-280px-England_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/England_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg/langfr-420px-England_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/England_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg/langfr-560px-England_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720"></a></span> <br><small>Localisation de l'Angleterre (vert foncé) au sein du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume-Uni">Royaume-Uni</a> (vert clair), en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe">Europe</a>.</small></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000">Administration</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_pays_du_monde?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des pays du monde">Pays</a></th> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Royaume uni"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"><img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%25283-5%2529.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%25283-5%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%25283-5%2529.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%25283-5%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></a></span> </span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume-Uni">Royaume-Uni</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Statut politique</th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nation_constitutive_(Royaume-Uni)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nation constitutive (Royaume-Uni)">Nation constitutive</a> du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume-Uni">Royaume-Uni</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capitale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capitale">Capitale</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Londres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Londres">Londres</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_de_formes_de_gouvernements?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste de formes de gouvernements">Gouvernement</a></th> <td>Administration directe par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouvernement_du_Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni">Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni</a>.<br></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_monarques_britanniques?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des monarques britanniques">Roi</a></th> <td><span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_III_(roi_du_Royaume-Uni)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles III (roi du Royaume-Uni)"><span class="nowrap">Charles <abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr></span></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000">Démographie</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gentil%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gentilé">Gentilé</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglais_(peuple)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglais (peuple)">Anglais</a><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglais_(peuple)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglais (peuple)">Anglaise</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Recensement_de_la_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Recensement de la population">Population</a></th> <td>56&nbsp;286&nbsp;961&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="habitant">hab.</abbr> <small>(2019)</small></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="vertical-align: bottom"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Densit%C3%A9_de_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Densité de population">Densité</a></th> <td>432&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="habitant par kilomètre carré">hab./km<sup>2</sup></abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Langue(s)</th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglais?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglais">Anglais</a><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornique">Cornique</a> <small>(régional)</small></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000">Géographie</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coordonn%C3%A9es_g%C3%A9ographiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coordonnées géographiques">Coordonnées</a></th> <td><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Map/9/53/-1/fr?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-zoom="9" data-lat="53" data-lon="-1" data-overlays="[&quot;_0d98a29ef79e7e4a1e61a8bbf8dded709144e634&quot;]">53°&nbsp;nord, 1°&nbsp;ouest</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aire_(g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Superficie" title="Aire (géométrie)">Superficie</a></th> <td>130&nbsp;395&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre carré">km<sup>2</sup></abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000">Divers</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monnaie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monnaie">Monnaie</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Livre_sterling?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Livre sterling">Livre sterling</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fuseau_horaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fuseau horaire">Fuseau horaire</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temps_universel_coordonn%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Temps universel coordonné">UTC</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heure_d%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heure d'été">été</a> +1)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domaine_de_premier_niveau?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domaine de premier niveau">Domaine internet</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/.uk?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title=".uk">.uk</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_indicatifs_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9phoniques_internationaux_par_pays?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des indicatifs téléphoniques internationaux par pays">Indicatif téléphonique</a></span></th> <td>+44</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hymne_national?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hymne national">Hymne</a></th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Hymne_national_de_l'Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Hymne national de l'Angleterre (page inexistante)">Divers</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_anthem_of_England" class="extiw" title="en:National anthem of England"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;National anthem of England&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a> <small>(principalement <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/God_Save_the_King?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a></i>)</small></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devise_(phrase)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devise (phrase)">Devise</a></th> <td>Aucune</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_3166-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 3166-1">Code ISO 3166-1</a></th> <td>GB-ENG</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:left;"> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #e0e0e0 solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DAngleterre%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span>&nbsp;<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Territoire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Le territoire anglais commence à être peuplé durant le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pal%C3%A9olithique_sup%C3%A9rieur?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paléolithique supérieur">Paléolithique supérieur</a>; il tire son nom des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angles_(peuple)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angles (peuple)">Angles</a>, un peuple <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peuples_germaniques?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Peuples germaniques">germanique</a> dont le nom est dérivé d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angeln?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angeln">Angeln</a> qui s'installe entre le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ve_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ve siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="5ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">V</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="6ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle</a>. L'Angleterre devient un État unifié en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/927?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="927">927</a>, et a une influence culturelle et juridique considérable sur le reste du monde, depuis les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grandes_d%C3%A9couvertes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grandes découvertes">grandes découvertes</a>. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglais?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglais">langue anglaise</a>, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communion_anglicane?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion anglicane">Église anglicane</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Droit_d%27Angleterre_et_du_pays_de_Galles?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Droit d'Angleterre et du pays de Galles">droit anglais</a> (la base du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_juridique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Système juridique">système juridique</a> de la <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Common_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Common law">common law</a></i>, servant dans de nombreux autres pays à travers le monde) se sont développés en Angleterre, et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_de_Westminster?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Système de Westminster">système parlementaire</a> du pays est adopté par un grand nombre de nations étrangères. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_industrielle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution industrielle">révolution industrielle</a> commence en Angleterre au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVIIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle</a>, et transforme sa société en la première nation industrialisée du monde.</p> <p>Le centre et le sud de l'Angleterre sont principalement constitués de basses <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colline?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colline">collines</a> et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plaine">plaines</a>, tandis que le nord (avec le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lake District">district du Lac</a> et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pennines?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pennines">Pennines</a>) et l'ouest (avec le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dartmoor?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a> et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Collines_Shropshire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Collines Shropshire (page inexistante)">collines</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire_Hills" class="extiw" title="en:Shropshire Hills"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Shropshire Hills&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a> du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shropshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shropshire">comté de Shrops</a>) sont principalement constitués de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hautes_Terres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hautes Terres">hautes terres</a> montagneuses. La capitale est <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Londres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Londres">Londres</a>, qui constitue la plus grande <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aire_m%C3%A9tropolitaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aire métropolitaine">aire métropolitaine</a> du Royaume-Uni. La population de l'Angleterre est de <span class="nowrap">56,3 millions</span> d'habitants<sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire"><span title="Ce passage nécessite une référence (demandé le 26&nbsp;juin&nbsp;2024) ; voir l'aide.">[réf.&nbsp;nécessaire]</span></a></sup>, et elle comprend plus de 84&nbsp;% de la population britannique. Elle est largement concentrée autour de Londres, dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre_du_Sud-Est?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angleterre du Sud-Est">Sud-Est</a>, dans les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conurbation?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conurbation">conurbations</a> des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Midlands?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Midlands">Midlands</a>, au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre_du_Nord-Ouest?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angleterre du Nord-Ouest">Nord-Ouest</a>, au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre_du_Nord-Est?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angleterre du Nord-Est">Nord-Est</a>, et dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yorkshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yorkshire">comté d'York</a>. Chacune d'entre elles s'est développée en tant que grande région industrielle, au cours du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle</a> et même de la fin du siècle précédent.</p> <p>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume d'Angleterre">Royaume d'Angleterre</a> (auquel s'ajoute le Pays de Galles après <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1542?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1542">1542</a>) cesse d'être un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tat_souverain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="État souverain">État souverain</a> le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1707-05-01" data-sort-value="1707-05-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> mai 1707</time>, lorsque les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Actes_d%27Union_(1707)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Actes d'Union (1707)">Actes d'Union</a> font entrer en vigueur les accords convenus dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_d%27Union_(1706)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traité d'Union (1706)">traité d'Union</a> de l'année précédente. Ils mènent à une union politique avec le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_d%27%C3%89cosse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume d'Écosse">Royaume d'Écosse</a>, pour former le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_de_Grande-Bretagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Royaume de Grande-Bretagne">Royaume de Grande-Bretagne</a>. En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1801?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1801">1801</a>, la Grande-Bretagne s'unifie avec le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_d%27Irlande?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume d'Irlande">Royaume d'Irlande</a>, à travers un autre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acte_d%27Union_(1800)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Acte d'Union (1800)">Acte d'Union</a>, pour devenir le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume-Uni_de_Grande-Bretagne_et_d%27Irlande?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande">Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande</a>. En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1922?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1922">1922</a>, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tat_libre_d%27Irlande?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="État libre d'Irlande">État libre d'Irlande</a> fait sécession du Royaume-Uni, ce qui le conduit à être <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_and_Parliamentary_Titles_Act_1927?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927">renommé</a> «&nbsp;Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord&nbsp;». Le nom d'«&nbsp;Angleterre&nbsp;» est fréquemment employé, par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abus_de_langage?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abus de langage">abus de langage</a>, pour désigner le Royaume-Uni dans son ensemble.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#G%C3%A9ographie"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Géographie</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Paysages_et_environnement"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Paysages et environnement</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#G%C3%A9ologie,_topographie_et_hydrographie"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Géologie, topographie et hydrographie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Climat"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Climat</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Villes"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Villes</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Histoire"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Histoire</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pr%C3%A9histoire_et_Antiquit%C3%A9"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Préhistoire et Antiquité</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#La_province_romaine_de_Bretagne"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">La province romaine de Bretagne</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Les_Anglo-Saxons"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Les Anglo-Saxons</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Naissance_de_l'Angleterre"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Naissance de l'Angleterre</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Les_Temps_modernes"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Les Temps modernes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#L'%C3%A9poque_contemporaine"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">L'époque contemporaine</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Politique_et_administration"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Politique et administration</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Politique"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Politique</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Droit_anglais"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Droit anglais</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#R%C3%A9gions,_comt%C3%A9s_et_districts"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Régions, comtés et districts</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Population_et_soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Population et société</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#D%C3%A9mographie_et_immigration"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Démographie et immigration</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Natalit%C3%A9"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Natalité</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Groupes_ethniques"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Groupes ethniques</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Langues"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Langues</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sant%C3%A9"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Santé</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89conomie"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Économie</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Recherche"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Recherche</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Axes_de_communication_et_transports"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Axes de communication et transports</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89ducation"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Éducation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Architecture"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Architecture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Folklore"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Folklore</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cuisine"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Cuisine</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Peinture_et_arts_visuels"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Peinture et arts visuels</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Litt%C3%A9rature,_po%C3%A9sie_et_philosophie"><span class="tocnumber">7.5</span> <span class="toctext">Littérature, poésie et philosophie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Musique_et_arts_du_spectacle"><span class="tocnumber">7.6</span> <span class="toctext">Musique et arts du spectacle</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mus%C3%A9es,_biblioth%C3%A8ques"><span class="tocnumber">7.7</span> <span class="toctext">Musées, bibliothèques</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Symboles"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Symboles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes et références</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Références</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voir_aussi"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Voir aussi</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliographie"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliographie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes"><span class="tocnumber">11.2</span> <span class="toctext">Articles connexes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes"><span class="tocnumber">11.3</span> <span class="toctext">Liens externes</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Géographie"><span id="G.C3.A9ographie"></span>Géographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Géographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9ographie_de_l%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Géographie de l'Angleterre">Géographie de l'Angleterre</a>. </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Paysages_et_environnement">Paysages et environnement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Paysages et environnement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Deux tiers de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grande-Bretagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grande-Bretagne">Grande-Bretagne</a>, au sud et au centre, constituent l'Angleterre, ainsi que quelques îles au large comme l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_Wight?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Île de Wight">île de Wight</a> ou les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%8Eles_Scilly?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Îles Scilly">îles Scilly</a>. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nation_constitutive_(Royaume-Uni)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nation constitutive (Royaume-Uni)">pays constitutif</a> est frontalier de deux autres pays du Royaume-Uni —&nbsp;'’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cosse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Écosse">Écosse</a> au nord et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pays_de_Galles?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pays de Galles">pays de Galles</a> à l'ouest&nbsp;—, et est plus proche de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe_continentale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe continentale">Europe continentale</a> que toute autre île britannique. L’Angleterre est séparée de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a> par un corridor maritime de 34&nbsp;kilomètres<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, même si le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tunnel_sous_la_Manche?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tunnel sous la Manche">tunnel sous la Manche</a> les relie près de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Folkestone?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Folkestone">Folkestone</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L’Angleterre possède aussi des littoraux sur la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_d%27Irlande?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer d'Irlande">mer d’Irlande</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_du_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer du Nord">mer du Nord</a> et l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oc%C3%A9an_Atlantique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Océan Atlantique">océan Atlantique</a>.</p> <p>Les ports de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Londres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Londres">Londres</a>, de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Port_de_Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Port de Liverpool">Liverpool</a> et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a> se trouvent respectivement à l’embouchure de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tamise?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tamise">Tamise</a>, de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mersey?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mersey">Mersey</a> et de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tyne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tyne">Tyne</a>. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Severn?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Severn">Severn</a> est la plus longue rivière d’Angleterre, sur 354&nbsp;kilomètres<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Elle se jette dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canal_de_Bristol?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canal de Bristol">canal de Bristol</a> et est célèbre pour ses lames de fond de plus de 2&nbsp;mètres de hauteur (dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mascaret_de_Severn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mascaret de Severn (page inexistante)">mascaret de Severn</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cependant, la plus longue rivière entièrement en Angleterre est la Tamise, longue de 346&nbsp;kilomètres. Il y a de nombreux lacs, le plus grand étant le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lac_Windermere_(Angleterre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lac Windermere (Angleterre)">Windermere</a> dans le bien nommé <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lake District">Lake District</a><sup id="cite_ref-metoffice_5-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-metoffice-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pennines?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pennines">Pennines</a>, dites la «&nbsp;colonne vertébrale de l’Angleterre&nbsp;», est la plus ancienne chaîne montagneuse de la région, apparue à la fin de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pal%C3%A9ozo%C3%AFque?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paléozoïque">ère paléozoïque</a> il y a environ 300&nbsp;millions d’années<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Elle se compose principalement de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gr%C3%A8s_(g%C3%A9ologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grès (géologie)">grès</a>, de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calcaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calcaire">calcaire</a> et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charbon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charbon">charbon</a>. Il y a des paysages <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karstiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Karstiques">karstiques</a> dans des régions riches en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calcite?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calcite">calcite</a>, comme le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yorkshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> ou le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Derbyshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a> par exemple. Les Pennines sont couvertes de landes en altitude, dentelées de vallées fertiles grâce aux rivières. Elles contiennent trois <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parcs_nationaux?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Parcs nationaux">parcs nationaux</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yorkshire_Dales?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yorkshire Dales">Yorkshire Dales</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northumberland_(comt%C3%A9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northumberland (comté)">Northumberland</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peak_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peak District">Peak District</a>. Le point culminant de l’Angleterre, à 978&nbsp;mètres, est le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scafell_Pike?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scafell Pike">Scafell Pike</a>, dans le comté de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a><sup id="cite_ref-metoffice_5-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-metoffice-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. À cheval sur la frontière entre l’Angleterre et l’Écosse se trouvent les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monts_Cheviot?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monts Cheviot">monts Cheviot</a>.<sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire"><span title="Ce passage nécessite une référence ; voir l'aide.">[réf.&nbsp;nécessaire]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=For%C3%AAts_de_h%C3%AAtre_des_terres_basses_de_l%E2%80%99Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Forêts de hêtre des terres basses de l’Angleterre (page inexistante)">terres basses de l’Angleterre</a> se trouvent au sud des Pennines, sur de nombreuses collines vertes, dont les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cotswolds?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cotswolds">Cotswolds</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chilterns?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chilterns">Chilterns</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Downs?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Downs">North Downs</a> et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Downs?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Downs">South Downs</a> —&nbsp;quand elles rencontrent la mer, elles dévoilent des roches blanches comme les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Falaises_blanches_de_Douvres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Falaises blanches de Douvres">falaises blanches de Douvres</a>. La péninsule du sud-ouest, dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Country?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Country">West Country</a>, se compose de hautes landes, telles le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parc_national_de_Dartmoor?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Parc national de Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a> et l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parc_national_d%27Exmoor?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Parc national d'Exmoor">Exmoor</a>, tous les deux parcs nationaux, et profite d’un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climat_oc%C3%A9anique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climat océanique">climat océanique</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>La faune et flore sont dégradées depuis l'après-seconde guerre mondiale, plus de 80&nbsp;% des haies, prés et marécages qui s'y trouvaient ont disparu<sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire"><span title="Ce passage nécessite une référence ; voir l'aide.">[réf.&nbsp;nécessaire]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Géologie,_topographie_et_hydrographie"><span id="G.C3.A9ologie.2C_topographie_et_hydrographie"></span>Géologie, topographie et hydrographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Géologie, topographie et hydrographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9ologie_de_l'Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Géologie de l'Angleterre (page inexistante)">Géologie de l'Angleterre</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Relief_de_l'Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Relief de l'Angleterre (page inexistante)">Relief de l'Angleterre</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rivi%C3%A8res_de_l'Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Rivières de l'Angleterre (page inexistante)">Rivières de l'Angleterre</a>. </div> </div> <p>Par des cartes des profondeurs de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manche_(mer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manche (mer)">Manche</a> dressées par des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sonar?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sonar">sonars</a> ultraperfectionnés, une gigantesque vallée au fond de la mer a pu être reconstituée en 3D, présentant les caractéristiques de l'érosion due à l'écoulement du fluide. Le cataclysme se serait produit il y a 450&nbsp;000&nbsp;ans à la suite de la rupture d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barrage_naturel?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barrage naturel">barrage naturel</a> existant entre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Douvres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Douvres">Douvres</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calais?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calais">Calais</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lac_glaciaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lac glaciaire">lac glaciaire</a> en amont se serait écoulé à un débit supérieur à 1 million de mètres cubes par seconde<sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">[<abbr class="abbr" title="référence">réf.</abbr>&nbsp;souhaitée]</a></sup> dans cette vallée séparant l'île du continent. Une seconde inondation se serait reproduite il y a 160&nbsp;000&nbsp;ans<sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">[<abbr class="abbr" title="référence">réf.</abbr>&nbsp;souhaitée]</a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Climat">Climat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Climat" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climat_de_l%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climat de l'Angleterre">Climat de l'Angleterre</a>. </div> </div> <p>L'Angleterre a un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climat_oc%C3%A9anique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climat océanique">climat océanique</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climat_temp%C3%A9r%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climat tempéré">tempéré</a>. Il y fait doux avec des températures rarement en dessous de <span title="32 °F ou 273,2 K">0&nbsp;</span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> en hiver et rarement au-dessus de <span title="89,6 °F ou 305,2 K">32&nbsp;</span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> en été<sup id="cite_ref-Climat_9-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Climat-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le temps est fréquemment pluvieux et changeant. Les mois les plus froids sont janvier et février, ce dernier en particulier sur le littoral anglais, tandis que le mois de juillet est généralement le plus chaud. Les mois avec un temps variable sont mai, juin, septembre et octobre<sup id="cite_ref-Climat_9-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Climat-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les précipitations sont réparties presque uniformément tout au long de l’année.</p> <p>Plusieurs facteurs géographiques une influence importante sur le climat de l’Angleterre&nbsp;: la proximité de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oc%C3%A9an_Atlantique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Océan Atlantique">océan Atlantique</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latitude?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latitude">latitude</a> au nord et le réchauffement des courants marins par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gulf_Stream?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a><sup id="cite_ref-Climat_9-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Climat-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. C'est une des régions européennes qui connaît le plus grand nombre de dépressions météorologiques. Les précipitations sont plus fortes à l’ouest, et certaines régions du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lake District">Lake District</a> reçoivent plus de pluie que partout ailleurs dans le reste de l'Angleterre<sup id="cite_ref-Climat_9-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Climat-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le climat est plus humide dans l'Est et le Nord, et plus continental dans le Sud-Est. Les chutes de pluie à Londres restent inférieures à 604&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="millimètre">mm</abbr> pour l'année entière.</p> <p>Les archives des températures montrent que le record de la plus haute température est de <span title="101,3 °F ou 311,7 K">38,5&nbsp;</span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2003-08-10" data-sort-value="2003-08-10">10 août 2003</time> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brogdale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brogdale">Brogdale</a> dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kent?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kent">Kent</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, et la plus basse est de <span title="−15 °F ou 247,1 K">−26,1&nbsp;</span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1982-01-10" data-sort-value="1982-01-10">10 janvier 1982</time> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edgmond?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edgmond">Edgmond</a>, dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shropshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Villes">Villes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Villes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>La ville la plus peuplée d'Angleterre est <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Londres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Londres">Londres</a>, la capitale du Royaume-Uni. Elle est suivie par des villes qui se sont développées au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, lors de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_industrielle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution industrielle">révolution industrielle</a>&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birmingham?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leeds?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>. D'après l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>, les dix plus grandes aires urbaines d'Angleterre en 2011 sont les suivantes<sup id="cite_ref-BUA_12-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BUA-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp;:</p> <table class="wikitable alternance" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="col">Rang</th> <th scope="col">Aire urbaine</th> <th scope="col">Population<br> (2011)</th> <th scope="col">Principales localités</th> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Aire urbaine du Grand Londres</td> <td style="text-align:right;">9&nbsp;787&nbsp;426</td> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Londres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Londres">Grand Londres</a> (la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_de_Londres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cité de Londres">Cité</a> et 32 <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borough_de_Londres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borough de Londres">boroughs</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Aire urbaine du Grand Manchester</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2&nbsp;553&nbsp;379</td> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salford?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salford">Salford</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bolton_(Grand_Manchester)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bolton (Grand Manchester)">Bolton</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stockport?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stockport">Stockport</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oldham?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oldham">Oldham</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Aire urbaine des Midlands de l'Ouest</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2&nbsp;440&nbsp;986</td> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birmingham?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wolverhampton?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dudley_(Royaume-Uni)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dudley (Royaume-Uni)">Dudley</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walsall?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walsall">Walsall</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aldridge_(Royaume-Uni)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldridge (Royaume-Uni)">Aldridge</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Aire urbaine du Yorkshire de l'Ouest</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1&nbsp;777&nbsp;934</td> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leeds?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bradford?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bradford">Bradford</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Huddersfield?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Huddersfield">Huddersfield</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wakefield?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wakefield">Wakefield</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halifax_(Royaume-Uni)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Halifax (Royaume-Uni)">Halifax</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Aire urbaine de Liverpool</td> <td style="text-align:right;">864&nbsp;122</td> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Helens_(Merseyside)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St Helens (Merseyside)">St Helens</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bootle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bootle">Bootle</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Huyton-with-Roby&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Huyton-with-Roby (page inexistante)">Huyton-with-Roby</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Hampshire du Sud</td> <td style="text-align:right;">855&nbsp;569</td> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southampton?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portsmouth?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastleigh?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastleigh">Eastleigh</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gosport?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gosport">Gosport</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fareham?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fareham">Fareham</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Havant?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Havant">Havant</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horndean?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horndean">Horndean</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Tyneside</td> <td style="text-align:right;">774&nbsp;891</td> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Shields?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Shields">North Shields</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Shields?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Shields">South Shields</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gateshead?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jarrow?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jarrow">Jarrow</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Aire urbaine de Nottingham</td> <td style="text-align:right;">729&nbsp;977</td> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nottingham?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beeston_(Nottinghamshire)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beeston (Nottinghamshire)">Beeston</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stapleford_(Nottinghamshire)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stapleford (Nottinghamshire)">Stapleford</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carlton_(Nottinghamshire)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carlton (Nottinghamshire)">Carlton</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Long_Eaton?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Long Eaton">Long Eaton</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Aire urbaine de Sheffield</td> <td style="text-align:right;">685&nbsp;368</td> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sheffield?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rotherham?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rotherham">Rotherham</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rawmarsh?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rawmarsh">Rawmarsh</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Killamarsh?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Killamarsh">Killamarsh</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Aire urbaine de Bristol</td> <td style="text-align:right;">617&nbsp;280</td> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bristol_(Angleterre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol (Angleterre)">Bristol</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingswood_(Gloucestershire_du_Sud)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingswood (Gloucestershire du Sud)">Kingswood</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mangotsfield?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mangotsfield">Mangotsfield</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stoke_Gifford?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stoke Gifford">Stoke Gifford</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Histoire de l'Angleterre">Histoire de l'Angleterre</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Stonehenge_(sun).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Stonehenge au soleil couchant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Stonehenge_%28sun%29.jpg/220px-Stonehenge_%28sun%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Stonehenge_%28sun%29.jpg/220px-Stonehenge_%28sun%29.jpg" data-alt="Stonehenge au soleil couchant" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Stonehenge_%28sun%29.jpg/330px-Stonehenge_%28sun%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Stonehenge_%28sun%29.jpg/440px-Stonehenge_%28sun%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stonehenge?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>, un monument <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A9olithique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Néolithique">néolithique</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Préhistoire_et_Antiquité"><span id="Pr.C3.A9histoire_et_Antiquit.C3.A9"></span>Préhistoire et Antiquité</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Préhistoire et Antiquité" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Les os humains les plus anciens découverts en Angleterre datent de plus de 700&nbsp;000&nbsp;ans — des restes d’<i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homo_erectus?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> trouvés dans les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norfolk_(comt%C3%A9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norfolk (comté)">Norfolk</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suffolk?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a> actuels<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homo_sapiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i> arrivent pour la première fois dans la région il y a environ 35&nbsp;000&nbsp;ans, mais à cause des conditions difficiles de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glaciation_de_W%C3%BCrm?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glaciation de Würm">dernière période glaciaire</a> (connue en Grande-Bretagne et Irlande sous le nom de glaciation Devensian)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, ils se replient dans les montagnes du Sud de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe">Europe</a>. Les grands <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mammif%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mammifère">mammifères</a> comme les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mammouth?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mammouth">mammouths</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bison?