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<li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_and_development:_1968–1977" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_and_development:_1968–1977"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Creation and development: 1968–1977</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_and_development:_1968–1977-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_and_opposition:_1978–1993" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_and_opposition:_1978–1993"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Growth and opposition: 1978–1993</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_and_opposition:_1978–1993-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_developments:_1994–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_developments:_1994–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Recent developments: 1994–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_developments:_1994–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes_and_ideas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes_and_ideas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Themes and ideas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Themes_and_ideas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Themes and ideas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Themes_and_ideas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnopluralism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnopluralism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ethnopluralism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnopluralism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metapolitics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metapolitics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Metapolitics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metapolitics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archeofuturism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archeofuturism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Archeofuturism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archeofuturism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="GRECE" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="GRECE" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupement_de_recherche_et_d%27%C3%A9tudes_pour_la_civilisation_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Groupement de recherche et d'études pour la civilisation européenne – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Groupement de recherche et d'études pour la civilisation européenne" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="GRECE" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupement_de_recherche_et_d%27%C3%A9tudes_pour_la_civilisation_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Groupement de recherche et d'études pour la civilisation européenne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Groupement de recherche et d'études pour la civilisation européenne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupement_de_recherche_et_d%27%C3%A9tudes_pour_la_civilisation_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Groupement de recherche et d'études pour la civilisation européenne – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Groupement de recherche et d'études pour la civilisation européenne" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="GRECE" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="GRECE" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="GRECE" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupement_de_recherche_et_d%27%C3%A9tudes_pour_la_civilisation_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Groupement de recherche et d'études pour la civilisation européenne – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Groupement de recherche et d'études pour la civilisation européenne" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="GRECE" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French ethno-nationalist think-tank</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Groupement de recherche et d'études pour la civilisation européenne</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logogrece_n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d4/Logogrece_n.jpg/110px-Logogrece_n.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d4/Logogrece_n.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="120" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">GRECE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1968<span class="noprint">; 57 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1968</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Alain de Benoist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Venner" title="Dominique Venner">Dominique Venner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Locchi" title="Giorgio Locchi">Giorgio Locchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rollet" title="Maurice Rollet">Maurice Rollet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Pierre Vial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Valla" title="Jean-Claude Valla">Jean-Claude Valla</a>, and 34 others.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="European nationalism">European nationalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism">Neopaganism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Groupement de Recherche et d'Études pour la Civilisation Européenne</b> ("Research and Study Group for European Civilization"), better known as <b>GRECE</b>, is a French <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnonationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Think-tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Think-tank">think tank</a> founded in 1968 to promote the ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a> ("New Right"). GRECE founding member <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Alain de Benoist</a> has been described as its leader and "most authoritative spokesman".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpektorowski2003116_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpektorowski2003116-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin200035_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin200035-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent former members include <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Guillaume Faye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Gallou" title="Jean-Yves Le Gallou">Jean-Yves Le Gallou</a>. </p><p>GRECE is deeply opposed to <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, and distinguishes itself from other <a href="/wiki/National-conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="National-conservative">national-conservative</a> organizations in its specific <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">rejection of Christianity</a> and endorsement of <a href="/wiki/Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism">neopaganism</a>. The group defends a nonreactionary "<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">conservative revolution</a>" aiming at the rejuvenation of a <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_identity" title="Pan-European identity">pan-European identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">nationalism</a>, while supporting the preservation and separation of ethnic groups and cultures at the worldwide level. GRECE members have coined and promoted influential concepts in the Western <a href="/wiki/Far_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far right">far right</a>, such as "<a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">ethnopluralism</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Archeofuturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeofuturism">archeofuturism</a>". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GRECE&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GRECE&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dissolution of the neo-fascist organization <a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a> in 1958 and the disappearance of the pro-colonial paramilitary group <a href="/wiki/Organisation_arm%C3%A9e_secr%C3%A8te" title="Organisation armée secrète">Organisation Armée Secrète</a> (OAS) in 1962, as well as the failures of far-right candidate <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Tixier-Vignancour" title="Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour">Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1965_French_presidential_election" title="1965 French presidential election">1965 presidential election</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/European_Rally_for_Liberty" title="European Rally for Liberty">European Rally for Liberty</a> (REL) in the <a href="/wiki/1967_French_legislative_election" title="1967 French legislative election">1967 legislative election</a>, are cited as events conducive to the foundation of GRECE and the development of its <a href="/wiki/Meta-political" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-political">meta-political</a> strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff199410–11_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff199410–11-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The philosophy of GRECE drew inspiration from earlier essays and theories developed by the white nationalist magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Europe-Action" title="Europe-Action">Europe-Action</a></i> (1963–66)—headed by <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Venner" title="Dominique Venner">Dominique Venner</a> and in which <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Alain de Benoist</a> worked as a journalist—, most notably Venner's manifesto <i>Pour une critique positive</i> ("Towards a positive criticism"), written while imprisoned in 1962. Abandoning the myth of the <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup de force</a></i> (putsch), Venner asserted that far-right movements had to be at the origin of a cultural and non-violent revolution, via the diffusion of nationalist ideas in society until they reach <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural dominance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff199411–13_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff199411–13-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin200043–44_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin200043–44-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another influence can be found in the "Manifesto of the Class of '60", published in 1960 by the initiators of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nationalist_Students" title="Federation of Nationalist Students">Federation of Nationalist Students</a> (FEN), a far-right and pro-colonial students' organization. Committing themselves to "action of profound consequence", the authors sought to break with the "sterile activism" of violent insurrection previously espoused by Jeune Nation (1949–58). Venner and de Benoist had been previously active in Jeune Nation and the FEN, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994114–115_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994114–115-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007119–123_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007119–123-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20110402_De_Benoist.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/20110402_De_Benoist.png/174px-20110402_De_Benoist.png" decoding="async" width="174" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/20110402_De_Benoist.png/261px-20110402_De_Benoist.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/20110402_De_Benoist.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Alain de Benoist</a> in 2011.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the electoral failure of the European Rally for Liberty (1966–1969), some of its members – among them de Benoist, helped by an informal group of FEN militants – decided to found a cultural association to promote their ideas. In the 1960s, de Benoist had contributed as a writer and journalist to develop Venner's thesis on <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European nationalism</a>, which served as an ideological basis for GRECE. Their theory was founded on a 'pan-racial' rather than <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">civic</a> conception of nationalism: the <a href="/wiki/Nation-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-states">nation-states</a> had to be dissolved for the peoples of the "Occident"—or the "white race"—to unite within a common European empire, on the grounds that they are the inheritors of a single civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff199411–12_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff199411–12-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_and_development:_1968–1977"><span id="Creation_and_development:_1968.E2.80.931977"></span>Creation and development: 1968–1977</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GRECE&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Creation and development: 1968–1977"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GRECE was founded in <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" title="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur">Provence</a> in January 1968 by European – mostly French – nationalist activists, and officially launched on 17 January 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On201633_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On201633-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017133_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017133-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the 40 founders were <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Alain de Benoist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Venner" title="Dominique Venner">Dominique Venner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Locchi" title="Giorgio Locchi">Giorgio Locchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rollet" title="Maurice Rollet">Maurice Rollet</a> (who became its first president), <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Pierre Vial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Valla" title="Jean-Claude Valla">Jean-Claude Valla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol1988250–251_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol1988250–251-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their aim was to establish a <a href="/wiki/Metapolitics" title="Metapolitics">meta-political</a> "laboratory of ideas" that would influence mainstream right-wing parties and the French society at large.