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title="HomoloGene – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="HomoloGene" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%86" title="هومولوژین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هومولوژین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomoloGene" title="HomoloGene – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="HomoloGene" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomoloGene" title="HomoloGene 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.ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:HomoloGene##" title="Talk:HomoloGene">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HomoloGene&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22HomoloGene%22">"HomoloGene"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22HomoloGene%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22HomoloGene%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22HomoloGene%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22HomoloGene%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22HomoloGene%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>HomoloGene</b>, a tool of the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">National Center for Biotechnology Information</a> (NCBI), is a system for automated detection of <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologs</a> (similarity attributable to descent from a common ancestor) among the annotated genes of several completely sequenced eukaryotic genomes.<sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The HomoloGene processing consists of the protein analysis from the input organisms. Sequences are compared using blastp, then matched up and put into groups, using a taxonomic tree built from sequence similarity, where closer related organisms are matched up first, and then further organisms are added to the tree. The protein alignments are mapped back to their corresponding DNA sequences, and then distance metrics as molecular distances <a href="/wiki/Substitution_model" title="Substitution model">Jukes and Cantor (1969)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ka/Ks_ratio" title="Ka/Ks ratio">Ka/Ks ratio</a> can be calculated. </p><p>The sequences are matched up by using a <a href="/wiki/Heuristic_(computer_science)" title="Heuristic (computer science)">heuristic algorithm</a> for maximizing the score globally, rather than locally, in a bipartite matching (see <a href="/wiki/Complete_bipartite_graph" title="Complete bipartite graph">complete bipartite graph</a>). And then it calculates the statistical significance of each match. Cutoffs are made per position and Ks values are set to prevent false <a href="/wiki/Ortholog" class="mw-redirect" title="Ortholog">"orthologs"</a> from being grouped together. <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">“Paralogs”</a> are identified by finding sequences that are closer within species than other species. </p><p>This resource ceased making updates in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Input_organisms">Input organisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HomoloGene&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Input organisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metazoa"><a href="/wiki/Metazoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Metazoa">Metazoa</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HomoloGene&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Metazoa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vertebrates"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">Vertebrates</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HomoloGene&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan_troglodytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan troglodytes">Pan troglodytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mus_musculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mus musculus">Mus musculus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rattus_norvegicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattus norvegicus">Rattus norvegicus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canis_lupus_familiaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis lupus familiaris">Canis lupus familiaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bos_taurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bos taurus">Bos taurus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallus_gallus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallus gallus">Gallus gallus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenopus_tropicalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenopus tropicalis">Xenopus tropicalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danio_rerio" class="mw-redirect" title="Danio rerio">Danio rerio</a>" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Invertebrates"><a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">Invertebrates</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HomoloGene&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Invertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anopheles_gambiae" title="Anopheles gambiae">Anopheles gambiae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a>" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fungi"><a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HomoloGene&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fungi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizosaccharomyces_pombe" title="Schizosaccharomyces pombe">Schizosaccharomyces pombe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kluyveromyces_lactis" title="Kluyveromyces lactis">Kluyveromyces lactis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eremothecium_gossypii" title="Eremothecium gossypii">Eremothecium gossypii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnaporthe_grisea" title="Magnaporthe grisea">Magnaporthe grisea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurospora_crassa" title="Neurospora crassa">Neurospora crassa</a>" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plants"><a href="/wiki/Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Plants">Plants</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HomoloGene&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dicots"><a href="/wiki/Dicots" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicots">Dicots</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HomoloGene&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dicots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a>" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monocots"><a href="/wiki/Monocots" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocots">Monocots</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HomoloGene&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Monocots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Oryza_sativa" title="Oryza sativa">Oryza sativa</a>" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protista"><a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HomoloGene&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Protista"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparum" title="Plasmodium falciparum">Plasmodium falciparum</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interface">Interface</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HomoloGene&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Interface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The HomoloGene is linked to all Entrez databases and based on homology and phenotype information of these links: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mouse_Genome_Informatics" title="Mouse Genome Informatics">Mouse Genome Informatics</a> (MGI),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebrafish_Information_Network" title="Zebrafish Information Network">Zebrafish Information Network</a> (ZFIN),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_Genome_Database" title="Saccharomyces Genome Database">Saccharomyces Genome Database</a> (SGD),</li> <li>Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FlyBase" title="FlyBase">FlyBase</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man</a> (OMIM)</li></ul> <p>As a result, HomoloGene displays information about Genes, Proteins, Phenotypes, and Conserved Domains. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HomoloGene&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/homologene">"Home - HomoloGene - NCBI"</a>. <i>www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</i>. National Center for Biotechnology Information<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&rft.atitle=Home+-+HomoloGene+-+NCBI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fhomologene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomoloGene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/homologene/statistics/">"Homologene"</a>. <i>Homologene</i>. NCBI<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Homologene&rft.atitle=Homologene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fhomologene%2Fstatistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomoloGene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HomoloGene&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> has the property: <ul><li><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/4px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/6px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="460" /></span></span> <b><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property_talk:P593" class="extiw" title="d:Property talk:P593">HomoloGene ID (P593)</a></i></b> (see <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#SELECT%20%3FWikidata_item_%20%3FWikidata_item_Label%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20%23Show%20data%20in%20this%20order%0A%7B%0A%09%3FWikidata_item_%20wdt%3AP593%20%3Fvalue%20.%20%23Collecting%20all%20items%20which%20have%20P593%20data%2C%20from%20whole%20Wikidata%20item%20pages%0A%09OPTIONAL%20%7B%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20schema%3Aabout%20%3FWikidata_item_%3B%20schema%3AisPartOf%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2F%3E%20.%7D%20%23If%20collected%20item%20has%20link%20to%20English%20Wikipedia%2C%20show%20that%0A%09SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%22%20%20%7D%20%23Show%20label%20in%20this%20language.%20%22en%22%20is%20English.%20%20%20%0A%7D%0ALIMIT%201000">uses</a></span>)</li></ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=homologene">HomoloGene</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">National Center for Biotechnology Information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM">OMIM</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/">MGI</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rgd.mcw.edu/">Rat Genome Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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