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bison">bisons</a> et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhinoc%C3%A9ros_laineux?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhinocéros laineux">rhinocéros laineux</a> restent seuls<sup id="cite_ref-tenthou_15-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-tenthou-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il y a environ 11&nbsp;000&nbsp;ans, quand les couches de glace commencent à reculer, les humains repeuplent la zone. Les recherches génétiques ont montré qu’ils viennent du Nord de la péninsule Ibérique. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Niveau_de_la_mer?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Niveau de la mer">niveau de la mer</a> étant plus bas, l’Angleterre était reliée par la terre à l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irlande_(%C3%AEle)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irlande (île)">Irlande</a> et à l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eurasie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eurasie">Eurasie</a>. L’élévation des eaux il y a 9&nbsp;000&nbsp;ans sépare à nouveau la Grande-Bretagne de l'Irlande, puis du continent un demi-siècle plus tard<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Il y a environ 4&nbsp;500&nbsp;ans, une migration massive depuis le continent introduit la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culture_campaniforme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culture campaniforme">culture campaniforme</a> dans l'île. La propagation du complexe campaniforme est associée au remplacement d'environ 90&nbsp;% du patrimoine génétique local en quelques centaines d'années. Cette migration se produit dans le prolongement de l'expansion vers l'ouest des groupes humains de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culture_Yamna?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culture Yamna">steppe pontique</a> qui avaient essaimé en Europe centrale et du Nord au cours des siècles précédents, probablement les locuteurs de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_indo-europ%C3%A9ennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues indo-européennes">langues indo-européennes</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>C’est pendant cette période que des monuments <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A9olithique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Néolithique">néolithiques</a>, comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stonehenge?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Avebury?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Avebury">Avebury</a> sont construits. En fondant ensemble de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Étain">étain</a> et du cuivre, présents en abondance dans la région, les humains fabriquent du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bronze?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, et plus tard du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fer?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fer">fer</a> grâce au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minerai_de_fer?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minerai de fer">minerai de fer</a>. Ils sont capables de tisser de la laine de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mouton?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mouton">mouton</a> pour en faire des vêtements. Selon <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_T._Koch?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John T. Koch">John T. Koch</a> et d’autres historiens, l’Angleterre, à la fin de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%82ge_du_bronze?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Âge du bronze">âge du bronze</a>, faisait partie d’un réseau commercial maritime, appelé l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%82ge_du_bronze_atlantique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Âge du bronze atlantique">âge du bronze atlantique</a>, qui inclut toute la Grande-Bretagne, ainsi que l’Irlande, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a>, l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espagne">Espagne</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portugal?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>. Dans ces régions, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_celtiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues celtiques">langues celtiques</a> se développent&nbsp;: le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tartessien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tartessien">tartessien</a> est la plus lointaine langue celtique écrite découverte<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Pendant l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%82ge_du_fer?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Âge du fer">âge du fer</a>, la culture celte, dérivant des cultures du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hallstatt?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hallstatt">Hallstatt</a> et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Tène">La Tène</a>, se propage jusqu’en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe_centrale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe centrale">Europe centrale</a>. Leur langue, pratiquement la même que l'on retrouve en Gaule, fait un rapprochement culturel évident en tant que celtique de type P. Le développement des fonderies de fer permet la fabrication de meilleures <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charrue?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charrue">charrues</a>, améliorant l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agriculture?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, et d'accroître l’efficacité des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arme">armes</a>. Les sociétés <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribu_(ethnologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tribu (ethnologie)">tribales</a> établies dans l'île parlent les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_brittoniques?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues brittoniques">langues brittoniques</a>&nbsp;: la <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9ographie_(Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Géographie (Ptolémée)">Géographie</a></i> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claude_Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claude Ptolémée">Ptolémée</a> recense environ vingt tribus dans la région, cependant les structures plus anciennes ne sont pas connues car les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bretons_insulaires?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bretons insulaires">Bretons</a> n'avaient pas recensé les noms et le nombre de leurs tribus, d'autant plus que la transmission culturelle se faisait par voie orale. Le consul de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_romaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République romaine">République romaine</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jules_C%C3%A9sar?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jules César">Jules César</a> tente d’envahir deux fois la région en <time class="nowrap date-lien" datetime="U-0054" data-sort-value="U-0054"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/55_av._J.-C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="55 av. J.-C.">55 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a></time> Ces invasions étant des échecs, il essaye alors de créer un royaume-client avec le chef des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trinovantes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trinovantes">Trinovantes</a>. Lors de l'expansion de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire romain">Empire romain</a>, comme d‘autres régions à sa marge, la Bretagne tisse de nombreux liens avec la puissance continentale.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="La_province_romaine_de_Bretagne">La province romaine de Bretagne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : La province romaine de Bretagne" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bretagne_(province_romaine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bretagne (province romaine)">Bretagne (province romaine)</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Queen_Boudica_by_John_Opie.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Painting of woman, with outstretched arm, in white dress with red cloak and helmet, with other human figures to her right and below her to the left." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Queen_Boudica_by_John_Opie.jpg/220px-Queen_Boudica_by_John_Opie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1001"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 294px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Queen_Boudica_by_John_Opie.jpg/220px-Queen_Boudica_by_John_Opie.jpg" data-alt="Painting of woman, with outstretched arm, in white dress with red cloak and helmet, with other human figures to her right and below her to the left." data-width="220" data-height="294" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Queen_Boudica_by_John_Opie.jpg/330px-Queen_Boudica_by_John_Opie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Queen_Boudica_by_John_Opie.jpg/440px-Queen_Boudica_by_John_Opie.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boadic%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boadicée">Boadicée</a> mène une révolte contre l'Empire romain. </figcaption> </figure> <p>L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire romain">Empire romain</a> conquiert l’Angleterre en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/43?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="43">43 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="après Jésus-Christ">apr. J.-C.</abbr></a>, pendant le règne de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claude_(empereur_romain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claude (empereur romain)">empereur Claude</a>, et la région est annexée à l’Empire romain, sous le nom de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bretagne_(province_romaine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bretagne (province romaine)">Bretagne</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les plus connus des peuples qui ont tenté de résister à l’invasion sont les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catuvellauni?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catuvellauni">Catuvellauni</a>, menés par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caratacos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caratacos">Caratacus</a>. En 47 apr. J.-C., Publius Ostorius Scapula est nommé par Claude propréteur de la province de Bretagne. En <time class="nowrap" datetime="0054" data-sort-value="0054">54 <abbr class="abbr" title="après Jésus-Christ">apr. J.-C.</abbr></time>, d'après Suétone, l'empereur Claude abolit la religion des druides, ce qui déstabilisera fortement le monde celtique insulaire<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'archéologie et l'anthropologie aujourd'hui nous permettent de nous défaire de l'idéologie colonialiste prêtée aux Romains envers les Celtes. En effet, les Romains comme les Celtes, sont tous deux d'origine indo-européenne. Le flaminica et le druidica ne sont pas si différents l'un de l'autre et la Rome comme la Gaule sont toutes deux structurées dans la tripartition, comme nous l'a bien démontré Georges Dumézil<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En 57 apr. J.-C., les cohortes romaines d'Agricola commandées par Suetonius Paulinus détruisent le sanctuaire de l'Île de Mona, Anglesey, massacrant les druides et les druidesses ainsi que les enfants qui le servent et y vivent. Vers l'an 60 apr. J.-C.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, une révolte menée par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boadic%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boadicée">Boadicée</a>, reine des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iceni?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iceni">Iceni</a>, est écrasée à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bataille_de_Watling_Street?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bataille de Watling Street">bataille de Watling Street</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Elle avait réuni une armée de 120&nbsp;000&nbsp;hommes et les Bretons s'en prirent d'abord à la nouvelle <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colonie_romaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colonie romaine">colonie</a> de <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camulodunum?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Camulodunum">Camulodunum</a></i>, dont le sanctuaire consacré à l'empereur Claude constituait une source d'irritation. Cette nouvelle ère amena l'imposition du modèle gallo-romain qui était un succès dans ce qui fut jadis la Gaule indépendante, avec l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Architecture_romaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Architecture romaine">architecture romaine</a>, des systèmes de cultures d'assimilation romaines, un système d'éducation différent de celui instauré par les druides<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La <i>Britannia</i> désignait la province romaine qui couvrait l’Angleterre, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pays_de_Galles?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pays de Galles">pays de Galles</a> et le Sud de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cosse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Écosse">Écosse</a> du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ier_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ier siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle</a> au début du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ve_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ve siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="5ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">V</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle</a>. Au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IIIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle</a>, l’empereur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Septime_S%C3%A9v%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Septime Sévère">Septime Sévère</a> meurt à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/York?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="York">York</a>, où <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantin_Ier_(empereur_romain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantin Ier (empereur romain)">Constantin</a> est proclamé empereur par la suite<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme">christianisme</a> est pour la première fois introduit au début du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IIIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle</a>, bien que cette origine soit contestée&nbsp;: on parle d’une introduction par l’intermédiaire soit de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_d%27Arimathie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph d'Arimathie">Joseph d'Arimathie</a>, soit de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Saint_Lucius&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Saint Lucius (page inexistante)">saint Lucius</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Vers <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/410?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="410">410</a>, les Romains se retirent de l’île à mesure de leur perte de puissance, pour défendre leurs frontières en Europe continentale<sup id="cite_ref-Edward_James_29-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Edward_James-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Les_Anglo-Saxons">Les Anglo-Saxons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Les Anglo-Saxons" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27Angleterre_anglo-saxonne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Histoire de l'Angleterre anglo-saxonne">Histoire de l'Angleterre anglo-saxonne</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bretons_insulaires?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bretons insulaires">Bretons insulaires</a>. </div> </div> <p>À la suite de la retraite romaine, l’Angleterre est laissée à l’abandon, et la région devient propice à des attaques de peuples marins païens, tels les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saxons?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saxons">Saxons</a> et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jutes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jutes">Jutes</a> qui prennent le contrôle de territoires dans le Sud-Est. Leurs avancées sont contenues pendant un temps après la victoire des Bretons insulaires à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bataille_du_Mont_Badon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataille du Mont Badon">bataille du Mont Badon</a>. Les royaumes britanniques post-romains dans le Nord, plus tard réunis sous la dénomination galloise de <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hen_Ogledd?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></i> («&nbsp;vieux Nord&nbsp;»), ont peu à peu été conquis par les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angles_(peuple)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angles (peuple)">Angles</a> au cours du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="6ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle</a>. Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irlande_(%C3%AEle)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irlande (île)">Irlandais</a> effectuaient des raids sur la côte ouest de la Bretagne<sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire"><span title="Ce passage nécessite une référence (demandé le 29/5/2009) ; voir l'aide.">[réf.&nbsp;nécessaire]</span></a></sup>. Les Irlandais finissent par fonder de véritables principautés sur les côtes galloises et écossaises<sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire"><span title="Ce passage nécessite une référence (demandé le 29/5/2009) ; voir l'aide.">[réf.&nbsp;nécessaire]</span></a></sup>. Si les premières sont finalement écrasées, les secondes ont donné naissance à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cosse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Écosse">Écosse</a> par la fusion du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dal_Riada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal Riada">Dal Riada</a> avec les royaumes britanniques du Nord<sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire"><span title="Ce passage nécessite une référence (demandé le 29/5/2009) ; voir l'aide.">[réf.&nbsp;nécessaire]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Durant cette période sur laquelle les sources fiables font défaut (c'est l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%82ge_sombre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Âge sombre">Âge sombre</a> ou <i>Dark Ages</i> de l'historiographie anglaise), des populations bretonnes peu romanisées établirent de nombreux royaumes bretons dans l'île de Bretagne, notamment dans le pays de Galles et d'autres migrèrent en Irlande<sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire"><span title="Ce passage nécessite une référence (demandé le 29/5/2009) ; voir l'aide.">[réf.&nbsp;nécessaire]</span></a></sup>. De même, là se trouve probablement la cause première d'une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89migration_bretonne_en_Armorique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Émigration bretonne en Armorique">émigration en masse de Bretons</a> vers la péninsule armoricaine, celle-ci prenant alors le nom de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bretagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bretagne">Bretagne</a>. Il existe plusieurs théories qui s’opposent sur l’étendue et l’histoire de l’installation des Anglo-Saxons en Angleterre. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cerdic_de_Wessex?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerdic de Wessex">Cerdic de Wessex</a> a peut-être été un Breton insulaire. Un patchwork de royaumes anglo-saxons finit par émerger au sud et au centre de l’Angleterre, les principaux étant la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northumbrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northumbrie">Northumbrie</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mercie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mercie">Mercie</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wessex?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>. Le christianisme est réintroduit dans la région à partir de la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="6ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, au sud par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mission_gr%C3%A9gorienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mission grégorienne">mission grégorienne</a> d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustin_de_Cantorb%C3%A9ry?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustin de Cantorbéry">Augustin</a>, venu de Rome, et au nord par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aidan_de_Lindisfarne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aidan de Lindisfarne">Aidan de Lindisfarne</a> depuis l’Irlande.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Naissance_de_l'Angleterre"><span id="Naissance_de_l.27Angleterre"></span>Naissance de l'Angleterre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Naissance de l'Angleterre" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume d'Angleterre">Royaume d'Angleterre</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conqu%C3%AAte_normande_de_l%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conquête normande de l'Angleterre">Conquête normande de l'Angleterre</a>. </div> </div> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northumbrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northumbrie">Northumbrie</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mercie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mercie">Mercie</a> sont alors les forces dominantes. Toutefois, après les conquêtes <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viking?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">vikings</a> au nord et à l’est, et l’imposition du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danelaw?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a>, c'est-à-dire la loi des Vikings, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wessex?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> devient le premier royaume anglais sous <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfred_le_Grand?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfred le Grand">Alfred le Grand</a>. L'unification est le fait d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89douard_l%27Ancien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Édouard l'Ancien">Édouard l'Ancien</a>, roi de Wessex, assisté de sa sœur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Æthelflæd">Æthelflæd</a>, souveraine de Mercie dans les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_910?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 910">années 910</a>&nbsp;: l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Est-Anglie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Est-Anglie">Est-Anglie</a> est conquise en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/917?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="917">917</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_viking_d%27York?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume viking d'York">royaume d'York</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/918?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="918">918</a> mais à nouveau perdu en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/919?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="919">919</a>, la Northumbrie en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/918?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="918">918</a>. À la mort de sa sœur, en 918, Édouard annexe également la Mercie. Son fils et successeur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%86thelstan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a> cimente cette unification en prenant le titre de «&nbsp;roi des Anglais&nbsp;», une unification parachevée en 954 avec la victoire d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eadred?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eadred">Eadred</a> sur le Norvégien <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ric_Ier_de_Norv%C3%A8ge?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Éric Ier de Norvège">Éric à la Hache sanglante</a>. Au début du <abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Knut_le_Grand?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Knut le Grand">Knut le Grand</a> intègre brièvement l’Angleterre dans un empire qui réunit aussi le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danemark?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danemark">Danemark</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norv%C3%A8ge?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norvège">Norvège</a>. Plus tard, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89douard_le_Confesseur?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Édouard le Confesseur">Édouard le Confesseur</a> restaure la dynastie des Wessex. En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1066?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1066">1066</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Normandie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Normandie">Normands</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guillaume_le_Conqu%C3%A9rant?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guillaume le Conquérant">Guillaume le Conquérant</a>, depuis le duché de Normandie, s'emparent de l'Angleterre, chassant <span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harold_II_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold II d'Angleterre"><span class="nowrap">Harold <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></span></a></span>, dernier des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_monarques_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des monarques d'Angleterre">rois anglo-saxons</a>. Ceux que l'on appela «&nbsp;souverains anglo-normands&nbsp;» ouvriront le pays aux influences continentales. Ils introduisent le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%A9odalisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Féodalisme">féodalisme</a> et maintiennent l’ordre à travers la figure de barons, qui construisent des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Château">châteaux</a> dans toute la région. La langue de cette nouvelle élite aristocratique est le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-normand_(langue)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-normand (langue)">français anglo-normand</a>, ce qui aura une influence considérable sur la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langue_anglaise?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Langue anglaise">langue anglaise</a>.</p> <p>Après la mort du dernier représentant de la dynastie anglo-normande en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1135?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1135">1135</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anarchie_anglaise?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anarchie anglaise">guerre civile</a> éclate entre les différents prétendants et se répand sur l'ensemble des territoires d’outre-Manche. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geoffroy_V_d%27Anjou?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geoffroy V d'Anjou">Geoffroy Plantagenêt</a> finit par triompher. La maison des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plantagen%C3%AAt?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantagenêt">Plantagenêt</a> d’Anjou hérite du trône d’Angleterre avec <span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_II_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri II d'Angleterre"><span class="nowrap">Henri <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></span> d'Angleterre</a></span>, ajoutant l’Angleterre au bourgeonnant empire Plantagenêt, formé de fiefs en France dont l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duch%C3%A9_d%27Aquitaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duché d'Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>. Ils règnent pendant trois siècles, et fournissent plusieurs monarques tels que <span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Ier_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Ier d'Angleterre"><span class="nowrap">Richard <abbr class="abbr" title="premier"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span><sup>er</sup></abbr></span></a></span>, <span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89douard_Ier_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Ier d'Angleterre"><span class="nowrap">Édouard <abbr class="abbr" title="premier"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span><sup>er</sup></abbr></span></a></span>, <span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89douard_III_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard III d'Angleterre"><span class="nowrap">Édouard <abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr></span></a></span>, et <span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_V_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri V d'Angleterre"><span class="nowrap">Henri <abbr class="abbr" title="5"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">V</span></abbr></span></a></span>. Cette période voit des mutations dans le commerce et la législation, avec notamment la signature de la <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magna_Carta?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></i>, une charte destinée à limiter les pouvoirs des souverains par la loi et protéger les privilèges des hommes. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monachisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monachisme">monachisme</a> catholique prospère, fournit des philosophes et les universités d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_d%27Oxford?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Université d'Oxford">Oxford</a> et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Cambridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Université de Cambridge">Cambridge</a> sont créées sous la protection royale. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principaut%C3%A9_de_Galles?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principauté de Galles">Principauté de Galles</a> devient un fief des Plantagenêt pendant le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seigneurie_d%27Irlande?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seigneurie d'Irlande">seigneurie d'Irlande</a> est offerte à la monarchie anglaise par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pape?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pape">pape</a>.</p> <p>Au cours du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIVe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIVe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle</a>, les Plantagenêt et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maison_cap%C3%A9tienne_de_Valois?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Maison capétienne de Valois">les Valois</a> se réclament tous les deux de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cap%C3%A9tiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capétiens">maison des Capet</a>, et par là-même, de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a>&nbsp;: les deux puissances s’affrontent lors de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_de_Cent_Ans?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre de Cent Ans">guerre de Cent Ans</a>. L’épidémie de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peste_noire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peste noire">peste noire</a> touche l’Angleterre en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1348?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1348">1348</a> et a tué jusqu’à la moitié de ses habitants. De 1453 à 1487, deux branches de la famille royale (la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maison_d%E2%80%99York?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Maison d’York">Maison d’York</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maison_de_Lancastre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maison de Lancastre">Maison de Lancastre</a>) se battent lors de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_des_Deux-Roses?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre des Deux-Roses">guerre des Deux-Roses</a>. Elle mène à la défaite de la maison d’York, qui abandonne le trône à une famille noble galloise, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maison_Tudor?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maison Tudor">Tudor</a>, une branche de la Maison de Lancastre, dirigée par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_VII_(roi_d%27Angleterre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henri VII (roi d'Angleterre)">Henri Tudor</a> aidé de troupes galloises et de mercenaires bretons, qui remportent la victoire à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bataille_de_Bosworth?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bataille de Bosworth">bataille de Bosworth</a>, où le roi <span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard III"><span class="nowrap">Richard <abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr></span></a></span> est tué.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Les_Temps_modernes">Les Temps modernes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Les Temps modernes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Le règne des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maison_Tudor?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maison Tudor">Tudor</a> est mouvementé. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renaissance_artistique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance artistique">Renaissance</a> parvient en Angleterre grâce aux courtisans italiens, qui réintroduisent les arts, l’éducation et les savoirs de l’Antiquité gréco-romaine. Pendant ce temps, l’Angleterre développe une flotte navale, invente le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9odolite?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Théodolite">théodolite</a>, et explore les mers à l'ouest. Ces explorations sont bloquées par l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_ottoman?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire ottoman">Empire ottoman</a>, qui contrôle la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer Méditerranée">mer Méditerranée</a>, et empêche le commerce maritime des États chrétiens de l’Europe avec l’Est méditerranéen.</p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:An_Allegory_of_the_Tudor_Succession-_The_Family_of_Henry_VIII_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/An_Allegory_of_the_Tudor_Succession-_The_Family_of_Henry_VIII_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/297px-An_Allegory_of_the_Tudor_Succession-_The_Family_of_Henry_VIII_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="297" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6669" data-file-height="4335"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 297px;height: 193px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/An_Allegory_of_the_Tudor_Succession-_The_Family_of_Henry_VIII_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/297px-An_Allegory_of_the_Tudor_Succession-_The_Family_of_Henry_VIII_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" data-width="297" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/An_Allegory_of_the_Tudor_Succession-_The_Family_of_Henry_VIII_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/446px-An_Allegory_of_the_Tudor_Succession-_The_Family_of_Henry_VIII_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/An_Allegory_of_the_Tudor_Succession-_The_Family_of_Henry_VIII_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/594px-An_Allegory_of_the_Tudor_Succession-_The_Family_of_Henry_VIII_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Sous les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maison_Tudor?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maison Tudor">Tudors</a>, l'art, l'architecture, l'exploration et le commerce ont prospéré en Angleterre. </figcaption> </figure> <p><span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_VIII?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henri VIII"><span class="nowrap">Henri <abbr class="abbr" title="8"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">VIII</span></abbr></span></a></span> rompt avec l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_catholique_romaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Église catholique romaine">Église catholique romaine</a>, à cause d’un désaccord sur le premier divorce royal, et proclame l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acte_de_supr%C3%A9matie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acte de suprématie">Acte de suprématie</a>, en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1534?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1534">1534</a>, qui fait du monarque le chef de l’Église anglicane. Contrairement au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantisme">protestantisme</a> européen, les racines de ce schisme sont plus politiques que théologiques. Il incorpore aussi officiellement les terres galloises dans le royaume d’Angleterre par l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acte_d%27Union_(1536)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Acte d'Union (1536)">Acte d'Union (1536)</a>. Des conflits internes naissent durant les règnes des filles d’<span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_VIII?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henri VIII"><span class="nowrap">Henri <abbr class="abbr" title="8"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">VIII</span></abbr></span></a></span>&nbsp;: <span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marie_Ire_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Ire d'Angleterre"><span class="nowrap">Marie <abbr class="abbr" title="première"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span><sup>re</sup></abbr></span></a></span> et <span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Ire_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Élisabeth Ire d'Angleterre"><span class="nowrap">Élisabeth <abbr class="abbr" title="première"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span><sup>re</sup></abbr></span></a></span>. La première tenta de ramener le pays dans le giron catholique, tandis que la seconde rompra une seconde fois plus profondément encore, pour asseoir la suprématie de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglicanisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglicanisme">anglicanisme</a>.</p> <p>Une flotte anglaise sous le commandement de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francis_Drake?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> détruisit l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Invincible_Armada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Invincible Armada">Invincible Armada</a> durant l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%88re_%C3%A9lisab%C3%A9thaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ère élisabéthaine">ère élisabéthaine</a>. À la lutte avec l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espagne">Espagne</a>, la première colonie anglaise en Amérique est créée par l’explorateur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walter_Raleigh?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1585?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1585">1585</a>, et l’appelle la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virginie_(%C3%89tats-Unis)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virginie (États-Unis)">Virginie</a>. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compagnie_anglaise_des_Indes_orientales?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Compagnie anglaise des Indes orientales">Compagnie des Indes orientales</a> entre en compétition au Moyen-Orient avec les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pays-Bas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pays-Bas">Pays-Bas</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a>. La nature de l’île change elle aussi après la mort d'<span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Ire_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Élisabeth Ire d'Angleterre"><span class="nowrap">Élisabeth <abbr class="abbr" title="première"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span><sup>re</sup></abbr></span></a></span>: les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maison_Stuart?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maison Stuart">Stuart</a> qui règnent alors sur l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cosse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Écosse">Écosse</a> accèdent au trône d'Angleterre. Partisans d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Absolutisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Absolutisme">absolutisme</a>, leurs visées inquiètent certains <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglais_(peuple)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglais (peuple)">Anglais</a> qui craignent pour leurs droits. De plus, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholicisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholicisme">catholicisme</a> des Stuart fait craindre une remise en cause des réformes religieuses de la part des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puritanisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puritanisme">puritains</a>. L’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_des_Couronnes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union des Couronnes">Union des Couronnes</a> est proclamée en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1603?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1603">1603</a> sous <span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacques_Ier_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Ier d'Angleterre"><span class="nowrap">Jacques <abbr class="abbr" title="premier"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span><sup>er</sup></abbr></span> d'Angleterre</a></span>. Le roi se nomme dès lors <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roi_de_Grande-Bretagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roi de Grande-Bretagne">roi de Grande-Bretagne</a>, bien que cela n’existe pas dans la loi anglaise.</p> <p>Un conflit politique, religieux et social donne naissance à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_R%C3%A9volution_anglaise?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Première Révolution anglaise">Première Révolution anglaise</a> entre les soutiens du Parlement et ceux du roi, respectivement appelés les «Têtes Rondes» et les «Cavaliers». Ce conflit provient d’un enchevêtrement de problématiques diverses, dans le contexte des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerres_des_Trois_Royaumes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerres des Trois Royaumes">guerres des Trois Royaumes</a>, impliquant l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cosse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Écosse">Écosse</a> et l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irlande_(%C3%AEle)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irlande (île)">Irlande</a>. Les parlementaires sortent victorieux, <span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Ier_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Ier d'Angleterre"><span class="nowrap">Charles <abbr class="abbr" title="premier"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span><sup>er</sup></abbr></span></a></span> est exécuté. Un régime républicain est alors instauré sous le nom de <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commonwealth_de_l%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth de l'Angleterre">Commonwealth de l'Angleterre</a></i>, dirigé par un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lord-protecteur?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lord-protecteur">lord-protecteur</a> en la personne de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>, suivi de son fils <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Cromwell?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Charles_II_of_England.jpeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Charles_II_of_England.jpeg/205px-Charles_II_of_England.jpeg" decoding="async" width="205" height="316" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="1159"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 205px;height: 316px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Charles_II_of_England.jpeg/205px-Charles_II_of_England.jpeg" data-width="205" data-height="316" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Charles_II_of_England.jpeg/307px-Charles_II_of_England.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Charles_II_of_England.jpeg/410px-Charles_II_of_England.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_II_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles II d'Angleterre"><span class="nowrap">Charles <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></span></a></span> devint roi après la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Restauration_anglaise?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Restauration anglaise">Restauration</a> en 1660. </figcaption> </figure> <p>À la démission de ce dernier, <span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_II_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles II d'Angleterre"><span class="nowrap">Charles <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></span></a></span> revient comme monarque en 1660. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Restauration_anglaise?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Restauration anglaise">Restauration</a> des Stuart en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1660?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1660">1660</a> durera à peine trente ans. Il apparaît toutefois que le roi et le Parlement doivent gouverner ensemble, bien que cela ne soit en pratique le cas qu’à partir du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVIIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle</a>. La création la même année de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> encourage les sciences et les arts.</p> <p>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_incendie_de_Londres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand incendie de Londres">Grand incendie de Londres</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1666?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1666">1666</a> frappe la capitale, mais elle est reconstruite peu après. Deux factions émergent dans le Parlement: les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tories?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tories">Tories</a>, royalistes, et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whigs?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Whigs">Whigs</a>, libéraux. Alors que les Tories soutiennent initialement le roi catholique <span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacques_II_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques II d'Angleterre"><span class="nowrap">Jacques <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></span></a></span>, plusieurs d’entre eux, avec le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_whig_(Royaume-Uni)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti whig (Royaume-Uni)">parti Whig</a>, renversent le roi en 1688. la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glorieuse_R%C3%A9volution?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glorieuse Révolution">Glorieuse Révolution</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1688?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1688">1688</a> porte le prince néerlandais <span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guillaume_III_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillaume III d'Angleterre"><span class="nowrap">Guillaume <abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr></span> d'Orange</a></span> au pouvoir et confirme la monarchie protestante en Angleterre. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_des_bourses_de_valeurs?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#R%C3%A9volution_britannique,_six_fois_plus_d%E2%80%99entreprises_cot%C3%A9es_en_une_d%C3%A9cennie" title="Histoire des bourses de valeurs">révolution financière britannique</a> se traduit par un recours important à l'endettement pour financer la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Am%C3%A9nagements_de_rivi%C3%A8re_en_Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aménagements de rivière en Angleterre">aménagements de rivière</a>, tandis que se développe un marché boursier et des assurances. Quelques groupes anglais, particulièrement dans le nord avec les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacobitisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacobitisme">Jacobites</a>, continuent de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacobitisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacobitisme">soutenir le roi Jacques et ses fils</a>. En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1707?