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006160_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006160-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1969, they circulated an internal document advising their members not to employ "outdated language" that might associate the group with <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, and to socialize with Europe's most important decision-makers in order to influence their policies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016122_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016122-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 1969, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Gallou" title="Jean-Yves Le Gallou">Jean-Yves Le Gallou</a> became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Carrefour_de_l%27Horloge" title="Carrefour de l'Horloge">Cercle Pareto</a>, a students' club established in <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a> at the end of 1968 by <a href="/wiki/Yvan_Blot" title="Yvan Blot">Yvan Blot</a> and closely linked to GRECE. They were joined by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Guillaume Faye</a> in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamy2016269–275_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamy2016269–275-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GRECE launched its own review, <i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_%C3%89cole" title="Nouvelle École">Nouvelle École</a></i>, in February–March 1968. Initially distributed exclusively among its members to hold debates in a semi-academic style, the review became public in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994180–181_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994180–181-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1970 to 1982, Alain de Benoist worked has a journalist for the media outlets of <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Bourgine" title="Raymond Bourgine">Raymond Bourgine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Spectacle_du_Monde" title="Le Spectacle du Monde">Le Spectacle du Monde</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Valeurs_actuelles" title="Valeurs actuelles">Valeurs Actuelles</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994203,_407_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994203,_407-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until its heyday in the late 1970s, however, the group remained mostly unknown to the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its members were focusing on the organization of conferences to influence the elites, with <i>cercles de réflexion</i> ("thinking groups") emerging in many cities of France and even abroad: the "Cercle Pareto" in <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po Paris</a>, "Galillée" in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, "Critique Réaliste" in <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, "Jean Médecin" in <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, "Bertrand Russel" in Toulon, "Pythéas" in Marseille, "Erwin-de-Steinbach" and "Wimpfeling" in Strasbourg, "Stamkunde" in Lilles, "Henry de Montherland" in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, "Erasme" in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, and "Villebois-Mareuil" in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol198846_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol198846-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Yves_Le_Gallou_-_Academia_Christiana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jean-Yves_Le_Gallou_-_Academia_Christiana.jpg/168px-Jean-Yves_Le_Gallou_-_Academia_Christiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jean-Yves_Le_Gallou_-_Academia_Christiana.jpg/252px-Jean-Yves_Le_Gallou_-_Academia_Christiana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jean-Yves_Le_Gallou_-_Academia_Christiana.jpg/336px-Jean-Yves_Le_Gallou_-_Academia_Christiana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1407" data-file-height="1610" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Gallou" title="Jean-Yves Le Gallou">Jean-Yves Le Gallou</a> in 2016.</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1973, the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ments" title="Éléments">Éléments</a></i>, which had been serving as the internal bulletin of GRECE until then, began its public circulation as the general public showcase of the think tank.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994180–181_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994180–181-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frustrated with GRECE's long-term meta-political strategy, several members including <a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Gallou" title="Jean-Yves Le Gallou">Jean-Yves Le Gallou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yvan_Blot" title="Yvan Blot">Yvan Blot</a> established with <a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Lesquen" title="Henry de Lesquen">Henry de Lesquen</a> a group named <a href="/wiki/Carrefour_de_l%27Horloge" title="Carrefour de l'Horloge">Club de l'Horloge</a> in 1974 to serve as an elite <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> seeking to adopt a more direct strategy, "entryism", that is the infiltration of political parties and senior public offices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006163_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006163-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On201637_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On201637-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of them joined mainstream right-ring parties like the <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_French_Democracy" title="Union for French Democracy">Union for French Democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006163_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006163-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one of its few direct metapolitical interventions, GRECE called for the election of centre-right candidate <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> to the <a href="/wiki/1974_French_presidential_election" title="1974 French presidential election">presidency in 1974</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On201638_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On201638-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975 and 1976, the organization created CLOSOR, a committee seeking to influence France's high-ranking military personnel, and GENE, intended for the teaching professionals. Each of them had its own special bulletin: <i>Nation Armée</i> and <i>Nouvelle Éducation</i>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol198847_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol198847-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1976, GRECE founded the publishing company Copernic to propagate the Nouvelle Droite worldview to a larger European audience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol1988188_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol1988188-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On201639_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On201639-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, it published de Benoist's essay <i>Vu de droite</i> ("See from right"), which was awarded the <i><a href="/wiki/Prix_de_l%27essai" title="Prix de l'essai">Prix de l'Essai</a></i> of the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie Française">Académie Française</a> in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChelesFergusonVaughan1995219,_236_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChelesFergusonVaughan1995219,_236-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On201639_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On201639-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_and_opposition:_1978–1993"><span id="Growth_and_opposition:_1978.E2.80.931993"></span>Growth and opposition: 1978–1993</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GRECE&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Growth and opposition: 1978–1993"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Building of the structure of influence they had established in the early 1970s – including reviews, conferences, publishing houses, and <i>cercles</i> –, GRECE members began to get public attention and influence from the late 1970s onward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his nomination as the cultural director of <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i> in 1977, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pauwels" title="Louis Pauwels">Louis Pauwels</a> decided to found the weekly <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro_Magazine" title="Le Figaro Magazine">Figaro Magazine</a></i>, recruiting many GRECE members to the project: Alain de Benoist, <a href="/wiki/Patrice_de_Plunkett" title="Patrice de Plunkett">Patrice de Plunkett</a> (chosen as the assistant chief editor), <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Valla" title="Jean-Claude Valla">Jean-Claude Valla</a>, Yves Christen, Christian Durante, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Marmin" title="Michel Marmin">Michel Marmin</a>, Grégory Pons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChelesFergusonVaughan1995219,_236_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChelesFergusonVaughan1995219,_236-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994203,_407_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994203,_407-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> Although they were not able to gain enough control to transform the <i>Figaro Magazine</i> into a real organ of propaganda, the ethno-nationalist think tank conserved a large influence on the magazine until 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to political scientist Harvey Simmons, "from the early 1970s to the early 1980s, the doctrine of GRECE had a major impact on the ideology of the entire right" in France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On201638_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On201638-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guillaume_Faye_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_f%C3%A9vrier_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Guillaume_Faye_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_f%C3%A9vrier_2015.jpg/142px-Guillaume_Faye_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_f%C3%A9vrier_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Guillaume_Faye_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_f%C3%A9vrier_2015.jpg/213px-Guillaume_Faye_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_f%C3%A9vrier_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Guillaume_Faye_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_f%C3%A9vrier_2015.jpg/284px-Guillaume_Faye_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_f%C3%A9vrier_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="5760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Guillaume Faye</a> in 2015.</figcaption></figure><p>However, the growth of GRECE and the Nouvelle Droite was raising concerns in many liberal and leftist intellectual circles, which led to a violent media campaign against the <i>Nouvelle Droite</i> and <i>Le Figaro</i> in 1979,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994183_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994183-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006165_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006165-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the year ending with a fight between the Jewish Defence Organization (OJD) and GRECE members in December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pauwels began to distance himself from the movement and <i>Le Figaro</i> withdrew its patronage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006165_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006165-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1982 to 1992, de Benoist was confined to the redaction of the <i>Figaro Magazine</i> 'videos' section.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994203,_407_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994203,_407-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now deprived of a popular platform, the Nouvelle Droite accelerated away from biological racism and toward the concept of "<a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">ethnopluralism</a>", that is the claim that different ethno-cultural groups should be kept separate in order to preserve their historical and cultural differences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006165_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006165-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Krebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Krebs">Pierre Krebs</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Thule-Seminar" title="Thule-Seminar">Thule-Seminar</a> to operate as a branch of GRECE in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-BrinksRock2005_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrinksRock2005-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, a group of scholars linked with GRECE, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Varenne" title="Jean Varenne">Jean Varenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Haudry" title="Jean Haudry">Jean Haudry</a> and Jean-Paul Allard, founded the "Institute of Indo-European Studies" (IEIE) at the <a href="/wiki/Jean_Moulin_University_Lyon_3" title="Jean Moulin University Lyon 3">Jean Moulin University Lyon 3</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERousso20047_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERousso20047-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988 <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Pierre Vial</a> obtained a teaching position at the same university,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERousso200467_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERousso200467-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Notin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard Notin (page does not exist)">Bernard Notin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Notin" class="extiw" title="fr:Bernard Notin">fr</a>]</span> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Marlaud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Marlaud (page does not exist)">Jacques Marlaud</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Marlaud" class="extiw" title="fr:Jacques Marlaud">fr</a>]</span>, leading to the emergence of a GRECE "nucleus" exerting a certain influence in Lyon 3 during the 1980–1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERousso2004231_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERousso2004231-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Le Gallou grew in importance and served as a link between GRECE ideas and <a href="/wiki/National_Rally_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rally (France)">Front National</a> (FN) after he joined the FN in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017121_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017121-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party was influenced by GRECE's ideas and slogans, adopting the same emphasis on "ethno-cultural differentialism", although the Catholic faction in the FN rejected GRECE for their support of <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006169_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006169-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the years 1979–1980, however, the Club de l'Horloge has distanced itself from GRECE's anti-Christian, anti-American and anti-capitalist positions, promoting instead an "integral neo-<a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinist</a>" philosophy characterized by a form of <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a> strongly tainted with <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201742,_121_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201742,_121-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On201637_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On201637-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GRECE and <a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a> activists have criticized the Club de l'Horloge for simultaneously promoting economic neoliberalism and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">cultural conservatism</a>, which are in their views contradictory positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On201638_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On201638-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_developments:_1994–present"><span id="Recent_developments:_1994.E2.80.93present"></span>Recent developments: 1994–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GRECE&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recent developments: 1994–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre-Vial-AMI-DR-1024x565_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Pierre-Vial-AMI-DR-1024x565_%28cropped%29.png/187px-Pierre-Vial-AMI-DR-1024x565_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="187" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Pierre-Vial-AMI-DR-1024x565_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Pierre Vial</a> in 2012.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1995 Pierre Vial, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Mabire" title="Jean Mabire">Jean Mabire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Haudry" title="Jean Haudry">Jean Haudry</a> co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativist</a> movement <a href="/wiki/Terre_et_Peuple" title="Terre et Peuple">Terre et Peuple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrançois201994_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrançois201994-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Guillaume Faye</a> had temporarily left political activism in 1987 and worked for the hip-hop radio station <a href="/wiki/Skyrock_(radio_station)" title="Skyrock (radio station)">Skyrock</a> in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrançois201993_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrançois201993-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He joined GRECE again in 1997 to introduce his concept of "archeofuturism".