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1707">1707</a>, les royaumes d'Angleterre et d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cosse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Écosse">Écosse</a>, bien que dirigés par les mêmes souverains issus de la dynastie Stuart, ne forment plus qu'un seul royaume, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grande-Bretagne_(royaume)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grande-Bretagne (royaume)">Grande-Bretagne</a>, à la suite de la signature de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acte_d%27Union_(1707)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Acte d'Union (1707)">Acte d'Union</a>, dont la reine <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anne_de_Grande-Bretagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne de Grande-Bretagne">Anne de Grande-Bretagne</a> en devient la première souveraine. Pour faciliter le rapprochement, les législations et les systèmes religieux restent séparés.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="L'époque_contemporaine"><span id="L.27.C3.A9poque_contemporaine"></span>L'époque contemporaine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : L'époque contemporaine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Sous le royaume nouvellement formé <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grande-Bretagne_(royaume)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grande-Bretagne (royaume)">Grande-Bretagne</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8res_anglaises?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumières anglaises">Lumières anglaises</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8res_%C3%A9cossaises?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lumières écossaises">écossaises</a>, avec la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, produisent de nombreuses innovations en science et ingénierie. Cela permet à l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_britannique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire britannique">Empire britannique</a> de prospérer, pour devenir le plus grand de l’Histoire. La <abbr class="abbr" title="Première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_industrielle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution industrielle">Révolution industrielle</a> apparaît en Angleterre, qui provoque des profonds changements socioéconomiques et culturels. L’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agriculture?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> s’industrialise, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Usine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Usine">usines</a> et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mine_(gisement)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mine (gisement)">mines</a> apparaissent, tout comme les réseaux routiers, ferroviaires et maritimes, qui facilitent l’expansion et le développement de la révolution industrielle. L’ouverture du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canal_de_Bridgewater?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canal de Bridgewater">canal de Bridgewater</a> au nord-ouest de l’Angleterre en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1761?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1761">1761</a> introduit la nation dans une véritable frénésie de la construction de canaux.</p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:The_Thames_and_the_City_Canaletto_46-47_National_Gallery_Prague.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Thames_and_the_City_Canaletto_46-47_National_Gallery_Prague.jpg/393px-The_Thames_and_the_City_Canaletto_46-47_National_Gallery_Prague.jpg" decoding="async" width="393" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="676"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 393px;height: 205px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Thames_and_the_City_Canaletto_46-47_National_Gallery_Prague.jpg/393px-The_Thames_and_the_City_Canaletto_46-47_National_Gallery_Prague.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="393" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Thames_and_the_City_Canaletto_46-47_National_Gallery_Prague.jpg/590px-The_Thames_and_the_City_Canaletto_46-47_National_Gallery_Prague.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Thames_and_the_City_Canaletto_46-47_National_Gallery_Prague.jpg/786px-The_Thames_and_the_City_Canaletto_46-47_National_Gallery_Prague.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Londres&nbsp;: la Tamise et la ville de Canaletto (1697-1768) </figcaption> </figure> <p>L’Angleterre maintient une relative stabilité lors de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution française">Révolution française</a>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Pitt_le_Jeune?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Pitt le Jeune">William Pitt le Jeune</a> est premier ministre sous le règne de <span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_III_du_Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="George III du Royaume-Uni"><span class="nowrap">George <abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr></span> du Royaume-Uni</a></span>. Pendant les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerres_napol%C3%A9oniennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerres napoléoniennes">guerres napoléoniennes</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoléon Bonaparte">Napoléon Bonaparte</a> prévoit d’envahir l’Angleterre par le sud-ouest. Toutefois, ces projets d’invasion échouent, d’abord après la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bataille_de_Trafalgar?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bataille de Trafalgar">défaite de Trafalgar</a> face à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horatio_Nelson?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horatio Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a>, ensuite après la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bataille_de_Waterloo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bataille de Waterloo">défaite de Waterloo</a>, contre le général <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley_de_Wellington?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Wellesley de Wellington">Wellington</a>. Les guerres napoléoniennes ont encouragé le concept de la nation britannique, avec le sentiment d’un peuple britannique uni, partagé avec les Gallois et les Écossais.</p> <p>En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1825?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1825">1825</a>, la première <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Locomotive_%C3%A0_vapeur?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Locomotive à vapeur">locomotive à vapeur</a> transportant des passagers ouvre au public, sur le chemin de fer de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stockton-on-Tees">Stockton-on-Tees</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Darlington_(Angleterre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Darlington (Angleterre)">Darlington</a> et la nation détient à elle seule la moitié des 9&nbsp;500&nbsp;kilomètres de rail européen en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1845?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1845">1845</a>, lors de l'épisode de la "<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_des_bourses_de_valeurs?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Le_rail_en_1847,_un_jeu_capital_o%C3%B9_la_dette_tue" title="Histoire des bourses de valeurs">railway mania</a>".</p> <p>Pendant la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_industrielle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution industrielle">Révolution industrielle</a>, beaucoup de travailleurs quittent les campagnes anglaises pour aller habiter dans des aires industrielles, et travailler dans des usines, par exemple à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> ou à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birmingham?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>. L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_des_bourses_de_valeurs?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%80_la_City_de_Londres,_des_actions_pour_des_billets_de_banque" title="Histoire des bourses de valeurs">expansion très tôt et très rapide des banques</a>, fait de l'Angleterre le premier endroit au monde où la majorité de la population utilise des billets de banque. Pendant l’époque victorienne, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Londres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Londres">Londres</a> devient la plus grande et la plus peuplée des capitales du monde, et le commerce avec l’Empire britannique, tout comme la présence militaire et navale britannique, apporte beaucoup de prestige. L’agitation politique domestique menée par les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chartisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chartisme">Chartistes</a> et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suffragettes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragettes">suffragettes</a> aboutissent à une réforme législative et l’adoption du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suffrage_universel?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suffrage universel">suffrage universel</a>. Lors de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondiale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Première Guerre mondiale">Première Guerre mondiale</a>, des milliers de soldats anglais meurent dans les tranchées en France, car le pays fait partie des forces alliées. Deux décennies plus tard, pendant la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seconde_Guerre_mondiale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seconde Guerre mondiale">Seconde Guerre mondiale</a>, le Royaume-Uni combat à nouveau pour les forces alliées. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Winston_Churchill?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> est alors le premier ministre. Les développements dans les technologies de guerre permettent à l'Allemagne sous le régime nazi d'effectuer un bombardement aérien massif du pays, c’est le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blitz">Blitz</a>. Après la guerre, l’Empire britannique fait face à une décolonisation rapide. De nouvelles innovations technologiques voient le jour: l’automobile devient le premier moyen de transport du pays, et les recherches de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frank_Whittle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frank Whittle">Frank Whittle</a> sur le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moteur_%C3%A0_r%C3%A9action?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moteur à réaction">moteur à réaction</a> permettent un voyage aérien plus poussé. Les comportements sociaux des Anglais sont transformés par l’accès privé aux automobiles, et par la création du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Health_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>, en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1948?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1948">1948</a>. Cette organisation publique fournit des soins gratuits aux habitants, selon les niveaux de vie de chacun. Tous ces changements ont accéléré la réforme des pouvoirs locaux au milieu du <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle.</p> <p>Le <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle voit de nombreuses migrations vers l’Angleterre, en particulier depuis les îles Britanniques, mais aussi depuis le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commonwealth?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a>, dont le sous-continent indien. Depuis les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1970?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1970">années 1970</a>, le secteur industriel périclite doucement, au profit des emplois du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secteur_tertiaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secteur tertiaire">secteur tertiaire</a>. L’Angleterre, qui fait partie du Royaume-Uni, rejoint le marché commun de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_%C3%A9conomique_europ%C3%A9enne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Communauté économique européenne">Communauté économique européenne</a>, qui devient plus tard l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_europ%C3%A9enne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union européenne">Union européenne</a>. À la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, les pouvoirs politiques se sont de plus en plus décentralisés en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cosse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Écosse">Écosse</a>, au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pays_de_Galles?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pays de Galles">Pays de Galles</a> et en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irlande_du_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irlande du Nord">Irlande du Nord</a>. L’Angleterre et le pays de Galles continuent néanmoins d’exister au sein du Royaume-Uni comme une juridiction unique. La décentralisation a accru le sentiment d’appartenance à l’identité anglaise. Il n’y a pas de gouvernement anglais au sens classique, et une tentative récente de créer un système similaire aux autres régimes politiques a été rejetée par référendum.</p> <p>La loi dite <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wales_and_Berwick_Act&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Wales and Berwick Act (page inexistante)">Wales and Berwick Act</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_and_Berwick_Act_1746" class="extiw" title="en:Wales and Berwick Act 1746"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Wales and Berwick Act 1746&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a></i> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1746?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1746">1746</a> avait établi que l'«&nbsp;Angleterre&nbsp;» comprendrait le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pays_de_Galles?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pays de Galles">pays de Galles</a>. Mais cette loi fut révisée en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1967?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1967">1967</a> par la loi dite <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Welsh_Language_Act&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Welsh Language Act (page inexistante)">Welsh Language Act</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1967" class="extiw" title="en:Welsh Language Act 1967"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Welsh Language Act 1967&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a></i> et, depuis cette date, l'«&nbsp;Angleterre&nbsp;» légale ne comprend plus le pays de Galles. L'Angleterre légale fut établie définitivement en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1974?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1974">1974</a> en conséquence de l'effet de la loi dite <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act</a></i> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1972?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1972">1972</a> qui rattacha la ville de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed">Berwick</a> à l'Angleterre et le comté de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monmouthshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monmouthshire">Monmouthshire</a> au pays de Galles.</p> <p>Le <time class="nowrap date-lien" datetime="2016-06-23" data-sort-value="2016-06-23"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/23_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="23 juin">23</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juin_2016?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juin 2016">juin</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2016_en_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2016 en Europe">2016</a></time>, lors du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendum_sur_le_maintien_du_Royaume-Uni_dans_l%27Union_europ%C3%A9enne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Référendum sur le maintien du Royaume-Uni dans l'Union européenne">référendum sur le maintien du Royaume-Uni dans l'Union européenne</a>, 53,4&nbsp;% des Anglais se prononcent pour la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9bats_sur_le_retrait_du_Royaume-Uni_de_l%27Union_europ%C3%A9enne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Débats sur le retrait du Royaume-Uni de l'Union européenne">sortie du Royaume-Uni de l'Union européenne</a> <i>(Brexit)</i>. Elle n'en fait plus partie depuis le dimanche <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-02-01" data-sort-value="2020-02-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> février 2020</time>.</p> <p>Fait rare le <time class="nowrap date-lien" datetime="2022-09-08" data-sort-value="2022-09-08"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/8_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="8 septembre">8</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Septembre_2022?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Septembre 2022">septembre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2022_en_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2022 en Europe">2022</a></time> vers 13h40 heure anglaise, Buckingham Palace sort un communiqué évoquant la dégradation de l'état de santé de la reine <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Élisabeth II">Élisabeth II</a>, ainsi que la mise sous surveillance de celle-ci à sa résidence en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cosse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Écosse">Écosse</a>, dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Balmoral?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Château de Balmoral">château de Balmoral</a>. Les médias anglais comme la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC">BBC</a> passeront toute la journée en édition spéciale, avec les présentateurs passant petit à petit au costume noir, symbole de deuil. De très nombreux Anglais s'attrouperont quelques minutes après le communiqué devant le palais de Buckingham. L'opération <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/London_Bridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a> est lancée vers 16h30 heure locale, et un communiqué de Buckingham tombe à 18h30 heure anglaise annonçant que «&nbsp;La reine est morte paisiblement à Balmoral cet après-midi. Le roi et la reine consort resteront à Balmoral ce soir et retourneront à Londres demain.&nbsp;» La reine Élisabeth II meurt à l'âge de 96 ans après un règne de 70 ans, 7 mois et 2 jours. Son fils, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_III_(roi_du_Royaume-Uni)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles III (roi du Royaume-Uni)">Charles III</a> lui succède officiellement le lendemain à la tête de l'Angleterre et du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commonwealth?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Politique_et_administration">Politique et administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Politique et administration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Politique">Politique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Politique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Faisant partie du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume-Uni">Royaume-Uni</a>, l’Angleterre est une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monarchie_constitutionnelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monarchie constitutionnelle">monarchie constitutionnelle</a> doublée d’un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_parlementaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Système parlementaire">système parlementaire</a>. Il n’y a pas de gouvernement d’Angleterre depuis 1707, quand l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acte_d%27Union_(1707)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Acte d'Union (1707)">Acte d’union</a>, qui promulgue les termes du traité de l’Union, allie l’Angleterre et l’Écosse au sein de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grande-Bretagne_(royaume)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grande-Bretagne (royaume)">Grande-Bretagne</a>. Avant cette union, l’Angleterre était dirigée par une monarchie et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parlement_d%E2%80%99Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Parlement d’Angleterre">Parlement d’Angleterre</a>. L’Angleterre est gouvernée par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parlement_du_Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parlement du Royaume-Uni">Parlement du Royaume-Uni</a>, même si les autres pays constitutifs du Royaume-Uni ont des gouvernements décentralisés. À la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chambre_des_communes_du_Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chambre des communes du Royaume-Uni">Chambre des communes</a>, qui est la chambre basse du parlement britannique basée au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palais_de_Westminster?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palais de Westminster">Palais de Westminster</a>, à Londres, <span class="nowrap">532 membres</span> du parlement représentent des circonscriptions anglaises, sur un total de <span class="nowrap">650 élus</span>.</p> <p>Lors des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lections_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales_britanniques_de_2010?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Élections générales britanniques de 2010">élections législatives de 2010</a>, le parti conservateur, sur les <span class="nowrap">532 sièges</span> mis en jeu, a remporté la majorité absolue en Angleterre avec <span class="nowrap">61 sièges</span> d’avance sur le total des sièges des autres partis (le Président de la Chambre des communes n’est pas considéré comme un conservateur). Cependant, en tenant compte des résultats en Écosse, en Irlande du Nord et au pays de Galles, ce n’est pas suffisant pour avoir une majorité absolue dans le Royaume-Uni. Aussi, afin de s’assurer la majorité absolue, le parti conservateur, dirigé par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Cameron?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>, a créé une coalition avec les démocrates libéraux, menés par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nick_Clegg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nick Clegg">Nick Clegg</a>. En conséquence, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gordon_Brown?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a> a annoncé qu’il démissionnait de son poste de premier ministre et de dirigeant du parti travailliste.</p> <p>Lorsque le Royaume-Uni fut membre de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_europ%C3%A9enne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union européenne">Union européenne</a>, des élections régionales se déroulèrent pour élire les membres du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parlement_europ%C3%A9en?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parlement européen">Parlement européen</a>. Les élections européennes de 2009 ont abouti à l’élection de <span class="nowrap">33 conservateurs</span>, <span class="nowrap">10 travaillistes</span>, <span class="nowrap">9 membres</span> du parti pour l’indépendance du Royaume-Uni, <span class="nowrap">9 démocrates</span> libéraux, <span class="nowrap">2 membres</span> du parti vert de l’Angleterre et du pays de Galles, et <span class="nowrap">2 membres</span> du parti national britannique.</p> <p>Depuis la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9centralisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Décentralisation">décentralisation</a> où les autres pays constitutifs du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume-Uni">Royaume-Uni</a> (l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cosse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Écosse">Écosse</a>, l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irlande_du_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irlande du Nord">Irlande du Nord</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pays_de_Galles?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pays de Galles">pays de Galles</a>) ont eu un parlement délégué, les débats en Angleterre font rage pour déterminer comment contrebalancer cette réforme. Au départ, il était prévu que plusieurs régions anglaises auraient leurs propres assemblées locales, mais l’opposition de l’Angleterre du Nord-Est a enterré cette proposition.</p> <p>La «&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Question_du_West_Lothian?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Question du West Lothian">question du West Lothian</a>&nbsp;» est un débat soulevé dans les années 1970 et particulièrement débattu depuis les années 1990&nbsp;: des membres des parlements gallois ou écossais peuvent-ils statuer sur des lois qui concernent uniquement les Anglais&nbsp;? Dans le contexte d’une Angleterre qui est le seul pays du Royaume-Uni à ne pas avoir de traitement contre le cancer gratuit, ce débat a donné lieu à une montée du nationalisme anglais. Certains ont donc proposé la création d’un parlement anglais dédié, ou bien de limiter les votes des lois qui concernent uniquement l’Angleterre, aux membres anglais du parlement.</p> <p>Contrairement à l'Écosse ou au pays de Galles, qui ont réduit leur âge de la majorité électorale (pour les élections locales seulement) à 16 ans, l’âge de la majorité électorale en Angleterre reste 18 ans pour toutes les élections<sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">[<abbr class="abbr" title="référence">réf.</abbr>&nbsp;souhaitée]</a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Droit_anglais">Droit anglais</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Droit anglais" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Droit_anglais?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Droit anglais">Droit anglais</a>. </div> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Fairytale_warning.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/17px-Fairytale_warning.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/17px-Fairytale_warning.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/26px-Fairytale_warning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/34px-Fairytale_warning.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell"> Cette section est vide, insuffisamment détaillée ou incomplète. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:EditPage/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:EditPage/Angleterre">Votre aide</a> est la bienvenue&nbsp;! <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">Comment faire&nbsp;?</a> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Régions,_comtés_et_districts"><span id="R.C3.A9gions.2C_comt.C3.A9s_et_districts"></span>Régions, comtés et districts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Régions, comtés et districts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subdivisions_de_l%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Subdivisions de l'Angleterre">Subdivisions de l'Angleterre</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9gions_de_l%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Régions de l'Angleterre">Régions de l'Angleterre</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comt%C3%A9s_m%C3%A9tropolitains_et_non-m%C3%A9tropolitains_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Comtés métropolitains et non-métropolitains d'Angleterre">Comtés de l'Angleterre</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/District_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="District d'Angleterre">District d'Angleterre</a>. </div> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Fairytale_warning.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/17px-Fairytale_warning.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/17px-Fairytale_warning.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/26px-Fairytale_warning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/34px-Fairytale_warning.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell"> Cette section est vide, insuffisamment détaillée ou incomplète. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:EditPage/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:EditPage/Angleterre">Votre aide</a> est la bienvenue&nbsp;! <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">Comment faire&nbsp;?</a> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Population_et_société"><span id="Population_et_soci.C3.A9t.C3.A9"></span>Population et société</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Population et société" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Démographie_et_immigration"><span id="D.C3.A9mographie_et_immigration"></span>Démographie et immigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Démographie et immigration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Avec plus de <span class="nowrap">53 millions</span> d’habitants<sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire"><span title="Ce passage nécessite une référence (demandé le 26&nbsp;juin&nbsp;2024) ; voir l'aide.">[réf.&nbsp;nécessaire]</span></a></sup>, l’Angleterre est de loin le pays constitutif du Royaume-Uni la plus peuplée, avec environ 84&nbsp;% de la population totale. À titre de comparaison, l'Angleterre possède le <abbr class="abbr" title="Quatrième">4<sup>e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;plus grand nombre d’habitants d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe_de_l%27Ouest?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe de l'Ouest">Europe de l'Ouest</a>, et le <abbr class="abbr" title="Vingt-cinquième">25<sup>e</sup></abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_pays_par_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des pays par population">dans le monde</a>. Avec une densité de <span class="nowrap">422 habitants</span> au kilomètre carré, c’est l'un des territoires les plus densément peuplés d'Europe.</p> <p>Les recherches génétiques suggèrent que 75 à 95&nbsp;% de la population anglaise descendent en /12/ternelle de populations préhistoriques venues de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9ninsule_Ib%C3%A9rique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Péninsule Ibérique">péninsule Ibérique</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>30<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stephen_32-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Stephen-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Un élément <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scandinave?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinave">scandinave</a> important ainsi qu'une contribution de 5&nbsp;% des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angles_(peuple)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angles (peuple)">Angles</a> et des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saxons?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saxons">Saxons</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stephen_32-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Stephen-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> constituent le reste, bien que certains généticiens estiment l'élément scandinave et germanique à hauteur de 50&nbsp;%<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>33<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Au cours du temps, de nombreuses cultures ont exercé leur influence&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bretons_insulaires?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bretons insulaires">Bretons insulaires</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome_antique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome antique">Romains</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Saxons?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viking?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Vikings</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ga%C3%ABls?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaëls">Gaëls</a>, sans oublier la profonde influence des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Normand?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Normand">Normands</a>. Il existe une diaspora anglaise présente notamment dans les anciennes colonies de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_britannique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire britannique">Empire britannique</a>, en particulier aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a>, au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canada">Canada</a>, en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australie">Australie</a>, en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrique_du_Sud?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrique du Sud">Afrique du Sud</a> et en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouvelle-Z%C3%A9lande?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouvelle-Zélande">Nouvelle-Zélande</a>.</p> <p>Au temps du <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domesday_Book?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a></i>, compilé en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1086?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1086">1086</a>, plus de 90&nbsp;% des <span class="nowrap">2 millions</span> d’Anglais vivent à la campagne. En 1801, la population est de <span class="nowrap">8,3 millions</span> d’habitants, et elle augmente à <span class="nowrap">30,5 millions</span> en 1901. Grâce notamment à la prospérité économique de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre_du_Sud-Est?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angleterre du Sud-Est">Angleterre du Sud-Est</a>, il y a de nombreuses migrations économiques depuis toutes les régions de l’Angleterre. L’immigration irlandaise a également été importante. La proportion d’immigrants d’origine européenne est à cette époque d'environ 87,5&nbsp;% (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemagne">Allemands</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pologne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pologne">Polonais</a>, etc.).</p> <p>D’autres migrants venant des anciennes colonies britanniques se sont installés depuis 1950. 6&nbsp;% des habitants viennent du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sous-continent_indien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sous-continent indien">sous-continent indien</a>, notamment d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inde?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inde">Inde</a> et du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pakistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. 2,9&nbsp;% de la population est noire, d’origine <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cara%C3%AFbes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caraïbes">caribéenne</a> principalement. Il y a un nombre également important de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chine">Chinois</a>. En 2007, 22&nbsp;% des enfants en école primaire sont issus de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minorit%C3%A9_ethnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorité ethnique">minorités ethniques</a>. Environ la moitié de l’augmentation de la population anglaise entre 1991 et 2001 est due à l’immigration. Le débat sur l’immigration revêt une forte importance en Angleterre, car selon un sondage du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_de_l%27Int%C3%A9rieur_(Royaume-Uni)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Département de l'Intérieur (Royaume-Uni)">département de l’Intérieur</a>, 80&nbsp;% des Anglais souhaitent le résoudre. L’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Office for National Statistics">ONS</a> a prévu que la population augmenterait de <span class="nowrap">6 millions</span> d’habitants entre 2004 et 2029.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Natalité"><span id="Natalit.C3.A9"></span>Natalité</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Natalité" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2017?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2017">2017</a>, 29,2&nbsp;% des nouveau-nés en Angleterre (188&nbsp;829 sur 646&nbsp;794) ont une mère née à l'étranger. 16,8&nbsp;% ont une mère née hors du continent européen (9,7&nbsp;% une mère née au Moyen-Orient ou en Asie, 5,0&nbsp;% une mère née dans un pays d'Afrique et 2,1&nbsp;% une mère née dans une autre région du monde)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>34<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Groupes_ethniques">Groupes ethniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Groupes ethniques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Selon le recensement de 2011, près de 15&nbsp;% des habitants de l'Angleterre appartiennent à des minorités ethniques (20,4&nbsp;% chez les moins de <span class="nowrap">40 ans</span> et 5&nbsp;% chez les <span class="nowrap">60 ans</span> et plus). Dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Londres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Londres">Grand Londres</a>, les minorités ethniques représentent 40,2&nbsp;% de la population totale et 51,2&nbsp;% des moins de <span class="nowrap">25 ans</span><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>35<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Groupe ethnique</th> <th>population (2001)</th> <th>% 2001</th> <th>population (2011)</th> <th>% 2011</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Blancs</td> <td>44&nbsp;679&nbsp;361</td> <td>91,0</td> <td>45&nbsp;281&nbsp;142</td> <td><p>85,4</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Asiatiques</td> <td>2&nbsp;468&nbsp;970</td> <td>5,1</td> <td>4&nbsp;143&nbsp;403</td> <td><p>7,8</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Noirs</td> <td>1&nbsp;132&nbsp;508</td> <td>2,3</td> <td>1&nbsp;846&nbsp;614</td> <td><p>3,5</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Métis</td> <td>643&nbsp;373</td> <td>1,4</td> <td>1&nbsp;192&nbsp;879</td> <td><p>2,3</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Autres</td> <td>214&nbsp;619</td> <td>0,4</td> <td>548&nbsp;418</td> <td><p>1,0</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Total</td> <td>49&nbsp;138&nbsp;831</td> <td>100</td> <td>53&nbsp;012&nbsp;456</td> <td><p>100</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <dl> <dd> <i>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls">2001 Census KS06 Ethnic group: Key Statistics for local Authorities</a> et <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls">2011 Census: KS201EW Ethnic group: local authorities in England and Wales</a></i>. </dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Langues">Langues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Langues" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglais?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglais">Anglais</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_de_la_langue_anglaise?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Histoire de la langue anglaise">Histoire de la langue anglaise</a>. </div> </div> <p>Comme son nom le suggère, l’anglais est historiquement la langue de l’Angleterre, et en est toujours la langue principale. C’est une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langue_indo-europ%C3%A9enne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Langue indo-européenne">langue indo-européenne</a> dans la branche <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-frison?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-frison">anglo-frisone</a> de la famille des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues germaniques">langues germaniques</a>. Après la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conqu%C3%AAte_normande_de_l%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conquête normande de l'Angleterre">conquête normande</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vieil_anglais?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vieil anglais">vieil anglais</a> est confiné dans les classes sociales populaires, et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Normand?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Normand">normand</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">latin</a> et l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-normand_(langue)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-normand (langue)">anglo-normand</a> le supplantent dans l’aristocratie. L'anglais utilise l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alphabet_latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alphabet latin">alphabet latin</a> et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chiffres_arabes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chiffres arabes">chiffres arabes</a> comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9criture?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Système d’écriture">système d’écriture</a>.</p> <p>Vers le <abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, l’anglais revient à la mode dans toutes les classes sociales, bien que très modifié. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moyen_anglais?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moyen anglais">moyen anglais</a> montre de nombreux signes de l’influence normande, à la fois dans le vocabulaire et dans la prononciation. Pendant la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renaissance?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> anglaise, de nouveaux mots sont forgés grâce au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">latin</a> et au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grec_(langue)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Grec (langue)">grec</a>. L’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglais_moderne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglais moderne">anglais moderne</a> étend cette habitude de flexibilité, en incorporant des mots depuis d’autres langues. Héritage de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_colonial_britannique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire colonial britannique">empire colonial britannique</a>, l’anglais est aujourd'hui considéré comme la <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingua_franca?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> à l'échelle du monde, notamment grâce à son utilisation par les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a>.</p> <p>L’apprentissage et l’enseignement de l’anglais est une activité économique importante pour l'Angleterre, et implique l’existence d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coles_de_langue?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Écoles de langue">écoles de langue</a>, de voyages linguistiques ou encore de publications à la portée internationale. Il n’y a pas de loi au niveau du Royaume-Uni qui reconnaît une langue officielle en Angleterre, mais l’anglais est la seule langue utilisée par l'ultra majorité des Anglais. En dépit de la relative petite taille de la nation anglaise, il y a de nombreux accents régionaux distincts, et des personnes avec un accent particulièrement prononcé peuvent ne pas être facilement comprises dans toute l'Angleterre.</p> <p>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornique">cornique</a>, qui a disparu comme langue d’usage au cours du <abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, est en train d’être ressuscité. Il est maintenant protégé par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charte_europ%C3%A9enne_des_langues_r%C3%A9gionales_ou_minoritaires?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charte européenne des langues régionales ou minoritaires">charte européenne des langues régionales ou minoritaires</a>. Il est parlé par 0,1&nbsp;% des habitants en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornouailles?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornouailles">Cornouailles</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>36<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, et est enseigné dans plusieurs écoles, à n’importe quel âge<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>37<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>38<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2002?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2002">2002</a>, il a été officiellement reconnu comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langue_r%C3%A9gionale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langue régionale">langue régionale</a> par le gouvernement britannique<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>39<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>40<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>41<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2014?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2014">2014</a>, à travers la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention-cadre_pour_la_protection_des_minorit%C3%A9s_nationales?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Convention-cadre pour la protection des minorités nationales">Convention-cadre pour la protection des minorités nationales</a>, le gouvernement britannique reconnaît officiellement les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corniques?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corniques">Corniques</a> comme une minorité nationale<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>42<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Les étudiants apprennent dans les écoles publiques une deuxième langue, souvent le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Français">français</a>, l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemand">allemand</a> ou l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espagnol?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espagnol">espagnol</a>. De par l’immigration, un rapport montre qu’en 2007, 800&nbsp;000&nbsp;étudiants parlent une langue étrangère à leur domicile, souvent le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Panj%C3%A2b%C3%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Panjâbî">panjâbî</a> ou l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ourdou?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ourdou">ourdou</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Santé"><span id="Sant.C3.A9"></span>Santé</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Santé" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Health_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>. </div> </div> <p>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Health_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> (NHS) est le système de santé public de l’Angleterre, qui fournit l’essentiel des soins dans le pays. Le NHS a été créé le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1948-07-05" data-sort-value="1948-07-05">5 juillet 1948</time>, appliquant la loi de 1946 sur le National Health Service. Cette loi se base sur les conclusions du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rapport_Beveridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rapport Beveridge">rapport Beveridge</a>, préparé par l’économiste et réformateur social <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Beveridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a>. Le NHS est en majeure partie financé par les impôts, dont les montants de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_sociale_au_Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sécurité sociale au Royaume-Uni">National Insurance</a>, et dispense la plupart de ses services gratuitement, même si des charges doivent être payées par certaines personnes, pour les soins ophtalmologiques et dentaires, ainsi que certains soins personnels.</p> <p>Le ministère responsable du NHS est le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_de_la_Sant%C3%A9_(Royaume-Uni)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Département de la Santé (Royaume-Uni)">département de la Santé</a>, dirigé par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secr%C3%A9taire_d%27%C3%89tat_%C3%A0_la_Sant%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secrétaire d'État à la Santé">secrétaire d’état à la santé</a>, membre du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cabinet_du_Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet du Royaume-Uni">cabinet du Royaume-Uni</a>. La majeure partie des dépenses du département de la santé concerne le NHS —&nbsp;environ <span class="nowrap">100 millions</span> de livres sterling sont dépensées en 2008-2009. Récemment, le secteur privé est de plus en plus sollicité pour assurer des soins du NHS, malgré l’opposition des syndicats. En 2018, le système de santé public souffre à l'échelle de tout le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume-Uni">Royaume-Uni</a> de grandes difficultés<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>43<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>L’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esp%C3%A9rance_de_vie_humaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espérance de vie humaine">espérance de vie</a> moyenne des habitants en Angleterre est de <span class="nowrap">77,5 ans</span> pour les hommes, et de <span class="nowrap">81,7 ans</span> pour les femmes, la moyenne la plus élevée des quatre nations constitutives du Royaume-Uni.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Westminster_Abbey,_west_facade,_August_2014.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Westminster_Abbey%2C_west_facade%2C_August_2014.jpg/220px-Westminster_Abbey%2C_west_facade%2C_August_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3385" data-file-height="5407"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 351px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Westminster_Abbey%2C_west_facade%2C_August_2014.jpg/220px-Westminster_Abbey%2C_west_facade%2C_August_2014.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="351" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Westminster_Abbey%2C_west_facade%2C_August_2014.jpg/330px-Westminster_Abbey%2C_west_facade%2C_August_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Westminster_Abbey%2C_west_facade%2C_August_2014.jpg/440px-Westminster_Abbey%2C_west_facade%2C_August_2014.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> L'abbaye de Westminster est un exemple notable de l'architecture gothique anglaise. Le couronnement du monarque britannique a lieu traditionnellement à l'abbaye. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme">christianisme</a> est la religion la plus pratiquée en Angleterre, comme c’est le cas depuis le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haut_Moyen_%C3%82ge?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haut Moyen Âge">haut Moyen Âge</a>, bien qu’il ait été introduit plus tôt, pendant les ères gaéliques et romaines. La chrétienté a perduré pendant les siècles qui ont suivi, et <span class="need_ref" title="Ce passage devrait préciser au minimum la décennie ou l'année." style="cursor:help;">environ 59&nbsp;% des Anglais se considèrent chrétiens</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Quand?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Quand">[Quand&nbsp;?]</a></sup>. La confession dominante dans le pays est l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglicanisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglicanisme">anglicanisme</a>, et date de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9forme_anglaise?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réforme anglaise">Réforme anglaise</a> au <abbr class="abbr" title="16ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, au moment du schisme de 1536 quand l’Église de Rome a refusé de valider le divorce entre <span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_VIII?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henri VIII"><span class="nowrap">Henri <abbr class="abbr" title="8"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">VIII</span></abbr></span></a></span> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catherine_d%27Aragon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catherine d'Aragon">Catherine d'Aragon</a>. La confession se considère à la fois comme catholique et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glises_r%C3%A9form%C3%A9es?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Églises réformées">réformée</a>.</p> <p>Il existe des traditions pour la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haute_%C3%89glise?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haute Église">Haute Église</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basse_%C3%89glise?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basse Église">Basse Église</a>, et quelques anglicans se considèrent comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-catholicisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-catholicisme">anglo-catholiques</a>, après le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mouvement_d%E2%80%99Oxford?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvement d’Oxford">mouvement d’Oxford</a>. La monarchie du Royaume-Uni est à la tête de l’Église, en tant que <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouverneur_supr%C3%AAme_de_l%27%C3%89glise_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouverneur suprême de l'Église d'Angleterre">gouverneur suprême</a>. L’anglicanisme a le statut de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_d%27%C3%89tat?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religion d'État">religion d’État</a>. Il y a environ 26&nbsp;millions de pratiquants et ils forment la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communion_anglicane?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion anglicane">Communion anglicane</a>, et l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archev%C3%AAque_de_Cantorb%C3%A9ry?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Archevêque de Cantorbéry">archevêque de Cantorbéry</a> en est le représentant symbolique aux yeux du monde. De nombreuses cathédrales sont des bâtiments historiques d’une forte importance architecturale, comme l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abbaye_de_Westminster?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abbaye de Westminster">abbaye de Westminster</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_York?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathédrale de York">cathédrale de York</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Durham?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cathédrale de Durham">cathédrale de Durham</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Salisbury?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cathédrale de Salisbury">celle de Salisbury</a>.</p> <p>La seconde confession chrétienne la plus répandue est l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_latine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église latine">Église latine</a> de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_catholique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église catholique">Église catholique</a>, qui fait remonter son histoire en Angleterre au <abbr class="abbr" title="6ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle avec l’évangélisation d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustin_de_Cantorb%C3%A9ry?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustin de Cantorbéry">Augustin de Cantorbéry</a>, et a été la religion principale de l’île pendant près d’un millénaire. Depuis sa réintroduction après l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89mancipation_des_catholiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Émancipation des catholiques">émancipation catholique</a>, l’Église s’est réorganisée sur des bases anglaises et galloises où elle compte 4,5&nbsp;millions de fidèles (dont la plupart sont anglais). Un seul pape fut anglais, <span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adrien_IV?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adrien IV"><span class="nowrap">Adrien <abbr class="abbr" title="4"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">IV</span></abbr></span></a></span>, et les saints <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C3%A8de_le_V%C3%A9n%C3%A9rable?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bède le Vénérable">Bède le Vénérable</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anselme_de_Cantorb%C3%A9ry?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anselme de Cantorbéry">Anselme de Cantorbéry</a> sont considérés comme des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Docteur_de_l%27%C3%89glise?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Docteur de l'Église">docteurs de l’Église</a>. Une forme du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantisme">protestantisme</a>, connue sous le nom de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9thodisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Méthodisme">méthodisme</a>, est la troisième confession de l'Angleterre, et a grandi hors de l’anglicanisme grâce à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Wesley?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>. Elle a gagné en popularité dans les villes-usines du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> et du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yorkshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, et parmi les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_des_mines_de_Cornouailles_et_du_Devon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Histoire des mines de Cornouailles et du Devon">mineurs d’étain</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornouailles?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornouailles">Cornouailles</a>. Il y a d’autres minorités non-conformistes, comme l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_baptiste?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Église baptiste">Église baptiste</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Quakers">quakers</a>, l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_congr%C3%A9gationaliste?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église congrégationaliste">Église congrégationaliste</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unitarisme_(th%C3%A9ologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unitarisme (théologie)">unitaristes</a>, et l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_du_salut?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armée du salut">Armée du salut</a>. L’immigration de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_Chypre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Île de Chypre">île de Chypre</a> (une ancienne colonie britannique) et du Moyen-Orient a introduit une minorité <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_orthodoxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église orthodoxe">orthodoxe</a>.</p> <p>Le saint patron de l’Angleterre est <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georges_de_Lydda?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georges de Lydda">saint Georges</a>, représenté sur le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_national?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drapeau national">drapeau national</a> et sur l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni">Union Jack</a>. Il y a de nombreux autres saints anglais, dont les plus connus sont <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cuthbert_de_Lindisfarne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cuthbert de Lindisfarne">Cuthbert</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alban_de_Verulamium?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alban de Verulamium">Alban</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilfrid?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wilfrid">Wilfrid</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aidan_de_Lindisfarne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aidan de Lindisfarne">Aidan</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89douard_le_Confesseur?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Édouard le Confesseur">Édouard le Confesseur</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Fisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_More?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9troc_de_Bodmin?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pétroc de Bodmin">saint Pétroc</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Piran?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint Piran">saint Piran</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Margaret_Clitherow?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Clitherow">Margaret Clitherow</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Becket?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a>.</p> <p>Des religions non-chrétiennes sont aussi pratiquées. Une minorité <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juda%C3%AFsme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judaïsme">juive</a> est présente sur l’île depuis 1070. Ils sont expulsés d’Angleterre en 1290 selon l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89dit_d%27Expulsion_(1290)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Édit d'Expulsion (1290)">édit d’Expulsion</a>, et autorisés à revenir seulement en 1656. Dans les années 1950 en particulier, des religions orientales provenant des anciennes colonies britanniques font leur apparition due à l’immigration. L’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">islam</a> est la principale religion importée, avec 4,8&nbsp;% de pratiquants anglais, et suivent en nombre l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindouisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hindouisme">hindouisme</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sikhisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sikhisme">sikhisme</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bouddhisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bouddhisme">bouddhisme</a>, qui rassemblent 2,7&nbsp;% de la population ensemble, et qui viennent de l’Inde et de l’Asie du Sud-Est.</p> <p>Environ 25&nbsp;% de la population n'a pas de religion et 7,2&nbsp;% ne déclare pas de religion.</p> <p>Évolution de la part des différentes religions en Angleterre et au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pays_de_Galles?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pays de Galles">pays de Galles</a> entre 2001 et 2011<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>44<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp;:</p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th width="150">Religion</th> <th>2001</th> <th>2011</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Christianisme</td> <td align="center">71,7&nbsp;%</td> <td align="center">59,3&nbsp;%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sans religion</td> <td align="center">14,8&nbsp;%</td> <td align="center">25,1&nbsp;%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Islam</td> <td align="center">3,0&nbsp;%</td> <td align="center">4,8&nbsp;%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hindouisme</td> <td align="center">1,1&nbsp;%</td> <td align="center">1,5&nbsp;%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sikhisme</td> <td align="center">0,6&nbsp;%</td> <td align="center">0,8&nbsp;%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Judaïsme</td> <td align="center">0,5&nbsp;%</td> <td align="center">0,5&nbsp;%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bouddhisme</td> <td align="center">0,3&nbsp;%</td> <td align="center">0,4&nbsp;%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Autres religions</td> <td align="center">0,3&nbsp;%</td> <td align="center">0,4&nbsp;%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Non indiqué</td> <td align="center">7,7&nbsp;%</td> <td align="center">7,2&nbsp;%</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Économie"><span id=".C3.89conomie"></span>Économie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Économie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89conomie_de_l'Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Économie de l'Angleterre (page inexistante)">Économie de l'Angleterre</a>. </div> </div> <p>L'économie anglaise est l'une des plus grandes au monde. Habituellement considérée comme une économie de marché mixte, elle a adopté de nombreux principes du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Libre_march%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Libre marché">libre marché</a>, contrairement au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capitalisme_rh%C3%A9nan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capitalisme rhénan">capitalisme rhénan</a> de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe_continentale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe continentale">Europe continentale</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>45<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La monnaie officielle en Angleterre est la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Livre_sterling?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Livre sterling">livre sterling</a>, également connue sous le nom de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Livre_sterling?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Livre sterling">GBP</a>. La fiscalité en Angleterre est caractérisée à partir de 2009 par un taux de base de l'impôt des particuliers de 20&nbsp;% du revenu imposable jusqu'à concurrence de <span title="16&nbsp;964,354&nbsp;638 Kg" style="cursor:help">37&nbsp;400</span>&nbsp;livres sterling, et de 40&nbsp;% sur les revenus supplémentaires au-dessus de ce montant<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>46<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>L’Angleterre est le contributeur principal de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89conomie_du_Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Économie du Royaume-Uni">économie du Royaume-Uni</a>, qui est, selon la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banque_mondiale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banque mondiale">Banque mondiale</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_pays_par_PIB_(PPA)_par_habitant?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des pays par PIB (PPA) par habitant">24<sup>e</sup></a> pays quant au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Produit_int%C3%A9rieur_brut?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Produit intérieur brut">PIB</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parit%C3%A9_de_pouvoir_d%27achat?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parité de pouvoir d'achat">PPA</a>) au monde. Les entreprises anglaises sont leaders dans les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrie_chimique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrie chimique">secteurs chimiques</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrie_pharmaceutique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrie pharmaceutique">pharmaceutiques</a>, ainsi que dans les industries <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrie_a%C3%A9ronautique_et_spatiale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrie aéronautique et spatiale">aérospatiales</a>, de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrie_de_l%27armement?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrie de l'armement">armement</a>, et dans la conception de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Logiciels?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Logiciels">logiciels</a>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Londres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Londres">Londres</a>, où siège le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a>, principale <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bourse_des_valeurs?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bourse des valeurs">bourse des valeurs</a> du Royaume-Uni et l’une des plus grandes en Europe, est le centre financier de l’Angleterre – 100 des 500 plus grandes entreprises européennes y ont leur siège social. Londres est le plus grand centre financier en Europe, et l’a aussi été en 2009 au niveau mondial.</p> <p>La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banque_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banque d'Angleterre">Banque d’Angleterre</a>, fondée en 1694 par le banquier écossais <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Paterson_(banquier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Paterson (banquier)">William Paterson</a>, est la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banque_centrale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banque centrale">banque centrale</a> du Royaume-Uni. Pensée à l’origine comme une banque privée à disposition du gouvernement anglais, elle joue ensuite un rôle au sein du Royaume-Uni – l’institution est <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nationalisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nationalisation">nationalisée</a> depuis 1946. La Banque a le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monopole?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monopole">monopole</a> de l’émission des devises en Angleterre et au pays de Galles, mais pas dans les autres nations constitutives du Royaume-Uni. Sa Commission de Politique Monétaire a décentralisé la gestion de la politique monétaire et l’établissement des taux d’intérêts de chaque nation du Royaume-Uni.</p> <p>L’Angleterre est hautement industrialisée, mais connaît depuis les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1970?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1970">années 1970</a> un déclin dans les industries lourdes et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrie_manufacturi%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrie manufacturière">manufacturières</a>, ainsi qu’une augmentation du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secteur_tertiaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secteur tertiaire">secteur tertiaire</a> dans l’économie. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tourisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tourisme">tourisme</a> est devenu une activité importante, en attirant des millions de visiteurs chaque année dans la région. L'Angleterre exporte principalement des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrie_pharmaceutique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrie pharmaceutique">médicaments</a>, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Construction_automobile?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Construction automobile">automobiles</a> —&nbsp;même si de nombreuses marques sont depuis détenues par des entreprises étrangères, comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Motor_Cars?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rolls-Royce Motor Cars">Rolls-Royce</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lotus_Cars?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lotus Cars">Lotus</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jaguar_(automobile)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaguar (automobile)">Jaguar</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Land_Rover?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Land Rover">Land Rover</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bentley_Motors?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bentley Motors">Bentley Motors</a>&nbsp;— du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrie_p%C3%A9troli%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrie pétrolière">pétrole</a> depuis les possessions anglaises en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_du_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer du Nord">Mer du Nord</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Champ_p%C3%A9trolif%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Champ pétrolifère">champ</a> de Wytch Farm, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrie_a%C3%A9ronautique_et_spatiale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrie aéronautique et spatiale">moteurs d’avions</a>, et des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boissons_alcoolis%C3%A9es?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Boissons alcoolisées">boissons alcoolisées</a>. L’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agriculture?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> est intensive et fortement mécanisée, et produit 60&nbsp;% des besoins en nourriture de la population avec seulement 2&nbsp;% de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Population_active?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Population active">population active</a>. Les deux tiers de la production sont consacrés au bétail, le reste aux moissons agricoles.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Recherche">Recherche</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Recherche" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Recherche_scientifique_en_Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Recherche scientifique en Angleterre (page inexistante)">Recherche scientifique en Angleterre</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. </div> </div> <p>Les plus éminents chercheurs anglais dans le domaine des sciences et des techniques sont <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isaac_Newton?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Faraday?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Hooke?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Boyle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Priestley?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J._J._Thomson?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Babbage?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Darwin?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stephen_Hawking?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christopher_Wren?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alan_Turing?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francis_Crick?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Lister?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Dirac?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrew_Wiles?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrew Wiles">Andrew Wiles</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Dawkins?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>. Quelques experts affirment que le premier concept d’un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_m%C3%A9trique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Système métrique">système métrique</a> apparaît avec <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Wilkins?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Wilkins">John Wilkins</a>, alors premier secrétaire de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, en 1668. En tant que lieu de naissance de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_r%C3%A9volution_industrielle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Première révolution industrielle">Révolution Industrielle</a>, l’Angleterre abrite de nombreux inventeurs de la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle au début du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle. Parmi les célèbres ingénieurs anglais se trouve <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel">Isambard Kingdom Brunel</a>, plus connu pour la création du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Western_Railway?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a>, pour la fabrication d’une série de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bateaux_%C3%A0_vapeur?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bateaux à vapeur">bateaux à vapeur</a> et de nombreux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pont?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pont">ponts</a>, ce qui provoque une révolution du transport public et des méthodes d’ingénierie. La Révolution Industrielle est née du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moteur_%C3%A0_vapeur?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moteur à vapeur">moteur à vapeur</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Newcomen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Newcomen">Thomas Newcomen</a>. Le physicien <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_Jenner?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a> met au point le vaccin contre la variole, puis reconnu pour avoir «&nbsp;sauvé plus de vies […] que toutes celles qui ont été perdues dans toutes les guerres de l’Humanité de l’Histoire connue&nbsp;».</p> <p>De nombreuses inventions et découvertes ont été réalisées en Angleterre, comme le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moteur_%C3%A0_r%C3%A9action?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moteur à réaction">moteur à réaction</a>, la première <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Machine_%C3%A0_filer?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Machine à filer">machine à filer</a> industrielle, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Machine_analytique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Machine analytique">premier ordinateur</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Small-Scale_Experimental_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Small-Scale Experimental Machine">premier ordinateur moderne</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Wide_Web?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> ainsi que le protocole <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HTTP?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> et le langage <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HTML?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="HTML">HTML</a>, la première <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transfusion_sanguine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transfusion sanguine">transfusion sanguine</a> réussie, l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspirateur?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aspirateur">aspirateur</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tondeuse_%C3%A0_gazon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tondeuse à gazon">tondeuse à gazon</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ceinture_de_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ceinture de sécurité">ceinture de sécurité</a>, l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A%C3%A9roglisseur?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aéroglisseur">aéroglisseur</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moteur_%C3%A0_vapeur?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moteur à vapeur">moteur à vapeur</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moteur_%C3%A9lectrique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moteur électrique">moteur électrique</a>, ou encore la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Darwinisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Darwinisme">théorie de l'évolution</a> de Charles Darwin et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Théorie atomique">théorie atomique</a>. Isaac Newton a développé la loi de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gravitation_universelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation universelle">gravitation universelle</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9canique_newtonienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mécanique newtonienne">mécanique newtonienne</a>, et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calcul_infinit%C3%A9simal?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calcul infinitésimal">calcul infinitésimal</a>. Robert Hooke a donné son nom à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Loi_de_Hooke?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Loi de Hooke">loi d’élasticité des solides</a>. L’Angleterre est aussi à l’origine du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemin_de_fer?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chemin de fer">chemin de fer</a>, du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thermosiphon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thermosiphon">thermosiphon</a>, du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tarmac?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tarmac">tarmac</a>, de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lastique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Élastique">élastique</a>, du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pi%C3%A8ge_%C3%A0_souris?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piège à souris">piège à souris</a>, de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lampe_%C3%A0_incandescence?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lampe à incandescence">lampe à incandescence</a>, de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Locomotive_%C3%A0_vapeur?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Locomotive à vapeur">locomotive à vapeur</a>, du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Semoir?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Semoir">semoir</a> moderne, et de nombreuses nouvelles techniques et technologies développées sont utilisées en ingénierie de précision.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Axes_de_communication_et_transports">Axes de communication et transports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Axes de communication et transports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_ferroviaire_britannique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Système ferroviaire britannique">Système ferroviaire britannique</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Motorway_M1_Yorkshire_2007-08-13.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Motorway_M1_Yorkshire_2007-08-13.jpg/220px-Motorway_M1_Yorkshire_2007-08-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1743"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Motorway_M1_Yorkshire_2007-08-13.jpg/220px-Motorway_M1_Yorkshire_2007-08-13.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Motorway_M1_Yorkshire_2007-08-13.jpg/330px-Motorway_M1_Yorkshire_2007-08-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Motorway_M1_Yorkshire_2007-08-13.jpg/440px-Motorway_M1_Yorkshire_2007-08-13.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> L'autoroute <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autoroute_britannique_M1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoroute britannique M1">M1</a> en Angleterre. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_des_Transports_(Royaume-Uni)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Département des Transports (Royaume-Uni)">département des Transports</a> est le ministère responsable de la supervision des transports en Angleterre. Il y a de nombreuses autoroutes et beaucoup de routes nationales, comme la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autoroute_britannique_A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoroute britannique A1">route A1</a>, qui traverse l’Est de l’Angleterre, de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Londres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Londres">Londres</a> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a> (la plus grande partie de celle-ci est une autoroute), et ce jusqu’à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cosse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Écosse">frontière entre l'Angleterre et l'Écosse</a>. L’autoroute anglaise la plus longue est la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autoroute_britannique_M6?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoroute britannique M6">M6</a>, et part de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rugby_(Angleterre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby (Angleterre)">Rugby</a> jusque dans le Nord-Ouest de la région. Les autres routes principales sont la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autoroute_britannique_M1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoroute britannique M1">M1</a> de Londres à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leeds?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autoroute_britannique_M25?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoroute britannique M25">M25</a> qui entoure Londres, la M60 autour de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autoroute_britannique_M4?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoroute britannique M4">M4</a> de Londres au pays de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galles_du_Sud?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Galles du Sud">Galles du Sud</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autoroute_britannique_M62?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoroute britannique M62">M62</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yorkshire_de_l%27Est?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yorkshire de l'Est">Yorkshire de l’Est</a> <i>via</i> Manchester, et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autoroute_britannique_M5?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoroute britannique M5">M5</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birmingham?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bristol_(Angleterre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol (Angleterre)">Bristol</a> vers le sud-ouest.</p> <p>Le transport en bus dans la région est très répandu, les principales compagnies sont <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Express_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="National Express Group">National Express</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arriva?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arriva">Arriva</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Go-Ahead?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Go-Ahead">Go-Ahead Group</a>. Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bus_%C3%A0_imp%C3%A9riale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bus à impériale">bus rouges à impériale</a> à Londres sont devenus un symbole de l’Angleterre. Il existe deux réseaux ferroviaires à grande vitesse&nbsp;: le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9tro_de_Londres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Métro de Londres">métro de Londres</a>, et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9tro_Tyne_%26_Wear?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Métro Tyne &amp; Wear">métro Tyne and Wear</a> qui dessert Newcastle, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gateshead?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunderland?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunderland">Sunderland</a>. Il y a aussi plusieurs réseaux de tramways, comme celui de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tramway_de_Blackpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tramway de Blackpool">Blackpool</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Metrolink">Manchester Metrolink</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sheffield_Supertram?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Supertram">Sheffield Supertram</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Midland_Metro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Midland Metro">Midland Metro</a>, ou le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tramlink?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tramlink">Tramlink</a>, système basé à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Croydon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Croydon">Croydon</a> dans le Sud de Londres.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:4_GWR_Class_80X_at_Paddington,_from_overbridge_above_pl_4,_Nov_2021.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/4_GWR_Class_80X_at_Paddington%2C_from_overbridge_above_pl_4%2C_Nov_2021.jpg/220px-4_GWR_Class_80X_at_Paddington%2C_from_overbridge_above_pl_4%2C_Nov_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/4_GWR_Class_80X_at_Paddington%2C_from_overbridge_above_pl_4%2C_Nov_2021.jpg/220px-4_GWR_Class_80X_at_Paddington%2C_from_overbridge_above_pl_4%2C_Nov_2021.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/4_GWR_Class_80X_at_Paddington%2C_from_overbridge_above_pl_4%2C_Nov_2021.jpg/330px-4_GWR_Class_80X_at_Paddington%2C_from_overbridge_above_pl_4%2C_Nov_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/4_GWR_Class_80X_at_Paddington%2C_from_overbridge_above_pl_4%2C_Nov_2021.jpg/440px-4_GWR_Class_80X_at_Paddington%2C_from_overbridge_above_pl_4%2C_Nov_2021.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Les voyages en train sont très populaires en Angleterre. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_ferroviaire_britannique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Système ferroviaire britannique">réseau ferroviaire anglais</a> est le plus ancien au monde, et a accueilli ses premiers passagers dès 1825. La majeure partie des 16&nbsp;116&nbsp;kilomètres du réseau de chemin de fer britannique se trouve en Angleterre, uniformément répartis, même si une forte proportion des lignes est fermée après la seconde guerre mondiale. L’écartement des rails est en général <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voie_normale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voie normale">standard</a> (pour les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voie_unique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voie unique">voies uniques</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Double_voie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Double voie">doubles</a> ou multiples), et il existe aussi quelques <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voie_%C3%A9troite?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voie étroite">voies étroites</a>, principalement les chemins de fer héritages. Il est possible d’aller en train, en France et en Belgique, grâce au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tunnel_sous_la_Manche?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tunnel sous la Manche">tunnel sous la Manche</a>, terminé en 1994.</p> <p>L’Angleterre possède un réseau aérien étendu, domestique et international. Le plus grand aéroport est l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A%C3%A9roport_de_Londres_Heathrow?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aéroport de Londres Heathrow">aéroport de Londres Heathrow</a>, et il est le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A%C3%A9roports_class%C3%A9s_en_nombre_de_passagers_internationaux?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aéroports classés en nombre de passagers internationaux">deuxième mondial</a> en nombre de passagers internationaux. Les aéroports de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A%C3%A9roport_de_Londres_Gatwick?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aéroport de Londres Gatwick">Londres Gatwick</a>, de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A%C3%A9roport_de_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aéroport de Manchester">Manchester</a>, de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A%C3%A9roport_de_Londres_Stansted?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aéroport de Londres Stansted">Londres Stansted</a>, de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A%C3%A9roport_de_Londres_Luton?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aéroport de Londres Luton">Londres Luton</a>, ou de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A%C3%A9roport_international_de_Birmingham_(Angleterre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aéroport international de Birmingham (Angleterre)">Birmingham</a> sont également importants. La mer permet le transport en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ferry_(bateau)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ferry (bateau)">ferry</a>, localement et internationalement, dont l’Irlande, les Pays-Bas et la Belgique. Il y a environ 7&nbsp;100&nbsp;kilomètres de voies navigables en Angleterre, dont la moitié est la propriété de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Waterways?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Waterways">British Waterways</a>, même si ce type de transport est limité. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tamise?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tamise">Tamise</a> est la voie navigable la plus empruntée en Angleterre, car les exportations et importations sont concentrées sur le Port de Tilbury dans l’estuaire de la Tamise. C’est l’un des trois ports les plus importants du Royaume-Uni.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Éducation"><span id=".C3.89ducation"></span>Éducation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Éducation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg/220px-1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg/220px-1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg/330px-1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg/440px-1_christ_church_hall_2012.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> La salle de Christ Church, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_d%27Oxford?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Université d'Oxford">université d'Oxford</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_de_l%27%C3%89ducation_(Royaume-Uni)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Département de l'Éducation (Royaume-Uni)">département de l'Éducation</a> est le ministère gouvernemental responsable des questions touchant les personnes âgées de moins de 19 ans en Angleterre, notamment les éducations en train sont très populaires en Angleterre<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>47<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Environ 93&nbsp;% des écoliers anglais fréquentent des écoles publiques et financées par l'État (académies, écoles religieuses, écoles d'appartements, académies technologiques, collèges d'enseignement supérieur).</p> <p>Le sondage réalisé par le programme PISA en 2006 situe le système éducatif britannique nettement au-dessus de la moyenne OCDE. Il est obligatoire d'aller à l'école primaire dès l'âge de 5&nbsp;ans. Les deuxième et sixième années comprennent chacune un examen, respectivement l'Étape clé 1 et l'Étape clé 2. Après l'école primaire, vous avez le choix entre deux types d'écoles<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>48<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp;:</p> <ul> <li><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Comprehensive state</span></i>&nbsp;;</li> <li><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Grammar school</span></i>.</li> </ul> <p>Les <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Grammar school</span></i> sont pour les élèves les plus talentueux alors les <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Comprehensive state</span></i> sont ouvertes à tous les élèves. Il existe également un certain nombre écoles entièrement sélectives et quelques dizaines écoles partiellement sélectives. Près de 90&nbsp;% des écoles secondaires financées par l’État sont des écoles spécialisées, recevant des fonds supplémentaires pour développer une ou plusieurs matières (arts de la scène, art et design, affaires, sciences humaines, langues, sciences, mathématiques, technologie, ingénierie, etc.) qui peut jouer jusqu’à 10&nbsp;% lors la sélection des admissions à l’aptitude dans la spécialité<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>49<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>50<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Après avoir terminé la scolarité obligatoire, les étudiants passent les examens <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GCSE?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="GCSE">GCSE</a>. Les étudiants peuvent ensuite choisir de poursuivre leurs études pendant deux ans dans des établissements d'enseignement supérieur et des collèges de sixième année, qui font souvent partie d'un site d'école secondaire. Les examens de niveau A sont passés par un grand nombre d'étudiants de l'enseignement supérieur et constituent souvent la base d'une candidature à l'université. La formation continue couvre un vaste programme d'études, d'apprentissages et de récompenses professionnelles. Les collèges supérieurs proposent des cours académiques et professionnels<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>51<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Les étudiants de l'enseignement supérieur fréquentent normalement l'université à partir de 18&nbsp;ans, où ils étudient pour obtenir un diplôme universitaire. Il y a plus de 90 universités en Angleterre, dont toutes sauf une sont des institutions publiques. Le Department for Business, Innovation and Skills est le département gouvernemental responsable de l'enseignement supérieur en Angleterre. Les deux les plus célèbres et les plus vieilles sont l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_d%27Oxford?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Université d'Oxford">université d'Oxford</a> et l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Cambridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Université de Cambridge">université de Cambridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>52<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>L'enseignement technique et professionnel au Royaume-Uni est introduit pendant les années de l'enseignement secondaire et se poursuit jusqu'à l'enseignement supérieur et supérieur. L'enseignement professionnel secondaire est également connu sous le nom de formation continue. Il est séparé de l'enseignement secondaire et n'appartient pas à la catégorie de l'enseignement supérieur. La formation continue comprend un enseignement à orientation professionnelle ainsi qu'une combinaison de l'enseignement secondaire général<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>53<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Culture_en_Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Culture en Angleterre (page inexistante)">Culture en Angleterre</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renaissance_anglaise?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renaissance anglaise">Renaissance anglaise</a>. </div> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Art_anglo-normand?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Art anglo-normand">Art anglo-normand</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:St_Pauls_Cathedral,_London.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="White stone building with tower topped with a dome. In the foreground are trees and a red rectangular vertical box with windows." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/St_Pauls_Cathedral%2C_London.jpg/170px-St_Pauls_Cathedral%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/St_Pauls_Cathedral%2C_London.jpg/170px-St_Pauls_Cathedral%2C_London.jpg" data-alt="White stone building with tower topped with a dome. In the foreground are trees and a red rectangular vertical box with windows." data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/St_Pauls_Cathedral%2C_London.jpg/255px-St_Pauls_Cathedral%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/St_Pauls_Cathedral%2C_London.jpg/340px-St_Pauls_Cathedral%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Baroque_anglais&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Baroque anglais (page inexistante)">Baroque anglais</a> de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Paul_de_Londres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cathédrale Saint-Paul de Londres">cathédrale Saint-Paul de Londres</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Un grand nombre d'anciens <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Menhir?