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the publication of his book <i>The Colonization of Europe</i> in 2000, which earned him a criminal conviction for incitement to racial hatred,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017141_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017141-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was expelled from GRECE at the request of de Benoist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrançois201994_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrançois201994-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GRECE&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prominent personalities have collaborated with GRECE, notably via the membership to the patronage committee of its journal <i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_%C3%89cole" title="Nouvelle École">Nouvelle École</a></i>, including <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Abellio" title="Raymond Abellio">Raymond Abellio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Altheim" title="Franz Altheim">Franz Altheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Maurice Bardèche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burgess" title="Anthony Burgess">Anthony Burgess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cau_(writer)" title="Jean Cau (writer)">Jean Cau</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._D._Darlington" title="C. D. Darlington">C. D. Darlington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Debray-Ritzen" title="Pierre Debray-Ritzen">Pierre Debray-Ritzen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Mahieu" title="Jacques de Mahieu">Jacques de Mahieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julien_Freund" title="Julien Freund">Julien Freund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gayre" title="Robert Gayre">Robert Gayre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Haudry" title="Jean Haudry">Jean Haudry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Arthur Koestler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Mayrhofer" title="Manfred Mayrhofer">Manfred Mayrhofer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Polom%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Polomé">Edgar Polomé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Renfrew" title="Colin Renfrew">Colin Renfrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Le_Glay" title="Marcel Le Glay">Marcel Le Glay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Maulnier" title="Thierry Maulnier">Thierry Maulnier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armin_Mohler" title="Armin Mohler">Armin Mohler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pauwels" title="Louis Pauwels">Louis Pauwels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Roger Pearson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Thomas_Possony" title="Stefan Thomas Possony">Stefan Thomas Possony</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Louis_Rougier" title="Louis Rougier">Louis Rougier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On20167_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On20167-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the extent of the relationship is debated by scholars, GRECE and the <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a>, and its German counterpart the <a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-richte2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richte2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have influenced the ideological and political structure of the European <a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeitelbaum201746_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeitelbaum201746-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-camus2019_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camus2019-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the <a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">alt-right</a> also claims to have been inspired by De Benoist's writings.<sup id="cite_ref-camus2019_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camus2019-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Institut_Iliade" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut Iliade">Institut Iliade</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Iliade" class="extiw" title="fr:Institut Iliade">fr</a>]</span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> Institute</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), co-founded in 2014 by Le Gallou, has been described by <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i> as "the heir of GRECE".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes_and_ideas">Themes and ideas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GRECE&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Themes and ideas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The think tank initially borrowed several themes already present in <i><a href="/wiki/Europe-Action" title="Europe-Action">Europe-Action</a></i> : anti-Christianity and elitism, a pan-racial notion of European nationalism, and the seeds of a change from a biological to a cultural definition of <a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">alterity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol198828_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol198828-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1962 and 1972, the core members of what would be GRECE embraced a Europeanism, which according to <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Taguieff" title="Pierre-André Taguieff">Taguieff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Griffin" title="Roger Griffin">Griffin</a>, was "still in the key of biological Aryanism associated with the overtly neo-Nazi 'Message of Uppsala' and the publication of <i>Europe-Action</i>." Between 1972 and 1987, under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Armin_Mohler" title="Armin Mohler">Armin Mohler</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a>, this discourse was progressively replaced with a cultural approach of <a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">alterity</a> based upon a <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzschean</a> rejection of <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a> and a call for a European <a href="/wiki/Palingenesis" title="Palingenesis">palingenesis</a> (heroic rebirth) via a return to the ancestral "<a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European</a> values". A third ideological phase, from 1984 to 1987, shifted towards <a href="/wiki/Third-Worldism" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-Worldism">third-worldism</a>, the revival of the sacred, and <a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">ethnopluralism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin200043–44_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin200043–44-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GRECE&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ethnopluralism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite#Ethno-pluralism" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite § Ethno-pluralism</a></div> <p>The group exhibits a hostility to <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multicultural societies</a>, viewed as a form of "ethnocide", and emphasizes the rights of groups over individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpektorowski2003118_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpektorowski2003118-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On201676_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On201676-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GRECE is against both immigration and "<a href="/wiki/Remigration" title="Remigration">remigration</a>", favouring instead the separation of the different ethnic and cultural groups within France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006160–161_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006160–161-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significant foreign cultural elements inside a group ought to be <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">culturally assimilated</a> in a process of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_homogenization" title="Cultural homogenization">cultural homogenization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tracks_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tracks-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although it opposes <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>, GRECE is not inherently <a href="/wiki/Anti-democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-democracy">anti-democratic</a> and calls for localized form of what it calls "organic democracy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016104–105_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016104–105-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metapolitics">Metapolitics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GRECE&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Metapolitics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite#Metapolitics_and_strategy" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite § Metapolitics and strategy</a></div> <p>Influenced by <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> thinker <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a>, GRECE aims at slowly infusing society with its ideas in the hope of achieving cultural hegemony,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006160–161_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006160–161-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes called "right-wing Gramscism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017120_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017120-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metapolitics is defined by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Guillaume Faye</a> as the "social diffusion of ideas and cultural values for the sake of provoking profound, long-term, political transformation",<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by former GRECE president Jacques Marlaud as "any work of reflection or analysis, any diffusion of ideas, any cultural practice liable to influence political society over the long term. It is no longer a matter of taking power but of providing those in power with ideological, philosophical, and cultural nourishment that can shape (or contradict) their decisions."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017120_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017120-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1974, GRECE members <a href="/wiki/Jean_Mabire" title="Jean Mabire">Jean Mabire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rollet" title="Maurice Rollet">Maurice Rollet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Valla" title="Jean-Claude Valla">Jean-Claude Valla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Pierre Vial</a> founded the scouting organization <a href="/wiki/Europe-Jeunesse" title="Europe-Jeunesse">Europe-Jeunesse</a> to diffuse Nouvelle Droite ideas and values to the youth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamy2016124_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamy2016124-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archeofuturism">Archeofuturism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GRECE&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Archeofuturism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye#Later_period_(1998–2019)" title="Guillaume Faye">Guillaume Faye § Later period (1998–2019)</a></div> <p>Archeofuturism is a concept invented by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Guillaume Faye</a> in 1998 and defined as the reconciliation of <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">sciences</a> with "archaic values". Faye described archeofuturism as a "vitalist <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">constructionism</a>" (N.B. this is a completely different contextual usage meaning of 'Vitalist/ Vitalism' than the antiquated and disproved biological theory <a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a>; it refers rather to a fascist myth or metaphor of the body politic as like a living body, with a sole head, the Duce, El Caudillo or Fuhrer <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and stated that "archaic" should be understood in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> meaning of the word <i>archè</i>, i.e. "the beginning" or "the foundation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrançois2008187_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrançois2008187-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_members">Notable members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GRECE&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the prominent figures of the European New Right who became members of GRECE were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Alain de Benoist</a> (1968–present), co-founder.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Pierre Vial</a> (1968–1986), co-founder, second director of <i>Éléments</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Locchi" title="Giorgio Locchi">Giorgio Locchi</a> (1968–?), co-founder.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rollet" title="Maurice Rollet">Maurice Rollet</a> (1968–?), co-founder.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Valla" title="Jean-Claude Valla">Jean-Claude Valla</a> (1968–1986), co-founder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamy2016124_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamy2016124-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Venner" title="Dominique Venner">Dominique Venner</a> (1968–1971).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvan_Blot" title="Yvan Blot">Yvan Blot</a> (1968–1974), founder of the Cercle Pareto, founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Carrefour_de_l%27Horloge" title="Carrefour de l'Horloge">Carrefour de l'Horloge</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Gallou" title="Jean-Yves Le Gallou">Jean-Yves Le Gallou</a> (1969–1974), founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Carrefour_de_l%27Horloge" title="Carrefour de l'Horloge">Carrefour de l'Horloge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamy201691–96_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamy201691–96-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mabire" title="Jean Mabire">Jean Mabire</a> (1970–?), member of the "federal council" and "commission of traditions".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Guillaume Faye</a> (1970–1987; 1997–2000).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Marmin" title="Michel Marmin">Michel Marmin</a>, first director of <i>Éléments</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_19-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Varenne" title="Jean Varenne">Jean Varenne</a> (1974–1986).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERousso200461_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERousso200461-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Marlaud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Marlaud (page does not exist)">Jacques Marlaud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GRECE&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>President: </p> <ul><li>1968–1974: Maurice Rollet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrançois2008155_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrançois2008155-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1974–1984: Roger Lemoine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1984–1986: Jean Varenne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1987–1991: Jacques Marlaud.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1991–1992: Michel Marmin.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1992–2013: Jean-Claude Jacquard.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2013–present: Michel Thibault.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Secretary general: </p> <ul><li>1968–1974: Alain de Benoist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1974–1978: Jean-Claude Valla.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1978–1984: Pierre Vial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1984–1986: Jean-Claude Cariou.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1986–1991: Gilbert Sincyr.