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Menhir">menhirs</a> ont été érigés pendant la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9histoire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Préhistoire">préhistoire</a>, parmi les plus connus sont <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stonehenge?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Devil's_Arrows&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Devil's Arrows (page inexistante)">Devil's Arrows</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Monolithe_de_Rudston&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Monolithe de Rudston (page inexistante)">monolithe de Rudston</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cromlech_de_Castlerigg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cromlech de Castlerigg">cromlech de Castlerigg</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>54<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Avec le développement de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Architecture_romaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Architecture romaine">architecture romaine</a> il y a eu de nombreuses <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basilique_civile?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basilique civile">basiliques</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thermes_romains?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thermes romains">thermes</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amphithéâtre romain">amphithéâtres</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arc_de_triomphe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arc de triomphe">arcs de triomphe</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Villas">villas</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temple_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Temple romain">temples romains</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voie_romaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voie romaine">voies romaines</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camp_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Camp romain">forts romains</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aqueduc?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aqueduc">aqueducs</a>, palissades<sup id="cite_ref-roman_55-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-roman-55"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>55<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ce sont les Romains qui ont fondé des premières cités et villes telles que Londres (<i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Londinium?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></i>), Bath (<i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aquae_Sulis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquae Sulis">Aquae Sulis</a></i>), York (<i>Eburacum</i>), Chester (<i>Deva</i>) et St Albans (<i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verulamium?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Verulamium">Verulamium</a></i>). L'exemple le plus connu est peut-être le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mur_d%27Hadrien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mur d'Hadrien">Mur d'Hadrien</a> qui s'étend dans tout le nord de l'Angleterre<sup id="cite_ref-roman_55-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-roman-55"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>55<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Un autre exemple bien préservé est les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thermes_de_Bath?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thermes de Bath">thermes de Bath</a> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bath?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bath">Bath</a>, ville du comté de Somerset, au Sud-Ouest de l'Angleterre<sup id="cite_ref-roman_55-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-roman-55"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>55<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Les constructions séculaires de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Architecture_anglo-saxonne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Architecture anglo-saxonne">architecture anglo-saxonne</a> étaient des constructions simples qui utilisaient principalement le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bois_(mat%C3%A9riau_de_construction)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bois (matériau de construction)">bois</a> avec de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toit_de_chaume?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toit de chaume">chaume</a> pour les toitures. L'architecture ecclésiastique a changé, passant d'une synthèse de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monachisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monachisme">monachisme</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27Irlande?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Histoire de l'Irlande">irlando</a>-saxon<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>56<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>57<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> à un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Art_pal%C3%A9ochr%C3%A9tien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Art paléochrétien">art paléochrétien</a> caractérisé par des pilastres, des arcades, des balustres et des triangulaires. Après la conquête normande en 1066 de nombreux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_ch%C3%A2teaux_anglais?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des châteaux anglais">châteaux en Angleterre</a> ont été bâtis afin que les Law Lords puissent confirmer leur autorité et se mettre à l'abri d'invasion venant du nord. Certains des plus célèbres châteaux médiévaux incluent parmi tant d'autres la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tour_de_Londres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tour de Londres">tour de Londres</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Warwick?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Château de Warwick">château de Warwick</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Durham?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Château de Durham">château de Durham</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Windsor?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Château de Windsor">château de Windsor</a><sup id="cite_ref-buildings_58-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-buildings-58"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>58<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Broadway_tower_edit.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Yellow stone tower with two circular turrets which run the height of the building." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Broadway_tower_edit.jpg/220px-Broadway_tower_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="968"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Broadway_tower_edit.jpg/220px-Broadway_tower_edit.jpg" data-alt="Yellow stone tower with two circular turrets which run the height of the building." data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Broadway_tower_edit.jpg/330px-Broadway_tower_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Broadway_tower_edit.jpg/440px-Broadway_tower_edit.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tour_de_Broadway?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tour de Broadway">tour de Broadway</a> est une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Folie_(maison_de_plaisance)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Folie (maison de plaisance)">folie</a> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Worcestershire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Tout au long de l'ère Plantagenêt une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Architecture_gothique_anglaise?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Architecture gothique anglaise">architecture gothique anglaise</a> n'a cessé de se développer, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Architecture_des_cath%C3%A9drales_medievales_d'Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Architecture des cathédrales medievales d'Angleterre (page inexistante)">cathédrales médiévales</a> telles que la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Cantorb%C3%A9ry?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathédrale de Cantorbéry">cathédrale de Cantorbéry</a>, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abbaye_de_Westminster?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abbaye de Westminster">abbaye de Westminster</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_d%27York?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cathédrale d'York">Cathédrale d'York</a>, en sont de parfaits exemples<sup id="cite_ref-buildings_58-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-buildings-58"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>58<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. S'inspirant de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Architecture_normande?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture normande">architecture normande</a> il y avait aussi des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Château">châteaux</a>, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palais?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palais">palais</a>, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liste_des_maisons_historiques_en_Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Liste des maisons historiques en Angleterre (page inexistante)">grandes maisons</a>, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Université">universités</a> et des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_paroissiale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église paroissiale">églises paroissiales</a>. L'architecture médiévale a été achevée avec le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Style_Tudor?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Style Tudor">style Tudor</a> du <abbr class="abbr" title="16ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, connu maintenant comme l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Arche_Tudor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Arche Tudor (page inexistante)">arche Tudor</a>, qui était une caractéristique définie comme l'étaient la construction des maisons en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Torchis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Torchis">torchis</a>. Au lendemain de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renaissance_artistique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance artistique">Renaissance</a> une forme d'architecture rappelant l'Antiquité classique, mélangée avec le christianisme apparut, le style <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Baroque_anglais&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Baroque anglais (page inexistante)">baroque anglais</a>. L'architecte <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christopher_Wren?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a> célèbre pour son rôle dans la reconstruction de Londres après le grand incendie de 1666 en est un des plus notables promoteurs<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>59<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Architecture_georgienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Architecture georgienne">architecture georgienne</a> suivit, dans un style plus raffiné, évoquant une simple forme palladienne, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Crescent_(Bath)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Crescent (Bath)">Royal Crescent</a> à Bath est l'un des meilleurs exemples. Avec l'émergence du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romantisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romantisme">romantisme</a> au cours de la période victorienne, un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Style_n%C3%A9ogothique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Style néogothique">style néogothique</a> a été lancé dans le même temps, la révolution industrielle a ouvert la voie pour des bâtiments tels que le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crystal_Palace_(palais_d%27exposition)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crystal Palace (palais d'exposition)">Crystal Palace</a>. Depuis les années 1930 diverses formes <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mouvement_moderne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvement moderne">modernistes</a> ont fait leur apparition dont l'accueil est souvent controversé, et même si les mouvements de résistance traditionaliste continuent avec le soutien de lieux d'influence.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Folklore">Folklore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Folklore" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Folklore_anglais?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Folklore anglais">Folklore anglais</a>. </div> </div> <p>Le folklore anglais s’est développé pendant plusieurs siècles. Quelques-uns des personnages et des histoires existent à travers toute l’Angleterre, mais la plupart proviennent de régions très spécifiques. Les êtres folkloriques communs sont des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pixie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pixie">pixies</a>, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elfes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Elfes">elfes</a>, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Croque-mitaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Croque-mitaine">croque-mitaines</a>, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trolls?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Trolls">trolls</a>, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gobelin_(folklore)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gobelin (folklore)">gobelins</a>, et des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nain_(cr%C3%A9ature_fantastique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nain (créature fantastique)">nains</a>. Alors que de nombreuses légendes semblent très anciennes, par exemple celles qui mettent en scène <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Offa_d%27Angeln?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Offa d'Angeln">Offa d'Angeln</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%B6lund?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Völund">Völund</a>, d’autres ont été conçues après l’invasion normande. La légende de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robin_des_Bois?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robin des Bois">Robin des Bois</a> et ses <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joyeux_Compagnons?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joyeux Compagnons">Joyeux Compagnons</a> de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/For%C3%AAt_de_Sherwood?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forêt de Sherwood">forêt de Sherwood</a> qui combattent le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sh%C3%A9rif_de_Nottingham?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shérif de Nottingham">shérif de Nottingham</a>, est sûrement la plus connue d’entre toutes.</p> <p>Pendant le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moyen_%C3%82ge_classique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moyen Âge classique">Moyen Âge classique</a>, des légendes originaires de mythes brittoniques intègrent le folklore anglais&nbsp;: le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mythe_arthurien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythe arthurien">mythe arthurien</a>. Elles proviennent de sources anglo-normandes, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">françaises</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pays_de_Galles?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pays de Galles">galloises</a>, et mettent en avant le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roi_Arthur?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roi Arthur">Roi Arthur</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camelot?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Camelot">Camelot</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Excalibur?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Excalibur">Excalibur</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Merlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Merlin">Merlin</a>, et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chevaliers_de_la_Table_Ronde?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevaliers de la Table Ronde">Chevaliers de la Table Ronde</a>, comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancelot_du_Lac?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancelot du Lac">Lancelot du Lac</a>. Ces histoires sont rapportées par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geoffroy_de_Monmouth?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geoffroy de Monmouth">Geoffroy de Monmouth</a> dans son <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historia_regum_Britanniae?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historia regum Britanniae">Historia regum Britanniae</a></i>. Une autre figure précoce des traditions britanniques, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coel_Hen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coel Hen">Coel Hen</a>, semble être basé sur un personnage réel de l’Angleterre post-romaine. Beaucoup de ces légendes et pseudo-histoires font partie de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mati%C3%A8re_de_Bretagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matière de Bretagne">matière de Bretagne</a>.</p> <p>Plusieurs personnages folkloriques sont fondés sur des personnes historiques, ou en partie, dont l’histoire a traversé les siècles. Par exemple, on dit de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Godiva?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Godiva">Godiva</a> qu’elle a traversé <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coventry?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coventry">Coventry</a> nue à dos de cheval, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hereward_l%27Exil%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hereward l'Exilé">Hereward l'Exilé</a> est une figure anglaise héroïque représentant la résistance à l’invasion normande, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herne_(g%C3%A9ant)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herne (géant)">Herne</a> est un cavalier fantôme associé à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/For%C3%AAt_de_Sherwood?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forêt de Sherwood">forêt de Sherwood</a> et au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Windsor_Great_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Windsor Great Park">Windsor Great Park</a>, et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A8re_Shipton?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mère Shipton">Mère Shipton</a> est l’archétype de la sorcière. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Whittington?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Whittington">Dick Whittington</a> était une personne réelle, avec la légende de son <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chat?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chat">chat</a> ajoutée. Chaque année, les <time class="nowrap" datetime="11-05" data-sort-value="11-05">5 novembre</time> sont l’occasion de faire des feux de joie, de tirer des feux d’artifice, et de manger des pommes d’amour en commémoration à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conspiration_des_poudres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiration des poudres">conspiration des poudres</a>, centrée autour du personnage de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guy_Fawkes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guy Fawkes">Guy Fawkes</a>. Le bandit chevaleresque, comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dick_Turpin?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dick Turpin">Dick Turpin</a>, est un personnage récurrent, et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barbe_Noire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barbe Noire">Barbe Noire</a> est le pirate typique. Il y a de nombreuses activités folkloriques, que ce soit au niveau national ou régional, comme la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morris_dance?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Morris dance">Morris dance</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Maypole_dance&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Maypole dance (page inexistante)">Maypole dance</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rapper_sword?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rapper sword">Rapper sword</a> (une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danse_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%A9p%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Danse de l’épée">danse de l’épée</a>) dans le Nord-Est, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Long_Sword_dance?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Long Sword dance">Long Sword dance</a> dans le Yorkshire, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mummers_Plays&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mummers Plays (page inexistante)">Mummers Plays</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bottle-kicking&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bottle-kicking (page inexistante)">bottle-kicking</a> dans le Leicestershire, et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cooper%27s_Hill_Cheese-Rolling_and_Wake?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cooper's Hill Cheese-Rolling and Wake">Cooper's Hill Cheese-Rolling and Wake</a> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brockworth?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brockworth">Brockworth</a>. Il n’y a pas de costume officiel national, mais certains ont une certaine renommée comme les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pearly_Kings_and_Queens&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Pearly Kings and Queens (page inexistante)">Pearly Kings and Queens</a> londoniens, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scots_Guards?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scots Guards">Scots Guards</a>, et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yeomen_Warders?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yeomen Warders">Beefeaters</a> (gardes de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tour_de_Londres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tour de Londres">tour de Londres</a>).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Cuisine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cuisine_anglaise?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cuisine anglaise">Cuisine anglaise</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Fish_%27n%27_Chips.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Fish and chips wrapped in paper." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Fish_%27n%27_Chips.jpg/220px-Fish_%27n%27_Chips.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Fish_%27n%27_Chips.jpg/220px-Fish_%27n%27_Chips.jpg" data-alt="Fish and chips wrapped in paper." data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Fish_%27n%27_Chips.jpg/330px-Fish_%27n%27_Chips.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Fish_%27n%27_Chips.jpg/440px-Fish_%27n%27_Chips.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fish_and_chips?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a> fait partie du patrimoine de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cuisine_anglaise?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cuisine anglaise">cuisine anglaise</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Depuis le début de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89poque_moderne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Époque moderne">époque moderne</a>, la nourriture de l'Angleterre a toujours été caractérisée par sa simplicité d'approche, l'honnêteté de sa saveur, et le recours à la haute qualité des produits naturels<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>60<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Pendant le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moyen_%C3%82ge?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moyen Âge">Moyen Âge</a> et pendant la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renaissance_artistique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance artistique">Renaissance</a>, la cuisine anglaise était dotée d'une excellente réputation, malgré un déclin qui a commencé pendant la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_industrielle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution industrielle">révolution industrielle</a> avec l'abandon de la terre et l'urbanisation croissante de la population. Mais la nourriture anglaise a souvent, de nos jours, la réputation de ne pas être très sophistiquée ou même rudimentaire<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>61<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cependant, la cuisine anglaise a récemment connu un renouveau, qui a été reconnu par les critiques gastronomes avec quelques bonnes évaluations dans le magazine britannique <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Restaurant_(revue)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Restaurant (revue)">Restaurant</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>62<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le premier livre de recettes anglaises est le <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forme_of_Cury?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Forme of Cury">Forme of Cury</a></i> de la cour royale de <span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_II_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard II d'Angleterre"><span class="nowrap">Richard <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></span></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>63<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Apple_pie.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="An apple pie on a red table cloth, with green apples next to it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Apple_pie.jpg/220px-Apple_pie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2418" data-file-height="1657"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Apple_pie.jpg/220px-Apple_pie.jpg" data-alt="An apple pie on a red table cloth, with green apples next to it." data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Apple_pie.jpg/330px-Apple_pie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Apple_pie.jpg/440px-Apple_pie.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apple_pie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple pie">apple pie</a> est consommé en Angleterre depuis le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moyen_%C3%82ge?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moyen Âge">Moyen Âge</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Les exemples traditionnels de la cuisine anglaise incluent le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunday_roast?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunday roast">Sunday roast</a>; comportant généralement du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C5%93uf_(animal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bœuf (animal)">bœuf</a>, de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viande_d%27agneau?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Viande d'agneau">agneau</a> ou du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poulet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poulet">poulet</a>, servi avec un assortiment de légumes bouillis, du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yorkshire_pudding?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yorkshire pudding">Yorkshire pudding</a> et de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sauce?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sauce">sauce</a><sup id="cite_ref-tradfood_64-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-tradfood-64"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>64<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. D'autres repas importants incluent le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fish_and_chips?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petit_d%C3%A9jeuner_anglais?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petit déjeuner anglais">petit déjeuner anglais</a> comprenant <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bacon_(lard)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacon (lard)">bacon</a>, tomates grillées, pain frit, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boudin_noir?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boudin noir">boudin noir</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baked_beans?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baked beans">baked beans</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Champignon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Champignon">champignons</a> frits, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saucisse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saucisse">saucisses</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%92uf_(cuisine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Œuf (cuisine)">œufs</a>. Plusieurs <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tourte_%C3%A0_la_viande?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tourte à la viande">tourtes à la viande</a> sont consommées telles que le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Steak_and_kidney_pie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Steak and kidney pie (page inexistante)">steak and kidney pie</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/steak_and_kidney_pie" class="extiw" title="en:steak and kidney pie"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;steak and kidney pie&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shepherd%27s_pie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd's pie">shepherd's pie</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cottage_pie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cottage pie">cottage pie</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_pasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish pasty">Cornish pasty</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pork_pie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Pork pie (page inexistante)">pork pie</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pork_pie" class="extiw" title="en:pork pie"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;pork pie&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a>, le dernier étant consommé froid<sup id="cite_ref-tradfood_64-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-tradfood-64"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>64<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Les saucisses sont couramment consommées, soit en tant que <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bangers_and_mash?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bangers and mash">bangers and mash</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toad_in_the_hole?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toad in the hole">toad in the hole</a>. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lancashire_hotpot&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lancashire hotpot (page inexistante)">Lancashire hotpot</a> est un ragoût bien connu. Certains des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fromage?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fromage">fromages</a> les plus populaires sont le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fromage_cheddar?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fromage cheddar">cheddar</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheshire_(fromage)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheshire (fromage)">cheshire</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Red_Leicester?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Red Leicester">red leicester</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stilton_Cheese?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stilton Cheese">stilton</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wensleydale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wensleydale">Wensleydale</a>. De nombreux plats hybrides <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Indiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-Indiens">anglo-indiens</a> avec du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Curry?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Curry">curry</a> ont été créés tels que le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poulet_tikka_masala?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poulet tikka masala">poulet tikka masala</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balti_(cuisine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balti (cuisine)">balti</a>. Les plats anglais sucrés comprennent l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tarte_aux_pommes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tarte aux pommes">apple pie</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mince_pie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mince pie">mince pie</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spotted_dick?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spotted dick">spotted dick</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scone_(g%C3%A2teau)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scone (gâteau)">scones</a>, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eccles_cake&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Eccles cake (page inexistante)">eccles cake</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Custard?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Custard">custard</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sticky_toffee_pudding&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sticky toffee pudding (page inexistante)">sticky toffee pudding</a>. Les boissons communes sont le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thé">thé</a>, qui est très consommé grâce à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catherine_de_Bragance?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catherine de Bragance">Catherine de Bragance</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>65<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, tandis que des boissons alcoolisées comprennent les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viticulture_en_Grande-Bretagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Angleterre" title="Viticulture en Grande-Bretagne">vins</a> et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bi%C3%A8re_britannique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bière britannique">bières britanniques</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Peinture_et_arts_visuels">Peinture et arts visuels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Peinture et arts visuels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peinture_anglaise?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peinture anglaise">Peinture anglaise</a>. </div> </div> <p>Les premiers exemples connus sont les pierres préhistoriques et les pièces d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Art_pari%C3%A9tal?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Art pariétal">art pariétal</a>, en particulier dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yorkshire_du_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yorkshire du Nord">Yorkshire du Nord</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northumbrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northumbrie">Northumbrie</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cumbria?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>, et aussi plus loin dans le sud de l'Angleterre, dans les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Grotte_de_Creswell&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Grotte de Creswell (page inexistante)">grottes de Creswell</a>. Avec l’arrivée de la culture romaine au <abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, de nouvelles formes d’art apparaissent&nbsp;: des statues, des bustes, le travail du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Verre">verre</a> et les mosaïques. De nombreux artefacts ont été retrouvés, à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villa_romaine_de_Lullingstone?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Villa romaine de Lullingstone">villa romaine de Lullingstone</a> et à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aldborough_(Yorkshire_du_Nord)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldborough (Yorkshire du Nord)">Aldborough</a>. Durant le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haut_Moyen_%C3%82ge?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haut Moyen Âge">haut Moyen Âge</a>, le style évolue vers les croix sculptées, la peinture de manuscrits, la joaillerie d’or et d’émail, et démontre un goût pour les dessins entrelacés, comme le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tr%C3%A9sor_de_Staffordshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Trésor de Staffordshire">trésor de Staffordshire</a> découvert en 2009. Ce style fusionne ensuite avec l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Art_insulaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Art insulaire">art insulaire</a>, comme en témoignent les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vangiles_de_Lindisfarne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangiles de Lindisfarne">Évangiles de Lindisfarne</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psautier_Vespasien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Psautier Vespasien">Psautier Vespasien</a>. Plus tard, l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Art_gothique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Art gothique">art gothique</a> devient populaire à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Winchester_(Angleterre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester (Angleterre)">Winchester</a> et à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cantorb%C3%A9ry?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantorbéry">Cantorbéry</a>, par exemple avec le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dictionnaire_de_saint_%C3%86thelwold?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bénédictionnaire de saint Æthelwold">Livre des bénédictions de saint Æthelwold</a> ou le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psautier_de_Luttrell?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Psautier de Luttrell">psautier de Luttrell</a>.</p> <p>De nombreux artistes accompagnent l’ère des Tudor au sein même de la Cour, qui font de la peinture de portraits un élément fondamental et durable de l’art anglais. L’Allemand <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hans_Holbein_le_Jeune?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hans Holbein le Jeune">Hans Holbein</a> en est le chef de file, et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicholas_Hilliard?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicholas Hilliard">Nicholas Hilliard</a> continue dans cette voie. Pendant l'ère Stuart, les artistes continentaux, en particulier les peintres <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flamands?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flamands">flamands</a>, influencent l’Angleterre, comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anthony_Van_Dyck?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Van Dyck">Anthony Van Dyck</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Lely?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter Lely">Peter Lely</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Godfrey_Kneller?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Godfrey Kneller">Godfrey Kneller</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Dobson?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Dobson">William Dobson</a>. Le <abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle est marqué par la création de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Academy?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a>, et un certain classicisme, fondé sur l’art de la Renaissance, supplante les autres styles. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Gainsborough">Thomas Gainsborough</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joshua Reynolds">Joshua Reynolds</a> deviennent deux des artistes les plus prisés d’Angleterre.</p> <p>L’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_de_Norwich&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="École de Norwich (page inexistante)">école de Norwich</a> perpétue la tradition des paysages, pendant que le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9rapha%C3%A9lisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Préraphaélisme">préraphaélisme</a>, dans un style détaillé et éclatant, faire revivre le style de la Renaissance&nbsp;: les leaders du mouvement sont <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Holman Hunt">Holman Hunt</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Everett_Millais?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a>. Au <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, les artistes remarquables sont <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_Moore?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry Moore">Henry Moore</a>, sculpteur, et les modernistes britanniques en général. Parmi les peintres contemporains, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucian_Freud?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucian Freud">Lucian Freud</a> détient le record mondial de la vente en valeur d’un tableau, pour un artiste vivant, avec <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benefits_Supervisor_Sleeping?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benefits Supervisor Sleeping">Benefits Supervisor Sleeping</a></i>, en 2008.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Littérature,_poésie_et_philosophie"><span id="Litt.C3.A9rature.2C_po.C3.A9sie_et_philosophie"></span>Littérature, poésie et philosophie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Littérature, poésie et philosophie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_anglaise?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Littérature anglaise">Littérature anglaise</a>. </div> </div> <p>Les premiers auteurs anglais écrivent en latin, comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C3%A8de_le_V%C3%A9n%C3%A9rable?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bède le Vénérable">Bède le Vénérable</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alcuin?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a>. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_vieil-anglaise?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Littérature vieil-anglaise">littérature vieil-anglaise</a> fournit le poème épique <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beowulf?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i>, la <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chronique_anglo-saxonne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chronique anglo-saxonne">Chronique anglo-saxonne</a></i>, ainsi que des textes chrétiens comme <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judith_(po%C3%A8me)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judith (poème)">Judith</a></i>, l’<i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hymne_de_C%C3%A6dmon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hymne de Cædmon">Hymne</a></i> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A6dmon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cædmon">Cædmon</a> et de nombreuses <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hagiographie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hagiographie">hagiographies</a>. Après la conquête normande de l’Angleterre, le latin survit parmi les classes sociales éduquées, ainsi que dans la littérature anglo-normande.</p> <p>La littérature en moyen anglais a émergé avec <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a> (auteur des <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Contes_de_Canterbury?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Contes de Canterbury">Contes de Canterbury</a></i>), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Gower?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Gower">John Gower</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pearl_Poet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pearl Poet">Pearl Poet</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Langland?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Langland">William Langland</a>. Les moines <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franciscains?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscains">franciscains</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guillaume_d%27Ockham?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guillaume d'Ockham">Guillaume d'Ockham</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roger_Bacon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a> sont les philosophes majeurs du Moyen Âge. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julienne_de_Norwich?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julienne de Norwich">Julienne de Norwich</a> avec ses <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Revelations_of_Divine_Love&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Revelations of Divine Love (page inexistante)">Revelations of Divine Love</a></i>, est une éminente écrivaine chrétienne. Avec la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renaissance?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> anglaise, la littérature en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglais_moderne_naissant?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglais moderne naissant">anglais moderne naissant</a> apparaît. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Shakespeare?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, dont les œuvres les plus connues sont <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamlet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i>, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_et_Juliette?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roméo et Juliette">Roméo et Juliette</a></i>, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Macbeth_(Shakespeare)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macbeth (Shakespeare)">Macbeth</a></i>, et <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Songe_d%E2%80%99une_nuit_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9t%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Songe d’une nuit d’été">Le Songe d’une nuit d’été</a></i>, reste l’un des auteurs les plus célèbres de la littérature anglaise.</p> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edmund_Spenser?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philip_Sidney?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philip Sidney">Philip Sidney</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Kyd?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Kyd">Thomas Kyd</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Donne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Donne">John Donne</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ben_Jonson?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a> sont d’autres auteurs connus de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%88re_%C3%A9lisab%C3%A9thaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ère élisabéthaine">littérature élisabéthaine</a>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(philosophe)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francis Bacon (philosophe)">Francis Bacon</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> ont écrit sur l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empirisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empirisme">empirisme</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mat%C3%A9rialisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matérialisme">matérialisme</a>, ainsi que sur la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9thode_scientifique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Méthode scientifique">méthode scientifique</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Contractualisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Contractualisme">contrat social</a>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Filmer?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Filmer">Robert Filmer</a> a écrit sur le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Droit_divin?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Droit divin">droit divin</a>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrew_Marvell?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrew Marvell">Andrew Marvell</a> est le poète le plus fameux du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commonwealth?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a>, pendant que <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Milton?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Milton">John Milton</a> publie <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Paradis_perdu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Paradis perdu">Le Paradis perdu</a> pendant la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Restauration_anglaise?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Restauration anglaise">Restauration anglaise</a>.</p> <p>Quelques-uns des plus remarquables philosophes des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8res_anglaises?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumières anglaises">Lumières anglaises</a> sont <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Locke?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Paine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samuel_Johnson?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edmund_Burke?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> suit plus tard et est considéré comme le fondateur du conservatisme. Le poète <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Pope?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a> et ses vers satiriques sont de plus en plus connus. Puis les auteurs anglais jouent un rôle significatif dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romantisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romantisme">romantisme</a>, et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lord_Byron?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Keats?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Keats">John Keats</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mary_Shelley?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Blake?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Wordsworth?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfred_Tennyson?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfred Tennyson">Alfred Tennyson</a> deviennent des figures reconnues.</p> <p>En réaction à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_industrielle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution industrielle">Révolution industrielle</a>, les auteurs <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agrariens?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrariens">agrariens</a> cherchent une voie entre la liberté et la tradition. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Cobbett?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Cobbett">William Cobbett</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G._K._Chesterton?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hilaire Belloc">Hilaire Belloc</a> en sont les principaux représentants, en lien avec <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arthur_Penty?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arthur Penty">Arthur Penty</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Socialisme_corporatif&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Socialisme corporatif (page inexistante)">socialisme corporatif</a>, et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G._D._H._Cole?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coop%C3%A9ration_(%C3%A9conomie_sociale)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coopération (économie sociale)">mouvement coopératif</a>. L’empirisme continue avec <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bertrand_Russell?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, tandis que <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernard_Williams?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernard Williams">Bernard Williams</a> s’implique dans la philosophie morale. Les auteurs de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%88re_victorienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ère victorienne">ère victorienne</a> sont <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Dickens?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Famille_Bront%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Famille Brontë">famille Brontë</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jane_Austen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Eliot?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Hardy_(%C3%A9crivain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Hardy (écrivain)">Thomas Hardy</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H._G._Wells?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lewis_Carroll?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a> ou bien encore <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evelyn_Underhill?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evelyn Underhill">Evelyn Underhill</a>. Depuis, l’Angleterre a enfanté de nombreux romanciers devenus très célèbres, comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Orwell?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D._H._Lawrence?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="D. H. Lawrence">D. H. Lawrence</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virginia_Woolf?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enid_Blyton?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enid Blyton">Enid Blyton</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aldous_Huxley?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agatha_Christie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terry_Pratchett?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terry Pratchett">Terry Pratchett</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>, et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J._K._Rowling?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Musique_et_arts_du_spectacle">Musique et arts du spectacle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Musique et arts du spectacle" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musique_britannique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musique britannique">Musique britannique</a>. </div> </div> <p>La musique traditionnelle britannique est vieille de plusieurs siècles et a inspiré plusieurs genres musicaux, parmi lesquels les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chants_de_marins?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chants de marins">chants de marins</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gigue_(danse)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gigue (danse)">gigues</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hornpipe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hornpipe">hornpipes</a>, et des danses traditionnelles. Ces musiques ont de nombreuses variations, et des particularités régionales. Au <abbr class="abbr" title="16ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wynkyn_de_Worde&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Wynkyn de Worde (page inexistante)">Wynkyn de Worde</a> imprime des ballades de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robin_des_Bois?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robin des Bois">Robin des Bois</a> qui ont un fort retentissement, tout comme <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_English_Dancing_Master?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The English Dancing Master">The English Dancing Master</a></i> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Playford?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Playford">John Playford</a> ou les <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Roxburghe_Ballads&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Roxburghe Ballads (page inexistante)">Roxburghe Ballads</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxburghe_Ballads" class="extiw" title="en:Roxburghe Ballads"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Roxburghe Ballads&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a></i> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Harley_(1er_comte_d%27Oxford_et_Mortimer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Harley (1er comte d'Oxford et Mortimer)">Robert Harley</a>. Les chansons les plus connues à cette époque sont <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=The_Good_Old_Way&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="The Good Old Way (page inexistante)">The Good Old Way</a></i>, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pastime_with_Good_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pastime with Good Company">Pastime with Good Company</a></i>, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maggie_Mae?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Maggie Mae">Maggie Mae</a></i>, et <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Ladies&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Spanish Ladies (page inexistante)">Spanish Ladies</a></i>, parmi d’autres. De nombreuses comptines sont d’origine anglaise, telles <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Twinkle_Twinkle_Little_Star?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Twinkle Twinkle Little Star">Twinkle Twinkle Little Star</a></i>, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Roses_Are_Red_(po%C3%A8me)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Roses Are Red (poème) (page inexistante)">Roses Are Red</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roses_Are_Red" class="extiw" title="en:Roses Are Red"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Roses Are Red&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a></i>, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jack_and_Jill_(chanson)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Jack and Jill (chanson) (page inexistante)">Jack and Jill</a></i>, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Here_We_Go_Round_the_Mulberry_Bush?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush">Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush</a></i>, ou <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Humpty_Dumpty?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Humpty Dumpty">Humpty Dumpty</a></i>.</p> <p>Les premiers compositeurs anglais de musique classique sont des artistes de la Renaissance, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Tallis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Tallis">Thomas Tallis</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Byrd_(compositeur)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Byrd (compositeur)">William Byrd</a>, suivis de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_Purcell?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a> pendant la période baroque. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>, né allemand, devient un sujet britannique, et passe la majeure partie de sa vie de compositeur à Londres, créant quelques-uns des morceaux les plus célèbres de la musique classique, comme le <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Messie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Messie">Messie</a></i>, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_Music?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Water Music">Water Music</a></i> et <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Music_for_the_Royal_Fireworks?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Music for the Royal Fireworks">Music for the Royal Fireworks</a></i>. Le paysage des compositeurs classiques anglais se renouvelle complètement au <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, avec <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benjamin_Britten?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_Delius?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederick Delius">Frederick Delius</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_Elgar?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gustav_Holst?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gustav Holst">Gustav Holst</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Walton?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Walton">William Walton</a>&nbsp;; <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Nyman?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Nyman">Michael Nyman</a> en est le chef de file, grâce à <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_Le%C3%A7on_de_piano_(film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Leçon de piano (film)">La Leçon de piano</a></i>.</p> <p>Dans le champ de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pop_(musique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pop (musique)">pop</a> et du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rock?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rock">rock</a>, de nombreux artistes et groupes anglais sont régulièrement cités comme les musiciens les plus influents et les plus prolifiques de tous les temps en matière de vente. En font partie, par exemple, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Beatles?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Led_Zeppelin?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Who?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Who">The Who</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pink_Floyd?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elton_John?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genesis_(groupe)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genesis (groupe)">Genesis</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Queen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Queen">Queen</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_Sabbath?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black Sabbath">Black Sabbath</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iron_Maiden?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iron Maiden">Iron Maiden</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rod_Stewart?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rod Stewart">Rod Stewart</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Rolling Stones">The Rolling Stones</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Stone_Roses?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Stone Roses">The Stone Roses</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Libertines?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Libertines">The Libertines</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blur?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blur">Blur</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oasis_(groupe)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oasis (groupe)">Oasis</a>, et plus récemment, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adele?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adele">Adele</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ed_Sheeran?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ed Sheeran">Ed Sheeran</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arctic_Monkeys?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arctic Monkeys">Arctic Monkeys</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/One_Direction?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="One Direction">One Direction</a>. De très nombreux genres musicaux ont leurs racines, ou un fort lien de parenté, avec l’Angleterre, comme la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_invasion?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British invasion">British invasion</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hard_rock?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glam_rock?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glam rock">glam rock</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heavy_metal?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal">heavy metal</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod_(sous-culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mod (sous-culture)">mod</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Britpop?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Britpop">Britpop</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drum_and_bass?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drum and bass">drum and bass</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rock_progressif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rock progressif">rock progressif</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Punk_rock?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rock_ind%C3%A9pendant?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rock indépendant">rock indépendant</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rock_gothique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rock gothique">rock gothique</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shoegazing?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shoegazing">shoegazing</a>, l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acid_house?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acid house">acid house</a>, l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UK_garage?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UK garage">UK garage</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trip_hop?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trip hop">trip hop</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dubstep?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dubstep">dubstep</a>.</p> <p>Les grands festivals de musique en plein air en été et à l’automne attirent beaucoup de monde, tels le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Festival_de_Glastonbury?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Festival de Glastonbury">festival de Glastonbury</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V_Festival?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="V Festival">V Festival</a>, et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reading_and_Leeds_Festivals?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reading and Leeds Festivals">Reading and Leeds Festivals</a>. L’opéra le plus remarquable en Angleterre est le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Opera_House?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a>, à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Covent_Garden?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Covent Garden">Covent Garden</a>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Proms?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Proms">The Proms</a>, qui est une saison de musique classique au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a>, est un événement culturel majeur annuel. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Royal_Ballet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Royal Ballet">The Royal Ballet</a> est au premier rang des compagnies de ballet classique. Sa réputation provient de deux grandes figures de la danse du <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prima_ballerina_assoluta?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prima ballerina assoluta">prima ballerina</a></i> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Margot_Fonteyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Margot Fonteyn">Margot Fonteyn</a> et le chorégraphe <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_Ashton?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederick Ashton">Frederick Ashton</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Musées,_bibliothèques"><span id="Mus.C3.A9es.2C_biblioth.C3.A8ques"></span>Musées, bibliothèques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Musées, bibliothèques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article connexe&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9es_en_Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Musées en Angleterre (page inexistante)">Musées en Angleterre</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:British_Museum_from_NE_2.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="A museum building designed in the Greek Revival style with a flag on top." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/British_Museum_from_NE_2.JPG/220px-British_Museum_from_NE_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1836"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/British_Museum_from_NE_2.JPG/220px-British_Museum_from_NE_2.JPG" data-alt="A museum building designed in the Greek Revival style with a flag on top." data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/British_Museum_from_NE_2.JPG/330px-British_Museum_from_NE_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/British_Museum_from_NE_2.JPG/440px-British_Museum_from_NE_2.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Museum?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> à Londres. </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Heritage?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> est un organisme gouvernemental avec une large attribution en matière de gestion du patrimoine historique de l'Angleterre. Il est actuellement parrainé par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_de_la_Culture,_des_M%C3%A9dias_et_du_Sport?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Département de la Culture, des Médias et du Sport">département de la Culture, des Médias et du Sport</a>. L'organisme associatif <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty</a> tient un rôle contrasté. Dix-sept des vingt-cinq sites du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patrimoine_mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patrimoine mondial">patrimoine mondial</a> de l'UNESCO au Royaume-Uni mondial relèvent des lieux historiques de l'Angleterre. Certains des plus connus incluent le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mur_d%27Hadrien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mur d'Hadrien">mur d'Hadrien</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stonehenge,_Avebury_and_Associated_Sites?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites">Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tour_de_Londres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tour de Londres">tour de Londres</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Littoral_du_Dorset_et_de_l%27est_du_Devon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Littoral du Dorset et de l'est du Devon">littoral du Dorset et de l'est du Devon</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saltaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saltaire">Saltaire</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ironbridge_Gorge?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironbridge Gorge">Ironbridge Gorge</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parc_de_Studley_Royal?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parc de Studley Royal">parc de Studley Royal</a> et plusieurs autres.</p> <p>Il y a de nombreux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9es_en_Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Musées en Angleterre (page inexistante)">musées en Angleterre</a>, mais le plus remarquable est le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Museum?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> de Londres. Sa collection de plus de sept millions d'objets provenant de tous les continents est l'un des plus grands et le plus complet dans le monde, illustrant et documentant l'histoire de la culture humaine depuis son commencement jusqu'à nos jours. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Library?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Library">British Library</a> de Londres est la bibliothèque nationale et est l'une des bibliothèques de recherche les plus importantes au monde, maintenant plus de <span class="nowrap">150 millions</span> d'articles dans toutes les langues connues et tous les formats, incluant environ 25&nbsp;millions de livres. La galerie d'art la plus ancienne est la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Gallery?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trafalgar_Square?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a>, qui abrite une collection de plus de 2&nbsp;300&nbsp;peintures datant du milieu du <abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle à 1900. Les galeries de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tate_(galerie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tate (galerie)">Tate</a> abritent des collections nationales d'art britannique moderne et international; elles sont également les hôtes du controversé <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prix_Turner?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prix Turner">prix Turner</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="The interior of an empty stadium as viewed from its upper tier of seating. The seats are a vivid red and the pitch is a vivid green. The pale grey sky is visible through an opening in the ceiling above the pitch." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg/220px-Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2926" data-file-height="1885"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg/220px-Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg" data-alt="The interior of an empty stadium as viewed from its upper tier of seating. The seats are a vivid red and the pitch is a vivid green. The pale grey sky is visible through an opening in the ceiling above the pitch." data-width="220" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg/330px-Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg/440px-Wembley_Stadium_interior.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Intérieur du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wembley_Stadium?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wembley Stadium">Wembley Stadium</a>, un des stades les plus chers jamais construits<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Mail—stadium_ready_66-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Daily_Mail%E2%80%94stadium_ready-66"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>66<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sport_en_Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sport en Angleterre (page inexistante)">Sport en Angleterre</a>. </div> </div> <p>L'Angleterre a un héritage sportif très fort, et pendant le <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle la nation a codifié de nombreux sports qui se jouent maintenant dans le monde entier. Les sports originaires de l'Angleterre sont le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Football?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Football">football</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cricket?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rugby_%C3%A0_XV?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rugby à XV">rugby à XV</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rugby_%C3%A0_XIII?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rugby à XIII">rugby à XIII</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tennis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tennis">tennis</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Badminton?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Badminton">badminton</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Squash?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Squash">squash</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>67<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rounders?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rounders">rounders</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>68<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boxe">boxe</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Snooker?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Snooker">snooker</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Billard?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Billard">billard</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fl%C3%A9chettes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fléchettes">fléchettes</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tennis_de_table?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tennis de table">tennis de table</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boulingrin_(jeu)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boulingrin (jeu)">boulingrin</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Netball?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Netball">netball</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pur_Sang?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pur Sang">courses de chevaux pur-sang</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%A9nerie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vénerie">chasse à courre</a>. Il a aidé le développement de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nautisme_(voile)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nautisme (voile)">voile</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Formule_1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Formule 1">Formule 1</a>. Le football est le plus populaire de ces sports. L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89quipe_d%27Angleterre_de_football?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Équipe d'Angleterre de football">équipe d'Angleterre de football</a>, qui joue dans le mythique <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wembley?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wembley">stade de Wembley</a>, a remporté la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coupe_du_monde_de_football_de_1966?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe du monde de football de 1966">Coupe du monde de football de 1966</a>, année où la nation a accueilli la compétition.</p> <p>Au niveau du football, l'Angleterre est reconnue par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_internationale_de_football_association?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fédération internationale de football association">FIFA</a> comme le lieu de naissance de ce sport, avec notamment le club de football de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sheffield_Football_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sheffield Football Club">Sheffield</a> fondé en 1857 et qui demeure le plus ancien club de football. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_d%27Angleterre_de_football?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération d'Angleterre de football">Fédération d'Angleterre de football</a> formée en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1863_en_sport?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1863 en sport">1863</a>, est la plus ancienne association nationale de football au monde et joua un rôle important dans la mise en place des règles de son sport. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FA_Challenge_Cup?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="FA Challenge Cup">FA Challenge Cup</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Football_League?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Football League">Football League</a> ont été respectivement les toutes premières compétitions. Dans l'ère moderne la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Championnat_d%27Angleterre_de_football?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Championnat d'Angleterre de football">Premier League</a> est la ligue de football la plus lucrative du monde et fait partie de l'élite internationale. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ligue_des_champions_de_l%27UEFA?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ligue des champions de l'UEFA">Ligue des champions</a> a été remporté par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chelsea_Football_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chelsea Football Club">Chelsea</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_Football_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool Football Club">Liverpool</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_United_Football_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester United Football Club">Manchester United</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_Football_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nottingham Forest Football Club">Nottingham Forest</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aston_Villa_Football_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aston Villa Football Club">Aston Villa</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_City_Football_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester City Football Club">Manchester City</a>, tandis que <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arsenal_Football_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arsenal Football Club">Arsenal</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leeds_United_Football_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leeds United Football Club">Leeds United</a> et Tottenham ont atteint la finale<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>69<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flintoff_bowling_Siddle,_2009_Ashes_2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Men in cricket whites play upon a green grass cricket field amidst a stadium." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flintoff_bowling_Siddle%2C_2009_Ashes_2.jpg/220px-Flintoff_bowling_Siddle%2C_2009_Ashes_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1152"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flintoff_bowling_Siddle%2C_2009_Ashes_2.jpg/220px-Flintoff_bowling_Siddle%2C_2009_Ashes_2.jpg" data-alt="Men in cricket whites play upon a green grass cricket field amidst a stadium." data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flintoff_bowling_Siddle%2C_2009_Ashes_2.jpg/330px-Flintoff_bowling_Siddle%2C_2009_Ashes_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flintoff_bowling_Siddle%2C_2009_Ashes_2.jpg/440px-Flintoff_bowling_Siddle%2C_2009_Ashes_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89quipe_d%27Angleterre_de_cricket?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Équipe d'Angleterre de cricket">Angleterre</a> en route vers la victoire contre l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89quipe_d%27Australie_de_cricket?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Équipe d'Australie de cricket">Australie</a> durant les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Ashes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Ashes">test-matchs de cricket</a> de 2009 au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lord%27s_Cricket_Ground?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lord's Cricket Ground">Lord's Cricket Ground</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cricket?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cricket">cricket</a> est généralement considéré comme ayant été élaboré en début de la période médiévale parmi les communautés agricoles et de la métallurgie du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Weald?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Weald">Weald</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>70<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89quipe_d%27Angleterre_de_cricket?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Équipe d'Angleterre de cricket">Équipe d'Angleterre de cricket</a> est l’équipe nationale de cricket de l’Angleterre et du pays de Galles. Une des rivalités au sommet de ce jeu est la série de test-matchs appelée <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Ashes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Ashes">The Ashes</a> entre l'Angleterre et l'Australie, qui se déroule depuis 1882. La finale de l'édition 2009 a été regardée par près de 2&nbsp;millions de personnes, bien que le point culminant fut l'édition de 2005 qui a été vue par 7,4&nbsp;millions<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>71<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'Angleterre est actuellement la détentrice du trophée et est classée <abbr class="abbr" title="Cinquième">5<sup>e</sup></abbr> à la fois des compétitions de cricket <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Test_cricket?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Test cricket">Test</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/One-day_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="One-day International">One-day International</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>72<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>L'Angleterre a accueilli quatre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coupe_du_monde_de_cricket?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coupe du monde de cricket">Coupe du monde de cricket</a> (1975, 1979, 1983, 1999) et l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ICC_World_Twenty20?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ICC World Twenty20">ICC World Twenty20</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ICC_World_Twenty20_2009?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ICC World Twenty20 2009">2009</a>. Il existe plusieurs compétitions de niveau national, y compris le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_Championship?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County Championship">County Championship</a> dans lequel l'équipe de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yorkshire_County_Cricket_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yorkshire County Cricket Club">Yorkshire</a> est de loin le club le plus brillant et avoir remporté la compétition à 31 reprises<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>73<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lord%27s_Cricket_Ground?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lord's Cricket Ground">Lord's Cricket Ground</a> situé à Londres, est parfois appelé la «&nbsp;Mecque du cricket&nbsp;»<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>74<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=William_Penny_Brookes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="William Penny Brookes (page inexistante)">William Penny Brookes</a> a été important dans l'organisation du cricket pour les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeux_olympiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeux olympiques">Jeux olympiques</a> modernes. Londres a accueilli les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeux_olympiques_d%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeux olympiques d'été">Jeux olympiques d'été</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeux_olympiques_d%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_1908?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeux olympiques d'été de 1908">1908</a>,<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeux_olympiques_d%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_1948?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeux olympiques d'été de 1948">1948</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeux_olympiques_d%27%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_2012?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeux olympiques d'été de 2012">2012</a>. L'Angleterre prend part aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeux_du_Commonwealth?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeux du Commonwealth">Jeux du Commonwealth</a>, qui se déroule tous les quatre ans. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sport_England&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sport England (page inexistante)">Sport England</a> est l'organe directeur responsable de la distribution des fonds et fournit des orientations stratégiques pour l'activité sportive en Angleterre. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Prix_automobile_de_Grande-Bretagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Prix automobile de Grande-Bretagne">Grand Prix</a> créé en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1926_en_sport?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1926 en sport">1926</a> se tient chaque année à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Circuit_de_Silverstone?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Circuit de Silverstone">Silverstone</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>75<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89quipe_d%27Angleterre_de_rugby_%C3%A0_XV?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Équipe d'Angleterre de rugby à XV">équipe d'Angleterre de rugby à XV</a>, considérée comme l’une des meilleures sélections nationales au monde, a remporté la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coupe_du_monde_de_rugby_%C3%A0_XV_2003?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coupe du monde de rugby à XV 2003">Coupe du monde en 2003</a>. Par ailleurs, l’Angleterre a été l'une des nations hôtes de la compétition en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coupe_du_monde_de_rugby_%C3%A0_XV_1991?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coupe du monde de rugby à XV 1991">1991</a> et en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coupe_du_monde_de_rugby_%C3%A0_XV_1999?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coupe du monde de rugby à XV 1999">1999</a>. Elle l’accueille de nouveau en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coupe_du_monde_de_rugby_%C3%A0_XV_2015?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coupe du monde de rugby à XV 2015">2015</a><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>76<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les clubs de l'élite anglaise, surtout basés dans le Sud du pays, participent à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Championnat_d%27Angleterre_de_rugby_%C3%A0_XV?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Championnat d'Angleterre de rugby à XV">Premiership</a> et à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coupe_d%27Angleterre_de_rugby_%C3%A0_XV?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coupe d'Angleterre de rugby à XV">coupe anglo-galloise</a>. Les clubs des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leicester_Tigers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leicester Tigers">Leicester Tigers</a>, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/London_Wasps?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="London Wasps">London Wasps</a>, de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bath_Rugby?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bath Rugby">Bath</a> et des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northampton_Saints?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northampton Saints">Northampton Saints</a> ont remporté la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coupe_d%27Europe_de_rugby_%C3%A0_XV?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe d'Europe de rugby à XV">coupe d’Europe</a>.</p> <p>Dans une autre forme de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rugby_(sport)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rugby (sport)">rugby</a> qui est né à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Huddersfield?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Huddersfield">Huddersfield</a> en 1895, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89quipe_d%27Angleterre_de_rugby_%C3%A0_XIII?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Équipe d'Angleterre de rugby à XIII">équipe d'Angleterre de rugby à XIII</a> est classée en tant que <abbr class="abbr" title="Troisième">3<sup>e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;meilleure nation dans le monde et première en Europe. L'Angleterre par l'intermédiaire du Royaume-Uni accueille en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coupe_du_monde_de_rugby_%C3%A0_XIII_2013?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coupe du monde de rugby à XIII 2013">2013</a> la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coupe_du_monde_de_rugby_%C3%A0_XIII?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coupe du monde de rugby à XIII">Coupe du monde de rugby à XIII</a>. Les clubs du rugby à XIII, surtout dans le nord, rencontrent un fort succès&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wigan_Warriors?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wigan Warriors">Wigan Warriors</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Helens_RLFC?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="St Helens RLFC">St Helens</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeds Rhinos">Leeds Rhinos</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Huddersfield_Giants?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Huddersfield Giants">Huddersfield Giants</a>, les trois premiers ayant gagné le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Club_Challenge?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Club Challenge">World Club Challenge</a>.</p> <p>En tennis, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tournoi_de_Wimbledon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tournoi de Wimbledon">Tournoi de Wimbledon</a> qui se déroule chaque année à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Londres?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Londres">Londres</a> est le plus ancien tournoi de tennis au monde.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Symboles">Symboles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Symboles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Royal_arms_of_England.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="A red shield tapers to its bottom end; on it are three stylised golden lions with blue claws." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/220px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 256px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/220px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png" data-alt="A red shield tapers to its bottom end; on it are three stylised golden lions with blue claws." data-width="220" data-height="256" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/330px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/440px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armoiries_de_l%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armoiries de l'Angleterre">armoiries royales de l'Angleterre</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_de_l%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drapeau de l'Angleterre">drapeau national de l'Angleterre</a>, connu sous le nom de la Croix-Saint-Georges, a été le drapeau national depuis le <abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle. À l'origine, le drapeau a été utilisé par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_de_G%C3%AAnes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République de Gênes">république de Gênes</a>. Le monarque anglais a rendu un hommage au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doge_de_G%C3%AAnes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Doge de Gênes">doge de Gênes</a> à compter de 1190, de sorte que les navires anglais pouvaient battre le pavillon comme un moyen de protection lors de l'entrée en mer Méditerranée. Une croix rouge a agi comme un symbole pour de nombreux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Croisade?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Croisade">croisés</a> aux <abbr class="abbr" title="12ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> et <abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècles. Il est devenu associé à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georges_de_Lydda?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georges de Lydda">Georges de Lydda</a>, qu'ils revendiquaient comme leur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_patron?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint patron">saint patron</a> et utilisaient sa croix comme un étendard<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>77<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Depuis 1606 la Croix de St George a fait partie de la conception du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_du_Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni">Union Jack</a>, drapeau britannique conçu par le roi <span class="nowrap">James <abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr></span>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Double_Delight_(Tudor)_Rose.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="A red and white flower." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Double_Delight_%28Tudor%29_Rose.jpg/220px-Double_Delight_%28Tudor%29_Rose.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="859"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 185px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Double_Delight_%28Tudor%29_Rose.jpg/220px-Double_Delight_%28Tudor%29_Rose.jpg" data-alt="A red and white flower." data-width="220" data-height="185" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Double_Delight_%28Tudor%29_Rose.jpg/330px-Double_Delight_%28Tudor%29_Rose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Double_Delight_%28Tudor%29_Rose.jpg/440px-Double_Delight_%28Tudor%29_Rose.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rose_Tudor?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rose Tudor">rose Tudor</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Embl%C3%A8me_floral?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblème floral">emblème floral national</a> de l'Angleterre. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Il existe de nombreux autres symboles et objets symboliques, à la fois officiels et non officiels, y compris la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rose_Tudor?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rose Tudor">rose Tudor</a>, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Embl%C3%A8me_floral?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblème floral">emblème floral national</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dragon_(mythologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon (mythologie)">Dragon</a> Blanc et les <i>Trois Lions</i> présentés sur les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armoiries_de_l%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armoiries de l'Angleterre">Armoiries royales de l'Angleterre</a>. La rose Tudor a été adoptée comme l'emblème national de l'Angleterre à l'époque de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_des_Deux-Roses?