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1990–????:Xavier Marchand<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GRECE&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GRECE edits two journals, <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ments" title="Éléments">Éléments</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_%C3%89cole" title="Nouvelle École">Nouvelle École</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/William_H._Tucker_(psychologist)" title="William H. Tucker (psychologist)">William H. Tucker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lincoln" title="Bruce Lincoln">Bruce Lincoln</a> have described <i>Nouvelle École</i> as the "French version of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mankind_Quarterly" title="Mankind Quarterly">Mankind Quarterly</a></i>",<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker2009_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker2009-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lincoln2000_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lincoln2000-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and historian James G. Shields as the equivalent of the German <i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Anthropologie" title="Neue Anthropologie">Neue Anthropologie</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007150_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007150-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GRECE&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrefour_de_l%27Horloge" title="Carrefour de l'Horloge">Carrefour de l'Horloge</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GRECE&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The full list of the 40 founders, in alphabetical order, is: Pierre d'Arribère, Alain de Benoist, Pierre Bérard, Jean-Pierre Brosse, Jacques Bruyas, Daniel Butreau, Jean-Claude Carasco, Jacques Chessel, Vincent Decombis, Gérard Denestèbe, Jacques Douris, Yves Esquieu, Gilles Fournier, Alain Gary, Dominique Gajas, Claude Grandjean, Robert Lapeyre, Dominique Venner, Roger Lemoine, Giorgio Locchi, Antonio Lombardo, Alain Mallard, Pierre Marcenet, Jean-Jacques Mourreau, Michel Paysant, Jean-Yves Pequay, Yves Pondaven, Pierre-Henri Reboux, Jean-Claude Rivière, François Ruph, Maurice Rollet, Yves Rouxeville, Jean-Pierre Toni, Jean-Paul Touzalin, Jean-Claude Valla, Jacques Vassigny, Jacques Vernin, Roger Vétillard, Pierre Vial, Jean-Marcel Zagamé.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GRECE&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpektorowski2003116-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpektorowski2003116_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpektorowski2003">Spektorowski 2003</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin200035-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin200035_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffin2000">Griffin 2000</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff199410–11-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff199410–11_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaguieff1994">Taguieff 1994</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff199411–13-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff199411–13_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaguieff1994">Taguieff 1994</a>, pp. 11–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin200043–44-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin200043–44_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin200043–44_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffin2000">Griffin 2000</a>, p. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994114–115-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994114–115_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaguieff1994">Taguieff 1994</a>, pp. 114–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007119–123-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007119–123_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, pp. 119–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff199411–12-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff199411–12_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaguieff1994">Taguieff 1994</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On201633-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On201633_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBar-On2016">Bar-On 2016</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017133-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017133_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamusLebourg2017">Camus & Lebourg 2017</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol1988250–251-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol1988250–251_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuranton-Crabol1988">Duranton-Crabol 1988</a>, pp. 250–251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Boissieu2019_12-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Boissieu2019">de Boissieu 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006160-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006160_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCulloch2006">McCulloch 2006</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016122-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016122_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBar-On2016">Bar-On 2016</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamy2016269–275-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamy2016269–275_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamy2016">Lamy 2016</a>, pp. 269–275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994180–181-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994180–181_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994180–181_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaguieff1994">Taguieff 1994</a>, pp. 180–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994203,_407-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994203,_407_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994203,_407_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994203,_407_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaguieff1994">Taguieff 1994</a>, pp. 203, 407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2002-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_19-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_19-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2002">Milza 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol198846-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol198846_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuranton-Crabol1988">Duranton-Crabol 1988</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006163-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006163_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006163_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCulloch2006">McCulloch 2006</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On201637-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On201637_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On201637_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBar-On2016">Bar-On 2016</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On201638-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On201638_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On201638_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On201638_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBar-On2016">Bar-On 2016</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol198847-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol198847_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuranton-Crabol1988">Duranton-Crabol 1988</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol1988188-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol1988188_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuranton-Crabol1988">Duranton-Crabol 1988</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On201639-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On201639_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On201639_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBar-On2016">Bar-On 2016</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChelesFergusonVaughan1995219,_236-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChelesFergusonVaughan1995219,_236_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChelesFergusonVaughan1995219,_236_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChelesFergusonVaughan1995">Cheles, Ferguson & Vaughan 1995</a>, pp. 219, 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994183-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994183_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaguieff1994">Taguieff 1994</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006165-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006165_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006165_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006165_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCulloch2006">McCulloch 2006</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrinksRock2005-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrinksRock2005_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJan_Herman_BrinksStella_RockEdward_Timms2005" class="citation book cs1">Jan Herman Brinks; Stella Rock; Edward Timms (2005). <i>Nationalist Myths and Modern Media: Cultural Identity in the Age of Globalisation</i>. I.B.Tauris. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-038-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-038-3"><bdi>978-1-84511-038-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalist+Myths+and+Modern+Media%3A+Cultural+Identity+in+the+Age+of+Globalisation&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-038-3&rft.au=Jan+Herman+Brinks&rft.au=Stella+Rock&rft.au=Edward+Timms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERousso20047-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERousso20047_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRousso2004">Rousso 2004</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERousso200467-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERousso200467_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRousso2004">Rousso 2004</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERousso2004231-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERousso2004231_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRousso2004">Rousso 2004</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017121-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017121_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamusLebourg2017">Camus & Lebourg 2017</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006169-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006169_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCulloch2006">McCulloch 2006</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201742,_121-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201742,_121_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamusLebourg2017">Camus & Lebourg 2017</a>, pp. 42, 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrançois201994-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrançois201994_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrançois201994_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrançois2019">François 2019</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrançois201993-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrançois201993_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrançois2019">François 2019</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLebourg2010" class="citation book cs1">Lebourg, Nicolas (2010). <i>Le monde vu de la plus extrême droite: Du fascisme au nationalisme-révolutionnaire</i>. Presses universitaires de Perpignan. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782354120757" title="Special:BookSources/9782354120757"><bdi>9782354120757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+monde+vu+de+la+plus+extr%C3%AAme+droite%3A+Du+fascisme+au+nationalisme-r%C3%A9volutionnaire&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+Perpignan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9782354120757&rft.aulast=Lebourg&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017141-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017141_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamusLebourg2017">Camus & Lebourg 2017</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On20167-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On20167_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBar-On2016">Bar-On 2016</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElst1999" class="citation book cs1">Elst, Koenraad (1999). <i>Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate</i>. Aditya Prakashan. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86471-77-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86471-77-7"><bdi>978-81-86471-77-7</bdi></a>. <q>[A]mong the members of the patronage committee of Nouvelle Ecole, we find not only scholars above suspicion, like Manfred Mayrhofer, Edgar Polomé, Colin Renfrew, the late Arthur Koestler or the late Marija Gimbutas, but also the famous scholar Mircea Eliade...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Update+on+the+Aryan+Invasion+Debate&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Aditya+Prakashan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-86471-77-7&rft.aulast=Elst&rft.aufirst=Koenraad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-richte2-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-richte2_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hentges, Gudrun, Gürcan Kökgiran, and Kristina Nottbohm. "Die Identitäre Bewegung Deutschland (IBD)–Bewegung oder virtuelles Phänomen." <i>Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen</i> 27, no. 3 (2014): 1-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibwatchout.blogsport.de/images/IBD1.pdf">Read online (pdf)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200120105226/http://ibwatchout.blogsport.de/images/IBD1.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-01-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeitelbaum201746-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeitelbaum201746_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeitelbaum2017">Teitelbaum 2017</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-camus2019-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-camus2019_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-camus2019_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamus2019">Camus 2019</a>, p. 73: "Since the early 1990s, the French New Right has been influential beyond France, especially in Italy, Germany, and Belgium, and has inspired Alexander Dugin in Russia. Part of the American radical Right and “Alt Right” also claims to have been inspired by de Benoist’s writings. Although this is questionable, de Benoist and Dominique Venner are also seen as the forefathers of the “identitarian” movement in Europe."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSoullier2019" class="citation news cs1">Soullier, Lucie (6 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2019/04/06/marion-marechal-generation-identitaire-et-les-anciens-du-grece-reunis-dans-un-colloque-d-extreme-droite_5446771_823448.html">"Marion Maréchal, Génération identitaire et les anciens du Grece réunis dans un colloque d'extrême droite"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a> ench</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde+ench&rft.atitle=Marion+Mar%C3%A9chal%2C+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ration+identitaire+et+les+anciens+du+Grece+r%C3%A9unis+dans+un+colloque+d%27extr%C3%AAme+droite&rft.date=2019-04-06&rft.aulast=Soullier&rft.aufirst=Lucie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fpolitique%2Farticle%2F2019%2F04%2F06%2Fmarion-marechal-generation-identitaire-et-les-anciens-du-grece-reunis-dans-un-colloque-d-extreme-droite_5446771_823448.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol198828-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol198828_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuranton-Crabol1988">Duranton-Crabol 1988</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpektorowski2003118-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpektorowski2003118_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpektorowski2003">Spektorowski 2003</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On201676-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On201676_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBar-On2016">Bar-On 2016</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006160–161-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006160–161_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006160–161_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCulloch2006">McCulloch 2006</a>, pp. 160–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tracks-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tracks_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDelandMinkenbergMays2014" class="citation book cs1">Deland, Mats; Minkenberg, Michael; Mays, Christin (2014). <i>In the Tracks of Breivik: Far Right Networks in Northern and Eastern Europe</i>. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643905420" title="Special:BookSources/9783643905420"><bdi>9783643905420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Tracks+of+Breivik%3A+Far+Right+Networks+in+Northern+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9783643905420&rft.aulast=Deland&rft.aufirst=Mats&rft.au=Minkenberg%2C+Michael&rft.au=Mays%2C+Christin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016104–105-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016104–105_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBar-On2016">Bar-On 2016</a>, pp. 104–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017120-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017120_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017120_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamusLebourg2017">Camus & Lebourg 2017</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTeitelbaum2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_R._Teitelbaum" title="Benjamin R. Teitelbaum">Teitelbaum, Benjamin R.</a> (2019). "Daniel Friberg and Metapolitics in Action". In <a href="/wiki/Mark_Sedgwick" title="Mark Sedgwick">Sedgwick, Mark</a> (ed.). <i>Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">259–</span>260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-087760-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-087760-6"><bdi>978-0-19-087760-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Daniel+Friberg+and+Metapolitics+in+Action&rft.btitle=Key+Thinkers+of+the+Radical+Right%3A+Behind+the+New+Threat+to+Liberal+Democracy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E259-%3C%2Fspan%3E260&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-087760-6&rft.aulast=Teitelbaum&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamy2016124-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamy2016124_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamy2016124_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamy2016">Lamy 2016</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDonohueWolfe2023" class="citation book cs1">Donohue, Christopher; Wolfe, Charles T. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-12604-8_1">"Introduction: Vitalism and Its Legacies in Twentieth Century Life Sciences and Philosophy"</a>. <i>Vitalism and Its Legacy in Twentieth Century Life Sciences and Philosophy</i>. History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences. Vol. 29. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-12604-8_1">10.1007/978-3-031-12604-8_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-12603-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-12603-1"><bdi>978-3-031-12603-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Vitalism+and+Its+Legacies+in+Twentieth+Century+Life+Sciences+and+Philosophy&rft.btitle=Vitalism+and+Its+Legacy+in+Twentieth+Century+Life+Sciences+and+Philosophy&rft.series=History%2C+Philosophy+and+Theory+of+the+Life+Sciences&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-12604-8_1&rft.isbn=978-3-031-12603-1&rft.aulast=Donohue&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Wolfe%2C+Charles+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-12604-8_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrançois2008187-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrançois2008187_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrançois2008">François 2008</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamy201691–96-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamy201691–96_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamy2016">Lamy 2016</a>, pp. 91–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarpeau1993" class="citation journal cs1">Marpeau, Benoît (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/annor_0003-4134_1993_num_43_3_2167.pdf">"Le rêve nordique de Jean Mabire"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annales de Normandie</i>. <b>43</b> (3): 234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fannor.1993.2167">10.3406/annor.1993.2167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+Normandie&rft.atitle=Le+r%C3%AAve+nordique+de+Jean+Mabire&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=234&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fannor.1993.2167&rft.aulast=Marpeau&rft.aufirst=Beno%C3%AEt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2FdocAsPDF%2Fannor_0003-4134_1993_num_43_3_2167.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrépon2015" class="citation book cs1">Crépon, Sylvain (2015). <i>Les faux-semblants du Front national: Sociologie d'un parti politique</i>. Presses de Sciences Po. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782724618129" title="Special:BookSources/9782724618129"><bdi>9782724618129</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+faux-semblants+du+Front+national%3A+Sociologie+d%27un+parti+politique&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Presses+de+Sciences+Po&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9782724618129&rft.aulast=Cr%C3%A9pon&rft.aufirst=Sylvain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERousso200461-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERousso200461_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRousso2004">Rousso 2004</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrançois2008155-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrançois2008155_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrançois2008">François 2008</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCamusMonzat1992" class="citation book cs1">Camus, Jean-Yves; Monzat, René (1992). <i>Les droites nationales et radicales en France: répertoire critique</i>. Presses Universitaires de Lyon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7297-0416-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7297-0416-2"><bdi>978-2-7297-0416-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+droites+nationales+et+radicales+en+France%3A+r%C3%A9pertoire+critique&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+Lyon&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-2-7297-0416-2&rft.aulast=Camus&rft.aufirst=Jean-Yves&rft.au=Monzat%2C+Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLebourg2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lebourg, Nicolas (2019). <i>Les nazis ont-ils survécu ?</i> (in French). Le Seuil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-141372-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-02-141372-4"><bdi>978-2-02-141372-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+nazis+ont-ils+surv%C3%A9cu+%3F&rft.pub=Le+Seuil&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-2-02-141372-4&rft.aulast=Lebourg&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker2009-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker2009_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTucker2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Tucker_(psychologist)" title="William H. Tucker (psychologist)">Tucker, William H.</a> (2009). <i>The Cattell Controversy: Race, Science, and Ideology</i>. University of Illinois Press. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03400-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03400-8"><bdi>978-0-252-03400-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cattell+Controversy%3A+Race%2C+Science%2C+and+Ideology&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-252-03400-8&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lincoln2000-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lincoln2000_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLincoln1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lincoln" title="Bruce Lincoln">Lincoln, Bruce</a> (1999). <i>Theorizing Myth: Narrative, Ideology, and Scholarship</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-48201-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-48201-9"><bdi>978-0-226-48201-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theorizing+Myth%3A+Narrative%2C+Ideology%2C+and+Scholarship&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-226-48201-9&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007150-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007150_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GRECE&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBar-On2016" class="citation book cs1">Bar-On, Tamir (2016). <i>Where Have All The Fascists Gone?</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1351873130" title="Special:BookSources/978-1351873130"><bdi>978-1351873130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Have+All+The+Fascists+Gone%3F&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1351873130&rft.aulast=Bar-On&rft.aufirst=Tamir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCamusLebourg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Camus" title="Jean-Yves Camus">Camus, Jean-Yves</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Lebourg" title="Nicolas Lebourg">Lebourg, Nicolas</a> (2017). <i>Far-Right Politics in Europe</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674971530" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674971530"><bdi>978-0674971530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Far-Right+Politics+in+Europe&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0674971530&rft.aulast=Camus&rft.aufirst=Jean-Yves&rft.au=Lebourg%2C+Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCamus2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Camus" title="Jean-Yves Camus">Camus, Jean-Yves</a> (2019). "Alain de Benoist and the New Right". In <a href="/wiki/Mark_Sedgwick" title="Mark Sedgwick">Sedgwick, Mark</a> (ed.). <i>Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">73–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190877613" title="Special:BookSources/9780190877613"><bdi>9780190877613</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alain+de+Benoist+and+the+New+Right&rft.btitle=Key+Thinkers+of+the+Radical+Right%3A+Behind+the+New+Threat+to+Liberal+Democracy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780190877613&rft.aulast=Camus&rft.aufirst=Jean-Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChelesFergusonVaughan1995" class="citation book cs1">Cheles, Luciano; Ferguson, Ronnie; Vaughan, Michalina (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/farrightinwester00luci"><i>The far right in western and eastern Europe</i></a></span>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582238817" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582238817"><bdi>978-0582238817</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+far+right+in+western+and+eastern+Europe&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0582238817&rft.aulast=Cheles&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+Ronnie&rft.au=Vaughan%2C+Michalina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffarrightinwester00luci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Boissieu2019" class="citation web cs1">de Boissieu, Laurent (3 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france-politique.fr/wiki/Groupement_de_Recherche_et_d%27%C3%89tudes_pour_la_Civilisation_Europ%C3%A9enne_(GRECE)">"Groupement de Recherche et d'Études pour la Civilisation Européenne (GRECE)"</a>. <i>France Politique</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+Politique&rft.atitle=Groupement+de+Recherche+et+d%27%C3%89tudes+pour+la+Civilisation+Europ%C3%A9enne+%28GRECE%29&rft.date=2019-03-03&rft.aulast=de+Boissieu&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france-politique.fr%2Fwiki%2FGroupement_de_Recherche_et_d%2527%25C3%2589tudes_pour_la_Civilisation_Europ%25C3%25A9enne_%28GRECE%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuranton-Crabol1988" class="citation book cs1">Duranton-Crabol, Anne-Marie (1988). <i>Visages de la Nouvelle droite: le GRECE et son histoire</i>. Presses de Sciences Po. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7246-0561-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7246-0561-7"><bdi>978-2-7246-0561-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visages+de+la+Nouvelle+droite%3A+le+GRECE+et+son+histoire&rft.pub=Presses+de+Sciences+Po&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-2-7246-0561-7&rft.aulast=Duranton-Crabol&rft.aufirst=Anne-Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrançois2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Fran%C3%A7ois" title="Stéphane François">François, Stéphane</a> (2008). <i>Les néo-paganismes et la Nouvelle droite, 1980-2006: pour une autre approche</i>. Archè. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7252-287-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7252-287-5"><bdi>978-88-7252-287-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+n%C3%A9o-paganismes+et+la+Nouvelle+droite%2C+1980-2006%3A+pour+une+autre+approche&rft.pub=Arch%C3%A8&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-88-7252-287-5&rft.aulast=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrançois2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Fran%C3%A7ois" title="Stéphane François">François, Stéphane</a> (2019). "Guillaume Faye and Archeofuturism". In <a href="/wiki/Mark_Sedgwick" title="Mark Sedgwick">Sedgwick, Mark</a> (ed.). <i>Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">91–</span>101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-087760-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-087760-6"><bdi>978-0-19-087760-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Guillaume+Faye+and+Archeofuturism&rft.btitle=Key+Thinkers+of+the+Radical+Right%3A+Behind+the+New+Threat+to+Liberal+Democracy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-087760-6&rft.aulast=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Griffin" title="Roger Griffin">Griffin, Roger</a> (2000). "Between metapolitics and apoliteia : The Nouvelle Droite's strategy for conserving the fascist vision in the 'interregnum'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Modern & Contemporary France</i>. <b>8</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">35–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F096394800113349">10.1080/096394800113349</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0963-9489">0963-9489</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143890750">143890750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+%26+Contemporary+France&rft.atitle=Between+metapolitics+and+apoliteia+%3A+The+Nouvelle+Droite%27s+strategy+for+conserving+the+fascist+vision+in+the+%27interregnum%27&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143890750%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0963-9489&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F096394800113349&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamy2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Lamy, Philippe (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/cbs/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=197696295&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E29a64d82-75,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R92.184.104.218,FN"><i>Le Club de l'Horloge (1974-2002) : évolution et mutation d'un laboratoire idéologique</i></a> (PhD thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_8_Vincennes-Saint-Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis">University of Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Le+Club+de+l%27Horloge+%281974-2002%29+%3A+%C3%A9volution+et+mutation+d%27un+laboratoire+id%C3%A9ologique&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Paris+8+Vincennes-Saint-Denis&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Lamy&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudoc.abes.fr%2Fcbs%2FDB%3D2.1%2F%2FSRCH%3FIKT%3D12%26TRM%3D197696295%26COOKIE%3DU10178%2CKlecteurweb%2CD2.1%2CE29a64d82-75%2CI250%2CB341720009%2B%2CSY%2CQDEF%2CA%255C9008%2B1%2C%2CJ%2CH2-26%2C%2C29%2C%2C34%2C%2C39%2C%2C44%2C%2C49-50%2C%2C53-78%2C%2C80-87%2CNLECTEUR%2BPSI%2CR92.184.104.218%2CFN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCulloch2006" class="citation journal cs1">McCulloch, Tom (2006). "The Nouvelle Droite in the 1980s and 1990s: Ideology and Entryism, the Relationship with the Front National". <i>French Politics</i>. <b>4</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">158–</span>178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200099">10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200099</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-3427">1476-3427</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144813395">144813395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Nouvelle+Droite+in+the+1980s+and+1990s%3A+Ideology+and+Entryism%2C+the+Relationship+with+the+Front+National&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E178&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144813395%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1476-3427&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200099&rft.aulast=McCulloch&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMilza2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Milza" title="Pierre Milza">Milza, Pierre</a> (2002). <i>L'Europe en chemise noire: Les extrêmes droites européennes de 1945 à aujourd'hui</i>. Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782213651064" title="Special:BookSources/9782213651064"><bdi>9782213651064</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Europe+en+chemise+noire%3A+Les+extr%C3%AAmes+droites+europ%C3%A9ennes+de+1945+%C3%A0+aujourd%27hui&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9782213651064&rft.aulast=Milza&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRousso2004" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rousso" title="Henry Rousso">Rousso, Henry</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018105222/https://www.vie-publique.fr/sites/default/files/rapport/pdf/044000492.pdf">Rapport sur le racisme et le négationnisme à Lyon III</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vie-publique.fr/sites/default/files/rapport/pdf/044000492.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Rapport+sur+le+racisme+et+le+n%C3%A9gationnisme+%C3%A0+Lyon+III&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Rousso&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vie-publique.fr%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Frapport%2Fpdf%2F044000492.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShields2007" class="citation book cs1">Shields, James G. (2007). <i>The Extreme Right in France</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09755-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09755-0"><bdi>978-0-415-09755-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Extreme+Right+in+France&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-09755-0&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpektorowski2003" class="citation journal cs1">Spektorowski, Alberto (2003). "The New Right: Ethno-regionalism, ethno-pluralism and the emergence of a neo-fascist 'Third Way'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Journal of Political Ideologies</i>. <b>8</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">111–</span>130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13569310306084">10.1080/13569310306084</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1356-9317">1356-9317</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143042182">143042182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Ideologies&rft.atitle=The+New+Right%3A+Ethno-regionalism%2C+ethno-pluralism+and+the+emergence+of+a+neo-fascist+%27Third+Way%27&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143042182%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1356-9317&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13569310306084&rft.aulast=Spektorowski&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaguieff1994" class="citation book cs1">Taguieff, Pierre-André (1994). <i>Sur la Nouvelle Droite: jalons d'une analyse critique</i>. Descartes et Cie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2910301026" title="Special:BookSources/978-2910301026"><bdi>978-2910301026</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sur+la+Nouvelle+Droite%3A+jalons+d%27une+analyse+critique&rft.pub=Descartes+et+Cie&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-2910301026&rft.aulast=Taguieff&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTeitelbaum2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_R._Teitelbaum" title="Benjamin R. Teitelbaum">Teitelbaum, Benjamin R.</a> (2017). <i>Lions of the North: Sounds of the New Nordic Radical Nationalism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-021259-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-021259-9"><bdi>978-0-19-021259-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lions+of+the+North%3A+Sounds+of+the+New+Nordic+Radical+Nationalism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-021259-9&rft.aulast=Teitelbaum&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGRECE" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GRECE&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102130337/http://grece-fr.com/">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Alain de Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvan_Blot" title="Yvan Blot">Yvan Blot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden" title="Jonathan Bowden">Jonathan Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cau_(writer)" title="Jean Cau (writer)">Jean Cau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henning_Eichberg" title="Henning Eichberg">Henning Eichberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Javier_Esparza" class="mw-redirect" title="José Javier Esparza">José Javier Esparza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Guillaume Faye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Haudry" title="Jean Haudry">Jean Haudry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_Kubitschek" title="Götz Kubitschek">Götz Kubitschek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Gallou" title="Jean-Yves Le Gallou">Jean-Yves Le Gallou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Lesquen" title="Henry de Lesquen">Henry de Lesquen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Locchi" title="Giorgio Locchi">Giorgio Locchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Lowell" title="Norman Lowell">Norman Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mabire" title="Jean Mabire">Jean Mabire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Marmin" title="Michel Marmin">Michel Marmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Maschke" title="Günter Maschke">Günter Maschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%A9gret" title="Bruno Mégret">Bruno Mégret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armin_Mohler" title="Armin Mohler">Armin Mohler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_M%C3%BCller" title="Baal Müller">Baal Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orcival" title="François d'Orcival">François d'Orcival</a> (until 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rollet" title="Maurice Rollet">Maurice Rollet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_von_Schrenck-Notzing" title="Caspar von Schrenck-Notzing">Caspar von Schrenck-Notzing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimo_Schwilk" title="Heimo Schwilk">Heimo Schwilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_Southgate" title="Troy Southgate">Troy Southgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Stein" title="Dieter Stein">Dieter Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Steuckers" title="Robert Steuckers">Robert Steuckers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomislav_Suni%C4%87" title="Tomislav Sunić">Tomislav Sunić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Valla" title="Jean-Claude Valla">Jean-Claude Valla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Varenne" title="Jean Varenne">Jean Varenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Venner" title="Dominique Venner">Dominique Venner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Pierre Vial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Wei%C3%9Fmann" title="Karlheinz Weißmann">Karlheinz Weißmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliothek_des_Konservatismus" title="Bibliothek des Konservatismus">Bibliothek des Konservatismus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Siemens_Foundation" title="Carl Friedrich von Siemens Foundation">Carl Friedrich von Siemens Foundation</a> (1964–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_de_l%27Horloge" class="mw-redirect" title="Club de l'Horloge">Club de l'Horloge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe-Action" title="Europe-Action">Europe-Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe-Jeunesse" title="Europe-Jeunesse">Europe-Jeunesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Rally_for_Liberty" title="European Rally for Liberty">European Rally for Liberty</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GRECE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium_Europa" title="Imperium Europa">Imperium Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Right (UK)">New Right</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_et_Peuple" title="Terre et Peuple">Terre et Peuple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule-Seminar" title="Thule-Seminar">Thule-Seminar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_100_Flags" title="Europe of 100 Flags">Europe of 100 Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">Pan-European nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arktos_Media" title="Arktos Media">Arktos Media</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ments" title="Éléments">Éléments</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Junge_Freiheit" title="Junge Freiheit">Junge Freiheit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_%C3%89cole" title="Nouvelle École">Nouvelle École</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TeKoS" title="TeKoS">TeKoS</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Aleksandr Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Julius Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pauwels" title="Louis Pauwels">Louis Pauwels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Poniatowski" title="Michel Poniatowski">Michel Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Radical right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alt-right115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alt-right_footer" title="Template:Alt-right footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alt-right_footer" title="Template talk:Alt-right footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alt-right_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alt-right footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alt-right115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Core</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Antifeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Anti-immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Blood_and_soil" title="Blood and soil">Blood and soil</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Words" title="Fourteen Words">Fourteen Words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_skin" title="Ghost skin">Ghost skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_increase" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by natural increase">Increase in birth rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiverfull" title="Quiverfull">Large families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_ethnostate" title="White ethnostate">White ethnostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Conspiracy <br />theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurabia">Eurabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros#Conspiracy_theories_and_threats" title="George Soros">George Soros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Replacement">Great Replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexual_agenda" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual agenda">Homosexual agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalergi_Plan" title="Kalergi Plan">Kalergi Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Seth_Rich" title="Murder of Seth Rich">Murder of Seth Rich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzagate_conspiracy_theory" title="Pizzagate conspiracy theory">Pizzagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Liberty_incident" title="USS Liberty incident">USS <i>Liberty</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">Zionist Occupation Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-lite" title="Alt-lite">Alt-lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right_pipeline" title="Alt-right pipeline">Alt-right pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media_(U.S._political_right)" title="Alternative media (U.S. political right)">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_movement" title="Boogaloo movement">Boogaloo movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DezNat" title="DezNat">DezNat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Donald Trump and fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofuturism" title="Ethnofuturism">Ethnofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incel" title="Incel">Incel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinism" title="Kinism">Kinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manosphere" title="Manosphere">Manosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_Going_Their_Own_Way" title="Men Going Their Own Way">Men Going Their Own Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAGA_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="MAGA Communism">MAGA Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_black_metal" title="National Socialist black metal">National Socialist black metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederate" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Confederate">Neo-Confederate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territorial_Imperative" title="Northwest Territorial Imperative">Northwest Territorial Imperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)#Racial_issues" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Nordic racial paganism/Odalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultraconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Lives_Matter" title="White Lives Matter">White Lives Matter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Online<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Alt-tech" title="Alt-tech">Alt-tech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki//pol/" title="/pol/">/pol/</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8chan" title="8chan">8chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitChute" title="BitChute">BitChute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epik" title="Epik">Epik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minds_(social_network)" title="Minds (social network)">Minds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorgram" title="Terrorgram">Terrorgram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_Social" title="Truth Social">Truth Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voat" title="Voat">Voat</a> (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Websites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Renaissance_(magazine)" title="American Renaissance (magazine)">American Renaissance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Infowars" title="Infowars">Infowars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Identity_Ministries" title="Kingdom Identity Ministries">Kingdom Identity Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuruc.info" title="Kuruc.info">Kuruc.info</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Observer" title="Occidental Observer">Occidental Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Occidental_Quarterly" title="The Occidental Quarterly">The Occidental Quarterly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rebel_News" title="Rebel News">Rebel News</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ice" title="Red Ice">Red Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R/The_Donald" title="R/The Donald">Reddit (r/The_Donald)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(blog)" title="The Right Stuff (blog)">The Right Stuff</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TruNews" title="TruNews">TruNews</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_News_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard News Network">Vanguard News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VDARE" title="VDARE">VDARE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Memes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Basket_of_deplorables" title="Basket of deplorables">Basket of deplorables</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_beta_male" title="Alpha and beta male">Beta male</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countryballs" title="Countryballs">Countryballs</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashwave">Fashwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Merchant" title="Happy Merchant">Happy Merchant</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/It%27s_okay_to_be_white" title="It's okay to be white">It's okay to be white</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Tonight#Moon_Man" title="Mac Tonight">Moon Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPC_(meme)" title="NPC (meme)">NPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OK_gesture" title="OK