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre des Deux-Roses">guerre des Deux-Roses</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1455?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1455">1455</a>–<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1485?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1485">1485</a>) entre les maisons d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maison_d%27York?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maison d'York">York</a> et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maison_de_Lancastre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maison de Lancastre">Lancastre</a> avec la victoire d'Henri Tudor (futur <span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_VII_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri VII d'Angleterre"><span class="nowrap">Henri <abbr class="abbr" title="7"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">VII</span></abbr></span></a></span>) sur <span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_III_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III d'Angleterre"><span class="nowrap">Richard <abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr></span></a></span>, lors de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bataille_de_Bosworth?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bataille de Bosworth">bataille de Bosworth</a>, comme un symbole de paix<sup id="cite_ref-Flowers_78-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Flowers-78"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>78<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il est un symbole <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syncr%C3%A9tisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syncrétisme">syncrétique</a> dans lequel ont fusionné la rose blanche des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maison_d%27York?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maison d'York">York</a> et la rose rouge des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maison_de_Lancastre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maison de Lancastre">Lancasters</a>-cadets des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plantagen%C3%AAt?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantagenêt">Plantagenêt</a> qui s'affrontèrent pour le contrôle de la maison royale. Le symbole est également connu sous le nom de la <i>Rose d'Angleterre</i><sup id="cite_ref-Rose_79-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rose-79"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>79<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ch%C3%AAne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chêne">chêne</a> est le symbole de l'Angleterre, représentant force et courage. Le terme «&nbsp;Chêne royal&nbsp;» (<i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Oak_(arbre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Oak (arbre)">Royal Oak</a></i>) est utilisé pour désigner l'évasion du roi <span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_II_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles II d'Angleterre"><span class="nowrap">Charles <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></span></a></span> qui, pourchassé par les parlementaires après l'exécution de son père, s'est caché dans un chêne pour éviter d'être repéré avant de s'exiler en toute sécurité.</p> <p>Les armoiries royales d'Angleterre, un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%A9raldique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Héraldique">blason</a> national avec trois lions, remontent à leur adoption par <span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Ier_d%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Ier d'Angleterre"><span class="nowrap">Richard <abbr class="abbr" title="premier"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span><sup>er</sup></abbr></span> d'Angleterre</a></span> de 1198 à 1340. Il est décrit «&nbsp;de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gueules?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gueules">gueules</a> à trois léopards d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Couleur_(h%C3%A9raldique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Couleur (héraldique)">or</a> armés et lampassés d'azur&nbsp;», c'est-à-dire rouge avec trois lions jaunes regardant le spectateur. L'origine de ce blason des rois d'Angleterre reste sans explication définitive: <span class="need_ref" title="Ce passage nécessite une référence." style="cursor:help;">selon une théorie contestée</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">[réf.&nbsp;nécessaire]</a></sup>, il s'agit de l'union de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%A9raldique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Héraldique">héraldique</a> du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duch%C3%A9_de_Normandie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duché de Normandie">duché de Normandie</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapeau_normand?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drapeau normand">«&nbsp;de gueules à deux léopards d'or</a>) et de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duch%C3%A9_d%27Aquitaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duché d'Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a> («&nbsp;de gueules à un léopard d'or&nbsp;»).</p> <p>L'Angleterre n'a pas d'hymne national officiel à la différence du Royaume-Uni et son hymne <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/God_Save_the_King?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a></i>. Toutefois, les éléments suivants sont souvent considérés comme des hymnes nationaux anglais non officiels&nbsp;: <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/And_did_those_feet_in_ancient_time?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="And did those feet in ancient time">Jerusalem</a></i>, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Land_of_Hope_and_Glory_(hymne)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Land of Hope and Glory (hymne)">Land of Hope and Glory</a></i> (utilisé pour l'Angleterre pendant les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeux_du_Commonwealth_de_2002?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeux du Commonwealth de 2002">Jeux du Commonwealth de 2002</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>80<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, et <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/I_Vow_to_Thee,_My_Country?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="I Vow to Thee, My Country">I Vow to Thee, My Country</a></i>. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_de_f%C3%AAtes_nationales?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste de fêtes nationales">fête nationale</a> anglaise est la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Georges?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Georges">Saint Georges</a>, ce dernier étant le saint patron de l'Angleterre, elle se tient chaque année le <time class="nowrap" datetime="04-23" data-sort-value="04-23">23 avril</time><sup id="cite_ref-St._George_81-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-St._George-81"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>81<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="reference-cadre" tabindex="0"> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/187921/English-Channel"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">English Channel</cite></a>&nbsp;», <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-08-15" data-sort-value="2009-08-15">15 août 2009</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2014">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.calais-cotedopale.com/pratique/aller-en-angleterre/tunnel-sous-la-manche"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Tunnel sous la Manche</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">Calais Côte d'Opale Tourisme</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-12-08" data-sort-value="2014-12-08">8 décembre 2014</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-01-12" data-sort-value="2022-01-12">12 janvier 2022</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/england/sevenwonders/west/severn-river/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The River Severn</cite></a>&nbsp;», <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">BBC</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-12-05" data-sort-value="2010-12-05">5 décembre 2010</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/recreation/31439.aspx"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Severn Bore and Trent Aegir</cite></a>&nbsp;», Environment Agency <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-12-05" data-sort-value="2010-12-05">5 décembre 2010</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-metoffice-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-metoffice_5-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-metoffice_5-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/nw/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">North West England &amp; Isle of Man: climate</cite></a>&nbsp;», Met Office <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-12-05" data-sort-value="2010-12-05">5 décembre 2010</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.summitpost.org/area/range/220026/pennines.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Pennines</cite></a>&nbsp;», Smmit Post <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-09-08" data-sort-value="2009-09-08">8 septembre 2009</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.nationalparks.gov.uk/aboutus"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">National Parks – About us</cite></a>&nbsp;», nationalparks.gov.uk <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-12-05" data-sort-value="2010-12-05">5 décembre 2010</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2017">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Europe/Comment-Grande-Bretagne-devenue-2017-04-07-1200837961"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Comment la Grande-Bretagne est devenue une île</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">la-croix.com</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-04-07" data-sort-value="2017-04-07">7 avril 2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-03-20" data-sort-value="2022-03-20">20 mars 2022</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Climat-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Climat_9-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Climat_9-1">b</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Climat_9-2">c</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Climat_9-3">d</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325005726/www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/weather/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">What is the Climate like in Britain?</cite></a>&nbsp;», Woodlands Kent <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-09-05" data-sort-value="2009-09-05">5 septembre 2009</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2003"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/kent/3153532.stm"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Temperature record changes hands</cite></a>&nbsp;», <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, <time>2003</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-09-05" data-sort-value="2009-09-05">5 septembre 2009</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2005">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20051215205809/http://www.metoffice.com/climate/uk/location/england/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Met Office: English climate</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">web.archive.org</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2005-12-15" data-sort-value="2005-12-15">15 décembre 2005</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-01-12" data-sort-value="2022-01-12">12 janvier 2022</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-BUA-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BUA_12-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">2011 Census – Built-up areas</cite></a>&nbsp;», <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Office for National Statistics">ONS</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-02-05" data-sort-value="2014-02-05">5 février 2014</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2002"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2025530.stm"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Bone find may rewrite history</cite></a>&nbsp;», BBC News, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2002-06-04" data-sort-value="2002-06-04">4 juin 2002</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-09-05" data-sort-value="2009-09-05">5 septembre 2009</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF)">[PDF]</abbr> <span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.bnsc.gov.uk/assets/channels/education/Cryosat%2520lesson%2520plans/Cryosat%2520-%2520Glaciation%2520fact%2520sheet%2520-%2520Advanced.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Glaciation</cite></a>&nbsp;», BNSC.gov.uk <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-09-05" data-sort-value="2009-09-05">5 septembre 2009</time>)</small></span> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF)">[PDF]</abbr>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-tenthou-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-tenthou_15-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.historyofengland.net/content/view/35/41/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">10,000 to 200,000 Years Ago</cite></a>&nbsp;», HistoryofEngland.net <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-09-05" data-sort-value="2009-09-05">5 septembre 2009</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/tertiaryrivers/tectonics.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Tertiary Rivers: Tectonic and structural background</cite></a>&nbsp;», université de Cambridge <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-09-09" data-sort-value="2009-09-09">9 septembre 2009</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Iñigo Olalde, Selina Brace […], David Reich, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25738">The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe</a>, nature.com, 555, pages 190–196, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-03-08" data-sort-value="2018-03-08">8 mars 2018</time>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/feb/21/arrival-of-beaker-folk-changed-britain-forever-ancient-dna-study-shows">Arrival of Beaker folk changed Britain for ever, ancient DNA study shows</a>, theguardian.com, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-02-22" data-sort-value="2018-02-22">22 février 2018</time>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Peter Forbes, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/mar/29/who-we-are-how-got-here-david-reich-ancient-dna-review">Who We Are and How We Got Here by David Reich review – new findings from ancient DNA</a>, theguardian.com, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-03-29" data-sort-value="2018-03-29">29 mars 2018</time>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2010">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.aber.ac.uk/aberonline/en/archive/2008/05/au7608/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Aberystwyth University - News</cite></a>&nbsp;», Aber.ac.uk, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-06-14" data-sort-value="2010-06-14">14 juin 2010</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-06-19" data-sort-value="2010-06-19">19 juin 2010</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Burke2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jason_Burke2000"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Jason Burke, «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,6903,406152,00.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Dig uncovers Boudicca's brutal streak</cite></a>&nbsp;», The Observer, <time>2000</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-09-05" data-sort-value="2009-09-05">5 septembre 2009</time>)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kruta"><span class="ouvrage" id="Venceslas_Kruta">Venceslas Kruta, <cite class="italique">Les Celtes, Histoire et dictionnaire</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Les+Celtes%2C+Histoire+et+dictionnaire&amp;rft.aulast=Kruta&amp;rft.aufirst=Venceslas&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAngleterre"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dumézil"><span class="ouvrage" id="Georges_Dumézil">Georges Dumézil, <cite class="italique">La religion romaine archaïque</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=La+religion+romaine+archa%C3%AFque&amp;rft.aulast=Dum%C3%A9zil&amp;rft.aufirst=Georges&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAngleterre"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="(Publius_Cornelius_Tacitus)"><span class="ouvrage" id="Tacite_(Publius_Cornelius_Tacitus)">Tacite (Publius Cornelius Tacitus), <cite class="italique">De vita Agricolae</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=De+vita+Agricolae&amp;rft.au=Tacite+%28Publius+Cornelius+Tacitus%29&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAngleterre"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc%3DTac.%2BAnn.%2B14.37%26redirect%3Dtrue"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Cornelius Tacitus, The Annals</cite></a>&nbsp;», Alfred John Church, William Jackson Brudribh, Ed <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-12-22" data-sort-value="2010-12-22">22 décembre 2010</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122074747/http://heritage-key.com/publication/architecture-roman-britain"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Architecture in Roman Britain</cite></a>&nbsp;» <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-03-18" data-sort-value="2013-03-18">18 mars 2013</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rankov1994"><span class="ouvrage" id="Boris_Rankov1994"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Boris <span class="nom_auteur">Rankov</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Praetorian Guard</cite>, Osprey Publishing, <time>1994</time>, 64&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-85532-361-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-85532-361-2"><span class="nowrap">978-1-85532-361-2</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;16<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Praetorian+Guard&amp;rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&amp;rft.aulast=Rankov&amp;rft.aufirst=Boris&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.pages=16&amp;rft.tpages=64&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-85532-361-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAngleterre"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Wright2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kevin_J_Wright2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Kevin J <span class="nom_auteur">Wright</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Christian Travel Planner</cite>, Thomas Nelson Inc, <time>2008</time>, 432&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-4016-0374-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-4016-0374-8"><span class="nowrap">978-1-4016-0374-8</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;143<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Christian+Travel+Planner&amp;rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson+Inc&amp;rft.aulast=Wright&amp;rft.aufirst=Kevin+J&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.pages=143&amp;rft.tpages=432&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4016-0374-8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAngleterre"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Edward_James-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Edward_James_29-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="James"><span class="ouvrage" id="Edward_James"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Edward James, «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/anglo_saxons/overview_anglo_saxons_01.shtml"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Overview: Anglo-Saxons, 410 to 800</cite></a>&nbsp;», BBC <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-12-03" data-sort-value="2010-12-03">3 décembre 2010</time>)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ahlstrom"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dick_Ahlstrom"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Dick <span class="nom_auteur">Ahlstrom</span>, «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/genetic-studies-show-our-closest-relatives-are-found-in-galicia-and-the-basque-region-1.700877"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Genetic studies show our closest relatives are found in Galicia and the Basque region</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">The Irish Times</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-01-12" data-sort-value="2022-01-12">12 janvier 2022</time>)</small></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/3348004/What-does-being-British-mean-Ask-the-Spanish.html">Daily Telegraph: What does being British mean&nbsp;? Ask the Spanish</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-12-10" data-sort-value="2009-12-10">10 décembre 2009</time>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Stephen-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Stephen_32-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Stephen_32-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">Oppenheimer, Stephen (2006). <i>Origins of the British</i>. Carroll &amp; Graf. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-7867-1890-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-7867-1890-0"><span class="nowrap">0-7867-1890-0</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;378.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/06/science/06brits.html?_r%3D2%26pagewanted%3Dall"><i>The New York Times</i>&nbsp;: A United Kingdom? Maybe</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-08-08" data-sort-value="2009-08-08">8 août 2009</time>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri%3D/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/livebirths/datasets/parentscountryofbirth/2017/parentscountryofbirthtables2017.xls">Parents' Country of Birth, England and Wales, 2013 (table 7 du document Excel)</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/dc2101ew">Ethnic group by sex by age</a>, Official labour market statistics.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><span class="noarchive">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://projects.exeter.ac.uk/cornishcom/documents/OnbeingaCornishcelt.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;">On being a Cornish "Celt": changing Celtic heritage and traditions</cite></a>&nbsp;» <small class="plainlinks cachelinks">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920093455/http://projects.exeter.ac.uk/cornishcom/documents/OnbeingaCornishcelt.pdf">archive du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-09-20" data-sort-value="2009-09-20">20 septembre 2009</time></a>]</small></span>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_d%27Exeter?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Université d'Exeter">université d'Exeter</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-02-01" data-sort-value="2009-02-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> février 2009</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dugan2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Emily_Dugan2009">Emily <span class="nom_auteur">Dugan</span>, «&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal">The Cornish: They revolted in 1497, now they're at it again</cite>&nbsp;», <i>The Independent</i>, Londres,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-09-06" data-sort-value="2009-09-06">6 septembre 2009</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-cornish-they-revolted-in-1497-now-theyre-at-it-again-1782535.html">lire en ligne</a> <small class="cachelinks">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819072618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-cornish-they-revolted-in-1497-now-theyre-at-it-again-1782535.html">archive du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-08-19" data-sort-value="2018-08-19">19 août 2018</time></a>]</small></span>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-09-17" data-sort-value="2009-09-17">17 septembre 2009</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Cornish%3A+They+revolted+in+1497%2C+now+they%27re+at+it+again&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Independent&amp;rft.aulast=Dugan&amp;rft.aufirst=Emily&amp;rft.date=2009-09-06&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fthis-britain%2Fthe-cornish-they-revolted-in-1497-now-theyre-at-it-again-1782535.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAngleterre"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2009"><span class="noarchive">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.magakernow.org.uk/default.aspx?page%3D336"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Cornish in Schools</cite></a>&nbsp;» <small class="plainlinks cachelinks">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007054858/http://www.magakernow.org.uk/default.aspx?page%3D336">archive du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-10-07" data-sort-value="2013-10-07">7 octobre 2013</time></a>]</small></span>, sur <span class="italique">Cornish Language Partnership</span>, <time>2009</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-10-05" data-sort-value="2013-10-05">5 octobre 2013</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Offices_for_the_English_Regions"><span class="ouvrage" id="Government_Offices_for_the_English_Regions"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Government_Office&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Government Office (page inexistante)">Government Offices for the English Regions</a>, <span class="noarchive">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.gos.gov.uk/gosw/culturehome/heritage/cornish/?view%3DStandard"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Cornish language</cite></a>&nbsp;» <small class="plainlinks cachelinks">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112123830/http://www.gos.gov.uk/gosw/culturehome/heritage/cornish/?view%3DStandard">archive du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-01-12" data-sort-value="2016-01-12">12 janvier 2016</time></a>]</small></span>, gos.gov.uk <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-09-22" data-sort-value="2009-09-22">22 septembre 2009</time>)</small></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><span class="noarchive">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.magakernow.org.uk/idoc.ashx?docid%3Dd9bd1b63-0135-47b1-8edf-4a5e9358da06%26version%3D-1"><cite style="font-style:normal;">The Cornish Language Development Project&nbsp;– Evaluation&nbsp;– Final Report, page 20</cite></a>&nbsp;» <small class="plainlinks cachelinks">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007054626/http://www.magakernow.org.uk/idoc.ashx?docid%3Dd9bd1b63-0135-47b1-8edf-4a5e9358da06%26version%3D-1">archive du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-10-07" data-sort-value="2013-10-07">7 octobre 2013</time></a>]</small></span>, Hywel Evans, Aric Lacoste / ERS <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-10-05" data-sort-value="2013-10-05">5 octobre 2013</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><span class="noarchive">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.gos.gov.uk/gosw/culturehome/heritage/cornish/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">South West&nbsp;– Cornish Language</cite></a>&nbsp;» <small class="plainlinks cachelinks">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013095206/http://www.gos.gov.uk/gosw/culturehome/heritage/cornish/">archive du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-10-13" data-sort-value="2008-10-13">13 octobre 2008</time></a>]</small></span>, Government Office South West <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-09-17" data-sort-value="2009-09-17">17 septembre 2009</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Milmo2014"><span class="ouvrage" id="Cahal_Milmo2014">Cahal <span class="nom_auteur">Milmo</span>, «&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal">Cornish to be recognised as a national minority along with Scots, Welsh and Irish</cite>&nbsp;», <i>The Independent</i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-04-23" data-sort-value="2014-04-23">23 avril 2014</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/cornish-people-formally-declared-a-national-minority-along-with-scots-welsh-and-irish-9278725.html">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-02-03" data-sort-value="2019-02-03">3 février 2019</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Cornish+to+be+recognised+as+a+national+minority+along+with+Scots%2C+Welsh+and+Irish&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Independent&amp;rft.aulast=Milmo&amp;rft.aufirst=Cahal&amp;rft.date=2014-04-23&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fcornish-people-formally-declared-a-national-minority-along-with-scots-welsh-and-irish-9278725.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAngleterre"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Alexandre2018"><span class="ouvrage" id="Amandine_Alexandre2018">Amandine Alexandre, «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.lejdd.fr/international/europe/pourquoi-le-systeme-de-sante-public-britannique-est-a-lagonie-3564821"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Pourquoi le système de santé public britannique est à l'agonie</cite></a>&nbsp;», <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Journal_du_dimanche?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Journal du dimanche">Le JDD</a>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-02-05" data-sort-value="2018-02-05">5 février 2018</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-05-05" data-sort-value="2018-05-05">5 mai 2018</time>)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_290685.pdf">2011 Census: Key Statistics for England and Wales, March 2011</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/field_01.shtml"><cite style="font-style:normal;">The Welfare State – Never Ending Reform</cite></a>&nbsp;», BBC News <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-09-17" data-sort-value="2009-09-17">17 septembre 2009</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.adviceguide.org.uk/index/life/tax/income_tax_rates.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Tax in England</cite></a>&nbsp;», AdviceGuide.org.uk <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-09-05" data-sort-value="2009-09-05">5 septembre 2009</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2024"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-education"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Department for Education</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">GOV.UK</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-01-08" data-sort-value="2024-01-08">8 janvier 2024</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-01-21" data-sort-value="2024-01-21">21 janvier 2024</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.gov.uk/types-of-school"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Types of school</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">GOV.UK</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-01-21" data-sort-value="2024-01-21">21 janvier 2024</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Anne-Marie.2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bonnerot,_Anne-Marie.2009">Bonnerot, <span class="nom_auteur">Anne-Marie.</span>, <cite class="italique">Conjugaison anglaise</cite>, I.J.L, <time>2009</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-290-33565-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-290-33565-7"><span class="nowrap">2-290-33565-7</span></a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-290-33565-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-290-33565-9"><span class="nowrap">978-2-290-33565-9</span></a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://worldcat.org/fr/title/716174264">716174264</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://worldcat.org/oclc/716174264">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Conjugaison+anglaise&amp;rft.pub=I.J.L&amp;rft.aulast=Anne-Marie.&amp;rft.aufirst=Bonnerot%2C&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=2-290-33565-7&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F716174264&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAngleterre"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/national-curriculum"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">National curriculum</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">GOV.UK</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-10-13" data-sort-value="2021-10-13">13 octobre 2021</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="WatsonChurch2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Judith_WatsonAndrew_Church2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Judith <span class="nom_auteur">Watson</span> et Andrew <span class="nom_auteur">Church</span>, «&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The Social Effects of Travel to Learn Patterns - A Case Study of 16-19 Year Olds in London</cite>&nbsp;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&nbsp;24, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&nbsp;5,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-08" data-sort-value="2009-08">août 2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">389–414</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0269-0942">0269-0942</a></span> et <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1470-9325">1470-9325</a></span>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&nbsp;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690940903166971">10.1080/02690940903166971</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1080/02690940903166971">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-01-21" data-sort-value="2024-01-21">21 janvier 2024</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Social+Effects+of+Travel+to+Learn+Patterns+-+A+Case+Study+of+16-19+Year+Olds+in+London&amp;rft.jtitle=Local+Economy%3A+The+Journal+of+the+Local+Economy+Policy+Unit&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.aulast=Watson&amp;rft.aufirst=Judith&amp;rft.au=Church%2C+Andrew&amp;rft.date=2009-08&amp;rft.volume=24&amp;rft.pages=389%E2%80%93414&amp;rft.issn=0269-0942&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02690940903166971&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAngleterre"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.gov.uk/browse/education/universities-higher-education"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Universities and higher education - GOV.UK</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">www.gov.uk</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-01-21" data-sort-value="2024-01-21">21 janvier 2024</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.gov.uk/browse/education/find-course"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Apprenticeships, 14 to 19 education and training for work - GOV.UK</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">www.gov.uk</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-01-21" data-sort-value="2024-01-21">21 janvier 2024</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.stone-circles.org.uk/stone/index.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;">The Prehistoric Sites of Great Britain</cite></a>&nbsp;», Stone-Circles.org.uk <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-09-05" data-sort-value="2009-09-05">5 septembre 2009</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-roman-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-roman_55-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-roman_55-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-roman_55-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.castles.me.uk/ancient-roman-architecture-england-wales.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Ancient Roman architecture in England and Wales</cite></a>&nbsp;», Castles.me.uk <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-09-05" data-sort-value="2009-09-05">5 septembre 2009</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Colgrave1985">Colgrave 1985</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&nbsp;326.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pevsner1942">Pevsner 1942</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&nbsp;14.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-buildings-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-buildings_58-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-buildings_58-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Atkinson2008">Atkinson 2008</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&nbsp;189.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Downes2007">Downes 2007</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&nbsp;17.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Else2007">Else 2007</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&nbsp;76.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-61">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Else2007">Else 2007</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&nbsp;85.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-62">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.theworlds50best.com/discovery/sitemap/uk"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Sitemap</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">Discovery</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-01-12" data-sort-value="2022-01-12">12 janvier 2022</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mart2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nicole_Mart2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Nicole <span class="nom_auteur">Mart</span>, «&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">King Richard II's recipe book to go online</cite>&nbsp;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">The Daily Telegraph</span></i>, Londres,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-09-22" data-sort-value="2008-09-22">22 septembre 2008</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/3061656/King-Richard-IIs-recipe-book-to-go-online.html">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-09-05" data-sort-value="2009-09-05">5 septembre 2009</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=King+Richard+II%27s+recipe+book+to+go+online&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&amp;rft.aulast=Mart&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicole&amp;rft.date=2008-09-22&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewstopics%2Fhowaboutthat%2F3061656%2FKing-Richard-IIs-recipe-book-to-go-online.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAngleterre"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-tradfood-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-tradfood_64-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-tradfood_64-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.travelsignposts.com/England/traditional-English-food-specialities.php"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Traditional English Food Specialities</cite></a>&nbsp;», TravelSignPosts.com <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-09-05" data-sort-value="2009-09-05">5 septembre 2009</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.tea.co.uk/catherine-of-braganza"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Catherine of Braganza</cite></a>&nbsp;», Tea.co.uk <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-09-05" data-sort-value="2009-09-05">5 septembre 2009</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Daily_Mail—stadium_ready-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Daily_Mail%E2%80%94stadium_ready_66-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Wembley kick-off: Stadium is ready and England play first game in fortnight</cite>&nbsp;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Daily Mail</span></i>, Londres,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-03-03" data-sort-value="2007-03-03">3 mars 2007</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id%3D441182">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-09-05" data-sort-value="2009-09-05">5 septembre 2009</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Wembley+kick-off%3A+Stadium+is+ready+and+England+play+first+game+in+fortnight&amp;rft.jtitle=Daily+Mail&amp;rft.date=2007-03-03&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fpages%2Flive%2Farticles%2Fnews%2Fnews.html%3Fin_article_id%3D441182&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAngleterre"></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.worldsquash2008.com/the-championships/history-of-squash.aspx"><cite style="font-style:normal;">History of squash</cite></a>&nbsp;», WorldSquash2008.com <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-09-05" data-sort-value="2009-09-05">5 septembre 2009</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-68">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112065508/http://www.nra-rounders.co.uk/dyncat.cfm?catid%3D17177"><cite style="font-style:normal;">History of the Game</cite></a>&nbsp;» <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time>20130318</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.rsssf.com/ec/ec1stats.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">UEFA Champions League Finals 1956–2008</cite></a>&nbsp;», <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rec.Sport.Soccer_Statistics_Foundation?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation">RSSSF</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-09-05" data-sort-value="2009-09-05">5 septembre 2009</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Underdown2000">Underdown 2000</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&nbsp;6.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-71">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="staff2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Cricinfo_staff2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Cricinfo staff, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Ashes climax watched by a fraction of 2005 audience</cite>, Cricinfo, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-08-26" data-sort-value="2009-08-26">26 août 2009</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.cricinfo.com/engvaus2009/content/current/story/422272.html">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ashes+climax+watched+by+a+fraction+of+2005+audience&amp;rft.pub=Cricinfo&amp;rft.aulast=staff&amp;rft.aufirst=Cricinfo&amp;rft.date=2009-08-26&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAngleterre"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-72">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <cite class="italique" lang="en">ICC Test and ODI Championships / Official Team Rankings</cite>, Cricinfo <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.cricinfo.com/rankings/content/current/page/211271.html">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=ICC+Test+and+ODI+Championships+%2F+Official+Team+Rankings&amp;rft.pub=Cricinfo&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAngleterre"></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <cite class="italique" lang="en">A brief history of Yorkshire</cite>, Cricinfo <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.cricinfo.com/yorkshire/content/current/story/261973.html">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+Yorkshire&amp;rft.pub=Cricinfo&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAngleterre"></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Fay1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="Stephen_Fay1998"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Stephen <span class="nom_auteur">Fay</span>, «&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Cricket: Flaw Lord's out of order</cite>&nbsp;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">The Independent</span></i>, Londres,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1998-06-21" data-sort-value="1998-06-21">21 juin 1998</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket-flaw-lords-out-of-order-1166513.html">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-09-09" data-sort-value="2009-09-09">9 septembre 2009</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Cricket%3A+Flaw+Lord%27s+out+of+order&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Independent&amp;rft.aulast=Fay&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen&amp;rft.date=1998-06-21&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fsport%2Fcricket-flaw-lords-out-of-order-1166513.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAngleterre"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-75">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.silverstone.co.uk/about/history/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The History of British Motorsport and Motor Racing at Silverstone</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">Silverstone</span>, Silverstone.co.uk <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-10-31" data-sort-value="2009-10-31">31 octobre 2009</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/8170488.stm"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">England will host 2015 Rugby World Cup</cite></a>&nbsp;», BBC News, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-07-28" data-sort-value="2009-07-28">28 juillet 2009</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-09-05" data-sort-value="2009-09-05">5 septembre 2009</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.britannia.com/history/stgeorge.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">St. George – England's Patron Saint</cite></a>&nbsp;», Britannia.com <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-02-01" data-sort-value="2009-02-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> février 2009</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Flowers-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Flowers_78-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2015">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.lefigaro.fr/le-scan-sport/le-saviez-vous/2015/09/25/27006-20150925ARTFIG00372-pourquoi-le-xv-d-angleterre-a-choisi-la-rose-comme-embleme.php"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Pourquoi le XV d'Angleterre a choisi la Rose comme emblème</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">LEFIGARO</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-09-25" data-sort-value="2015-09-25">25 septembre 2015</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-01-12" data-sort-value="2022-01-12">12 janvier 2022</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Rose-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rose_79-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Smith2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jed_Smith2005">Jed <span class="nom_auteur">Smith</span>, «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.rugbynetwork.net/main/s245/st74325.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;">England's Rose – The Official History</cite></a>&nbsp;», <span class="italique">Museum of Rugby, Twickenham</span>, RugbyNetwork.net, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2005-06-03" data-sort-value="2005-06-03">3 juin 2005</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-08-08" data-sort-value="2009-08-08">8 août 2009</time>)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-80">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.newstatesman.com/200208050035"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Jason Cowley loves the Commonwealth Games</cite></a>&nbsp;», <span class="italique">New Statesman</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-09-05" data-sort-value="2009-09-05">5 septembre 2009</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-St._George-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-St._George_81-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="1998"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/82166.stm"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The Great Saint George Revival</cite></a>&nbsp;», BBC News, <time class="nowrap" datetime="1998-04-23" data-sort-value="1998-04-23">23 avril 1998</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-09-05" data-sort-value="2009-09-05">5 septembre 2009</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=41&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="noprint boite-grise boite-a-droite" style="text-align:left;"> <div style="float:left;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Circle-icons-frames.svg/45px-Circle-icons-frames.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 45px;height: 45px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Circle-icons-frames.svg/45px-Circle-icons-frames.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="45" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Circle-icons-frames.svg/68px-Circle-icons-frames.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Circle-icons-frames.svg/90px-Circle-icons-frames.