gesture">OK gesture</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Owning_the_libs" title="Owning the libs">Owning the libs</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepe_the_Frog" title="Pepe the Frog">Pepe the Frog</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Red_pill_and_blue_pill" title="Red pill and blue pill">Red pill and blue pill</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Wing_Death_Squad" title="Right Wing Death Squad">Right Wing Death Squad</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Serbia_Strong" title="Serbia Strong">Remove Kebab</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Shadilay" title="Shadilay">Shadilay</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Snowflake_(slang)" title="Snowflake (slang)">Snowflake</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Social_justice_warrior" title="Social justice warrior">Social justice warrior</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trash_Doves" title="Trash Doves">Trash Doves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_parentheses" title="Triple parentheses">Triple parentheses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undercut_(hairstyle)" title="Undercut (hairstyle)">Undercut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AltRight_Corporation" title="AltRight Corporation">AltRight Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Freedom_Party" title="American Freedom Party">American Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Communist_Action" title="Anti-Communist Action">Anti-Communist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodean_Resistance" title="Antipodean Resistance">Antipodean Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division" title="Atomwaffen Division">Atomwaffen Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Base_(hate_group)" title="The Base (hate group)">The Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplorable_Pride" title="Deplorable Pride">Deplorable Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagolon" title="Diagolon">Diagolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groypers" title="Groypers">Groypers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred-Handers_(group)" title="Hundred-Handers (group)">Hundred-Handers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_Evropa" title="Identity Evropa">Identity Evropa</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identit%C3%A4re_Bewegung_%C3%96sterreich" title="Identitäre Bewegung Österreich">Identitarian Movement of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lads_Society" title="Lads Society">Lads Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Identitaires" title="Les Identitaires">Les Identitaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Forum_(far-right_group)" title="London Forum (far-right group)">London Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Justice_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Justice Party (United States)">National Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy_Institute" title="National Policy Institute">National Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Century_Foundation" title="New Century Foundation">New Century Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front" title="Patriot Front">Patriot Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Prayer" title="Patriot Prayer">Patriot Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_Above_Movement" title="Rise Above Movement">Rise Above Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker Party</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_America" title="Vanguard America">Vanguard America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Summit_Publishers" title="Washington Summit Publishers">Washington Summit Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolves_of_Vinland" title="Wolves of Vinland">Wolves of Vinland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Berkeley_protests" title="2017 Berkeley protests">Berkeley protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comicsgate" title="Comicsgate">Comicsgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeploraBall" title="DeploraBall">DeploraBall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_Domestic_Terrorism_rally" title="End Domestic Terrorism rally">End Domestic Terrorism rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)" title="Gamergate (harassment campaign)">Gamergate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Macron_e-mail_leaks" title="2017 Macron e-mail leaks">Macron e-mail leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_2" title="Unite the Right 2">Unite the Right 2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Attacks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assault_of_DeAndre_Harris" title="Assault of DeAndre Harris">Assault of DeAndre Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Buffalo_shooting" title="2022 Buffalo shooting">Buffalo shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_church_shooting" title="Charleston church shooting">Charleston church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlottesville_car_attack" title="Charlottesville car attack">Charlottesville car attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Blaze_Bernstein" title="Murder of Blaze Bernstein">Murder of Blaze Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Timothy_Caughman" title="Murder of Timothy Caughman">Murder of Timothy Caughman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">Pittsburgh synagogue shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Portland_train_attack" title="2017 Portland train attack">Portland train attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Atomwaffen_Division_members_in_the_United_States_who_faced_criminal_charges" title="List of Atomwaffen Division members in the United States who faced criminal charges">List of Atomwaffen Division members in the United States who faced criminal charges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_activities_involving_the_Proud_Boys" title="Timeline of activities involving the Proud Boys">Timeline of activities involving the Proud Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_crimes_involving_the_Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Timeline of crimes involving the Order of Nine Angles">Timeline of crimes involving the Order of Nine Angles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Allsup" title="James Allsup">James Allsup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Anglin" title="Andrew Anglin">Andrew Anglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weev" title="Weev">Andrew "weev" Auernheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Steve Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vox_Day" title="Vox Day">Theodore "Vox Day" Beale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Benjamin" title="Carl Benjamin">Carl "Sargon of Akkad" Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Benjamin" title="Owen Benjamin">Owen Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Black_(white_supremacist)" title="Don Black (white supremacist)">Don Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brimelow" title="Peter Brimelow">Peter Brimelow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Cantwell" title="Christopher Cantwell">Christopher Cantwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Cernovich" title="Mike Cernovich">Mike Cernovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Alain de Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">John Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Donovan_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Donovan (writer)">Jack Donovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">David Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Enoch" title="Mike Enoch">Mike Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Guillaume Faye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_Forwald" title="Haakon Forwald">Haakon Forwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Friberg" title="Daniel Friberg">Daniel Friberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Nick Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Gari%C3%A9py" title="Jean-François Gariépy">Jean-François Gariépy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Garrison" title="Ben Garrison">Ben Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Sol_Invictus" title="Augustus Sol Invictus">Austin "Augustus Sol Invictus" Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska_(influencer)" title="Baked Alaska (influencer)">Tim "Baked Alaska" Gionet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_Goldy" title="Faith Goldy">Faith Goldy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Paul Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Paul_Hasson" title="Christopher Paul Hasson">Christopher Paul Hasson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Heimbach" title="Matthew Heimbach">Matthew Heimbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Hoffman_II" title="Michael A. Hoffman II">Michael A. Hoffman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Hyde" title="Sam Hyde">Sam Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillon_Irizarry" title="Dillon Irizarry">Dillon Irizarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Johnson" title="Charles C. Johnson">Charles C. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Johnson_(white_nationalist)" title="Greg Johnson (white nationalist)">Greg Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Johnson" title="William Daniel Johnson">William Daniel Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Alex Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Jones" title="Arthur J. Jones">Arthur J. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Jorjani" title="Jason Jorjani">Jason Jorjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruuben_Kaalep" title="Ruuben Kaalep">Ruuben Kaalep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kawcyznski" title="Tom Kawcyznski">Tom Kawcyznski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kessler" title="Jason Kessler">Jason Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Murray_(author)" title="Douglas Murray (author)">Douglas Murray </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_King" title="Steve King">Steve King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Kline" title="Elliott Kline">Elliott Kline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Nick Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Linder" title="Alex Linder">Alex Linder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Little_(Neo-Nazi)" title="Patrick Little (Neo-Nazi)">Patrick Little</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lana_Lokteff" title="Lana Lokteff">Lana Lokteff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Loomer" title="Laura Loomer">Laura Loomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Lowell" title="Norman Lowell">Norman Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)" title="Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist)">Kevin MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_MacKenzie_(activist)" title="Jeremy MacKenzie (activist)">Jeremy MacKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mason_(neo-Nazi)" title="James Mason (neo-Nazi)">James Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_McNallen" title="Stephen McNallen">Stephen McNallen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Miller" title="Merlin Miller">Merlin Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Stephen Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Molyneux" title="Stefan Molyneux">Stefan Molyneux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nehlen" title="Paul Nehlen">Paul Nehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GypsyCrusader" title="GypsyCrusader">Paul "GypsyCrusader" Nicholas Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_Egg_Nationalist" title="Raw Egg Nationalist">Raw Egg Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Nordean" title="Ethan Nordean">Ethan Nordean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Posobiec" title="Jack Posobiec">Jack Posobiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Pervert" title="Bronze Age Pervert">Bronze Age Pervert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ray_Ramsey" title="Paul Ray Ramsey">Paul Ray Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Regnery_II" title="William Regnery II">William Regnery II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Renshaw_(terrorist)" title="Jack Renshaw (terrorist)">Jack Renshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennial_Woes" title="Millennial Woes">Colin "Millennial Woes" Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rousseau" title="Thomas Rousseau">Thomas Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Sailer" title="Steve Sailer">Steve Sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Sellner" title="Martin Sellner">Martin Sellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sewell_(neo-Nazi)" title="Thomas Sewell (neo-Nazi)">Thomas Sewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Southern" title="Lauren Southern">Lauren Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Richard B. Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Stevens" title="Brett Stevens">Brett Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Taylor" title="Jared Taylor">Jared Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tila_Tequila" title="Tila Tequila">Tila Tequila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosh_V" title="Roosh V">Daryush "Roosh V" Valizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varg_Vikernes" title="Varg Vikernes">Varg Vikernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Paul Joseph Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Lucian Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Curtis Yarvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo_Yiannopoulos" title="Milo Yiannopoulos">Milo Yiannopoulos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_alt-right" title="Responses to the alt-right">Opposition<br />and<br />criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifa_(United_States)" title="Antifa (United States)">Antifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(streamer)" title="Destiny (streamer)">Steven "Destiny" Bonnell II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaush" title="Vaush">Ian "Vaush" Kochinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hbomberguy" title="Hbomberguy">Harry "Hbomberguy" Brewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innuendo_Studios" title="Innuendo Studios">Ian "Innuendo Studios" Danskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Evans_(journalist)" title="Robert Evans (journalist)">Robert Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Gorcenski" title="Emily Gorcenski">Emily Gorcenski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daryle_Lamont_Jenkins" title="Daryle Lamont Jenkins">Daryle Lamont Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Nagle" title="Angela Nagle">Angela Nagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Neiwert" title="David Neiwert">David Neiwert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaun_(YouTuber)" title="Shaun (YouTuber)">Shaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_Tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy Tube">Abigail "Philosophy Tube" Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ContraPoints" title="ContraPoints">Natalie "ContraPoints" Wynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Zuckerberg" title="Donna Zuckerberg">Donna Zuckerberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alt-America:_The_Rise_of_the_Radical_Right_in_the_Age_of_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Alt-America: The Rise of the Radical Right in the Age of Trump">Alt-America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angry_Goy_II" title="Angry Goy II">Angry Goy II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Culture_Warlords" title="Culture Warlords">Culture Warlords</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Bargain" title="Devil's Bargain">Devil's Bargain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feels_Good_Man" title="Feels Good Man">Feels Good Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Don%27t_Speak_German" title="I Don't Speak German">I Don't Speak German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/It_Came_From_Something_Awful" class="mw-redirect" title="It Came From Something Awful">It Came From Something Awful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kill_All_Normies" title="Kill All Normies">Kill All Normies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Fight" title="Knowledge Fight">Knowledge Fight</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Right:_Meeting_the_Enemy" title="White