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span> </div> <div style="margin-left:60px;"> Une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Cat%C3%A9gorie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Catégorie">catégorie</a> est consacrée à ce sujet&nbsp;: <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catégorie:Angleterre">Angleterre</a></i>. </div> <div style="clear:left;"></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style> <div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia&nbsp;:</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:_England?uselang%3Dfr">l’Angleterre</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li> <li class="wikinews"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wikinews.org/wiki/Categorie:Angleterre" class="extiw" title="n:Categorie:Angleterre">Angleterre</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikinews</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=42&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Atkinson2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="T.D._Atkinson2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> T.D. <span class="nom_auteur">Atkinson</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">English Architecture</cite>, Read Books, <time>2008</time>, 227&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-4097-2581-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-4097-2581-7"><span class="nowrap">978-1-4097-2581-7</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=English+Architecture&amp;rft.pub=Read+Books&amp;rft.aulast=Atkinson&amp;rft.aufirst=T.D.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.tpages=227&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4097-2581-7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAngleterre"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Cottret2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bernard_Cottret2011"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernard_Cottret?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Cottret">Bernard <span class="nom_auteur">Cottret</span></a>, <cite class="italique">Histoire de l'Angleterre&nbsp;: de Guillaume le Conquérant à nos jours</cite>, Paris, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tallandier?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tallandier">Tallandier</a>, <time>2011</time>, 611&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-84734-779-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-84734-779-1"><span class="nowrap">978-2-84734-779-1</span></a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>&nbsp;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb424351863.public">42435186</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27Angleterre&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Tallandier&amp;rft.stitle=de+Guillaume+le+Conqu%C3%A9rant+%C3%A0+nos+jours&amp;rft.aulast=Cottret&amp;rft.aufirst=Bernard&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.tpages=611&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-84734-779-1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAngleterre"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Colgrave1985"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bertram_Colgrave1985"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Bertram <span class="nom_auteur">Colgrave</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Two lives of Saint Cuthbert</cite>, Cambridge University Press, <time>1985</time>, 375&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-521-31385-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-521-31385-8"><span class="nowrap">978-0-521-31385-8</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Two+lives+of+Saint+Cuthbert&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.aulast=Colgrave&amp;rft.aufirst=Bertram&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.tpages=375&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-31385-8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAngleterre"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Downes2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kerry_Downes2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Kerry <span class="nom_auteur">Downes</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Christopher Wren</cite>, Oxford University Press, <time>2007</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-19-921524-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-19-921524-9"><span class="nowrap">978-0-19-921524-9</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Christopher+Wren&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.aulast=Downes&amp;rft.aufirst=Kerry&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-921524-9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAngleterre"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Else2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_Else2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : italien">(it)</abbr> David <span class="nom_auteur">Else</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="it">Inghilterra</cite>, EDT srl, <time>2007</time>, 912&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-88-6040-136-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-88-6040-136-6"><span class="nowrap">978-88-6040-136-6</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Inghilterra&amp;rft.pub=EDT+srl&amp;rft.aulast=Else&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.tpages=912&amp;rft.isbn=978-88-6040-136-6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAngleterre"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Pevsner1942"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nikolaus_Pevsner1942"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Nikolaus <span class="nom_auteur">Pevsner</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">An outline of European architecture</cite>, University of Michigan, <time>1942</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-14-061613-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-14-061613-2"><span class="nowrap">978-0-14-061613-2</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=An+outline+of+European+architecture&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&amp;rft.aulast=Pevsner&amp;rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&amp;rft.date=1942&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-14-061613-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAngleterre"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Underdown2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_Underdown2000"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> David <span class="nom_auteur">Underdown</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Start of Play&nbsp;: Cricket and Culture in 18th century England</cite>, Allen Lane, <time>2000</time>, 257&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-7139-9330-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-7139-9330-1"><span class="nowrap">978-0-7139-9330-1</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Start+of+Play+%3A+Cricket+and+Culture+in+18th+century+England&amp;rft.pub=Allen+Lane&amp;rft.aulast=Underdown&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.tpages=257&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9330-1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAngleterre"></span></span></span></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=43&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subdivisions_de_l%27Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Subdivisions de l'Angleterre">Subdivisions de l'Angleterre</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_de_villes_du_Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste de villes du Royaume-Uni">Liste de villes du Royaume-Uni</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%AAtes_et_jours_f%C3%A9ri%C3%A9s_au_Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fêtes et jours fériés au Royaume-Uni">Fêtes et jours fériés au Royaume-Uni</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A8re_des_parlements?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mère des parlements">Mère des parlements</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=44&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul> <li><cite class="ouvrage" id="site_officiel" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="wd_p856"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.visitengland.com/">Site officiel</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </section> </div><!-- MobileFormatter took 0.049 seconds --><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&amp;mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Ce document provient de «&nbsp;<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DAngleterre%26oldid%3D220157693">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;oldid=220157693</a>&nbsp;». </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Angleterre&amp;action=history&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Csar62" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1731186027"> <span>Dernière modification le 9 novembre 2024, à 22:00</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Langues</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D0%25B7%25D1%2582%25D3%2599%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0" title="Англызтәыла&nbsp;–&nbsp;abkhaze" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Англызтәыла" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhaze" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggr%25C3%25A9h" title="Inggréh&nbsp;–&nbsp;aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Inggréh" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5" title="Англие&nbsp;–&nbsp;adyguéen" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Англие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adyguéen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engeland" title="Engeland&nbsp;–&nbsp;afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Engeland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England&nbsp;–&nbsp;alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258A%25A2%25E1%258A%2595%25E1%258C%258D%25E1%2588%258B%25E1%258A%2595%25E1%258B%25B5" title="ኢንግላንድ&nbsp;–&nbsp;amharique" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢንግላንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglaterra" title="Anglaterra&nbsp;–&nbsp;aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englaland" title="Englaland&nbsp;–&nbsp;ancien anglais" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Englaland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="ancien anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingilan" title="Ingilan&nbsp;–&nbsp;obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ingilan" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2587%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2588%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="इंग्लैंड&nbsp;–&nbsp;angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इंग्लैंड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A5%25D9%2586%25D8%25AC%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7" title="إنجلترا&nbsp;–&nbsp;arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنجلترا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25DD%25A3%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25B2" title="النݣليز&nbsp;–&nbsp;arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="النݣليز" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AC%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7" title="انجلترا&nbsp;–&nbsp;arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انجلترا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2587%25E0%25A6%2582%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25A3%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A1" title="ইংলেণ্ড&nbsp;–&nbsp;assamais" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইংলেণ্ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra&nbsp;–&nbsp;asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engla" title="Engla&nbsp;–&nbsp;kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Engla" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2587%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2588%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="इंग्लैण्ड&nbsp;–&nbsp;awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="इंग्लैण्ड" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inlispampa" title="Inlispampa&nbsp;–&nbsp;aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Inlispampa" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%25B0ngilt%25C9%2599r%25C9%2599" title="İngiltərə&nbsp;–&nbsp;azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İngiltərə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3" title="اینگیلیس&nbsp;–&nbsp;South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اینگیلیس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Англия&nbsp;–&nbsp;bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Англия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris&nbsp;–&nbsp;balinais" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Inggris" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England&nbsp;–&nbsp;bavarois" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongl%25C4%2597j%25C4%2597" title="Onglėjė&nbsp;–&nbsp;samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Onglėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggeris" title="Inggeris&nbsp;–&nbsp;batak toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Inggeris" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="batak toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglatera" title="Inglatera&nbsp;–&nbsp;Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Англія&nbsp;–&nbsp;biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Англія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2588%25D1%2587%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Ангельшчына&nbsp;–&nbsp;Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ангельшчына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris&nbsp;–&nbsp;betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Inggris" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Англия&nbsp;–&nbsp;bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Англия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2587%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2588%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="इंग्लैंड&nbsp;–&nbsp;Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इंग्लैंड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%25A1%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%259C%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2581%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2591%25E1%2580%25AE" title="အိန်းကလန်ခမ်းထီ&nbsp;–&nbsp;Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အိန်းကလန်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2587%25E0%25A6%2582%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A1" title="ইংল্যান্ড&nbsp;–&nbsp;bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইংল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro-Saoz" title="Bro-Saoz&nbsp;–&nbsp;breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bro-Saoz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engleska" title="Engleska&nbsp;–&nbsp;bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Engleska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggeris" title="Inggeris&nbsp;–&nbsp;Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Inggeris" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8" title="Англи&nbsp;–&nbsp;Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Англи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglaterra" title="Anglaterra&nbsp;–&nbsp;catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglatera" title="Inglatera&nbsp;–&nbsp;Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%25ACng-g%25C3%25A1ik-l%25C3%25A0ng" title="Ĭng-gáik-làng&nbsp;–&nbsp;Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ĭng-gáik-làng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2598%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%2581" title="Ингалс&nbsp;–&nbsp;tchétchène" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ингалс" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tchétchène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglatera" title="Inglatera&nbsp;–&nbsp;cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A6%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25DB%2595%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7" title="ئینگلتەرا&nbsp;–&nbsp;sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئینگلتەرا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inghilterra" title="Inghilterra&nbsp;–&nbsp;corse" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglie" title="Anglie&nbsp;–&nbsp;tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anglie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8" title="Англи&nbsp;–&nbsp;tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Англи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloegr" title="Lloegr&nbsp;–&nbsp;gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lloegr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England&nbsp;–&nbsp;danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England&nbsp;–&nbsp;allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%25B0ng%25C4%25B1ltere" title="İngıltere&nbsp;–&nbsp;Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İngıltere" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelska" title="Engelska&nbsp;–&nbsp;bas-sorabe" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Engelska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="bas-sorabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England&nbsp;–&nbsp;dusun central" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="dusun central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2587%25E0%25A4%2599%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="इङ्ल्याण्ड&nbsp;–&nbsp;Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="इङ्ल्याण्ड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DE%2587%25DE%25A8%25DE%2582%25DE%258E%25DE%25A8%25DE%2583%25DE%25AD%25DE%2590%25DE%25A8%25DE%2588%25DE%25A8%25DE%258D%25DE%25A7%25DE%258C%25DE%25B0" title="އިނގިރޭސިވިލާތް&nbsp;–&nbsp;maldivien" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިނގިރޭސިވިލާތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="maldivien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2591%25CE%25B3%25CE%25B3%25CE%25BB%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Αγγλία&nbsp;–&nbsp;grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγγλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inghilt%25C3%25A8ra" title="Inghiltèra&nbsp;–&nbsp;Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Inghiltèra" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England&nbsp;–&nbsp;anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglio" title="Anglio&nbsp;–&nbsp;espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anglio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra&nbsp;–&nbsp;espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglismaa" title="Inglismaa&nbsp;–&nbsp;estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Inglismaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingalaterra" title="Ingalaterra&nbsp;–&nbsp;basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ingalaterra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingalaterra" title="Ingalaterra&nbsp;–&nbsp;estrémègne" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ingalaterra" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estrémègne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="انگلستان&nbsp;–&nbsp;persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انگلستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englanti" title="Englanti&nbsp;–&nbsp;finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Englanti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%25C3%25BCsmaa" title="Inglüsmaa&nbsp;–&nbsp;võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Inglüsmaa" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peretania" title="Peretania&nbsp;–&nbsp;fidjien" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Peretania" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fidjien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongland" title="Ongland&nbsp;–&nbsp;féroïen" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ongland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="féroïen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angllet%25C3%25A8rra" title="Anglletèrra&nbsp;–&nbsp;francoprovençal" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Anglletèrra" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="francoprovençal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingelun" title="Ingelun&nbsp;–&nbsp;frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ingelun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingletiere" title="Ingletiere&nbsp;–&nbsp;frioulan" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ingletiere" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="frioulan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingel%25C3%25A2n" title="Ingelân&nbsp;–&nbsp;frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ingelân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasana" title="Sasana&nbsp;–&nbsp;irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sasana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langl%25C3%25A9t%25C3%25A8" title="Langlétè&nbsp;–&nbsp;créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Langlétè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasainn" title="Sasainn&nbsp;–&nbsp;gaélique écossais" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sasainn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélique écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra&nbsp;–&nbsp;galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25B3" title="اينگيليس&nbsp;–&nbsp;gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="اينگيليس" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingyat%25C3%25A9rra" title="Ingyatérra&nbsp;–&nbsp;guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ingyatérra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2587%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="इंग्लंड&nbsp;–&nbsp;konkani de Goa" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="इंग्लंड" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="konkani de Goa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enggeleti" title="Enggeleti&nbsp;–&nbsp;gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Enggeleti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258C%25B2%25F0%2590%258C%25B2%25F0%2590%258C%25B9%25F0%2590%258C%25BB%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258C%25BB%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258C%25BD%25F0%2590%258C%25B3" title="𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳&nbsp;–&nbsp;gotique" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gotique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sostyn" title="Sostyn&nbsp;–&nbsp;mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sostyn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingila" title="Ingila&nbsp;–&nbsp;haoussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ingila" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haoussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England&nbsp;–&nbsp;hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E2%2580%2598Enelani" title="‘Enelani&nbsp;–&nbsp;hawaïen" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="‘Enelani" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaïen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2590%25D7%25A0%25D7%2592%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%2594" title="אנגליה&nbsp;–&nbsp;hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנגליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2587%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2588%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="इंग्लैण्ड&nbsp;–&nbsp;hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इंग्लैण्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England&nbsp;–&nbsp;hindi fidjien" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi fidjien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engleska" title="Engleska&nbsp;–&nbsp;croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Engleska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jend%25C5%25BAelska" title="Jendźelska&nbsp;–&nbsp;haut-sorabe" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Jendźelska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="haut-sorabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglet%25C3%25A8" title="Angletè&nbsp;–&nbsp;créole haïtien" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Angletè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="créole haïtien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia&nbsp;–&nbsp;hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Anglia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A3%25D5%25AC%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1" title="Անգլիա&nbsp;–&nbsp;arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անգլիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A3%25D5%25AC%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1" title="Անգլիա&nbsp;–&nbsp;arménien occidental" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Անգլիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="arménien occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglaterra" title="Anglaterra&nbsp;–&nbsp;interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris&nbsp;–&nbsp;indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Inggris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia&nbsp;–&nbsp;interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Anglia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglatera" title="Inglatera&nbsp;–&nbsp;ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2598%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5%25D1%2585%25D1%258C%25D0%25B5" title="Ингалсехье&nbsp;–&nbsp;ingouche" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ингалсехье" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingouche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia&nbsp;–&nbsp;ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Anglia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England&nbsp;–&nbsp;islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inghilterra" title="Inghilterra&nbsp;–&nbsp;italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25A4%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B0%25E3%2583%25A9%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2583%2589" title="イングランド&nbsp;–&nbsp;japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イングランド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingglan" title="Ingglan&nbsp;–&nbsp;créole jamaïcain" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ingglan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="créole jamaïcain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris&nbsp;–&nbsp;javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Inggris" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2598" title="ინგლისი&nbsp;–&nbsp;géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინგლისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angliya" title="Angliya&nbsp;–&nbsp;karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Angliya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legliz" title="Legliz&nbsp;–&nbsp;kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Legliz" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%25C5%258Bg%25C9%25A9l%25C9%25A9t%25C9%259B%25C9%259Br%25C9%25A9" title="Aŋgɩlɩtɛɛrɩ&nbsp;–&nbsp;Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Aŋgɩlɩtɛɛrɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nggi%25CC%25B1lan" title="Nggi̱lan&nbsp;–&nbsp;tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Nggi̱lan" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris&nbsp;–&nbsp;Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Inggris" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngeretha" title="Ngeretha&nbsp;–&nbsp;kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ngeretha" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Англия&nbsp;–&nbsp;kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Англия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%25A2%25E1%259E%2584%25E1%259F%258B%25E1%259E%2582%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%259B%25E1%259F%2581%25E1%259E%259F" title="អង់គ្លេស&nbsp;–&nbsp;khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អង់គ្លេស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%2587%25E0%25B2%2582%25E0%25B2%2597%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B2%25E0%25B3%2586%25E0%25B2%2582%25E0%25B2%25A1%25E0%25B3%258D" title="ಇಂಗ್ಲೆಂಡ್&nbsp;–&nbsp;kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಂಗ್ಲೆಂಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%259E%2589%25EA%25B8%2580%25EB%259E%259C%25EB%2593%259C" title="잉글랜드&nbsp;–&nbsp;coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잉글랜드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2590%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF%25D9%2584%25D9%2590%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="اِنگلِستان&nbsp;–&nbsp;cachemiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اِنگلِستان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cachemiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%258Englistan" title="Înglistan&nbsp;–&nbsp;kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Înglistan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Sows" title="Pow Sows&nbsp;–&nbsp;cornique" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow Sows" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Англия&nbsp;–&nbsp;kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Англия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia&nbsp;–&nbsp;latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anglia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra&nbsp;–&nbsp;ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England&nbsp;–&nbsp;luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Англия&nbsp;–&nbsp;lezghien" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Англия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England&nbsp;–&nbsp;lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeland" title="Ingeland&nbsp;–&nbsp;limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ingeland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inghilt%25C3%25A6ra" title="Inghiltæra&nbsp;–&nbsp;ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Inghiltæra" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligure" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nghiltiera" title="Nghiltiera&nbsp;–&nbsp;Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Nghiltiera" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inghilt%25C3%25A8ra" title="Inghiltèra&nbsp;–&nbsp;lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Inghiltèra" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ing%25C9%259Blandi" title="Ingɛlandi&nbsp;–&nbsp;lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ingɛlandi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%259B%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BB%2580%25E0%25BA%2597%25E0%25BA%2594%25E0%25BA%25AD%25E0%25BA%25B1%25E0%25BA%2587%25E0%25BA%2581%25E0%25BA%25B4%25E0%25BA%2594" title="ປະເທດອັງກິດ&nbsp;–&nbsp;lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດອັງກິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglija" title="Anglija&nbsp;–&nbsp;lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anglija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglija" title="Anglija&nbsp;–&nbsp;letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Anglija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2587%25E0%25A4%2599%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="इङ्ल्यान्ड&nbsp;–&nbsp;maïthili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इङ्ल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maïthili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angletera" title="Angletera&nbsp;–&nbsp;malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Angletera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingarangi" title="Ingarangi&nbsp;–&nbsp;maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ingarangi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggirih" title="Inggirih&nbsp;–&nbsp;minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Inggirih" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Англија&nbsp;–&nbsp;macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Англија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%2587%25E0%25B4%2582%25E0%25B4%2597%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B2%25E0%25B4%25A3%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%259F%25E0%25B5%258D" title="ഇംഗ്ലണ്ട്&nbsp;–&nbsp;malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇംഗ്ലണ്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8" title="Англи&nbsp;–&nbsp;mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Англи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25AF%258F%25EA%25AF%25AA%25EA%25AF%2582%25EA%25AF%25A6%25EA%25AF%259F" title="ꯏꯪꯂꯦꯟ&nbsp;–&nbsp;manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯪꯂꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2587%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="इंग्लंड&nbsp;–&nbsp;marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इंग्लंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England&nbsp;–&nbsp;malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingilterra" title="Ingilterra&nbsp;–&nbsp;maltais" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ingilterra" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglaterra" title="Anglaterra&nbsp;–&nbsp;mirandais" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%25A1%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B9%25E1%2580%2582%25E1%2580%259C%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25B6" title="အင်္ဂလန်နိုင်ငံ&nbsp;–&nbsp;birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အင်္ဂလန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3" title="انگلیس&nbsp;–&nbsp;mazandérani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="انگلیس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandérani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngreterra" title="Ngreterra&nbsp;–&nbsp;napolitain" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ngreterra" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England&nbsp;–&nbsp;bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelaand_(regio)" title="Engelaand (regio)&nbsp;–&nbsp;bas-saxon néerlandais" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Engelaand (regio)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="bas-saxon néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A4" title="बेलायत&nbsp;–&nbsp;népalais" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बेलायत" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="népalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris&nbsp;–&nbsp;niha" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Inggris" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="niha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engeland" title="Engeland&nbsp;–&nbsp;néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Engeland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England&nbsp;–&nbsp;norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England&nbsp;–&nbsp;norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia&nbsp;–&nbsp;novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Anglia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angli%25C3%25A9t%25C3%25A8rre" title="Angliétèrre&nbsp;–&nbsp;Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Angliétèrre" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eng%25C3%25AAlan%25C3%25AA" title="Engêlanê&nbsp;–&nbsp;sotho du Nord" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Engêlanê" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglat%25C3%25A8rra" title="Anglatèrra&nbsp;–&nbsp;occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Anglatèrra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingilaandi" title="Ingilaandi&nbsp;–&nbsp;oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ingilaandi" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AC%2587%25E0%25AC%2582%25E0%25AC%25B2%25E0%25AC%25A3%25E0%25AD%258D%25E0%25AC%25A1" title="ଇଂଲଣ୍ଡ&nbsp;–&nbsp;odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇଂଲଣ୍ଡ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581" title="Англис&nbsp;–&nbsp;ossète" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Англис" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossète" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%2587%25E0%25A9%25B0%25E0%25A8%2597%25E0%25A8%25B2%25E0%25A9%2588%25E0%25A8%2582%25E0%25A8%25A1" title="ਇੰਗਲੈਂਡ&nbsp;–&nbsp;pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇੰਗਲੈਂਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra&nbsp;–&nbsp;pampangan" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampangan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglatera" title="Inglatera&nbsp;–&nbsp;papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inguelti%25C3%25A8re" title="Ingueltière&nbsp;–&nbsp;picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Ingueltière" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England&nbsp;–&nbsp;pennsilfaanisch" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="pennsilfaanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglan" title="Inglan&nbsp;–&nbsp;Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Inglan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia&nbsp;–&nbsp;polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Anglia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anghilt%25C3%25A8ra" title="Anghiltèra&nbsp;–&nbsp;piémontais" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Anghiltèra" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piémontais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="انگلستان&nbsp;–&nbsp;Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انگلستان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%25AB%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="انګلستان&nbsp;–&nbsp;pachto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انګلستان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pachto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra&nbsp;–&nbsp;portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inlispampa" title="Inlispampa&nbsp;–&nbsp;quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Inlispampa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engalterra" title="Engalterra&nbsp;–&nbsp;romanche" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Engalterra" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia&nbsp;–&nbsp;roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anglia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia&nbsp;–&nbsp;aroumain" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Anglia" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aroumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Англия&nbsp;–&nbsp;russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Англия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D2%2591%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Анґлія&nbsp;–&nbsp;ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Анґлія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2587%25E0%25A4%2599%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A1%25E0%25A5%258D" title="इङ्ग्लेण्ड्&nbsp;–&nbsp;sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="इङ्ग्लेण्ड्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B1%25A4%25E1%25B1%259D%25E1%25B1%259E%25E1%25B1%25AE%25E1%25B1%25B1%25E1%25B1%25B0" title="ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ&nbsp;–&nbsp;santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inghilterra" title="Inghilterra&nbsp;–&nbsp;sarde" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sarde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nglaterra" title="Nglaterra&nbsp;–&nbsp;sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nglaterra" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingland" title="Ingland&nbsp;–&nbsp;écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ingland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25DA%258A" title="انگلينڊ&nbsp;–&nbsp;sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انگلينڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engl%25C3%25A1nda" title="Englánda&nbsp;–&nbsp;same du Nord" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Englánda" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="same du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engleska" title="Engleska&nbsp;–&nbsp;serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Engleska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25B0%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%25A2%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2582%2587%25E1%2581%25B5%25E1%2580%259C%25E1%2582%2585%25E1%2581%25BC%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2582%2587" title="မိူင်းဢိင်ႇၵလႅၼ်ႇ&nbsp;–&nbsp;shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢိင်ႇၵလႅၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%2591%25E0%25B6%2582%25E0%25B6%259C%25E0%25B6%25BD%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B6%25AD%25E0%25B6%25BA" title="එංගලන්තය&nbsp;–&nbsp;cingalais" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එංගලන්තය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England&nbsp;–&nbsp;Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicko" title="Anglicko&nbsp;–&nbsp;slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Anglicko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglija" title="Anglija&nbsp;–&nbsp;slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Anglija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2527Egelani" title="'Egelani&nbsp;–&nbsp;samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="'Egelani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%25C5%258Bland" title="Eŋland&nbsp;–&nbsp;same d’Inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Eŋland" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="same d’Inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingiriiska" title="Ingiriiska&nbsp;–&nbsp;somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ingiriiska" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia&nbsp;–&nbsp;albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Anglia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Енглеска&nbsp;–&nbsp;serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Енглеска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngilandi" title="Ngilandi&nbsp;–&nbsp;swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Ngilandi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelane" title="Engelane&nbsp;–&nbsp;sotho du Sud" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Engelane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="sotho du Sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2584nglound" title="Änglound&nbsp;–&nbsp;saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Änglound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris&nbsp;–&nbsp;soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Inggris" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England&nbsp;–&nbsp;suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uingereza" title="Uingereza&nbsp;–&nbsp;swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uingereza" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yngland" title="Yngland&nbsp;–&nbsp;silésien" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Yngland" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%2587%25E0%25AE%2599%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25A8%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%2581" title="இங்கிலாந்து&nbsp;–&nbsp;tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இங்கிலாந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%2587%25E0%25B0%2582%25E0%25B0%2597%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B2%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%2582%25E0%25B0%25A1%25E0%25B1%2581" title="ఇంగ్లాండు&nbsp;–&nbsp;télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇంగ్లాండు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra&nbsp;–&nbsp;tétoum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tétoum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2598%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD" title="Ингилистон&nbsp;–&nbsp;tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ингилистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A4%25E0%25B8%25A9" title="ประเทศอังกฤษ&nbsp;–&nbsp;thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศอังกฤษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angli%25C3%25BDa" title="Angliýa&nbsp;–&nbsp;turkmène" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Angliýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglatera" title="Inglatera&nbsp;–&nbsp;tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingilt%25C9%2599r%25C9%2599" title="Ingiltərə&nbsp;–&nbsp;talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ingiltərə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CA%25BBIngilani" title="ʻIngilani&nbsp;–&nbsp;tongien" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻIngilani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tongien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglan" title="Inglan&nbsp;–&nbsp;tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Inglan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%25B0ngiltere" title="İngiltere&nbsp;–&nbsp;turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İngiltere" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England&nbsp;–&nbsp;tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Англия&nbsp;–&nbsp;tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Англия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngyiresi" title="Ngyiresi&nbsp;–&nbsp;twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ngyiresi" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Англия&nbsp;–&nbsp;touvain" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Англия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="touvain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Англия&nbsp;–&nbsp;oudmourte" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Англия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="oudmourte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Англія&nbsp;–&nbsp;ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Англія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="انگلستان&nbsp;–&nbsp;ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انگلستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angliya" title="Angliya&nbsp;–&nbsp;ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Angliya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inghiltera" title="Inghiltera&nbsp;–&nbsp;vénitien" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Inghiltera" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vénitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglii" title="Anglii&nbsp;–&nbsp;vepse" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Anglii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anh" title="Anh&nbsp;–&nbsp;vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iengeland" title="Iengeland&nbsp;–&nbsp;flamand occidental" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Iengeland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="flamand occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingl%25C3%25A4n" title="Linglän&nbsp;–&nbsp;volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Linglän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglutere" title="Inglutere&nbsp;–&nbsp;wallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Inglutere" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="wallon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra&nbsp;–&nbsp;waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%258B%25B1%25E6%25A0%25BC%25E5%2585%25B0" title="英格兰&nbsp;–&nbsp;wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="英格兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENgilani" title="ENgilani&nbsp;–&nbsp;xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="ENgilani" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2598" title="ინგლისი&nbsp;–&nbsp;mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ინგლისი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A0%25D7%2592%25D7%259C%25D7%2590%25D7%25A0%25D7%2593" title="ענגלאנד&nbsp;–&nbsp;yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ענגלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%25E1%25BA%25B9%25CC%2580g%25E1%25BA%25B9%25CC%2580%25E1%25BA%25B9%25CC%2581s%25C3%25AC" title="Ilẹ̀gẹ̀ẹ́sì&nbsp;–&nbsp;yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilẹ̀gẹ̀ẹ́sì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iengeland" title="Iengeland&nbsp;–&nbsp;zélandais" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Iengeland" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zélandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%258B%25B1%25E6%25A0%25BC%25E5%2585%25B0" title="英格兰&nbsp;–&nbsp;chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英格兰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%258B%25B1%25E6%25A0%25BC%25E8%2598%25AD" title="英格蘭&nbsp;–&nbsp;chinois littéraire" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="英格蘭" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="chinois littéraire" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eng-l%25C3%25A2n" title="Eng-lân&nbsp;–&nbsp;minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Eng-lân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%258B%25B1%25E6%25A0%25BC%25E8%2598%25AD" title="英格蘭&nbsp;–&nbsp;cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="英格蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INgilandi" title="INgilandi&nbsp;–&nbsp;zoulou" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INgilandi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zoulou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 9 novembre 2024 à 22:00.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Le contenu est disponible sous licence <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> sauf mention contraire.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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