Right: Meeting the Enemy">White Right: Meeting the Enemy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Far-right_politics_in_France237" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_far_right" title="Template:French far right"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_far_right" title="Template talk:French far right"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_far_right" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French far right"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Far-right_politics_in_France237" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_far-right_movements_in_France" title="History of far-right movements in France">Far-right politics in France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">de Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">de Lapouge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1945 groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_League_of_France" title="Antisemitic League of France">Antisemitic League of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_National_Party" title="Breton National Party">Breton National Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelots_du_Roi" title="Camelots du Roi">Camelots du Roi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Croix-de-Feu" title="Croix-de-Feu">Croix-de-Feu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faisceau" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisceau">Faisceau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National-Collectivist_Party" title="French National-Collectivist Party">French National-Collectivist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenshirts_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenshirts (France)">Greenshirts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeunesses_Patriotes" title="Jeunesses Patriotes">Jeunesses Patriotes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Cagoule" title="La Cagoule">La Cagoule</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligue_des_Patriotes" title="Ligue des Patriotes">Ligue des Patriotes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milice" title="Milice">Milice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Rally" title="National Popular Rally">National Popular Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Social_Movement" title="Revolutionary Social Movement">Revolutionary Social Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Service_d%27ordre_l%C3%A9gionnaire" title="Service d'ordre légionnaire">Service d'ordre légionnaire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solidarit%C3%A9_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Solidarité Française">Solidarité Française</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1945 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Barr%C3%A8s" title="Maurice Barrès">Barrès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Benoist-M%C3%A9chin" title="Jacques Benoist-Méchin">Benoist-Méchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Bonnard" title="Abel Bonnard">Bonnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cl%C3%A9menti_(politician)" title="Pierre Clémenti (politician)">Clémenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Coston" title="Henry Coston">Coston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Darnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Daudet" title="Léon Daudet">Daudet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Deloncle" title="Eugène Deloncle">Deloncle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dorg%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Dorgères">Dorgères</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">Drieu La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Maulnier" title="Thierry Maulnier">Maulnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Maxence" title="Jean-Pierre Maxence">Maxence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand%27s_relationship_with_the_far_right" class="mw-redirect" title="François Mitterrand's relationship with the far right">Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Ousset" title="Jean Ousset">Ousset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Plateau" title="Marius Plateau">Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pujo" title="Maurice Pujo">Pujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Vallat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Vaugeois" title="Henri Vaugeois">Vaugeois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct<br />post-1945 groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise_(post_war)" class="mw-redirect" title="Action Française (post war)">Action Française (post war)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel_Group" title="Charles Martel Group">Charles Martel Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe-Action" title="Europe-Action">Europe-Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Rally_for_Liberty" title="European Rally for Liberty">European Rally for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_d%27action_nationale_et_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Fédération d'action nationale et européenne">Fédération d'action nationale et européenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nationalist_Students" title="Federation of Nationalist Students">Federation of Nationalist Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_European_Nationalist_Party" title="French and European Nationalist Party">French and European Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Alg%C3%A9rie_Fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Front Algérie Française">Front Algérie Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Union_D%C3%A9fense" title="Groupe Union Défense">Groupe Union Défense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_R%C3%A9sistance" title="Nouvelle Résistance">Nouvelle Résistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occident_(movement)" title="Occident (movement)">Occident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_and_Independent_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="National Unity and Independent Republicans">UNIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9s_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Comités TV">Comités TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordre_Nouveau_(1960s)" title="Ordre Nouveau (1960s)">Ordre Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Arm%C3%A9e_Secr%C3%A8te" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation Armée Secrète">Organisation Armée Secrète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_New_Forces" title="Party of New Forces">Party of New Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalange_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Phalange Française">Phalange Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Network" title="Radical Network">Radical Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_National_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Rassemblement National Français">Rassemblement National Français</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Nationalist_Groups" title="Revolutionary Nationalist Groups">Revolutionary Nationalist Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troisi%C3%A8me_Voie" class="mw-redirect" title="Troisième Voie">Troisième Voie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_Radicale" title="Unité Radicale">Unité Radicale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adsav" title="Adsav">Adsav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGRIF" title="AGRIF">AGRIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_First" title="Alsace First">Alsace First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Defence_of_the_Memory_of_Marshal_P%C3%A9tain" title="Association for the Defence of the Memory of Marshal Pétain">Association for the Defence of the Memory of Marshal Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_catholique" title="Cité catholique">Cité catholique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_(movement)" title="Civitas (movement)">Civitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrefour_de_l%27Horloge" title="Carrefour de l'Horloge">Carrefour de l'Horloge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debout_la_France" title="Debout la France">Debout la France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_and_Reconciliation" title="Equality and Reconciliation">Equality and Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe-Jeunesse" title="Europe-Jeunesse">Europe-Jeunesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nationalists_(France)" title="The Nationalists (France)">The Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renewal" title="French Renewal">French Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Generation Identity">Generation Identity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GRECE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_South_(France)" title="League of the South (France)">League of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_European_Resistance" title="National Council of European Resistance">National Council of European Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Movement" title="National Republican Movement">National Republican Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_France" title="Party of France">Party of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Rassemblement National">Rassemblement National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconqu%C3%AAte" title="Reconquête">Reconquête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty,_Identity_and_Freedoms" title="Sovereignty, Identity and Freedoms">Sovereignty, Identity and Freedoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_et_Peuple" title="Terre et Peuple">Terre et Peuple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Patriots_(France)" title="The Patriots (France)">The Patriots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-1945 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Aliot" title="Louis Aliot">Aliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Antony" title="Bernard Antony">Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Ayoub" title="Serge Ayoub">Ayoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bardella" title="Jordan Bardella">Bardella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Bay" title="Nicolas Bay">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvan_Benedetti" title="Yvan Benedetti">Benedetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Binet_(neo-Fascist)" title="René Binet (neo-Fascist)">Binet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bompard" title="Jacques Bompard">Bompard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Bouchet" title="Christian Bouchet">Bouchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bousquet" title="Pierre Bousquet">Bousquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvan_Blot" title="Yvan Blot">Blot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Brigneau" title="François Brigneau">Brigneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeve_Briois" title="Steeve Briois">Briois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaud_Camus" title="Renaud Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Coston" title="Henry Coston">Coston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">de Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Lesquen" title="Henry de Lesquen">de Lesquen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dior" title="Françoise Dior">Dior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duprat" title="François Duprat">Duprat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Faye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fredriksen" title="Mark Fredriksen">Fredriksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Gollnisch" title="Bruno Gollnisch">Gollnisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Holeindre" title="Roger Holeindre">Holeindre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Jalkh" title="Jean-François Jalkh">Jalkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Lang" title="Carl Lang">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Gallou" title="Jean-Yves Le Gallou">Le Gallou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Le Pen (Jean-Marie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen (Marine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Luca" title="Charles Luca">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mabire" title="Jean Mabire">Maribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Gilles_Malliarakis" title="Jean-Gilles Malliarakis">Malliarakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Marion Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%A9gret" title="Bruno Mégret">Mégret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M%C3%A9nard" title="Robert Ménard">Ménard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Messiha" title="Jean Messiha">Messiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florian_Philippot" title="Florian Philippot">Philippot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_de_Poncins" title="Léon de Poncins">de Poncins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pujo" title="Pierre Pujo">Pujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Rachline" title="David Rachline">Rachline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Ravier" title="Stéphane Ravier">Ravier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Reynouard" title="Vincent Reynouard">Reynouard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Saint-Loup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Sidos" title="Pierre Sidos">Sidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Soral" title="Alain Soral">Soral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Stirbois" title="Jean-Pierre Stirbois">Stirbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Susini" title="Jean-Jacques Susini">Susini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Tixier-Vignancour" title="Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour">Tixier-Vignancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Venner" title="Dominique Venner">Venner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Vial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Boulangisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulangisme">Boulangisme</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Pétainism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active publications and media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boulevard_Voltaire_(website)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boulevard Voltaire (website) (page does not exist)">Boulevard Voltaire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ments" title="Éléments">Éléments</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minute_(newspaper)" title="Minute (newspaper)">Minute</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National-Hebdo" title="National-Hebdo">National-Hebdo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_%C3%89cole" title="Nouvelle École">Nouvelle École</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sent" title="Présent">Présent</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Courtoisie" title="Radio Courtoisie">Radio Courtoisie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rivarol_(magazine)" title="Rivarol (magazine)">Rivarol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV-Libert%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="TV-Libertés">TV-Libertés</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/6_February_1934_crisis" title="6 February 1934 crisis">6 February 1934 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">Algiers putsch of 1961</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194327#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1439" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194327#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1439" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194327#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121967614">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/160580283">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/114566-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78081686">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118764371">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118764371">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35801528">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5825163">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90844327">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007262022605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03910952?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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